妙学巧记:宾语从句
【速记口诀】
宾语从句须注意,几点事项应牢记。
一是关键引导词,不同句子词相异。陈述句子用that;一般疑问是否(if, whether)替;特殊问句更好办,引导还用疑问词。二是时态常变化,主句不同从句异。主句若为现在时,从句时态应看意;主句若为过去时,从句时态向前移。三是语序要记清,从句永保陈述序。【妙语诠释】21世纪教育网版权所有
宾语从句应注意三点:
①引导词,陈述句一般由that引导,这时的that可以省略;一般疑问句则由if或whether引导;而特殊疑问句则由特殊疑问词引导。21教育网
②时态,主句是现在时态,从句可用所需要的任何时态;但如果主句是过去时态,从句时态所表示时间一般往前移一个时间段。21cnjy.com
③语序,宾语从句永远要用陈述句顺序。
语法透视:宾语从句用法详解
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。21cnjy.com
一、宾语从句用法
宾语从句的时态:
1.主句用一般现在时,从句可用任意时态。可归纳为“主现从不现”。
2.主句用过去时,从句用过去某个时态。可归纳为“主过从句过”。
3.主句用过去时,从句是科学真理、客观常识、名人格言时用一般现在时。
4.情态动词could/would用于“请求”,表示委婉、客气的语气时,从句不受主句的约束。 21·cn·jy·com
宾语从句的连接词
从属连词
①连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that, if, whether。
that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,
if和whether, whether...or not引导表示“是否”的一般疑问句的宾语从句。如:www.21-cn-jy.com
He told me (that) he would go to college the next year 【版权所有:21教育】
他告诉我他明年上大学。
I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.
我不知道是否还会有公交车。
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
没有人知道他是否会通过考试。
②连接代词
who, whom, whose, what, whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever等。连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述。
如:Do you know who has won Red Alert game?
你知道是谁赢得了红色警戒的游戏么?
The book will show you what the best CEOs should know.
这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么。
Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? 21世纪教育网版权所有
你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?
③连接副词
when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等。
如:He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.
他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。
Could you please tell me how you use the new panel? 【来源:21·世纪·教育·网】
你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗?
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到。
二、动词的宾语从句
1.大多数及物动词都可以带宾语从句。如:
We all expect (that) they will win, for members of their team are stronger.
我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮。
He told us (that) they would help us through the whole work.
他告诉我们在整个工作中,他们都会帮忙的。
2.部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句
I have found out (that) all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.
我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了。
Can you work out (that) how much we will spend during the trip?
你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗?
3.动词短语也可以带宾语从句:常见的这些词有:make sure确保;make up one’s mind下决心;keep in mind牢记等,如:21教育网
Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.
当你在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误。
4.可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
①动词find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。如: 21·世纪*教育网
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.
我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的。
I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together. 【出处:21教育名师】
我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾。
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.
我每天写日记成了习惯。
We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this matter. www-2-1-cnjy-com
我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要。
②有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it
这类动词主要有:hate, take, owe, have, see to等。如:
I hate it when they say with their mouths full of food. 21*cnjy*com
我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话。
He will have it that our plan is really practical. 【来源:21cnj*y.co*m】
他会认为我们的计划确实可行。
We take it that you will agree with us.
我们认为你会同意我们的。
When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.
开启发动机时,一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置。
③若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替。如:
We all consider what you said to be unbelievable. 2-1-c-n-j-y
我们都认为你所说的是不可信的。
We discovered what we had learned to be valuable. 21*cnjy*com
我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有价值的。
三、介词的宾语从句
①用whether之类的介词宾语从句:如:
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部。
The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.
这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升入太空的。
②用that,if引导的介词宾语从句
有时候except, but, besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句。如:
I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.
对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知。
四、形容词的宾语从句
常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有:sure, certain, glad, please, happy, sorry, afraid, satisfied, surprised等,如:
I am sure I will pass the exam.
我确信我会通过考试。
I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.
很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你。
He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.
他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他。
五、if与whether
① if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know, ask, care, wonder, find out等之后,介词后一般不用if。
②少数动词,如:leave, put, discuss, doubt后的宾语从句常用whether。
③ whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以。
④在不定式前只能用whether。
(如:I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。)
⑤避免歧义时,我们常用whether而不用if。
六、否定转移
宾语从句的反意疑问句
①主句的谓语动词是think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反意疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。如:
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.
我认为他不会来我的舞会。
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim, is he?
我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?
②如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反意疑问句要用肯定形式。如:
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he?
我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是?
七、时态和语序
当主句为现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响。
当主句为过去时①从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生。如:
I only knew he was studying in a western country, but I didn’t know what country he was in. 2·1·c·n·j·y
我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家。
He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in. 21教育名师原创作品
他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读<<老人与海>>。
②从句用过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前。如:
He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉了Mary。
③从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后。如:
The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do. 记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱.
④如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时态不根据主句的时态而变化。如:
The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.
老师昨天说月亮围着地球转。
⑤当宾语从句的引导词是who, which, what, when, where, how, why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首。如:
Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?
你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手?