高考英语冲刺演练：阅读理解分题型解析练（学生版+教师版）

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2010高考英语冲刺演练：阅读理解分题型解析练（学生版）
一、《考试大纲》要求
1、理解主旨和要义； 2、理解文中具体信息； 3、根据上下文推断生词的词义； 4、做出简单判断和推理； 5、理解文章的基本结构； 6、理解作者的意图、观点和态度。
二、阅读理解命题分类
1、主旨大意型2、事实细节型3、词义猜测型4、推理判断型
基本题型及题型特征 主旨大意题 主要考察学生对所读材料中心思想的概括。其考察形式有很多，如概括标题、主题、中心思想或目的大意等；
细节理解题 主要考察考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节的理解。这一题型常见的命题方式有：事实认定题、排序题、图形辨认题、数字运算题；；
推理判断题 主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题；
判断词义题 主要考察考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义能力。要求从句子结构、段落、文章中推断或根据构词法推断词义。
从命题的情况看，近三年广东高考英语卷阅读理解题各题型分配对比如下：
年份 细节题 推理题 主旨要义题 猜测词义题
2007 7 6 1 1
2008 7 6 1 1
2009 9 4 1 1
主旨大意题
技巧点拨：
高考阅读理解测试题大多针对段落的subject(主题)，全文的main idea(中心思想)，文章的title(题目)，或作者的purpose(目的意图)来考主旨大意。
一、考查段落主题
段落的主旨大意常常由主题句体现出来(有一些故事性题材的文章没有主题句)。主题句通常有四个特点：概括性；统一性(段落中各句均围绕中心进行阐述)；连贯性(不仅和整段意义统一，而且在时态、语态、人称和数等语法问题上保持一致，这更是科技英语行文的特性)；简沽性(主题句的结构较简单，一般不用复杂的长句或难句)。
考查主题句的题干一般常见的有：
The main idea of paragraph … is __
Paragraph … deals with __ .
Paragraph … tells us __ .
The … paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on .
Which of the following statements is best supported by the … paragraph
What is the subject discussed
二、考查全文的中心思想
这类题难度较大，它挖掘的是隐形的、深层的含义，必须吃透文章内容才能做出来。全文中心足各段主旨之和，因此做好此类题目的根本依然是抓住段落主旨。
其常见题干有：
The story mainly tells us ．
The writer wants to tell us ．
From the passage we know that ．
三、考查文章的标题
答好这类题要求我们有较好的概括能力。文章的标题必须是对文章主旨的高度概括，考查文章标题的题干一般有：
The best title of this passage is ．
Which of the following can be the title
四、考查作者的目的、意图
这类题目虽难，但是相对来讲较第二类题好做一些，因为其答案往往是显性的、表层的。其题干常用以下结构：
This article is particularly written for ．
When the writer says．．．he really means
The author's attitude to．．．is that ．
What kind of atmosphere does the writer want to create in this passage
The writer regards．．．as ．
I he writers purpose in writing this story is ．
The writer thinks that ．
巩固训练：
A
Only three local students won Chinese Blog (博客) Competi-tion. And 15 of the 18 awards went to students from China.
170 students' task: to get a fully-designed blog up and running, complete with many postings based on a theme of choice—all written in Chinese.
Themes ranged from local opinions—such as the usage of Sin-glish, education and whether Singapore can be a cultural centre—to food blogs.
The entries were judged on language proficiency ( 熟练程度) and the quality of writing, as well as the design and level of exchan ging ideas with readers.
Academics from the National University of Singapore and the SIM University, IT experts, and a journalist from Chinese newspaper Lianhe Zaobao in Singapore made up the judges.
In the end, only three Singaporean students made it to the award list—the rest of the awards were swept up by students from China.
" No surprise," said Mr. Chow Yaw Long, 37 , teacher-in-charge from Innova Junior College, which organized the event. " Although the topics were local subjects, the foreign students were generally better in terms of the content of the posts and their grasp of the Chi nese language. "
One of the three local students winning the first prize in the Best Language Award was blogger Christina Gao,19,from the Saint Andrew's Junior College,who spared no effort in researching for and writing her blog. Each entry took her between five and seven days to produce, complete with pictures and even podcasts (播客 )
Her advice for bloggers is: Be responsible.
" Some bloggers out there only seek to blame the authorities and other bloggers, " said Miss Gao, " I think they lack responsibilities and there is no value to their posts. "
4. The passage is mainly about_____
A. how Chinese students won the awards in the competition
B. why bloggers should take responsibility for their blogs
C. how Miss Gao won the first prize in the competition
D. what the result of the competition was
B
The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniu ses from the merely accomplished is not I. Q., a generally bad pre dictor of success. Instead, it's purposeful practice. Top performers spend more hours practising their craft. If you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you'd take a girl who possessed a slightly above average language ability. It wouldn't have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar qualities. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same family background, or, shared the same birthday.
This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self. It would give her some idea of a fascinating circle she might someday join. It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fuelling a desperate need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowl- edge of her field. She'd be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings.
Then she would practise writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused. By practising in this way, she delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious, automatically performed skills. By practising slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repeat ing , she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of perform ance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance from the outside, correc ting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems—how do I get characters into a room— dozens and dozens of times. She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems.
The primary quality our young writer possesses is not some mys terious genius. It's the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine. The latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglec ted. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what we're" hard wired" to do. And it's true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behaviour.
1. The passage mainly deals with______.
A. the function of I. Q. in cultivating a writer
B. the relationship between genius and success
C. the decisive factor in making a genius
D. the way of gaining some sense of distinction
C
The flag, the most common symbol of a nation in the modem world, is also one of the most ancient. With a clear symbolic meaning, the flag in the traditional form is still used today to mark buildings, ships and other vehicles related to a country.
The national flag as we know it today is in no way a primitive (原始的) artifact. It is, rather, the product of thousands of years’ development. Historians believe that it had two major ancestors, of which the earlier served to show wind direction.
Early human beings used very fragile houses and boats. Often strong winds would tear roofs from houses or cause high waves that endangered travelers. People's food supplies were similarly vulnerable. Even after they had learned how to plant grains, they still needed help from nature to ensure good harvests. Therefore they feared and depended on the power of the wind, which could bring warmth from one direction and cold from another.
Using a simple piece of cloth tied to the top of a post to tell the direction of the wind was more dependable than earlier methods, such as watching the rising of smoke from a fire. The connection of the flag with heavenly power was therefore reasonable. Early human societies began to fix long pieces of cloth to the tops of totems(图腾) before carrying them into battle. They believed that the power of the wind would be added to the good wishes of the gods and ancestors represented by the totems themselves
These flags developed very slowly into modern flags. The first known flag of a nation or a ruler was unmarked: The king of China around 1000 B. C. was known to have a white flag carried ahead of him. This practice might have been learned from Egyptians even further in the past, but it was from China that it spread over trade routes through India, then across Arab lands, and finally to Europe, where it met up with the other ancestor of the national flag.
The best title for the passage would be .
A. Development of the National Flag B. Power of the National Flag
C. Types of Flags D. Uses of Flags
D
Have you ever received a gift that was so clearly, not your taste that you wondered if perhaps it had been handed to you by mistake.' Worse, have you ever given a present and watched your friend look as though she had opened the wrong box Maybe she responded with a polite" Why, thank you," but you knew you had missed the mark. Why do presents sometimes go wrong And what do your choices (good and bad) reflect about your personal qualities
Choosing the right gift is an art, I believe. It calls for empathy--the ability to put yourself into someone else's head and heart. We're all able to do this, in fact, we're born with a kind of natural empathy. After the earliest period of childhood, however, it needs to be reinforced (加强)--by our parents, teachers, friends. When it isn't, we're not able to understand other people's feelings as sharply. This can show in the gifts we select, and so can many other emotional (情感的) qualities.
Think back to the presents you've given over the past year, the time and effort you put into your selection, how much you spent, your thoughts while you were shopping, and your feelings when the receiver opened the package. Keep in mind that what you choose displays.
Your inner world. Of course, you may express yourself differently with different friends, relatives, and other people you know.
We live in a society where exchanging presents is an important part of communication. Ignoring the tradition won't make it go away. If you really dislike such a tradition, tell your friends ahead of time.
Which of the following is the main idea of the second paragraph
A. Natural empathy needs to be reinforced.
B. Emotional changes influence one's choice of gifts.
C. Selecting the right gifts is an ability people are born with.
D. Choosing gifts requires one to understand the receivers.
细节理解题
技巧点拨：
细节是构成文章的血肉。高考阅读理解题多数是依据文章细节来命题的。某个细节可能是一个题的答案，也可能一个答案需要对多个细节进行综合才能得出。细节题还包括对平时细小的知识点的考核。弄清细节还是正确把握文章主旨意图的前提。
一、文章中细节的类型
在一篇文章中，细节一般有五种类型：描写性细节、事实性细节、说明性细节、比较或对比性细节、说理性细节。
1．描写性细节：这类细节往往用来传递某种情绪与感情，某种印象，或叙述亲眼目睹的一些经历。
2．事实性细节：指作者在叙述某事时使用的事实和数据。
3．说明性细节：以解说或介绍的方式说明事物，或告诉人们如何做某事。这类细节条理清楚，过渡自然，因此在这类细节中常出现一些过渡词。如：first，second，third，finally，also，for example，for instance，otherwise，moreover，therefore，on the contrary，on the other hand，then，now等等。
4．比较或对比性细节：对比是指出同类事物中的不同之处，而比较则是把两种或多种事物相比较指出其相同的地方。
5．说理性细节：为了使主题思想为读者所接受，往往需要陈述理由。
一个细节理解题一般只针对某个特定的细节来设题，但是在加上有关的选项后，有可能涉及到若干个细节。其题型多种多样，几乎没有固定模式。下面列举部分常见的细节题干：
(1) The right order which tells the story is...[来源:21世纪教育网]
(2) Choose the right order of the events given in the following.
(3) Which statement is true
(4) Which of the following statements is false
(5) All the following statements are (not) true except...
(6) The writer (author) mentions all of the items listed below except...
(7) In this paragraph, we find support for all of the following statements except...
(8) The statements made by the author are based on...
(9) The author informs (tells us) that...
做好细节题的关键一是要弄清题干的意思，二是要读懂相关的细节内容。在选择答案时要运用“分析、推理、对比、判断”等思维方式。
巩固训练：
A
" In only six days I lost seven pounds of weight.
" Two full inches in the first three days! .
These are the kinds of statements used in magazine, newspaper, radio and television ads, promising new shapes and new looks to those who buy the medicine or the device. The promoters of such products say they can shape the legs, slim the face, smooth wrinkles, or in some other way add to beauty or desirability.[来源:21世纪教育网]
Often such products are nothing more than money-making things for their promoters. The results they produce are questionable, and some are dangerous to health.
To understand how these products can be legally promoted to the public, it is necessary to understand something of the laws cover ing their regulation. If the product is a drug, FDA ( Food and Drug Administration) can require proof under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act that it is safe and effective before it is put on the mar ket. But if the product is a device, FDA has no authority to require premarketing proof of safety or effectiveness. If a product already on the market is a danger to health, FDA can request the producer or distributor to remove it from the market voluntarily, or it can take legal action, including seizure(查封)of the product.[来源:21世纪教育网]
One notable case a few years ago involved an electrical device called the Relaxacisor, which had been sold for reducing the waist line. The Relaxacisor produced electrical shocks to the body through contact pads. FDA took legal action against the distributor to stop the sale of the devices on the grounds that it was dangerous to health and life.
Obviously, most of the devices on the market have never been the subject of court proceedings (法律诉讼) ,and new devices ap pear continually. Before buying, it is up to judge the consumer to judge the safety or effectiveness of such items.
1. Which of the following is true according to the text ,
A. The court is in charge of removing dangerous products.
B. New products are more likely to be questionable.
C. The production of a device must be approved by FDA.
D. The promoters usually just care about profits.[21世纪教育网]
2. FDA can ask for the proof of safety and effectiveness of a product_____.
A. if it is a drug
B. if it is a device
C. if its consumers make complaints[来源:21世纪教育网]
D. if its distributors challenge FDA's authority
3. The Relaxacisor is mentioned as______.
A. a product which was designed to produce electricity.
B. a product whose distributor was involved in a legal case
C. a successful advertisement of a beauty product
D. an example of a quality beauty product
B
Dear Friend,
The recent success of children's books has made the general public aware that there's a huge market out there.[来源:21世纪教育网]
And there's a growing need for new writers trained to create the $ 3 billion worth of children's books bought each year... plus stories and articles needed by over 650 publishers of magazines for children and teenagers.
Who are these needed writers They're ordinary folks like you
and me.
But am I good enough
I was once where you might be now. My thoughts of writing had been pushed down by self-doubt, and I didn't know where to turn for help.
Then, I accepted a free offer from the Institute to test my writing aptitude (潜能) ,and it turned out to be the inspiration I needed.
The promise that paid off
The Institute made the same promise to me that they will make to you, if you show basic writing ability:
You will complete at least one manuscript (手稿) suitable to handin to a publisher by the time you finish our course.
