备战2018高考英语一轮复习专题讲解（句法部分）时态和语态

时态和语态
动词的时态
时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态，但是常用的只有9种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去将来时，现在完成进行时。下面分别进行介绍。
一般现在时的用法
表示经常性，习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态、特征或真理而不表示具体的特定行为。句子中常用often，usually，every
day等时间状语。例如：
He
goes
to
school
every
day。（经常性动作）
He
is
very
happy.（现在的状态）
The
earth
moves
around
the
sun.〈真理〉
在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时态的形式表示将来。
If
you
come
this
afternoon，we'll
have
a
meeting.
When
I
graduate，I'll
go
to
the
countryside.
有时这个时态表示按计划，规定要发生的动作，（句中都带有时间状语）但限于少数动词如begin，come，leave，go，arrive,
start，stop，return，open，close等。
The
meeting
begins
at
seven.
The
train
starts
at
nine
in
the
morning．
表示状态和感觉的动词，如be，like，hate．think,
remember,
find，sound等常用一般现在时。例如：
I
like
English
very
much.
The
story
sounds
very
interesting.
书报的标题。小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。
一般过去时的用法
表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。
He
saw
Mr.
Wang
yesterday.
He
worked
in
a
factory
in
1988.
表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“used
to”和“would＋动词原形”。例如：
I
used
to
smoke.
During
the
vacation
I
would
swim
in
the
sea．
注意：used
to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“to
be
used
to＋名词（动名词）”表示“习惯于……’’。例如：
I
am
used
to
the
climate
here．
He
is
used
to
swimming
in
winter.
一般将来时的用法
一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。其表达形式除了“will或shall
+
动词原形”外，还有以下几种形式。
“to
be
going
to＋动词原形”，表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如：
It
is
going
to
rain.
We
are
going
to
have
a
meeting
today.
go,
come,
start,
move,
leave,
arrive,
stay等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。
I’m
leaving
for
Beijing.
Next
week
I’m
staying
in
the
country
for
days.
“be
to
+
动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。
Are
we
to
go
on
with
this
work

The
boy
is
to
go
to
school
tomorrow.
“be
about
to＋动词原形”
表示即刻发生的动作，意为：be
ready
to
do
sth．后面一般不跟时间状语。例如：
We
are
about
to
leave.
I’m
about
to
start
out.
某些词，如come，go，leave，arrive，start，get，stay等的一般现在时也可表示将来。
The
meeting
starts
at
five
o'clock．
He
gets
off
at
the
next
stop.
现在进行时
现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，由“to
be
＋
现在分词”构成，另外“系动词十介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。例如：
What
are
you
doing
The
bridge
is
under
construction.
表示感觉，愿望和状态的某些动词如：have,
be,
hear,
see,
like等词一般不用进行时。
非持续性动词一般不用进行时态，但当用于进行时态时所表达的意义是：a)
逐渐地。
b)
反复进行的动作。例如：
a)
I’m
beginning
to
understand
it.
(我慢慢开始明白了。)
b)
The
monkey
is
jumping
up
and
down
there.
(那只猴子在那一直上上下下跳个不停。)
有的句子用一般现在时态和进行时态均可，但用进行时态往往带有感彩。比较：
The
Changjiang
River
flows
to
the
east.
(长江向东流。
客观现实)
The
Changjiang
River
is
flowing
to
the
east.
(长江滚滚东流。
赞叹)
Tom
often
lies
to
our
teachers.
(“汤姆经常对老师撒谎。”表汤姆的习惯)
Tom
is
always
lying
to
our
teacher.
(“汤姆老是对老师撒谎。”表说话者厌恶的态度)
过去进行时的用法
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，由“was（were）十
现在分词”构成。例如：
In
1980
he
was
studying
in
a
university.
He
was
reading
a
novel
when
I
came
in.
用一般过去时态和过去进行时态有行为完成与否的差别。比较：
Yesterday
my
sister
wrote
a
letter.
