名师讲解：初中英语宾语从句
请同学们来看下面这几个句子：
I like swimming. 宾语
He has a pen.宾语
My sister wants to be a teacher.宾语
I think he is right.宾语
宾语从句是主从复合句的一种。主从复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的。主句是复合句的主体，从句仅仅是主句的一个成分，它从属于主句，不能独立。从句在全句中充当什么成分，就叫什么从句。宾语从句当中的从句在全句中作宾语。www.21-cn-jy.com
一．宾语从句的连接词
1. 由从属连词that引导的宾语从句：that在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成分，在口语当中往往省略。例如：2·1·c·n·j·y
He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.
She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill.
I am sure (that) he will succeed.
2. 由连接代词Who, whom, whose, which，what 和连接副词 where, how, why, when引导的宾语从句，这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如：21·世纪*教育网
Do you know who (whom) they are waiting foe?
He asked whose handwriting was the best.
Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?
I don’t know why the train is late.
考点归纳(1)——宾语从句的连接词
1、That 只起连接作用，在句子中不做句子成分，在口语中常被省略
2、If 和 whether 起连接作用，不做句子成分。
（注意：与 不定式连用；做介词的宾语；与 or not 连用——用 whether。
3、疑问词 who、 what 、when、 where 、whom 、whose 、why、 how 、 which 在句子中既起连接作用，又做句子成分。
二. 宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如：
I hear (that) physics isn’t easy.
I think (that) you will like this school soon.
Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?
Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.
小练习： (1) Can you tell me ____? (A .whom do we have to see B. whom we have to see) (2) The teacher asked the students ____. (A. what they were doing B. what were they doing ) (3) She wants to know____. ( A. where does he live B. Where he lives ) (4) Her father asked _____. (A. who the tallest is B. who is the tallest ) (5) Do you know ____? (A. what is on the desk B . what on the desk is )2-1-c-n-j-y
参考答案：BABBA
考点归纳(2)——宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序是陈述句（即主语+谓语）的顺序。
三. 宾语从句的时态
1. 如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什么时态就用什么时态。即，从句可用所需的任何时态。
如：
I don’t think (that) you are right.
Please tell us where he is.
Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?21世纪教育网版权所有
He says Mary is playing with the cat.
He says Mary often plays with the cat.
He says Mary will play with the cat.
I think he left yesterday morning.
2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。例如：21教育网
He asked what time it was.
He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.【出处：21教育名师】
He asked if you had written to Peter.
He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.
He said, “Mary is playing with the cat.”
→ He said Mary was playing with the cat.
He said, “he will go back to China soon.”
→ He said he would go back to China soon
3. 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时，不受主句时态的限制。例如：
Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.
Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.
The teacher said, “the moon moves around the sun.” 【版权所有：21教育】
→ The teacher said that the moon moves around the sun. 21教育名师原创作品
He said, “light travels much faster than sound.”
→ He said light travels much faster than sound.
4、当主句为 Could you (please) tell us-----?时，只表示语气，而不表示过去时态。
考点归纳(3)——宾语从句的时态
1、当主句动词为一般现在时，从句可用所需的任何时态。
2、当主句动词为一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。
3、当宾语从句为客观真理时 ，用一般现在时态，不受主句时态的限制。
4、当主句为 Could you (please) tell us-----?时，只表示语气，而不表示过去时态。
5. 有关宾语从句的补充说明
1)、宾语从句的标点由主句决定。
He doesn’t know who he is ( . )
Does he know who he is ( ? )
2)、主句的谓语动词是think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess等, 并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时, 从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来, 其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.
I think he isn’t a student. ×
I don’t think he is a student. √
I don’t think he is a student. Is he? www-2-1-cnjy-com
如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定
形式. We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he?【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
有关宾语从句的补充说明
1、宾语从句的标点由主句决定。
2、think、believe 、suppose 等接宾语从句，注意否定转移并依据从句完成反意疑问句。21*cnjy*com
四．直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系
1. 陈述句变为that引导的宾语从句
e.g. 1. He said, “You are younger than I ”.