I really didn't expect any publication before I finished the course, but that happened. I sold three stories. And I soon discovered that was not unusual at the Institute.
Since graduation, I have authored 34 nationally published children's books and over 300 stories and articles.
Free test and brochure
We offer a free aptitude test and will send you a copy of our brochure describing our recognized home-study courses on the basis of one-on-one training.
Realize your writing dream today. There's nothing sadder than a dream delayed until it fades forever.
Sincerely,
Kristi Holl, Instructor
Institute of Children's Literature
When finishing the course, you are promised to________.
A. be a successful publisher
B. become a confident editor
C. finish one work for publication
D. get one story or article published
C
Paula Radcliffe, chasing(角逐) a third London marathon title (冠军), says she has became a stronger person after her terrible experience at the 2004 Athens Games.
Radcliffe, who failed to complete the Olympic marathon and the 10,000m last August, said:" Athens made me a stronger person and it made me care less about criticism"
"In the past I wanted to please everyone, but now I am going to listen even more to the people around me. "
She didn't care about criticism made at the weekend by Liz McCulgan, who felt Radcliffe should have rested and let her body recover after her failure in Athens.
"Liz is someone I look up to but she hasn't spoken to me since last year and if she really cared for me, I'm sure she would have contacted me. "
Instead Radcliffe won the New York City marathon just 11 weeks after Athens.[来源:21世纪教育网]
"In New York I wasn't in my best state but I did know I was good enough to win the Radcliffe insisted her only goal in Sunday's race would be winning a third title and not chasing world records. "
However, Radcliffe has not ruled out (排除) in the future chasing her "final" world record time and questioned sayings that marathon runners have the ability in their career to produce only four or five world-class times.
"I don't think that although I can't put a number on it, "said. Radcliffe "That changes from person to person."
Radcliffe is sure she can better her winning London 2003performance at some point in the future. Following a successful three-month training period in the United States, the 31-year-old will chase a third title on Sunday after her first victory in 2002 and again 12 months later.
Radcliffe clocked a time of 2:18:56 in her first 42.2-kilometre race three years ago.
Afterwards she set a "mixed course" mark of 2:17:18. Five months later In Chicago before lowering that to a time of 2:15:25 in the 2003 London event.
1. By saying "I can't put a number on it," Radcliffe means she's not sure .[来源:21世纪教育网]
A. if she has the ability to set a new world record
B. if she can win another race though she has won many times[来源:21世纪教育网]
C. how many times a marathon runner can set the world record
D. if she has the ability to produce four or five world-class times[21世纪教育网]
2. According to the text, Radcliffe has won London marathon title(s).
A. four B. three C. two D. one
D
There are two kinds of physical activity which require special training. The first demands exact careful movements of the muscles (肌肉). This kind of activity must be strictly controlled because even a slight movement in the wrong direction will lead a mistake. To type quickly, for example, a person needs training; the slightest movement of a finger in the wrong direction may cause a spelling mistake. A dancer who has to dance on the point of her shoes or turn around on one foot must be trained for a long period of time before she can sense her own center and balance herself. You may have seen a girl walking on a rope across an empty space, which, too, requires a lot of practice.
The second kind of physical activity needs greater strength or extra effort. Most of us get tired if we try to run half a mile without stopping, but a specially-trained person can do this without much effort. Three years ago, some scientists carried out experiments, which produced meaningful and unexpected results. They wanted to find out whether a certain amount of physical exercise would injure those suffering from heart problems. They selected some male patients and trained them in continuous bicycle riding. They were surprised to find that the harmful effect of given amount of physical effort was actually less on the hearts of these trained patients than on those of the patients who were not similarly trained. This is important because it shows that regular physical exercise enable us to make better use of the oxygen (氧气) we breathe in and that this training, in fact, reduces the amount of work our hearts do. Many tasks which are hard for untrained people are not hard at all for trained people.
1. The first kind of physical activity must be strictly controlled because .
A. a mistake in the wrong direction is dangerous to the fingers
B. a wrong movement in a direction will cause no mistakes
C. a movement in the wrong direction will cause a mistake
D. a slight movement of a finger will lead to a mistake
2. What must a dancer do before she can balance herself
A. She must dance on the point of her shoes.
B. She must receive long-time training.
C. She must turn around on one foot.
D. She must perform again and again.
推理判断题
技巧点拨：
所谓推理判断就是指对已知的事实进行估计、评判后得出的结果。如何进行推理判断呢 阅读中，要依赖于阅读材料中的事实来推断。另外，对已知事实的估计、评判必须符合客观标准，否则，会造成错误的推断。
阅读中的推断可以从以下几个方面人手：[来源:21世纪教育网]
1、根据词汇做出推断
一个单词通常有两个方面的意思，一个词典意思，一个延伸意思。例如badly，字典意思为“粗劣地，坏地"，延伸意思有“非常”等。
2、根据句子做出判断有时候，一个句子所描述的人物及其语言、动作和情态也可以帮助我们做出判断。比如：
The young quickly answered, I“Yes，sir．”
推断：这个年轻人对对方非常有礼貌而且有点崇拜，甚至有些害怕对方。
3、根据段落出判断有时，要就整个段落、甚至整篇文章事实进行估计、评判，从而做出推断。推断题要求考生严格按照短文陈述的观点或描述的事实做出合乎逻辑的推论。这一类考题存在一定的难度，因为正确的答案没有直接表述在短文里，我们不可能像解答一些细节题那样，在短文里找到直接对应的文字部分作为验证，必须从字里行间悟出作者的言外之意，并加以推敲，从而做出符合作者原意的推断。[来源:21世纪教育网]
推断题可针对段落或短文的主题思想、作者的倾向、短文的论调、写作思想和特定细节等方面来进行设置，各种针对性问题都有相应的题型。部分题干列举如下：
1. We can infer from this passage（paragraph, fact, example, evidence... ) that
2. It may be inferred from this passage (paragraph...) that...
3. An inference which may not be made from the passage ( paragraph... ) is...
4. The passage (author) implies, but does not directly state that
5. Implied but not stated...[来源:21世纪教育网]
6. The passage suggests that...
7. One could conclude from this passage that...
8. Upon reading this passage, one (We) might logically conclude that...
9. From this passage, we would say that the author...
10. The author probably feels that...[21世纪教育网]
11. The author's attitude toward.., is...
12. The author seems to be (in favor of)...
13. The paragraph preceding this one most probably discusses...
14. The paragraph following this one would most likely deal with..
15. The tone of the passage can best be described as...
巩固训练：
A
A few years ago I had an"aha!"moment regarding handwriting.
I had in my hand a sheet of paper with handwritten instructions on it for some sort of editorial task. It occurred at first that I did not recognize the handwriting, and then I realized whose it must be. I fi nally became aware of the fact that I had been working with this col league for at least a year,maybe two, and yet I did not recognize her handwriting at that point.
It was a very important event in the computerization of life—a sign that the informal, friendly communication of people working to gether in an office had changed from notes in pen to instant messages and emails. There was a time when our workdays were filled with little letters, and we recognized one another's handwriting the way we knew voices or faces.
As a child visiting my father's office, I was pleased to recognize, in little notes on the desks of his staff, the same handwriting I would see at home in the notes he would leave on the fridge—except that those notes were signed" dad" instead of"RFW" .
All this has been on my mind because of the talk about The Rise and Fall of Handwriting, a book by Florey. She shows in her book a deep concern about the fall of handwriting and the failure of schools to teach children to write well, but many others argue that people in a digital age can't be expected to learn to hold a pen.
I don't buy it.
I don't want to see anyone cut off from the expressive, personal associations that a pen still promotes better than a digital keyboard does. For many a biographer, part of really getting to know their sub jects is learning to read their handwriting.
What some people advocate is teaching one of the many attrac tive handwritings based on the handwriting of 16th-century Italy. That may sound impossibly grand—as if they want kids to learn to draw by copying classical paintings. However, they have worked in many school systems.
1. According to the author, handwritten notes______.
A. are harder to teach in schools
B. attract more attention
C. are used only between friends
D. carry more message
2. We can learn from the passage that the author______.
A. thinks it impossible to teach handwriting
B. does not want to lose handwriting
C. puts the blame on the computer
D. does not agree with Florey
B
Foreign drivers will have to pay on-the-spot fines of up to 900 for breaking the traffic law to be carried out next month.
If they do not have enough cash or a working credit card, their vehicles will be clamped ( 扣留) until they pay—and they will face an additional fee of 80 for getting back their vehicles.
The law will also apply to British citizen. The fines will be de scribed officially as" deposits" when the traffic law takes effect, be cause the money would be returned if the driver went to court and was found not guilty. In practice, very few foreign drivers are likely to return to Britain to deal with their cases.
Foreign drivers are rarely charged because police cannot take action against them if they fail to appear in court. Instead, officers of ten merely give warnings.[来源:21世纪教育网]
Three million foreign-registered vehicles enter Britain each year. Polish vehicles make up 36 percent, French vehicles 10 percent and German vehicles 9 percent.
Foreign vehicles are 30 percent more likely to be in a crash than British-registered vehicles. The number of crashes caused by foreign vehicles rose by 47 percent between 2003 and 2008. There were almost 400 deaths and serious injuries and 3 ,000 slight injuries from accidents caused by foreign vehicles in 2008.
The new law is partly intended to settle the problem of foreign lorry drivers ignoring limits on weight and hours at the wheel. Foreign lorries are three times more likely to be in a crash than British lor ries. Recent spot checks found that three quarters of lorries that failed safety tests were registered overseas.[21世纪教育网]
The standard deposit for a careless driving offence—such as driving too close to the vehicle in front or reading a map at the wheel—will be 300. Deposits for speeding offences and using mo bile phones will be 60. Foreign drivers will not get points as pun ishment added to their licenses, while British drivers will.
1. The first paragraph serves as a(n) _____.[来源:21世纪教育网]
A. explanation B. introduction C. comment D. background
2. The new traffic law is mainly intended to ____.
A. limit the number of foreign vehicles entering Britain
B. increase the British government's additional income
C. lower the rate of traffic accidents and injuries
D. get foreign drivers to appear in court
C
To extinguish(熄灭) different kinds of fires, several types of fire extinguishers have been invented. They must be ready for immediate use when fire breaks out. Most portable (手提式的) kinds operate for less than a minute, so they are useful only on small fires. The law requires ships, trains, buses and planes to carry extinguishers.
Since fuel, oxygen and heat must be present in order for fire to exist, one or more of these things must be removed or reduced to extinguish a fire. If the heat is reduced by cooling the material below a certain temperature, the fire goes out. The cooling method is the most common way to put out a fire. Water is the best cooling material because it is low in cost and easy to get.
Another method of extinguishing fire is by cutting off the oxygen. This is usually done by coveting the fire with sand, steam or some other things. A blanket may be used to cover a small fire.[来源:21世纪教育网]
A third method is called separation, which includes removing the fuel, or material easy to burn, from afire,, so that it can find no fuel.
The method that is used to put out a fire depends upon the type of fire. Fires have been grouped in three classes. Fires in wood, paper, cloth and the like are called Class A fires. These materials usually help keep the fire on. Such fires can be stopped most readily by cooling with water.
1. If a fire breaks out on a bus, which of the following should be ready there for you to use
A. Sand. B. Water
C. A blanket D. An extinguisher
2. To cover a small piece of burning wood with a basin in order to stop the fire is an example of__________.
A. separating the fire B. reducing the heat
C. removing the fuel D. cutting off the oxygen
D
I was the middle child of three, but there was a gap of five years on either side, and I hardly saw my father before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely. I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginary persons, and I think from the very start my literary ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated (孤独)and undervalued. I knew that I had a natural ability with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created a sort of private world in which I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life.
However, the quantity of serious writing which I produced all through my childhood would not add up to half a dozen pages. 1 wrote my first poem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation. I cannot remember anything about it except that it was about a tiger and the tiger had "chair-like teeth" a good enough expression. At eleven, when the war of 1914-18 broke out, I wrote a poem which was printed in the local newspaper, as was another, two years later, on the death of Kitchener. From time to time, when I was a bit older, I wrote bad and usually unfinished "nature poems". I also, about twice, attempted a short story which was a failure. That was the total of the would-be serious work that I actually set down on paper during all those years.