(写了一封信)
Yesterday
my
sister
was
writing
a
letter.
(这封信或许还没有写完)
现在完成时的用法
现在完成时由“have＋过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况：
现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。
He
has
gone
to
Wuhan.（说话人认为他不在该地）
He
has
been
to
Wuhan.（说话人认为他在该地）
现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用for和since表示一段时间的状语或so
far，now，today，this
week（month，year）等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。例如：
He
has
studied
English
for
5
years.
He
has
studied
English
since
1985.
Now
I
have
finished
the
work．
注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如：come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。
现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。例如：
I’ll
go
to
your
home
when
I
have
finished
my
homework.
If
it
has
stopped
snowing
in
the
morning，we'll
go
to
the
park．
过去完成时的用法
过去完成时由“had＋过去分词”构成。过去完成时的动词表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作状态。句中常用by，before，until，when等词引导的时间状语。例如：
By
the
end
of
last
year
we
had
bui1t
five
new
houses.
I
had
learnt
5000
words
before
I
entered
the
university.
过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。例如：
Before
he
slept，he
had
worked
for
12
hours.
过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由“should或would
+
动词原形”构成。第一人称用should，其他人称用would。例如：
They
were
sure
that
they
would
succeed.
现在完成进行时的用法
现在完成进行时由“have（has）+
been＋现在分词”构成，表示现在以前一直在进行的动作。有些词，如work，study，live，teach等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思差不多。例如：
I
have
worked
here
for
three
years.
I
have
been
working
here
for
three
years.
但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思。例如：
I
have
written
a
letter．（己写完）
I
have
been
wring
a
letter.（还在写）
注意：表示短暂动作的动词，如finish，marry，get
up，come，go等不能用这种时态。
动词的语态
当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式叫主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be＋过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。例如：
一般现在时：You
are
required
to
do
this．
一般过去时：The
story
was
told
by
her.
—般将来时：The
problem
will
be
discussed
tomorrow．
现在进行时：The
road
is
being
widened.
过去进行时：The
new
tool
was
being
made.
现在完成时：The
novel
has
been
read.
过去完成时：He
said
that
the
work
had
been
finished．
过去将来时：He
said
that
the
trees
would
be
planted
soon.
一些特殊的被动语态结构：
带情态动词的被动结构：
The
problem
must
be
solved
soon.
带不定式的被动结构：
The
room
is
going
to
be
painted.
The
homework
needs
to
be
done
with
care．
短语动词的被动结构：
例l）The
baby
is
looked
after
carefully．
用于这类被动结构的短语动词要把它们作为整体看待，即要把它们看作单字及物动词。这类结构有以下几种：
（不及物）动词＋介词：agree
to，ask
for，call
for，laugh
at，listen
to，look
after，operate
on，send
for，talk
about．think
of等。
（及物）动词＋副词：bring
about，carry
out，find
out，give
up，
hand
in，
make
out，
pass
on，
point
out，
put
away，
put
off，
take
up,
think
over，turn
down，turn
out，wipe
out，work
out等。
动词＋副词＋介词：do
away
with，face
up
to，give
in
to，look
down
upon,
make
up
for,
put
up
with等。
例２）They
will
be
taken
(good)
care
of.
Attention
must
be
paid
to
your
pronunciation.