What can be inferred about the writer
A. He was least favoured in his family.
B. He had much difficulty in taking with others.
C. He had an unhappy childhood for lack of care.
D. His loneliness resulted in his interest in writing.[21世纪教育网]
词义猜测题
技巧点拨：
做猜测词义的题目时要注意推测词义的方法。学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，对排除阅读时某些生词的干扰是十分必要的。在多数情况下，只要运用一定的技巧，照样能明白生词的含义，从而有效地进行阅读。
猜词方法主要有如下几种：
1. 利用上下文
在阅读英语文章中，解决生词问题的最有效的办法之一是利用上下文词汇之间的某些关系。这些关系主要包括同义词、反义词、上义词(表示类概念的词，如vegetable)、下义词(表示种概念的词，如potato、carrot、bean、cabbage等)、词的集合(如hospital“医院”就是doctor、nurse、patient、medicine、operation等词的集合词)、词的搭配等关系。如：
First of all l want to introduce myself：My name is Garmen．Some people call me Smiley．I try to act nice，but sometimes I just can’t do it．Some people don’t help me．In my school not everyone is nice．Some people in my school act tough with me and want to boss(同……发号施令)me around．I can’t always fight because some people have older brothers and sisters who fight for them，but I don’t．I have a cousin who is the only one I can count on to help me．But I try not to bother him because I have to learn to stand up by myself to get along in life．
本文中的tough与前面的nice是反义词，nice出现过两次。I try to act nice．(我想干好。)In my school not everyone is—nice．(在学校并非每个人都好。)Some people in my school act tough with me and want to boss(向……发号施令)me around．(我校有些学生很坏，想驱使我。)几句中的nice与tough恰好形成对照，我们可从熟词nice推测出tough的意义。另外根据文意我们知道文中的brothers and sisters和cousin(堂／表兄弟姐妹)都属于relative(亲戚)的集合，据此可推知cousin一词的大致意义：同辈亲戚。
2.利用语法或语境
在阅读中，有时也可以利用某些语法关系有效地推测词义，常用的这类关系有照应、替代、省略、定义、举例等。
如下面两句话：She was shivering．She had never been to war before．其中的she指的是谁 或是什么 单独从这两句话是无法弄清楚的。也许，有读者会猜测she指的是一位战地护士。那么，它究竟是不是这个意思 只要把上述两个句子放回到原来的上下文中与其有关部分联系起来，答案便会很清楚了。
The dog, who had sounded SO ferocious in the winter distances，was female German shepherd he was shivering．Her tail was between her legs．She had never been to war before．3he had no idea what game was being played．Her name was Princess．
原来，句子中的she指的是一只牧羊犬。由此可见，英语中像she这样的一些词在上下文往往有它所指代的对象。只要找出这部分内容，便可以准确地判断其含义。那么，she这类词与其指代对象之间所存在的这种关系就是所谓的“照应关系"。起指代作用的she之类的词一般称作“照应词”。按照应词的应用，照应可分三类：
(1)人称照应它以人称代词、形容词性和名词性物主作为照应词。例如：I，you，he，she，they，him，her，it，them(人称代词)：your，his，her，their，its(形容词性物主代词)：mine，his，her，theirs(名词性物主代词)等。
1.指示照应 它以指示代词、定冠词和指示副词作为照应词。这些词包括：this，that，these，those(指示代词)；the(定冠词)；here，there，now，then(指示副词)。
（3）比较照应它以形容词和副词的比较等级形式以及其他一些有比较意义的词语作为照应词。具有比较意义的词语一般包括：same，so，as，equal，such，similar(1y)，different(1y)，other，otherwise，likewise等等。[来源:21世纪教育网]
掌握了上述类似照应词，可以使我们充分利用上下文的照应关系，很容易地推测照应词所指代的确切意义。
3.用利构词知识
可以说，掌握英语单词词义最简单、最行之有效的办法莫过于了解构词法了。任何事物的产生、发展与变化都具有其内在规律，现代英语的词汇也不例外，它也是按照一定的规律构成的。只要掌握了这些规律，无论单词是怎样构成的，以及如何通过各种方法来推测生词词义。
4.利用现成释义
在一些文章中作者使用一个生词之后往往要接着给出提示——解释或说明——让读者明白其意义。常用提示语句有：such as，be like，e．g．，for example，this is，that’s，that’s to say，or，in other words，be called，mean(s)等。除此之外，我们还可以根据文中的括号、逗号、破折号等标点符号帮助判断。
如：
The food includes poultry(e．g．goose，duck，chicken)，salad，bread and vegetables．
通过e．g．我们可以猜出poultry的词义是“家禽”。[来源:21世纪教育网]
They wanted to murder---to kill without being known—the great man．
借助破折号可猜测出murder的意思是“谋杀”。
数据推算题要求就文章提供的数据以及数据与文章中其他信息的关系作出计算和推断
1．要抓住与数据有关的信息，并对这些信息的含义有一个正确的理解。[21世纪教育网]
2．如果文中含有较多的数据信息，一定要弄清它们之间的关系，分清有用信息和无用信息。
3．数据信息的意义往往不是孤立的，要正确理解全文大意，还应抓住一些关键词的意义。
4．计算出的数据不一定完全与所给答案相符，但不能差得太远；题目中的数据计算有时是为了起干扰作用，其相关的数据计算题目也不一定就是答案。
巩固训练：
A
Few laws are so effective that you can see results just days after they take effect. But in the nine days since the federal cigarette tax more than doubled—to $1.01 per pack—smokers have jammed tel ephone" quit lines" across the country seeking to kick the habit.
This is not a surprise to public health advocates. They've stud ied the effect of state tax increases for years, finding that smokers, es pecially teens, are price sensitive. Nor is it a shock to the industry, which fiercely fights every tax increase.
The only wonder is that so many states insist on closing their ears to the message. Tobacco taxes improve public health,they raise money and most particularly, the deter people from taking up the habit as teens, which is when nearly all smokers are addicted. Yet the rate of taxation varies widely.
In Manhattan, for instance, which has the highest tax in the na tion, a pack of Marlboro Light Kings cost $ 10. 06 at one drugstore Wednesday. In Charleston, S. C. , where the 7-cent-a-pack tax is the lowest in the nation,the price was $4. 78.
The influence is obvious.
In New York, high school smoking hit a new low in the latest surveys—13. 8% , far below the national average. By comparison, 26% of high school students smoke in Kentucky. Other low-tax states have similarly depressing teen-smoking records.
Hal Rogers, Representative from Kentucky, like those who are against high tobacco taxes, argues that the burden of the tax falls on low-income Americans" who choose to smoke.21世纪教育网
That's true. But there is more reason in keeping future genera tions of low-income workers from getting hooked in the first place. As for today's adults, if the new tax drives them to quit, they will have more to spend on their families, cut their risk of cancer and heart dis ease and feel better.
The underlined word “deter” in paragraph 3 most probably means _______.
A. discourage B. remove C. benefit D. free
B
Societies all over the world name places in similar ways. Quite often there is no official naming ceremony but places tend to be called names as points of reference by people. Then an organized body steps in and gives the place a name. Frequently it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits die hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost.
Many roads and places in Singapore(新加坡)are named in or der that the pioneers will be remembered by future generations. Thus we have names such as Stamford Road and Raffles Place. This is in keeping with traditions in many countries—in both the West and the East.
Another way of naming places is naming them after other places. Perhaps they were named to promote friendships between the two places or it could be that the people who used to live there were originally from the places that the roads were named after. The mys tery is clearer when we see some of the roads named in former British bases. If you step into Selector Airbase you will see Piccadilly Cir cus—obviously named by some homesick Royal Air Force personnel.
Some places were named after the activities that used to go on at those places. Bras Basah Road is an interesting example. "Bras Basah" means "wet rice" in Malay(马来语). Now why would anyone want to name a road" Wet Rice Road" The reason is simple. During the pioneering days, wet rice was laid out to dry along this road.
A few roads in Singapore are named by their shapes. There is "Circular Road"for one. Other roads may have part of their names to describe their shapes, like "Paya Lebar Crescent". This road is called a crescent(月牙)because it begins on the main road, makes a cres cent and comes back to join the main road again.
What does the underlined phrase "die hard" in Paragraph 1 probably mean
A. Change suddenly.
B. Change significantly.
C. Disappear mysteriously.
D. Disappear very slowly.
C
When a storm is coming, most people leave the area as quickly as possible and head for safety. But there are a few people who will get into their ears and go straight for the center of the storm. These people are willing to risk being killed by floods or 100-kilometer-an-hour winds for the excitement of watching the storm close up.
"Storm chasing(追逐)" is becoming an increasingly popular hobby, especially in the Midwest of the United States, where there are frequent storms between March and July. A storm chaser begins the day by checking the Internet for the latest weather reports, and then drives up to 1,000 kilometers to where the storm will be and waits for it to develop.
Although anyone can do it, storm chasing is extremely dangerous. The power of a big storm can throw a cow into the air or destroy a whole house in seconds. Storm chasers are also often hurt in accidents caused by driving in a heavy rain. If you are a beginner, it is much safer to join a group for storm-chasing vacations during the storm season.
Even then, storm chasing is not all adventure and excitement. "Storm chasing is 95% driving," says Daniel Lynch, who spends most of his summer storm-chasing. "Sometimes you can sit around for hours waiting for something to happen, and all you get is blue sky and a few light showers."
However, for storm chasers, it is all worth it. "When you get close to a storm, it is the most exciting sight you will ever see in your life, "says Jasper Morley." Every storm is an example of the power of nature. It is the greatest show on Earth. "[来源:21世纪教育网]
By saying" it is all worth it" in the last paragraph, the author means that
A. storm chasing costs a lot of money[来源:21世纪教育网][来源:21世纪教育网]
B. storm chasing is worth hours of waiting
C. efforts in storm chasing are well paid
D. a storm presents the greatest show on Earth[来源:21世纪教育网]
D21世纪教育网
EAT YOUR VEGETABLES. Wash your hands. Always say "please' and" thank you". We are full of advice for our children, but when it comes to money, we often little to say. As a result, our children may grow up with clean hands and good manners, but without any idea how to manage their money.
Here are some basics that will help guide them, their entire lives:
Show them the future. If your 13-year-old girl were to save $1,000, invest it at 8% and add $100 every month, by the time she's 65, she would have $ 980,983!
Be careful of credit (信用). Credit cards can help you buy necessary things and build a credit history, but they must be used responsibly, which means paying off your debt in time. Explain to your children that when you buy something using a credit card, you can easily end up paying two or three times what you would have paid if you used cash.
Teach patience. Suppose your child wants a new bicycle that costs $ 150. Rather than paying the cash, give him some regular pocket money and explain that by putting aside, say, $15 each week, he will be able to buy it for himself in only ten weeks.
Provide incentive. Tell your children the importance of saving. "For every dollar he or she agrees to save and invest rather than spend, you agree to add another dollar to the pot," says Cathy Pareto, expert in money planning.
Explain your values. Values and money are deeply intertwined, says Eilleen Gallo, co-author of The Financially Intelligent Parent. When your child demands that you buy something, explain why you really don't want to buy it." You might say,' I'd rather save that money for your education,'" advises Gallo. Every time you spend or don't spend money, you have a chance to share your values.
The underlined word" incentive" in paragraph 6 means________
A. honor B. praise[21世纪教育网]
C. excitement D. encouragement
2008-2009全国高考英语真题分题型阅读训练（六套）
（特别注明：题干加粗题为事实细节题型）
训练一：
Passage 1 (2008 广东C篇)
Napoleon, as a character in Tolstoy’s War and Peace, is more than once described as having “fat little hands.’’ Nor does he “sit well or firmly on the horse.’’ He is said to be “undersized.’’ with“short legs’’ and a “round stomach”. The issue here is not the accuracy of Tolstoy’s description--it seems not that far off from historical accounts but his choice of facts：other things that could be said of the man are not said. We are meant to understand the difference of a warring commander in the body of a fat little Frenchman. Tolstoy’s Napoleon could be any man wandering in the streets and putting a little of powdered tobacco up his nose—and that is the point.
It is a way the novelist uses to show the moral nature of a character. And it turns out that, as Tolstoy has it, Napoleon is a crazy man. In a scene in Book Three of War and Peace, the wars having reached the critical year of 1812, Napoleon receives a representative from the Tsar(沙皇), who has come with peace terms. Napoleon is very angry：doesn’t he have more army He, not the Tsar, is the one to make the terms. He will destroy all of Europe if his army is stopped. “That is what you will have gained by engaging me in the war!” he shouts. And then, Tolstoy writes, Napoleon “walked silently several times up and down the room, his fat shoulders moving quickly.’’
Still later, after reviewing his army amid cheering crowds, Napoleon invites the shaken Russian to dinner. “He raised his hand to the Russian’s…face,” Tolstoy writes, and “taking him by the ear pulled it gently….” To have one’s ear pulled by the Emperor was considered the greatest honor and mark of favor at the French court. “Well, well, why don’t you say anything ’’ said he, as if it was ridiculous in his presence to respect any one but himself, Napoleon.
Tolstoy did his research, but the composition is his own.
1. Tolstoy’s description of Napoleon in War and Peace is _________.
A. far from the historical facts B. based on the Russian history
C. based on his selection of facts D. not related to historical details
2. Napoleon was angry when receiving the Russian representative because _________.
A. he thought he should be the one to make the peace terms
B. the Tsar's peace terms were hard to accept
C. the Russians stopped his military movement
D. he didn’t have any more army to fight with
3. What did Napoleon expect the Russian representative to do
A. To walk out of the room in anger. B. To show agreement with him.
C. To say something about the Tsar. D. To express his admiration.
4. Tolstoy intended to present Napoleon as a man who is _________.
A. ill-mannered in dealing with foreign guests B. fond of showing off his iron will
C. determined in destroying all of Europe D. crazy for power and respect
5. What does the last sentence of the passage imply
A. A writer doesn’t have to be faithful to his findings.
B. A writer may write about a hero in his own way.
C. A writer may not be responsible for what he writes.
D. A writer has hardly any freedom to show his feelings.
Passage 2 (2008 山东C篇)
It was the summer of 1965. DeLuca, then 17, visited Peter Buck, a family friend. Buck asked DeLuca about his plans for the future. “I’m going to college, but I need a way to pay for it,” DeLuca recalls saying. “Buck said, ‘You should open a sandwich shop.’”