用于这类被动结构的短语动词最多见的是“动词＋名词＋介词”这一结构。如：catch
sight
of，keep
an
eye
on，make
use
of，make
a
fool
of，pay
attention
to，
put
an
end
to，set
fire
/
light
to，
take
care
of,
take
hold
of，take
notice
of等。
例2)
与例1)
的不同点在于，它们用于被动态时能有两种形式。第一种形式是把“动词十名词＋介词”作为整体看待。第二种形式是把其中的“动词＋名词”作为“动词＋宾语”的结构处理。
带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。例如：
We
always
keep
the
classroom
clean．
(比较：The
classroom
is
always
kept
clean.）
汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示，例如：
据说……
It
is
said
that…
希望……
It
is
hoped
that…
据推测说……
It
is
supposed
that…
必须承认……
It
must
be
admitted
that…
必须指出……
It
must
be
pointed
out
that…
众所周知……
It
is
well
known
that…
有人会说……
It
will
be
said
that…
大家认为……
It
is
generally
considered
that…
有人相信……
It
is
believed
that…
表示被动含义的主动动词
系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义。常见的有look,
taste,
sound,
smell,
prove,
feel等,
例如:
　　
Your
reason
sounds
reasonable.?
Good
medicine
tastes
bitter
to
the
mouth.
一些与can’t或won’t连用的动词。
常用的有:
lock,
shut,
open,
act等,
例如:
　　
The
door
won’t
open.　　
It
can’t
move.
一些与well,
easily,
perfectly等连用的动词,
如:
sell,
wash,
clean,
burn,
cook等,
例如:
　　
The
book
sells
well.?
These
clothes
wash
easily.
用在
“主语
+
不及物动词
+
主语补语”
句型中的一些不及物动词,
例如:
　　
This
material
has
worn
thin.?
The
dust
has
blown
into
the
house.
表示被动含义的主动结构
在动名词结构中
be
worth,
want
(=need),
need,
require后所用的动名词,
必须用主动结构表被动意义。
　　
These
young
seedlings
will
require
/
need
looking
after
(=
need
to
be
looked
after)
carefully.
　　
Your
hair
wants
/
needs
cutting
(needs
to
be
cut).
在不定式结构中
作定语:不定式结构常表示动宾关系,
即用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这种情形最常出现在
“There
+
be
+
主语
+
修饰主语的不定式”
和
“及物动词
+
宾语
(或双宾语)
+
修饰宾语的不定式”
结构中,
特别是
“主语
+
have
+
宾语
+
修饰宾语的不定式”
结构中。
　　
Give
him
some
books
to
read.?
He
has
a
family
to
support.
There
is
a
lot
of
work
to
do.
　　
当然,
这里的不定式在个别情形下也可用被动形式,
含义区别不大,例如:
　　
There
is
so
much
work
to
do
/
to
be
done.
　　
Give
me
the
names
of
the
people
to
contact
/
to
be
contacted.
在“主语
+
be
+
形容词
+
不定式”句型中,
有时主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语,
这是应用主动形式表示被动含义。适合于此结构的形容词比较多,
最常用的有amusing,
cheap,
dangerous,
difficult,
easy,
important,
nice,
pleasant等,
例如:
That
question
is
difficult
to
answer.?
Chicken’s
legs
are
nice
to
eat.
在be
to结构中的一些不定式:这种结构中的不定式通常应用主动表主动,
被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,
下列动词仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义:
　　
Who
is
to
blame
for
starting
the
fire？
The
house
is
to
let.
A
lot
remains
to
do.
在特殊结构中
“be
+
under
+名词”
结构:这种结构表示某事
“在进行中”。例如:
　　
The
building
is
under
construction.?
　　
The
whole
matter
is
under
discussion
(=
is
being
discussed).
　　
经常这样用的名词还有repair
(修理),
treatment
(治疗),
question
(质问)等。
“be
worthy
of
+名词”结构:
在这一结构中,
名词和句子的主语有被动含义,
如:
　　
a
man
worthy
of
support
nothing
worthy
of
praise
此结构后通常用表示行为的名词,
而不用动名词的被动形式。
巩固训练
【历届高考题选】
My
aunt
________
to
see
us.
She’ll
be
here
soon.
A.
comes
B.
is
coming
C.
had
come
D.
has
come
When
I
got
to
the
top
of
the
mountain,
the
sun
________
.
A.
was
shining
B.
shone
C.
has
shone
D.
will
shine
I
__________
Xiao
Li
since
she
was
a
little
girl.
A.
knew
B.
know
C.
have
known
D.
am
knowing
I
____________
you
were
here.
A.
don’t
know
B.
not
know
C.
didn’t
know
D.
wasn’t
know
Because
of
my
poor
English,
I’m
afraid
I
can’t
make
myself
____________.
A.
understand
B.
to
understand
C.
understanding
D.
understood
Tom
___________
a
letter
to
his
parents
last
night.
A.
writes
B.
wrote
C.
write
D.
has
written
I
________
my
homework
now.
A.
finish
B.
finished
C.
have
finished
D.
had
finished
You
may
leave
the
classroom
when
you
_______
writing.
A.
will
finish
B.
are
finished
C.
have
finished
D.
had
finished
They
haven’t
see
each
other
________
at
least
three
months.
A.
since
B.
during
C.
for
D.
in
The
foreign
guests
_________
here
almost
a
week.
A.
have
arrived
B.
have
been
C.
have
reached
D.
have
got
He
suddenly
remembered
that
he
______
his
key
at
home.
A.
had
forgotten
B.
has
left
C.
has
forgotten
D.
had
left
He
was
made
_______.
A.
go
B.
gone
C.
going
D.
to
go
By
11
o’clock
yesterday,
we
_______
at
the
airport.
A.
had
arrived
B.
have
arrived
C.
shall
arrive
D.
arrive
He
was
too
excited
___________.
A.
speak
B.
to
speak
C.
not
to
speak
D.
speaking
He
often
________
to
see
his
grandfather.
A.
going
B.
to
go
C.
has
gone
D.
goes
Let’s
get
in
the
wheat
before
the
sun
____________.
A.
will
set
B.
was
set
C.
set
D.
sets
Coal
can
_______
to
produce
electricity
for
agriculture
and
industry.
A.
have
used
B.
be
used
C.
use
D.
used
I
________
English
for
five
years
now.
A.
was
studying
B.
have
been
studying
C.
studied
D.
am
studied
He
often
_____
his
clothes
on
Sunday.
A.
washing
B.
washes
C.
has
washed
D.
wash
I
________
at
the
station
last
night.
A.
got
B.
arrives
C.
arrived
D.
reach
We
will
start
as
soon
as
our
team
leader
_____.
A.
comes
B.
will
come
C.
come
D.
is
coming
You
can
see
the
house
_______
for
years.
A.
isn’t
painted
B.
hasn’t
painted
C.
hasn’t
been
painted
D.
hadn’t
painted
It
____________
when
they
left
the
station.
A.
has
rained
B.
is
raining
C.
rains
D.
was
raining
Some
new
oilfields
________
since
1976.
A.
were
opened
up
B.
has
opened
up
C.
have
been
opened
up
D.
had
been
opened
up
The
article
_______
Chinese
by
comrade
Li.
A.
is
going
to
translate
into
B.
is
going
to
be
translated
into
C.
was
going
to
be
translated
with
D.
will
translate
in
By
the
time
he
was
twelve,
Edison
_________
to
make
a
living
by
himself.
A.
would
begin
B.
has
begun
C.
had
begun
D.
was
begun
I’ll
begin
the
dictation
when
you
_____
ready.
A.
shall
be
B.
will
be
C.
are
D.
have
been
Don’t
get
off
the
bus
until
it
_____________.
A.
has
stopped
B.
stopped
C.
will
stop
D.
shall
stop
“Would
you
like
to
play
chess
with
me ”
“Sorry,
I
have
to
finish
my
homework
before
my
mother
____
back.
A.
comes
B.
will
come
C.
shall
come
D.
has
come
The
things
talked
about
in
this
report
_______
over
a
year
ago.
A.
had
taken
place
B.
took
place
C.
have
taken
place
D.
were
taken
place
“Why
does
Lingling
look
so
unhappy ”
“She
has
__________
by
her
classmates.”