That afternoon, they agreed to be partners. And they set a goal: to open 32 stores in ten years. After doing some research, buck wrote a check for $1000. DeLuca rented a storefront (店面) in Connecticut, and when they couldn’t cover their start-up costs, Buck kicked in another $1000.
But business didn’t go smoothly as they expected. DeLuca says, “After six months, we were doing poorly, but we didn’t know how badly, because we didn’t have any financial controls.” All he and Buck knew was that their sales were lower than their costs.
DeLuca was managing the store and going to the University of Bridgeport at the same time. Buck was working at his day job as a nuclear physicist in New York. They’d meet Monday evenings and brainstorm ideas for keeping the business running. “We convinced ourselves to open a second store. We figured we could tell the public, ‘We are so successful, we are opening a second store.’” And they did—in the spring of 1966. Still, it was a lot of learning by trial and error.
But the partners’ learn-as-you-go approach turned out to be their greatest strength. Every Friday, DeLuca would drive around and hand-deliver the checks to pay their suppliers. “It probably took me two and a half hours and it wasn’t necessary, but as a result, the suppliers got to know me very well, and the personal relationships established really helped out,” DeLuca says.
And having a goal was also important. “There are so many problems that can get you down. You just have to keep working toward your goal,” DeLuca adds.
DeLuca ended up founding Subway Sandwich, the multimillion-dollar restaurant chain.
6. DeLuca opened the first sandwich shop in order to ____.
A. support his family B. pay for his college education
C. help his partner expand business D. do some research
7. Which of the following is true of Buck
A. He put money into the sandwich business.
B. He was a professor of business administration.
C. He was studying at the University of Bridgeport.
D. He rented a storefront for DeLuca.
8. What can we learn about their first shop
A. It stood at an unfavorable palce. B. It lowered the prices to promote sales.
C. It made no profits due to poor management
D. It lacked control over the quality of sandwiches
9. They decided to open a second store because they ___.
A. had enough money to do it. B. had succeeded in their business
C. wished to meet the increasing demand of customers
D. wanted to make believe that they were successful
10. What contribute most to their success according to the author
A. Learning by trial and error. B. Making friends with suppliers.
C. Finding a good partner. D. Opening chain stores.
Passage 3 (2008 山东D篇)
Melissa Poe was 9 years old when she began a campaign for a cleaner environment by writing a letter to the then President Bush. Through her own efforts, her letter was reproduced on over 250 donated billboards across the country.
The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F.A.C.E.) in 1989. There are now 300,000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the world's largest youth environmental organization.
Poe has also asked the National Park Service to carry out a "Children's Forest" project in every national park. In 1992, she was invited as one of only six children in the world to speak at the Earth Summit in Brazil as part of the Voices of the Future Program. In 1993, she was given a Caring Award for her efforts by the Caring Institute.
Since the organization started, Kids F.A.C.E. members have distributed and planted over 1 million trees! Ongoing tree-planting projects include Kid's Yards – the creation of backyard wildlife habitats (栖息地) and now Kids F.A.C.E. is involved in the exciting Earth Odyssey, which is a great way to start helping.
"Starting the club turned out to be a way to help people get involved with the environment. Club members started doing things like recycling, picking up litter and planting trees as well as inviting other kids to join their club."
"We try to tell kids that it's not OK to be lazy," she explains. "You need to start being a responsible, environmentally friendly person now, right away, before you become a resource-sucking adult."
11. Kids F.A.C.E is _____.
A. a program to help students with writing B. a project of litter recycling
C. a campaign launched by President Bush D. a club of environmental protection
12. What can we learn about Poe
A. She was awarded a prize in Brazil.
B. She donated billboard across the country.
C. She got positive responses for her efforts
D. She joined the National Park Service.
13. Kid’s Yards is _____.
A. established in a national park. B. started to protect wildlife
C. a wildlife- raising project D. an entertainment park for kids.
14. Which of the following can be inferred from the text
A. Adults are resource-sucking people
B. Poe sought help from a youth organization
C. Kids F.A.C.E members are from the U.S.
D. Kids are urged to save natural resources.
Passage 4 (2008 全国ⅠA篇)
Last week my youngest son and I visited my father at his new home in Tucson, Arizona. He moved there a few years ago, and I was eager to see his new place and meet his friends.
My earliest memories of my father are a tall, handsome, successful man devoted to his work and his family, but uncomfortable with his children. As a child I loved him. He seemed unhappy with me unless I got straight A’s and unhappy with my boyfriends if their fathers were not as “successful” as he was. Whenever I went out with him on weekends, I used to struggle to think up things to say, feeling on guard.
On the first day of my visit, we went out with one of my father’s friends for lunch at an outdoor café. We talked along that afternoon, did some shopping, ate on the street table, and laughed over my son’s funny facial expressions. Gone was my father’s critical (挑剔的) air and strict rules. Who was this person I knew as my father, who seemed so friendly and interesting to be around What had held him back before
The next day dad pulled out his childhood pictures and told me quite a few stories about his own childhood. Although our times together became easier over the years, I never felt closer to him at that moment. After so many years, I’m at last seeing another side of my father. And in so doing, I’m delighted with my new friend. My dad, in his new home in Arizona, is back to me from where he was.
15. Why did the author feel bitter about her father as a young adult
A. He was silent most of the time. B. He was too proud of himself.
C. He did not love his children. D. He expected too much of her.
16. When the author went out with her father on weekend, she would feel .
A. nervous B. sorry C. tired D. safe
17. What does the author think of her father after her visit to Tucson
A. More critical. B. More talkative
C. Gentle and friendly. D. Strict and hard-working.
18. The underlined words “my new friend” in the last paragraph refer to .
A. the author’s son B. the author’s father
C. the friend of the author’s father D. the café owner
Passage 5 (2008 北京 D篇)
When it comes to friends, I desire those who will share my happiness, who possess wings of their own and who will fly with me. I seek friends whose qualities illuminate（照亮）me and train me up for love. It is for these people that I reserve the glowing hours, too good not to share.
When I was in the eighth grade, I had a friend. We were shy and “too serious” about our studies when it was becoming fashionable with our classmates to learn acceptable social behaviors. We said little at school, but she would come to my house and we would sit down with pencils and paper, and one of us would say:“Let’s start with a train whistle today.” We would sit quietly together and write separate poems or stories that grew out of a train whistle. Then we would read them aloud. At the end of that school year, we, too, were changing into social creatures and the stories and poems stopped.
When I lived for a time in London, I had a friend, He was in despair(失望)and I was in despair. But our friendship was based on the idea in each of us that we would be sorry later if we did not explore this great city because we had felt bad at the time. We met every Sunday for five weeks and found many excellent things. We walked until our despairs disappeared and then we parted. We gave London to each other.
For almost four years I have had remarkable friend whose imagination illuminates mine. We write long letters in which we often discover our strangest selves. Each of us appears, sometimes in a funny way, in the other’s dreams. She and I agree that, at certain times, we seem to be parts of the same mind. In my most interesting moments, I often think:“Yes, I must tell….”We have never met.
It is such comforting companions I wish to keep. One bright hour with their kind is worth more to me than the lifetime services of a psychologist（心理学家），who will only fill up the healing（愈合的）silence necessary to those darkest moments in which I would rather be my own best friend.
19. In the eighth grade, what the author did before developing proper social behavior was to ______.
A. become serious about her study B. go to her friend’s house regularly
C. learn from her classmates at school D. share poems and stories with her friend
20. In Paragraph 3, “We gave London to each other” probably means ______.
A. our exploration of London was a memorable gift to both of us
B. we were unwilling to tear ourselves away from London
C. our unpleasant feeling about London disappeared
D. we parted with each other in London
21. According to Paragraph 4, the author and her friend _______.
A. call each other regularly B. have similar personalities
C. enjoy writing to each other D. dream of meeting each other
22. In the darkest moments, the author would prefer to ______.
A. seek professional help B. be left alone
C. stay with her best friend D. break the silence
23. What is the best title for the passage
A. Unforgettable Experiences B. Remarkable Imagination
C. Lifelong Friendship D. Noble Companions
训练二：
Passage 1 (2008 北京 E篇)
The Diet Zone: A Dangerous Place
Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet… We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically.
Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale（秤）instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels.
On another level, diet products have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don’t have to work to get results. Diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle.
The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients(营养成分). Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calorie only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products. Diet products may not be nutritional, and the chemical that go into diet products are potentially dangerous.
Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet products, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them.
1. From Paragraph 1, we learn that ________.
A. diet products fail to bring out people’s potential B. people have difficulty in choosing diet products
C. diet products are misleading people D. people are fed up with diet products
2. One psychological effect of diet products is that people tend to _____.
A. try out a variety of diet foods B. hesitate before they enjoy diet foods
C. pay attention to their own eating habits D. watch their weight rather than their diet
3. In Paragraph 3, “gain comes without pain” probably means ______.
A. losing weight is effortless B. it costs a lot to lose weight
C. diet products bring no pain D. diet products are free from calories
4. Diet products indirectly harm people physically because such products ______.
A. are over-consumed B. lack basic nutrients
C. are short of chemicals D. provide too much energy
5. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage
Passage 2 (2008 辽宁 C篇)
Tom was one of the brightest boys in the year, with supportive parents. But when he was 15 he suddenly stopped trying. He left school at 16 with only two scores for secondary school subjects. One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer (同龄人) group.
The lack of right male role models in many of their lives --- at home and particularly in the school environment --- means that their peers are the only people they have to judge themselves against.
They don't see men succeeding in society so it doesn't occur to them that they could make something of themselves. Without male teachers as a role model, the effect of peer actions and street culture is all-powerful. Boys want to be part of a club. However, schools can provide the environment for change, and provide the right role models for them. Teachers need to be trained to stop that but not in front of a child's peers. You have to do it one to one, because that is when you see the real child.
It's pointless sending a child home if he or she has done wrong. They see it as a welcome day off to watch television or play computer games. instead, schools should have a special unit where a child who has done wrong goes for the day and gets advice about his problems - somewhere he can work away from his peers and go home after the other children.
6. Why did Tom give up studying
A. He disliked his teachers. B. His parents no longer supported him.
C. It's cool for boys of his age not to care about studies.
D. There were too many subjects in his secondary school.
7. What seems to have a bad effect on students like Tom
A. Peer groups. B. A special unit. C. The student judges. D. The home environment.
8. What should schools do to help the problem schoolboys
A. Wait for their change patiently. B. Train leaders of their peer groups.
C. Stop the development of street culture. D. Give them lessons in a separate area.
9. A teacher's work is most effective with a schoolboy when he .
A. is with the boy alone B. teaches thc boy a lesson
C. sends the boy home as punishmeht D. works together with another teacher
Passage 3 (2008 安徽 D篇)
Some people think that as more and more people have televisions in their homes, fewer and fewer people will buy books and newspapers. Why read an article in the newspaper, when the TV news can bring you the information in a few minutes and with pictures Why read the life story of a famous man, when a short television program can tell you all that you want to know
Television has not killed reading, however. Today, newspapers sell in very large numbers. And books of every kind are sold more than ever before. Books are still a cheap way to get information and enjoyment. Although some books with hard covers are expensive, many books are printed today as paperbooks (平装本), which are quite cheap. A paperback collection of short stories, for example, is always cheaper than an evening at the cinema or the theater, and you can keep a book for ever and read it many times.
Books are a wonderful provider of knowledge and pleasure and some types of books should be in every home. Every home should have a good dictionary. A good encyclopedia (百科全书), though expensive, is useful, too, because you can find information on any subject. Besides, you can have such books as history books., science textbook, cookbooks, and collections of stories and poems. Then from time to time you can take a book of poems off your shelves and read the thoughts and feelings of your favorite poets.
10. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A. TV programs are a chief provider of knowledge
B. cinemas are the best choice in getting information
C. reading is a cheap way of learning and having fun
D. newspapers are an expensive way to enjoy oneself
11. What does the sentences “Television has not killed reading, however ” underlined in the second paragraph 本资料来自于资源齐２１世纪教育网www.21cnjy.com
2010高考英语冲刺演练：阅读理解分题型解析练（教师版）
一、《考试大纲》要求
1、理解主旨和要义； 2、理解文中具体信息； 3、根据上下文推断生词的词义； 4、做出简单判断和推理； 5、理解文章的基本结构； 6、理解作者的意图、观点和态度。
二、阅读理解命题分类
1、主旨大意型2、事实细节型3、词义猜测型4、推理判断型
基本题型及题型特征 主旨大意题 主要考察学生对所读材料中心思想的概括。其考察形式有很多，如概括标题、主题、中心思想或目的大意等；
细节理解题 主要考察考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节的理解。这一题型常见的命题方式有：事实认定题、排序题、图形辨认题、数字运算题；；
推理判断题 主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题；
判断词义题 主要考察考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义能力。要求从句子结构、段落、文章中推断或根据构词法推断词义。
从命题的情况看，近三年广东高考英语卷阅读理解题各题型分配对比如下：
年份 细节题 推理题 主旨要义题 猜测词义题
2007 7 6 1 1
2008 7 6 1 1
2009 9 4 1 1
主旨大意题
技巧点拨：
高考阅读理解测试题大多针对段落的subject(主题)，全文的main idea(中心思想)，文章的title(题目)，或作者的purpose(目的意图)来考主旨大意。
一、考查段落主题
段落的主旨大意常常由主题句体现出来(有一些故事性题材的文章没有主题句)。主题句通常有四个特点：概括性；统一性(段落中各句均围绕中心进行阐述)；连贯性(不仅和整段意义统一，而且在时态、语态、人称和数等语法问题上保持一致，这更是科技英语行文的特性)；简沽性(主题句的结构较简单，一般不用复杂的长句或难句)。
考查主题句的题干一般常见的有：]
The main idea of paragraph … is __ .[]
Paragraph … deals with __ .
Paragraph … tells us __ .
The … paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on .
Which of the following statements is best supported by the … paragraph
What is the subject discussed
二、考查全文的中心思想
这类题难度较大，它挖掘的是隐形的、深层的含义，必须吃透文章内容才能做出来。全文中心足各段主旨之和，因此做好此类题目的根本依然是抓住段落主旨。
其常见题干有：
The story mainly tells us ．
The writer wants to tell us ．
From the passage we know that ．
三、考查文章的标题
答好这类题要求我们有较好的概括能力。文章的标题必须是对文章主旨的高度概括，考查文章标题的题干一般有：
The best title of this passage is ．
Which of the following can be the title
四、考查作者的目的、意图
这类题目虽难，但是相对来讲较第二类题好做一些，因为其答案往往是显性的、表层的。其题干常用以下结构：
This article is particularly written for ．
When the writer says．．．he really means ．
The author's attitude to．．．is that ．
What kind of atmosphere does the writer want to create in this passage
The writer regards．．．as ．
I he writers purpose in writing this story is ．
The writer thinks that ．
巩固训练：
A
Only three local students won Chinese Blog (博客) Competi-tion. And 15 of the 18 awards went to students from China.
170 students' task: to get a fully-designed blog up and running, complete with many postings based on a theme of choice—all written in Chinese.
Themes ranged from local opinions—such as the usage of Sin-glish, education and whether Singapore can be a cultural centre—to food blogs.
The entries were judged on language proficiency ( 熟练程度) and the quality of writing, as well as the design and level of exchan ging ideas with readers.
Academics from the National University of Singapore and the SIM University, IT experts, and a journalist from Chinese newspaper Lianhe Zaobao in Singapore made up the judges.
In the end, only three Singaporean students made it to the award list—the rest of the awards were swept up by students from China.
" No surprise," said Mr. Chow Yaw Long, 37 , teacher-in-charge from Innova Junior College, which organized the event. " Although the topics were local subjects, the foreign students were generally better in terms of the content of the posts and their grasp of the Chi nese language. "
One of the three local students winning the first prize in the Best Language Award was blogger Christina Gao,19,from the Saint Andrew's Junior College,who spared no effort in researching for and writing her blog. Each entry took her between five and seven days to produce, complete with pictures and even podcasts (播客 ).
Her advice for bloggers is: Be responsible.
" Some bloggers out there only seek to blame the authorities and other bloggers, " said Miss Gao, " I think they lack responsibilities and there is no value to their posts. "
4. The passage is mainly about_____.[21世纪教育网]
A. how Chinese students won the awards in the competition
B. why bloggers should take responsibility for their blogs
C. how Miss Gao won the first prize in the competition
D. what the result of the competition was
B[来源:21世纪教育网]
The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniu ses from the merely accomplished is not I. Q., a generally bad pre dictor of success. Instead, it's purposeful practice. Top performers spend more hours practising their craft. If you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you'd take a girl who possessed a slightly above average language ability. It wouldn't have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar qualities. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same family background, or, shared the same birthday.
This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self. It would give her some idea of a fascinating circle she might someday join. It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fuelling a desperate need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowl- edge of her field. She'd be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings.
Then she would practise writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused. By practising in this way, she delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious, automatically performed skills. By practising slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repeat ing , she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of perform ance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance from the outside, correc ting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems—how do I get characters into a room— dozens and dozens of times. She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems.
The primary quality our young writer possesses is not some mys terious genius. It's the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine. The latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglec ted. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what we're" hard wired" to do. And it's true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behaviour.[来源:21世纪教育网]
1. The passage mainly deals with______.
A. the function of I. Q. in cultivating a writer
B. the relationship between genius and success
C. the decisive factor in making a genius
D. the way of gaining some sense of distinction
C
The flag, the most common symbol of a nation in the modem world, is also one of the most ancient. With a clear symbolic meaning, the flag in the traditional form is still used today to mark buildings, ships and other vehicles related to a country.
The national flag as we know it today is in no way a primitive (原始的) artifact. It is, rather, the product of thousands of years’ development. Historians believe that it had two major ancestors, of which the earlier served to show wind direction.
Early human beings used very fragile houses and boats. Often strong winds would tear roofs from houses or cause high waves that endangered travelers. People's food supplies were similarly vulnerable. Even after they had learned how to plant grains, they still needed help from nature to ensure good harvests. Therefore they feared and depended on the power of the wind, which could bring warmth from one direction and cold from another.[来源:21世纪教育网]
Using a simple piece of cloth tied to the top of a post to tell the direction of the wind was more dependable than earlier methods, such as watching the rising of smoke from a fire. The connection of the flag with heavenly power was therefore reasonable. Early human societies began to fix long pieces of cloth to the tops of totems(图腾) before carrying them into battle. They believed that the power of the wind would be added to the good wishes of the gods and ancestors represented by the totems themselves.[来源:21世纪教育网]
These flags developed very slowly into modern flags. The first known flag of a nation or a ruler was unmarked: The king of China around 1000 B. C. was known to have a white flag carried ahead of him. This practice might have been learned from Egyptians even further in the past, but it was from China that it spread over trade routes through India, then across Arab lands, and finally to Europe, where it met up with the other ancestor of the national flag.[来源:21世纪教育网]
The best title for the passage would be .
A. Development of the National Flag B. Power of the National Flag
C. Types of Flags D. Uses of Flags
D
Have you ever received a gift that was so clearly, not your taste that you wondered if perhaps it had been handed to you by mistake.' Worse, have you ever given a present and watched your friend look as though she had opened the wrong box Maybe she responded with a polite" Why, thank you," but you knew you had missed the mark. Why do presents sometimes go wrong And what do your choices (good and bad) reflect about your personal qualities [来源:21世纪教育网]
Choosing the right gift is an art, I believe. It calls for empathy--the ability to put yourself into someone else's head and heart. We're all able to do this, in fact, we're born with a kind of natural empathy. After the earliest period of childhood, however, it needs to be reinforced (加强)--by our parents, teachers, friends. When it isn't, we're not able to understand other people's feelings as sharply. This can show in the gifts we select, and so can many other emotional (情感的) qualities.
Think back to the presents you've given over the past year, the time and effort you put into your selection, how much you spent, your thoughts while you were shopping, and your feelings when the receiver opened the package. Keep in mind that what you choose displays.
Your inner world. Of course, you may express yourself differently with different friends, relatives, and other people you know.
We live in a society where exchanging presents is an important part of communication. Ignoring the tradition won't make it go away. If you really dislike such a tradition, tell your friends ahead of time.
Which of the following is the main idea of the second paragraph
A. Natural empathy needs to be reinforced.
B. Emotional changes influence one's choice of gifts.
C. Selecting the right gifts is an ability people are born with.
D. Choosing gifts requires one to understand the receivers.
Keys:
A．D 主旨大意题。通读全文可知本文只是讲述“博客大赛的结果“，而不是其余内容。[来源:21世纪教育网]
B．C．主旨大意题。根据第一段的第一、二句内容可知，本文主要论述了早就天才的决定因素。
C．A 主旨大意题，从全文来看，全文都在写National flag的发展过程，也可以从每一段的中心句可看出。
D．D 主旨大意题。第一句为本段主题句，即choosing the right girl calls for empathy。通过下文对empathy的解释可知选项D正确。
细节理解题
技巧点拨：
细节是构成文章的血肉。高考阅读理解题多数是依据文章细节来命题的。某个细节可能是一个题的答案，也可能一个答案需要对多个细节进行综合才能得出。细节题还包括对平时细小的知识点的考核。弄清细节还是正确把握文章主旨意图的前提。
一、文章中细节的类型
在一篇文章中，细节一般有五种类型：描写性细节、事实性细节、说明性细节、比较或对比性细节、说理性细节。
1．描写性细节：这类细节往往用来传递某种情绪与感情，某种印象，或叙述亲眼目睹的一些经历。
2．事实性细节：指作者在叙述某事时使用的事实和数据。
3．说明性细节：以解说或介绍的方式说明事物，或告诉人们如何做某事。这类细节条理清楚，过渡自然，因此在这类细节中常出现一些过渡词。如：first，second，third，finally，also，for example，for instance，otherwise，moreover，therefore，on the contrary，on the other hand，then，now等等。
4．比较或对比性细节：对比是指出同类事物中的不同之处，而比较则是把两种或多种事物相比较指出其相同的地方。
5．说理性细节：为了使主题思想为读者所接受，往往需要陈述理由。[21世纪教育网]
一个细节理解题一般只针对某个特定的细节来设题，但是在加上有关的选项后，有可能涉及到若干个细节。其题型多种多样，几乎没有固定模式。下面列举部分常见的细节题干：
(1) The right order which tells the story is...[来源:21世纪教育网]
(2) Choose the right order of the events given in the following.
(3) Which statement is true
(4) Which of the following statements is false
(5) All the following statements are (not) true except...
(6) The writer (author) mentions all of the items listed below except...
(7) In this paragraph, we find support for all of the following statements except...
(8) The statements made by the author are based on...
(9) The author informs (tells us) that...
做好细节题的关键一是要弄清题干的意思，二是要读懂相关的细节内容。在选择答案时要运用“分析、推理、对比、判断”等思维方式。
巩固训练：
A
" In only six days I lost seven pounds of weight.
" Two full inches in the first three days! .
These are the kinds of statements used in magazine, newspaper, radio and television ads, promising new shapes and new looks to those who buy the medicine or the device. The promoters of such products say they can shape the legs, slim the face, smooth wrinkles, or in some other way add to beauty or desirability.[来源:21世纪教育网]
Often such products are nothing more than money-making things for their promoters. The results they produce are questionable, and some are dangerous to health.
To understand how these products can be legally promoted to the public, it is necessary to understand something of the laws cover ing their regulation. If the product is a drug, FDA ( Food and Drug Administration) can require proof under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act that it is safe and effective before it is put on the mar ket. But if the product is a device, FDA has no authority to require premarketing proof of safety or effectiveness. If a product already on the market is a danger to health, FDA can request the producer or distributor to remove it from the market voluntarily, or it can take legal action, including seizure(查封)of the product.[来源:21世纪教育网]
One notable case a few years ago involved an electrical device called the Relaxacisor, which had been sold for reducing the waist line. The Relaxacisor produced electrical shocks to the body through contact pads. FDA took legal action against the distributor to stop the sale of the devices on the grounds that it was dangerous to health and life.
Obviously, most of the devices on the market have never been the subject of court proceedings (法律诉讼) ,and new devices ap pear continually. Before buying, it is up to judge the consumer to judge the safety or effectiveness of such items.
1. Which of the following is true according to the text ,
A. The court is in charge of removing dangerous products.
B. New products are more likely to be questionable.
C. The production of a device must be approved by FDA.
D. The promoters usually just care about profits.[21世纪教育网]
2. FDA can ask for the proof of safety and effectiveness of a product_____.
A. if it is a drug
B. if it is a device
C. if its consumers make complaints[来源:21世纪教育网]
D. if its distributors challenge FDA's authority
3. The Relaxacisor is mentioned as______.
A. a product which was designed to produce electricity.
B. a product whose distributor was involved in a legal case
C. a successful advertisement of a beauty product
D. an example of a quality beauty product
B
Dear Friend,
The recent success of children's books has made the general public aware that there's a huge market out there.[来源:21世纪教育网]
And there's a growing need for new writers trained to create the $ 3 billion worth of children's books bought each year... plus stories and articles needed by over 650 publishers of magazines for children and teenagers.
Who are these needed writers They're ordinary folks like you
and me.
But am I good enough
I was once where you might be now. My thoughts of writing had been pushed down by self-doubt, and I didn't know where to turn for help.
Then, I accepted a free offer from the Institute to test my writing aptitude (潜能) ,and it turned out to be the inspiration I needed.