A.
laughed
B.
laughed
at
C.
been
laughed
D.
been
laughed
at
—
“Will
you
go
to
the
museum
tomorrow ”
—
“I
will
if
I
______
no
visitors.”
A.
have
B.
will
have
C.
shall
have
D.
am
having
I’ll
go
with
you
as
soon
as
I
______
my
work.
A.
will
finish
B.
shall
finish
C.
finish
D.
finished
This
is
a
photo
of
the
power
station
that
______in
my
hometown.
A.
has
set
up
B.
has
been
set
up
C.
was
set
up
D.
is
set
up
Both
my
brothers
work
at
the
power
station
that
_______in
my
hometown.
A.
has
set
up
B.
has
been
set
up
C.
was
set
up
D.
is
set
up
Doctors
_____
in
every
part
of
the
world.
A.
need
B.
are
needing
C.
are
needed
D.
will
need
Great
changes
_____
in
the
city,
and
a
lot
of
factories
_______.
A.
have
been
taken
place;
have
been
set
up
B.
have
taken
place;
have
been
set
up
C.
have
taken
place;
have
set
up
D.
were
taken
place;
were
set
up
Do
you
think
Sam
will
call
his
old
teacher
as
soon
as
he
_____
in
town
A.
will
be
arrived
B.
is
arrived
C.
arrives
D.
will
arrive
I
promise
that
the
matter
will
________.
A.
be
taken
care
B.
be
taken
care
of
C.
take
care
D.
take
care
of
That
dinner
was
the
most
expensive
meal
we
________.
A.
would
have
B.
have
had
C.
had
never
had
D.
had
ever
had
He
_____
his
leg
when
he
_____
in
a
football
match
against
another
school.
A.
broke;
played
B.
was
breaking;
was
playing
C.
broke;
was
playing
D.
was
breaking;
played
No
permission
has
______
for
anybody
to
enter
the
building.
A.
been
given
B.
given
C.
to
give
D.
be
giving
—
Where
_______
the
recorder
I
can’t
see
it
anywhere.
—
I
______
it
right
here.
But
now
it’s
gone.
A.
did
you
put;
have
put
B.
have
you
put;
put
C.
had
you
put;
was
putting
D.
were
putting;
have
put
Hello!
I
______
you
_____
in
London.
How
long
have
you
been
here
A.
don't
know;
were
B.
hadn’t
known;
are
C.
haven’t
known;
are
D.
didn’t
know;
were
—
When
______again
—
When
he
_______,
I’ll
let
you
know.
A.
he
comes;
comes
B.
will
he
come;
will
come
C.
he
comes;
will
come
D.
will
he
come;
comes
They
asked
me
to
have
a
drink
with
them.
I
said
that
it
was
at
least
ten
years
since
I
______
a
good
drink.
A.
had
enjoyed
B.
was
enjoying
C.
enjoyed
D.
had
been
enjoying
That
suit
______
over
60
dollars.
A.
had
costed
B.
costed
C.
is
costed
D.
cost
I
_______
ten
minutes
to
decide
whether
I
should
reject
the
offer.
A.
gave
B.
was
given
C.
was
giving
D.
had
given
My
brother
_____
while
he
_____
his
bicycle
and
hurt
himself.
A.
fell;
was
riding
B.
fell;
were
riding
C.
had
fallen;
rode
D.
had
fallen;
was
riding
Tom
was
disappointed
that
most
of
the
guests
______
when
he
_____
at
the
party.
A.
left;
had
arrived
B.
left;
arrived
C.
had
left;
had
arrived
D.
had
left;
arrived
The
new
secretary
is
supposed
to
report
to
the
manager
as
soon
as
she
______.
A.
will
arrive
B.
arrives
C.
is
going
to
arrive
D.
is
arriving
—
Come
on
in,
Peter.
I
want
to
show
you
something.
—
Oh,
how
nice
of
you!
I
______
you
______
to
bring
me
a
gift.