The promise that paid off
The Institute made the same promise to me that they will make to you, if you show basic writing ability:
You will complete at least one manuscript (手稿) suitable to handin to a publisher by the time you finish our course.
I really didn't expect any publication before I finished the course, but that happened. I sold three stories. And I soon discovered that was not unusual at the Institute.
Since graduation, I have authored 34 nationally published children's books and over 300 stories and articles.
Free test and brochure
We offer a free aptitude test and will send you a copy of our brochure describing our recognized home-study courses on the basis of one-on-one training.
Realize your writing dream today. There's nothing sadder than a dream delayed until it fades forever.
Sincerely,
Kristi Holl, Instructor[来源:21世纪教育网]
Institute of Children's Literature
When finishing the course, you are promised to________.
A. be a successful publisher
B. become a confident editor
C. finish one work for publication
D. get one story or article published
C
Paula Radcliffe, chasing(角逐) a third London marathon title (冠军), says she has became a stronger person after her terrible experience at the 2004 Athens Games.
Radcliffe, who failed to complete the Olympic marathon and the 10,000m last August, said:" Athens made me a stronger person and it made me care less about criticism"
"In the past I wanted to please everyone, but now I am going to listen even more to the people around me. "
She didn't care about criticism made at the weekend by Liz McCulgan, who felt Radcliffe should have rested and let her body recover after her failure in Athens.
"Liz is someone I look up to but she hasn't spoken to me since last year and if she really cared for me, I'm sure she would have contacted me. "
Instead Radcliffe won the New York City marathon just 11 weeks after Athens.
"In New York I wasn't in my best state but I did know I was good enough to win the Radcliffe insisted her only goal in Sunday's race would be winning a third title and not chasing world records.
However, Radcliffe has not ruled out (排除) in the future chasing her "final" world record time and questioned sayings that marathon runners have the ability in their career to produce only four or five world-class times.
"I don't think that although I can't put a number on it, "said. Radcliffe "That changes from person to person."
Radcliffe is sure she can better her winning London 2003performance at some point in the future. Following a successful three-month training period in the United States, the 31-year-old will chase a third title on Sunday after her first victory in 2002 and again 12 months later.
Radcliffe clocked a time of 2:18:56 in her first 42.2-kilometre race three years ago.
Afterwards she set a "mixed course" mark of 2:17:18. Five months later In Chicago before lowering that to a time of 2:15:25 in the 2003 London event.
1. By saying "I can't put a number on it," Radcliffe means she's not sure .[来源:21世纪教育网]
A. if she has the ability to set a new world record
B. if she can win another race though she has won many times[来源:21世纪教育网]
C. how many times a marathon runner can set the world record
D. if she has the ability to produce four or five world-class times[21世纪教育网]
2. According to the text, Radcliffe has won London marathon title(s).
A. four B. three C. two D. one
D
There are two kinds of physical activity which require special training. The first demands exact careful movements of the muscles (肌肉). This kind of activity must be strictly controlled because even a slight movement in the wrong direction will lead a mistake. To type quickly, for example, a person needs training; the slightest movement of a finger in the wrong direction may cause a spelling mistake. A dancer who has to dance on the point of her shoes or turn around on one foot must be trained for a long period of time before she can sense her own center and balance herself. You may have seen a girl walking on a rope across an empty space, which, too, requires a lot of practice.
The second kind of physical activity needs greater strength or extra effort. Most of us get tired if we try to run half a mile without stopping, but a specially-trained person can do this without much effort. Three years ago, some scientists carried out experiments, which produced meaningful and unexpected results. They wanted to find out whether a certain amount of physical exercise would injure those suffering from heart problems. They selected some male patients and trained them in continuous bicycle riding. They were surprised to find that the harmful effect of given amount of physical effort was actually less on the hearts of these trained patients than on those of the patients who were not similarly trained. This is important because it shows that regular physical exercise enable us to make better use of the oxygen (氧气) we breathe in and that this training, in fact, reduces the amount of work our hearts do. Many tasks which are hard for untrained people are not hard at all for trained people.
1. The first kind of physical activity must be strictly controlled because .
A. a mistake in the wrong direction is dangerous to the fingers
B. a wrong movement in a direction will cause no mistakes
C. a movement in the wrong direction will cause a mistake
D. a slight movement of a finger will lead to a mistake
2. What must a dancer do before she can balance herself
A. She must dance on the point of her shoes.
B. She must receive long-time training.
C. She must turn around on one foot.
D. She must perform again and again.
A.
1．【答案】D【解析】细节理解题，由文中Often such products are nothing more than money-making things for their promoters.可知，这种广告只是在乎的利润。
2.【答案】A【解析】细节理解题，由文中If the product is a drug, FDA（Food Drug Administration）can require proof （证明）under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act that it is safe and effective before it is put on the market .可知答案选A。
3.【答案】B【解析】细节理解题，通篇讲述不合格产品被查出的问题，而Relaxacisor正是一款不合格产品，结果也被查封，因此这是一个不合格产品被查封的例子。
B.
C．细节理解题，从“The promise that paid off”部分可知“You will complete at least sone manuscript suitable to hand in to a publisher by the time you finish our course。
C.
1．C细节理解题，由“I can’t put a number on it"可知这句话是跟数字有关的，故可排除A、D项。
2．C细节理解题，由句中的“the 31-year-old will chase a third title on Sunday after her first victory in 2002 and again 12 months later”可知。
D.
1．C细节理解题，由第一段的第三句话可知。
2．B 细节理解题，从文中的“A dancer…must be trained for along period of time before she can sense her own center and balance herself”可得知。
推理判断题
技巧点拨：
所谓推理判断就是指对已知的事实进行估计、评判后得出的结果。如何进行推理判断呢 阅读中，要依赖于阅读材料中的事实来推断。另外，对已知事实的估计、评判必须符合客观标准，否则，会造成错误的推断。
阅读中的推断可以从以下几个方面人手：[来源:21世纪教育网]
1、根据词汇做出推断
一个单词通常有两个方面的意思，一个词典意思，一个延伸意思。例如badly，字典意思为“粗劣地，坏地"，延伸意思有“非常”等。
2、根据句子做出判断有时候，一个句子所描述的人物及其语言、动作和情态也可以帮助我们做出判断。比如：
The young quickly answered, I“Yes，sir．”
推断：这个年轻人对对方非常有礼貌而且有点崇拜，甚至有些害怕对方。
3、根据段落出判断有时，要就整个段落、甚至整篇文章事实进行估计、评判，从而做出推断。推断题要求考生严格按照短文陈述的观点或描述的事实做出合乎逻辑的推论。这一类考题存在一定的难度，因为正确的答案没有直接表述在短文里，我们不可能像解答一些细节题那样，在短文里找到直接对应的文字部分作为验证，必须从字里行间悟出作者的言外之意，并加以推敲，从而做出符合作者原意的推断。[来源:21世纪教育网]
推断题可针对段落或短文的主题思想、作者的倾向、短文的论调、写作思想和特定细节等方面来进行设置，各种针对性问题都有相应的题型。部分题干列举如下：
1. We can infer from this passage（paragraph, fact, example, evidence... ) that
2. It may be inferred from this passage (paragraph...) that...
3. An inference which may not be made from the passage ( paragraph... ) is...
4. The passage (author) implies, but does not directly state that
5. Implied but not stated...[来源:21世纪教育网]
6. The passage suggests that...
7. One could conclude from this passage that...
8. Upon reading this passage, one (We) might logically conclude that...
9. From this passage, we would say that the author...
10. The author probably feels that...[21世纪教育网]
11. The author's attitude toward.., is...
12. The author seems to be (in favor of)...
13. The paragraph preceding this one most probably discusses...
14. The paragraph following this one would most likely deal with..
15. The tone of the passage can best be described as...
巩固训练：
A
A few years ago I had an"aha!"moment regarding handwriting.
I had in my hand a sheet of paper with handwritten instructions on it for some sort of editorial task. It occurred at first that I did not recognize the handwriting, and then I realized whose it must be. I fi nally became aware of the fact that I had been working with this col league for at least a year,maybe two, and yet I did not recognize her handwriting at that point.
It was a very important event in the computerization of life—a sign that the informal, friendly communication of people working to gether in an office had changed from notes in pen to instant messages and emails. There was a time when our workdays were filled with little letters, and we recognized one another's handwriting the way we knew voices or faces.
As a child visiting my father's office, I was pleased to recognize, in little notes on the desks of his staff, the same handwriting I would see at home in the notes he would leave on the fridge—except that those notes were signed" dad" instead of"RFW" .
All this has been on my mind because of the talk about The Rise and Fall of Handwriting, a book by Florey. She shows in her book a deep concern about the fall of handwriting and the failure of schools to teach children to write well, but many others argue that people in a digital age can't be expected to learn to hold a pen.
I don't buy it.
I don't want to see anyone cut off from the expressive, personal associations that a pen still promotes better than a digital keyboard does. For many a biographer, part of really getting to know their sub jects is learning to read their handwriting.
What some people advocate is teaching one of the many attrac tive handwritings based on the handwriting of 16th-century Italy. That may sound impossibly grand—as if they want kids to learn to draw by copying classical paintings. However, they have worked in many school systems.
1. According to the author, handwritten notes______.
A. are harder to teach in schools
B. attract more attention
C. are used only between friends
D. carry more message
2. We can learn from the passage that the author______.
A. thinks it impossible to teach handwriting
B. does not want to lose handwriting
C. puts the blame on the computer
D. does not agree with Florey
B
Foreign drivers will have to pay on-the-spot fines of up to 900 for breaking the traffic law to be carried out next month.
If they do not have enough cash or a working credit card, their vehicles will be clamped ( 扣留) until they pay—and they will face an additional fee of 80 for getting back their vehicles.
The law will also apply to British citizen. The fines will be de scribed officially as" deposits" when the traffic law takes effect, be cause the money would be returned if the driver went to court and was found not guilty. In practice, very few foreign drivers are likely to return to Britain to deal with their cases.
Foreign drivers are rarely charged because police cannot take action against them if they fail to appear in court. Instead, officers of ten merely give warnings.[来源:21世纪教育网]
Three million foreign-registered vehicles enter Britain each year. Polish vehicles make up 36 percent, French vehicles 10 percent and German vehicles 9 percent.
Foreign vehicles are 30 percent more likely to be in a crash than British-registered vehicles. The number of crashes caused by foreign vehicles rose by 47 percent between 2003 and 2008. There were almost 400 deaths and serious injuries and 3 ,000 slight injuries from accidents caused by foreign vehicles in 2008.
The new law is partly intended to settle the problem of foreign lorry drivers ignoring limits on weight and hours at the wheel. Foreign lorries are three times more likely to be in a crash than British lor ries. Recent spot checks found that three quarters of lorries that failed safety tests were registered overseas.[21世纪教育网]
The standard deposit for a careless driving offence—such as driving too close to the vehicle in front or reading a map at the wheel—will be 300. Deposits for speeding offences and using mo bile phones will be 60. Foreign drivers will not get points as pun ishment added to their licenses, while British drivers will.
1. The first paragraph serves as a(n) _____.[来源:21世纪教育网]
A. explanation B. introduction C. comment D. background
2. The new traffic law is mainly intended to ____.
A. limit the number of foreign vehicles entering Britain
B. increase the British government's additional income
C. lower the rate of traffic accidents and injuries
D. get foreign drivers to appear in court
C
To extinguish(熄灭) different kinds of fires, several types of fire extinguishers have been invented. They must be ready for immediate use when fire breaks out. Most portable (手提式的) kinds operate for less than a minute, so they are useful only on small fires. The law requires ships, trains, buses and planes to carry extinguishers.
Since fuel, oxygen and heat must be present in order for fire to exist, one or more of these things must be removed or reduced to extinguish a fire. If the heat is reduced by cooling the material below a certain temperature, the fire goes out. The cooling method is the most common way to put out a fire. Water is the best cooling material because it is low in cost and easy to get.
Another method of extinguishing fire is by cutting off the oxygen. This is usually done by coveting the fire with sand, steam or some other things. A blanket may be used to cover a small fire.[来源:21世纪教育网]
A third method is called separation, which includes removing the fuel, or material easy to burn, from afire,, so that it can find no fuel.
The method that is used to put out a fire depends upon the type of fire. Fires have been grouped in three classes. Fires in wood, paper, cloth and the like are called Class A fires. These materials usually help keep the fire on. Such fires can be stopped most readily by cooling with water.
1. If a fire breaks out on a bus, which of the following should be ready there for you to use
A. Sand. B. Water
C. A blanket D. An extinguisher
2. To cover a small piece of burning wood with a basin in order to stop the fire is an example of__________.
A. separating the fire B. reducing the heat
C. removing the fuel D. cutting off the oxygen
D
I was the middle child of three, but there was a gap of five years on either side, and I hardly saw my father before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely. I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginary persons, and I think from the very start my literary ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated (孤独)and undervalued. I knew that I had a natural ability with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created a sort of private world in which I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life.
However, the quantity of serious writing which I produced all through my childhood would not add up to half a dozen pages. 1 wrote my first poem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation. I cannot remember anything about it except that it was about a tiger and the tiger had "chair-like teeth" a good enough expression. At eleven, when the war of 1914-18 broke out, I wrote a poem which was printed in the local newspaper, as was another, two years later, on the death of Kitchener. From time to time, when I was a bit older, I wrote bad and usually unfinished "nature poems". I also, about twice, attempted a short story which was a failure. That was the total of the would-be serious work that I actually set down on paper during all those years.
What can be inferred about the writer
A. He was least favoured in his family.
B. He had much difficulty in taking with others.
C. He had an unhappy childhood for lack of care.
D. His loneliness resulted in his interest in writing.[21世纪教育网]
Keys:[21世纪教育网]
A[来源:21世纪教育网]
1．D推理判断题。从倒数第二段“For many a biographer，part of really getting to know their subjects is learning to read their handwriting．”可知：对于一些撰写传记的作家来说，真正了解自己的写作对象，部分要依赖于阅读他们(被写传记者)的亲手笔迹。所以我们可以推断笔迹承载了很多的个人信息。
2．B推理判断题。从倒数第三段“I don’t buy it．”和倒数第二段“l don’t want to see anyone cut off from．．．personal association that a pen still promotes better．．．”可知作者不希望亲手笔迹消亡。
B
1．B推理判断题。通读全文可知，第一段是全文的一个简短介绍，它起着“抛砖引玉”的作用，故选B．introduction介绍，引言；explanation解释；comment评论；background背景。
2．C．推理判断题。通读全文可知，颁布新法律的最终目的是为了降低交通事故的发生率，而不是D．将外国车辆带上法庭。
C
1．D本题是推理判断题。从第一段第二句：They must be ready for immediate use when fire breaks out及最后一句The law requires ships，trains，buses and planes to carry extinguishers．可推出D。
2．D本题是推理判断题。题干中的basin发挥的作用与第三段提到的sand，steam功能相同，隔离氧气。[21世纪教育网]
D
D本题是推理判断题。从第一段第三句、第四句可推断出。
词义猜测题
技巧点拨：
做猜测词义的题目时要注意推测词义的方法。学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，对排除阅读时某些生词的干扰是十分必要的。在多数情况下，只要运用一定的技巧，照样能明白生词的含义，从而有效地进行阅读。
猜词方法主要有如下几种：
1. 利用上下文
在阅读英语文章中，解决生词问题的最有效的办法之一是利用上下文词汇之间的某些关系。这些关系主要包括同义词、反义词、上义词(表示类概念的词，如vegetable)、下义词(表示种概念的词，如potato、carrot、bean、cabbage等)、词的集合(如hospital“医院”就是doctor、nurse、patient、medicine、operation等词的集合词)、词的搭配等关系。如：
First of all l want to introduce myself：My name is Garmen．Some people call me Smiley．I try to act nice，but sometimes I just can’t do it．Some people don’t help me．In my school not everyone is nice．Some people in my school act tough with me and want to boss(同……发号施令)me around．I can’t always fight because some people have older brothers and sisters who fight for them，but I don’t．I have a cousin who is the only one I can count on to help me．But I try not to bother him because I have to learn to stand up by myself to get along in life．
本文中的tough与前面的nice是反义词，nice出现过两次。I try to act nice．(我想干好。)In my school not everyone is—nice．(在学校并非每个人都好。)Some people in my school act tough with me and want to boss(向……发号施令)me around．(我校有些学生很坏，想驱使我。)几句中的nice与tough恰好形成对照，我们可从熟词nice推测出tough的意义。另外根据文意我们知道文中的brothers and sisters和cousin(堂／表兄弟姐妹)都属于relative(亲戚)的集合，据此可推知cousin一词的大致意义：同辈亲戚。
2.利用语法或语境
在阅读中，有时也可以利用某些语法关系有效地推测词义，常用的这类关系有照应、替代、省略、定义、举例等。
如下面两句话：She was shivering．She had never been to war before．其中的she指的是谁 或是什么 单独从这两句话是无法弄清楚的。也许，有读者会猜测she指的是一位战地护士。那么，它究竟是不是这个意思 只要把上述两个句子放回到原来的上下文中与其有关部分联系起来，答案便会很清楚了。
The dog, who had sounded SO ferocious in the winter distances，was female German shepherd he was shivering．Her tail was between her legs．She had never been to war before．3he had no idea what game was being played．Her name was Princess．
原来，句子中的she指的是一只牧羊犬。由此可见，英语中像she这样的一些词在上下文往往有它所指代的对象。只要找出这部分内容，便可以准确地判断其含义。那么，she这类词与其指代对象之间所存在的这种关系就是所谓的“照应关系"。起指代作用的she之类的词一般称作“照应词”。按照应词的应用，照应可分三类：
(1)人称照应它以人称代词、形容词性和名词性物主作为照应词。例如：I，you，he，she，they，him，her，it，them(人称代词)：your，his，her，their，its(形容词性物主代词)：mine，his，her，theirs(名词性物主代词)等。
1.指示照应 它以指示代词、定冠词和指示副词作为照应词。这些词包括：this，that，these，those(指示代词)；the(定冠词)；here，there，now，then(指示副词)。
（3）比较照应它以形容词和副词的比较等级形式以及其他一些有比较意义的词语作为照应词。具有比较意义的词语一般包括：same，so，as，equal，such，similar(1y)，different(1y)，other，otherwise，likewise等等。[来源:21世纪教育网]
掌握了上述类似照应词，可以使我们充分利用上下文的照应关系，很容易地推测照应词所指代的确切意义。
3.用利构词知识
可以说，掌握英语单词词义最简单、最行之有效的办法莫过于了解构词法了。任何事物的产生、发展与变化都具有其内在规律，现代英语的词汇也不例外，它也是按照一定的规律构成的。只要掌握了这些规律，无论单词是怎样构成的，以及如何通过各种方法来推测生词词义。
4.利用现成释义
在一些文章中作者使用一个生词之后往往要接着给出提示——解释或说明——让读者明白其意义。常用提示语句有：such as，be like，e．g．，for example，this is，that’s，that’s to say，or，in other words，be called，mean(s)等。除此之外，我们还可以根据文中的括号、逗号、破折号等标点符号帮助判断。
如：
The food includes poultry(e．g．goose，duck，chicken)，salad，bread and vegetables．
通过e．g．我们可以猜出poultry的词义是“家禽”。[来源:21世纪教育网]
They wanted to murder---to kill without being known—the great man．
借助破折号可猜测出murder的意思是“谋杀”。
数据推算题要求就文章提供的数据以及数据与文章中其他信息的关系作出计算和推断
1．要抓住与数据有关的信息，并对这些信息的含义有一个正确的理解。[21世纪教育网]
2．如果文中含有较多的数据信息，一定要弄清它们之间的关系，分清有用信息和无用信息。
3．数据信息的意义往往不是孤立的，要正确理解全文大意，还应抓住一些关键词的意义。
4．计算出的数据不一定完全与所给答案相符，但不能差得太远；题目中的数据计算有时是为了起干扰作用，其相关的数据计算题目也不一定就是答案。
巩固训练：
A
Few laws are so effective that you can see results just days after they take effect. But in the nine days since the federal cigarette tax more than doubled—to $1.01 per pack—smokers have jammed tel ephone" quit lines" across the country seeking to kick the habit.
This is not a surprise to public health advocates. They've stud ied the effect of state tax increases for years, finding that smokers, es pecially teens, are price sensitive. Nor is it a shock to the industry, which fiercely fights every tax increase.
The only wonder is that so many states insist on closing their ears to the message. Tobacco taxes improve public health,they raise money and most particularly, they deter people from taking up the habit as teens, which is when nearly all smokers are addicted. Yet the rate of taxation varies widely.
In Manhattan, for instance, which has the highest tax in the na tion, a pack of Marlboro Light Kings cost $ 10. 06 at one drugstore Wednesday. In Charleston, S. C. , where the 7-cent-a-pack tax is the lowest in the nation,the price was $4. 78.
The influence is obvious.
In New York, high school smoking hit a new low in the latest surveys—13. 8% , far below the national average. By comparison, 26% of high school students smoke in Kentucky. Other low-tax states have similarly depressing teen-smoking records.
Hal Rogers, Representative from Kentucky, like those who are against high tobacco taxes, argues that the burden of the tax falls on low-income Americans" who choose to smoke.21世纪教育网
That's true. But there is more reason in keeping future genera tions of low-income workers from getting hooked in the first place. As for today's adults, if the new tax drives them to quit, they will have more to spend on their families, cut their risk of cancer and heart dis ease and feel better.
The underlined word “deter” in paragraph 3 most probably means _______.
A. discourage B. remove C. benefit D. free
B
Societies all over the world name places in similar ways. Quite often there is no official naming ceremony but places tend to be called names as points of reference by people. Then an organized body steps in and gives the place a name. Frequently it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits die hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost.
Many roads and places in Singapore(新加坡)are named in or der that the pioneers will be remembered by future generations. Thus we have names such as Stamford Road and Raffles Place. This is in keeping with traditions in many countries—in both the West and the East.
Another way of naming places is naming them after other places. Perhaps they were named to promote friendships between the two places or it could be that the people who used to live there were originally from the places that the roads were named after. The mys tery is clearer when we see some of the roads named in former British bases. If you step into Selector Airbase you will see Piccadilly Cir cus—obviously named by some homesick Royal Air Force personnel.
Some places were named after the activities that used to go on at those places. Bras Basah Road is an interesting example. "Bras Basah" means "wet rice" in Malay(马来语). Now why would anyone want to name a road" Wet Rice Road" The reason is simple. During the pioneering days, wet rice was laid out to dry along this road.
A few roads in Singapore are named by their shapes. There is "Circular Road"for one. Other roads may have part of their names to describe their shapes, like "Paya Lebar Crescent". This road is called a crescent(月牙)because it begins on the main road, makes a cres cent and comes back to join the main road again.
What does the underlined phrase "die hard" in Paragraph 1 probably mean
A. Change suddenly.
B. Change significantly.
C. Disappear mysteriously.
D. Disappear very slowly.
C
When a storm is coming, most people leave the area as quickly as possible and head for safety. But there are a few people who will get into their ears and go straight for the center of the storm. These people are willing to risk being killed by floods or 100-kilometer-an-hour winds for the excitement of watching the storm close up.
"Storm chasing(追逐)" is becoming an increasingly popular hobby, especially in the Midwest of the United States, where there are frequent storms between March and July. A storm chaser begins the day by checking the Internet for the latest weather reports, and then drives up to 1,000 kilometers to where the storm will be and waits for it to develop.
Although anyone can do it, storm chasing is extremely dangerous. The power of a big storm can throw a cow into the air or destroy a whole house in seconds. Storm chasers are also often hurt in accidents caused by driving in a heavy rain. If you are a beginner, it is much safer to join a group for storm-chasing vacations during the storm season.
Even then, storm chasing is not all adventure and excitement. "Storm chasing is 95% driving," says Daniel Lynch, who spends most of his summer storm-chasing. "Sometimes you can sit around for hours waiting for something to happen, and all you get is blue sky and a few light showers."
However, for storm chasers, it is all worth it. "When you get close to a storm, it is the most exciting sight you will ever see in your life, "says Jasper Morley." Every storm is an example of the power of nature. It is the greatest show on Earth. "[来源:21世纪教育网]
By saying" it is all worth it" in the last paragraph, the author means that
A. storm chasing costs a lot of money[来源:21世纪教育网][来源:21世纪教育网]
B. storm chasing is worth hours of waiting
C. efforts in storm chasing are well paid
D. a storm presents the greatest show on Earth[来源:21世纪教育网]
D21世纪教育网
EAT YOUR VEGETABLES. Wash your hands. Always say "please' and" thank you". We are full of advice for our children, but when it comes to money, we often little to say. As a result, our children may grow up with clean hands and good manners, but without any idea how to manage their money.
Here are some basics that will help guide them, their entire lives:
Show them the future. If your 13-year-old girl were to save $1,000, invest it at 8% and add $100 every month, by the time she's 65, she would have $ 980,983!
Be careful of credit (信用). Credit cards can help you buy necessary things and build a credit history, but they must be used responsibly, which means paying off your debt in time. Explain to your children that when you buy something using a credit card, you can easily end up paying two or three times what you would have paid if you used cash.
Teach patience. Suppose your child wants a new bicycle that costs $ 150. Rather than paying the cash, give him some regular pocket money and explain that by putting aside, say, $15 each week, he will be able to buy it for himself in only ten weeks.
Provide incentive. Tell your children the importance of saving. "For every dollar he or she agrees to save and invest rather than spend, you agree to add another dollar to the pot," says Cathy Pareto, expert in money planning.
Explain your values. Values and money are deeply intertwined, says Eilleen Gallo, co-author of The Financially Intelligent Parent. When your child demands that you buy something, explain why you really don't want to buy it." You might say,' I'd rather save that money for your education,'" advises Gallo. Every time you spend or don't spend money, you have a chance to share your values.