A.
never
think;
are
going
B.
never
thought;
were
going]
C.
didn’t
think;
were
going
D.
hadn’t
thought;
were
going
The
police
found
that
house
______
and
a
lot
of
things
______.
A.
has
broken
into;
has
been
stolen
B.
had
broken
into;
had
been
stolen
C.
has
been
broken
into;
stolen
D.
had
been
broken
into;
stolen
When
I
was
at
college
I
______
three
foreign
languages,
but
I
______
all
except
a
few
words
of
each.
A.
spoke;
had
forgotten
B.
spoke;
have
forgotten
C.
had
spoken;
had
forgotten
D.
had
spoken;
have
forgotten
—
Have
you
moved
into
the
new
house
—
Not
yet,
The
room
_______.
A.
are
being
painted
B.
are
painting
C.
are
painted
D.
are
being
painted
The
students
______
busily
when
Miss
Brown
went
to
get
a
book
she
_____
in
the
office.
A.
had
written;
left
B.
were
writing;
has
left
C.
had
written;
had
left
D.
were
writing;
had
left
When
Jack
arrived
he
learned
Mary
_____
for
almost
an
hour.
A.
had
gone
B.
had
set
off
C.
had
left
D.
had
been
away
—
Do
you
know
our
town
at
all
—
No,
this
is
the
first
time
I
______
here.
A.
was
B.
have
been
C.
came
D.
am
coming
—
We
could
have
walked
to
the
station;
it
was
so
near.
—
Yes.
A
taxi
______
at
all
necessary.
A.
wasn’t
B.
hadn’t
been
C.
wouldn’t
been
D.
won’t
be
If
city
noises
_____
from
increasing,
people
______
shout
to
be
heard
even
at
the
dinner
table
20
years
from
now.
A.
are
not
kept;
will
have
to
B.
are
not
kept;
have
C.
do
not
keep;
will
have
to
D.
do
not
keep;
have
to
Tom
_____
into
the
house
when
no
one
_______
A.
slipped;
was
looking
B.
had
slipped;
looked
C.
slipped;
had
looked
D.
was
slipping;
looked
We
were
all
surprised
when
he
made
it
clear
that
he
_____
office
soon.
A.
leaves
B.
would
leave
C.
left
D.
had
left
In
some
parts
of
the
world,
tea
____
with
milk
and
sugar.
A.
is
severing
B.
is
served
C.
serves
D.
served
The
pen
I
______
I
_______
is
on
my
desk,
right
under
my
nose.
A.
think;
lost
B.
thought;
had
lost
C.
think;
had
lost
D.
thought;
have
lost
—
Can
I
join
your
club,
Dad
—
You
can
when
you
_____
a
bit
older.
A.
get
B.
will
get
C.
are
getting
D.
will
have
got
—
Do
you
like
the
material
—
Yes,
it
_______
very
soft.
A.
is
feeling
B.
felt
C.
feels
D.
is
felt
I
don’t
really
work
here;
I
_____
until
the
new
secretary
arrives.
A.
just
help
out
B.
have
just
helped
C.
am
just
helping
out
D.
will
just
help
out
—
I’m
sorry
to
keep
you
waiting.
—
Oh,
not
at
all.
I
______
here
only
a
few
minutes.
A.
have
been
B.
had
been
C.
was
D.
will
be
I
need
one
more
stamp
before
my
collection
_______.
A.
had
completed
B.
completes
C.
has
been
completed
D.
is
completed
—
Your
phone
number
again
I
______
quite
catch
it.
—
It’s
9568442.
A.
didn’t
B.
couldn’t
C.
don’t
D.
can’t
Key:
1—10.
BACCD
BCCCB
11-20.
DDABD
DBBBC
21—30.
ACDCB
CCAAB
31—40.
DACBB
CBCBD
41—50.
CABDD
ADBAD
51—60.
BBDBA
DDBAA
61—70.
ABBBA
CCADA