The underlined word" incentive" in paragraph 6 means________
A. honor B. praise[21世纪教育网]
C. excitement D. encouragement
Keys：
A
A．词义猜测题。由语境可知，烟草税会改善公众的健康，筹集资金，特别是能让青少年放弃吸烟的习惯。[21世纪教育网]
B
D．词义猜测题。从die hard后句：… and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost.的意思判断die hard的词义应为：消失的很慢。
C
C词义猜测题。从文章最后一段“When you get close to a storm．it’s the most exciting sight you'll ever see in your fife．’’
D
D词义猜测题。从“For every dollar he or she agrees to save and invest rather than spend，your agree to add another dollar to the pat．．．”可知incentive应为鼓励之意。
2008-2009全国高考英语真题分题型阅读训练（六套）
（特别注明：题干加粗题为事实细节题型）
训练一：
Passage 1 (2008 广东C篇)
Napoleon, as a character in Tolstoy’s War and Peace, is more than once described as having “fat little hands.’’ Nor does he “sit well or firmly on the horse.’’ He is said to be “undersized.’’ with“short legs’’ and a “round stomach”. The issue here is not the accuracy of Tolstoy’s description--it seems not that far off from historical accounts but his choice of facts：other things that could be said of the man are not said. We are meant to understand the difference of a warring commander in the body of a fat little Frenchman. Tolstoy’s Napoleon could be any man wandering in the streets and putting a little of powdered tobacco up his nose—and that is the point.
It is a way the novelist uses to show the moral nature of a character. And it turns out that, as Tolstoy has it, Napoleon is a crazy man. In a scene in Book Three of War and Peace, the wars having reached the critical year of 1812, Napoleon receives a representative from the Tsar(沙皇), who has come with peace terms. Napoleon is very angry：doesn’t he have more army He, not the Tsar, is the one to make the terms. He will destroy all of Europe if his army is stopped. “That is what you will have gained by engaging me in the war!” he shouts. And then, Tolstoy writes, Napoleon “walked silently several times up and down the room, his fat shoulders moving quickly.’’
Still later, after reviewing his army amid cheering crowds, Napoleon invites the shaken Russian to dinner. “He raised his hand to the Russian’s…face,” Tolstoy writes, and “taking him by the ear pulled it gently….” To have one’s ear pulled by the Emperor was considered the greatest honor and mark of favor at the French court. “Well, well, why don’t you say anything ’’ said he, as if it was ridiculous in his presence to respect any one but himself, Napoleon.
Tolstoy did his research, but the composition is his own.
1. Tolstoy’s description of Napoleon in War and Peace is _________.
A. far from the historical facts B. based on the Russian history
C. based on his selection of facts D. not related to historical details
2. Napoleon was angry when receiving the Russian representative because _________.
A. he thought he should be the one to make the peace terms
B. the Tsar's peace terms were hard to accept
C. the Russians stopped his military movement
D. he didn’t have any more army to fight with
3. What did Napoleon expect the Russian representative to do
A. To walk out of the room in anger. B. To show agreement with him.
C. To say something about the Tsar. D. To express his admiration.
4. Tolstoy intended to present Napoleon as a man who is _________.
A. ill-mannered in dealing with foreign guests B. fond of showing off his iron will
C. determined in destroying all of Europe D. crazy for power and respect
5. What does the last sentence of the passage imply
A. A writer doesn’t have to be faithful to his findings.
B. A writer may write about a hero in his own way.
C. A writer may not be responsible for what he writes.
D. A writer has hardly any freedom to show his feelings.
Passage 2 (2008 山东C篇)
It was the summer of 1965. DeLuca, then 17, visited Peter Buck, a family friend. Buck asked DeLuca about his plans for the future. “I’m going to college, but I need a way to pay for it,” DeLuca recalls saying. “Buck said, ‘You should open a sandwich shop.’”
That afternoon, they agreed to be partners. And they set a goal: to open 32 stores in ten years. After doing some research, buck wrote a check for $1000. DeLuca rented a storefront (店面) in Connecticut, and when they couldn’t cover their start-up costs, Buck kicked in another $1000.
But business didn’t go smoothly as they expected. DeLuca says, “After six months, we were doing poorly, but we didn’t know how badly, because we didn’t have any financial controls.” All he and Buck knew was that their sales were lower than their costs.
DeLuca was managing the store and going to the University of Bridgeport at the same time. Buck was working at his day job as a nuclear physicist in New York. They’d meet Monday evenings and brainstorm ideas for keeping the business running. “We convinced ourselves to open a second store. We figured we could tell the public, ‘We are so successful, we are opening a second store.’” And they did—in the spring of 1966. Still, it was a lot of learning by trial and error.
But the partners’ learn-as-you-go approach turned out to be their greatest strength. Every Friday, DeLuca would drive around and hand-deliver the checks to pay their suppliers. “It probably took me two and a half hours and it wasn’t necessary, but as a result, the suppliers got to know me very well, and the personal relationships established really helped out,” DeLuca says.
And having a goal was also important. “There are so many problems that can get you down. You just have to keep working toward your goal,” DeLuca adds.
DeLuca ended up founding Subway Sandwich, the multimillion-dollar restaurant chain.
6. DeLuca opened the first sandwich shop in order to ____.
A. support his family B. pay for his college education
C. help his partner expand business D. do some research
7. Which of the following is true of Buck
A. He put money into the sandwich business.
B. He was a professor of business administration.
C. He was studying at the University of Bridgeport.
D. He rented a storefront for DeLuca.
8. What can we learn about their first shop
A. It stood at an unfavorable palce. B. It lowered the prices to promote sales.
C. It made no profits due to poor management
D. It lacked control over the quality of sandwiches
9. They decided to open a second store because they ___.
A. had enough money to do it. B. had succeeded in their business
C. wished to meet the increasing demand of customers
D. wanted to make believe that they were successful
10. What contribute most to their success according to the author
A. Learning by trial and error. B. Making friends with suppliers.
C. Finding a good partner. D. Opening chain stores.
Passage 3 (2008 山东D篇)
Melissa Poe was 9 years old when she began a campaign for a cleaner environment by writing a letter to the then President Bush. Through her own efforts, her letter was reproduced on over 250 donated billboards across the country.
The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F.A.C.E.) in 1989. There are now 300,000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the world's largest youth environmental organization.
Poe has also asked the National Park Service to carry out a "Children's Forest" project in every national park. In 1992, she was invited as one of only six children in the world to speak at the Earth Summit in Brazil as part of the Voices of the Future Program. In 1993, she was given a Caring Award for her efforts by the Caring Institute.
Since the organization started, Kids F.A.C.E. members have distributed and planted over 1 million trees! Ongoing tree-planting projects include Kid's Yards – the creation of backyard wildlife habitats (栖息地) and now Kids F.A.C.E. is involved in the exciting Earth Odyssey, which is a great way to start helping.
"Starting the club turned out to be a way to help people get involved with the environment. Club members started doing things like recycling, picking up litter and planting trees as well as inviting other kids to join their club."
"We try to tell kids that it's not OK to be lazy," she explains. "You need to start being a responsible, environmentally friendly person now, right away, before you become a resource-sucking adult."
11. Kids F.A.C.E is _____.
A. a program to help students with writing B. a project of litter recycling
C. a campaign launched by President Bush D. a club of environmental protection
12. What can we learn about Poe
A. She was awarded a prize in Brazil.
B. She donated billboard across the country.
C. She got positive responses for her efforts
D. She joined the National Park Service.
13. Kid’s Yards is _____.
A. established in a national park. B. started to protect wildlife
C. a wildlife- raising project D. an entertainment park for kids.
14. Which of the following can be inferred from the text
A. Adults are resource-sucking people
B. Poe sought help from a youth organization
C. Kids F.A.C.E members are from the U.S.
D. Kids are urged to save natural resources.
Passage 4 (2008 全国ⅠA篇)
Last week my youngest son and I visited my father at his new home in Tucson, Arizona. He moved there a few years ago, and I was eager to see his new place and meet his friends.
My earliest memories of my father are a tall, handsome, successful man devoted to his work and his family, but uncomfortable with his children. As a child I loved him. He seemed unhappy with me unless I got straight A’s and unhappy with my boyfriends if their fathers were not as “successful” as he was. Whenever I went out with him on weekends, I used to struggle to think up things to say, feeling on guard.
On the first day of my visit, we went out with one of my father’s friends for lunch at an outdoor café. We talked along that afternoon, did some shopping, ate on the street table, and laughed over my son’s funny facial expressions. Gone was my father’s critical (挑剔的) air and strict rules. Who was this person I knew as my father, who seemed so friendly and interesting to be around What had held him back before
The next day dad pulled out his childhood pictures and told me quite a few stories about his own childhood. Although our times together became easier over the years, I never felt closer to him at that moment. After so many years, I’m at last seeing another side of my father. And in so doing, I’m delighted with my new friend. My dad, in his new home in Arizona, is back to me from where he was.
15. Why did the author feel bitter about her father as a young adult
A. He was silent most of the time. B. He was too proud of himself.
C. He did not love his children. D. He expected too much of her.
16. When the author went out with her father on weekend, she would feel .
A. nervous B. sorry C. tired D. safe
17. What does the author think of her father after her visit to Tucson
A. More critical. B. More talkative
C. Gentle and friendly. D. Strict and hard-working.
18. The underlined words “my new friend” in the last paragraph refer to .
A. the author’s son B. the author’s father
C. the friend of the author’s father D. the café owner
Passage 5 (2008 北京 D篇)
When it comes to friends, I desire those who will share my happiness, who possess wings of their own and who will fly with me. I seek friends whose qualities illuminate（照亮）me and train me up for love. It is for these people that I reserve the glowing hours, too good not to share.
When I was in the eighth grade, I had a friend. We were shy and “too serious” about our studies when it was becoming fashionable with our classmates to learn acceptable social behaviors. We said little at school, but she would come to my house and we would sit down with pencils and paper, and one of us would say:“Let’s start with a train whistle today.” We would sit quietly together and write separate poems or stories that grew out of a train whistle. Then we would read them aloud. At the end of that school year, we, too, were changing into social creatures and the stories and poems stopped.
When I lived for a time in London, I had a friend, He was in despair(失望)and I was in despair. But our friendship was based on the idea in each of us that we would be sorry later if we did not explore this great city because we had felt bad at the time. We met every Sunday for five weeks and found many excellent things. We walked until our despairs disappeared and then we parted. We gave London to each other.
For almost four years I have had remarkable friend whose imagination illuminates mine. We write long letters in which we often discover our strangest selves. Each of us appears, sometimes in a funny way, in the other’s dreams. She and I agree that, at certain times, we seem to be parts of the same mind. In my most interesting moments, I often think:“Yes, I must tell….”We have never met.
It is such comforting companions I wish to keep. One bright hour with their kind is worth more to me than the lifetime services of a psychologist（心理学家），who will only fill up the healing（愈合的）silence necessary to those darkest moments in which I would rather be my own best friend.
19. In the eighth grade, what the author did before developing proper social behavior was to ______.
A. become serious about her study B. go to her friend’s house regularly
C. learn from her classmates at school D. share poems and stories with her friend
20. In Paragraph 3, “We gave London to each other” probably means ______.
A. our exploration of London was a memorable gift to both of us
B. we were unwilling to tear ourselves away from London
C. our unpleasant feeling about London disappeared
D. we parted with each other in London
21. According to Paragraph 4, the author and her friend _______.
A. call each other regularly B. have similar personalities
C. enjoy writing to each other D. dream of meeting each other
22. In the darkest moments, the author would prefer to ______.
A. seek professional help B. be left alone
C. stay with her best friend D. break the silence
23. What is the best title for the passage
A. Unforgettable Experiences B. Remarkable Imagination
C. Lifelong Friendship D. Noble Companions
训练二：
Passage 1 (2008 北京 E篇)
The Diet Zone: A Dangerous Place
Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet… We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically.
Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale（秤）instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels.
On another level, diet products have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don’t have to work to get results. Diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle.
The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients(营养成分). Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calorie only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products. Diet products may not be nutritional, and the chemical that go into diet products are potentially dangerous.
Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet products, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them.
1. From Paragraph 1, we learn that ________.
A. diet products fail to bring out people’s potential B. people have difficulty in choosing diet products
C. diet products are misleading people D. people are fed up with diet products
2. One psychological effect of diet products is that people tend to _____.
A. try out a variety of diet foods B. hesitate before they enjoy diet foods
C. pay attention to their own eating habits D. watch their weight rather than their diet
3. In Paragraph 3, “gain comes without pain” probably means ______.
A. losing weight is effortless B. it costs a lot to lose weight
C. diet products bring no pain D. diet products are free from calories
4. Diet products indirectly harm people physically because such products ______.
A. are over-consumed B. lack basic nutrients
C. are short of chemicals D. provide too much energy
5. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage
Passage 2 (2008 辽宁 C篇)
Tom was one of the brightest boys in the year, with supportive parents. But when he was 15 he suddenly stopped trying. He left school at 16 with only two scores for secondary school subjects. One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer (同龄人) group.
The lack of right male role models in many of their lives --- at home and particularly in the school environment --- means that their peers are the only people they have to judge themselves against.
They don't s