He said that I was younger than him.
2. He says, “Tom is a good student ”.
He says that Tom is a good student.
2. 一般疑问句变为if (whether) 引导的宾语从句
（将普通的一般疑问句变成宾语从句if/whether连接，同时变成陈述句语序。）
e.g. 1. She said, “Do you often come here to read newspaper? ”【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
She said if (whether) I often came here to read newspaper
2. “Will they go to visit the Great Wall?” he asked.
He asked if (whether) they would go visit the Great Wall.
3. 特殊疑问句变为who, what, when等引导的宾语从句
（将普通的特殊疑问句变成宾语从句时，从句的语序要由疑问句变成陈述句的语序。）
e.g. 1. He asked, “Where do you live?”
He asked where I lived.
2. “How can we get to the post-office?” he asked. 21*cnjy*com
He asked how they could get to the post-office.
4. 祈使句变为引导的宾语从句
（将祈使句变为宾语从句时，用ask/tell/order sb (not) to do sth等转述。）
e.g. 1. Mr Green said to his son, “Open the door.”21·cn·jy·com
Mr Green told his son to open the door.
2. The police shouted to him, “Hands up.”
The police ordered him to put up his hands.
注意：
1）当主句的谓语动词为一般过去时时，直接引语变为间接引语的时态变化如下：
直接引语
间接引语
一般现在时
一般过去时
现在进行时
过去进行时
一般过去时
过去完成时
现在完成时
过去完成时
一般将来时
过去将来时
2）人称的变化
（1）直接引语中第一人称在间接引语中应与主句的主语人称一致。
She said, “I like tennis.” →
She said that she liked tennis.
(2) 直接引语中第二人称在间接引语中应与主句的宾语人称一致。
He said to lily, “You have to get up early.” 21cnjy.com
→ He told lily that she had to get up early.
(3) 直接引语中第三人称在间接引语中保持不变。
He said to me, “They want to help him.”
→ He told to me they wanted to help him.”
（口诀：一主，二宾，三不变）
拓展知识：宾语从句疑难扫描
宾语从句的一般用法同学们一定已经掌握了，现对其疑难点进行讲解，以便你得心应手地使用它。
1. 引导词that的取舍
that引导宾语从句时，特别是在口语中 that常可省略。但在下列情况下，引导宾语从句的that一般不省略。 【出处：21教育名师】
1）当由两个或两个以上的that引导的从句作同一个动词或介词的宾语时，第二个以及以后从句中的that不宜省略。如： 【版权所有：21教育】
?He said（that）he couldn't tell you right away and that you wouldn't understand．
2）当动词think， make，feel，consider等后用it作形式宾语来代替that引导的宾语从句时。如： 21cnjy.com
??We think it necessary that we should practice spoken English every day．
3）当that引导的宾语从句中的状语紧接that时。如：
?? He said that even if it rained，he would be able to come． 21教育网
2．引导词whether和if的选用
二者引导宾语从句时，一般可换用。但在下列情况下，通常只能用whether而不能用if。
1）在动词discuss和介词后作宾语时。如：
?? We discussed whether we should close the shop． 21·cn·jy·com
?? It all depends on whether they will support us． 21*cnjy*com
2）在引导词后紧接or not时。如：
?? We didn't know whether or not she was ready．（比较：We didn't know whether／if she was ready or not．） 21世纪教育网版权所有
3）当用if易引起歧义时。如：
?? Please let me know whether you likeit．（若该句用if，也可理解为：如果你喜欢它，请告诉我。） www.21-cn-jy.com
3. 从句中谓语动词时态的选择
一般地说，当主句谓语动词使用的是过去的时态时，后面宾语从句中的时态要受主句时态的限制，用相应的过去时态。但若宾语从句所表示的是客观真理（规律）或人和物的经常性、习惯性以及阶段性的动作或事实时，则从句的时态不受主句时态的限制。这种情况下从句常用一般现在时。如： www-2-1-cnjy-com
When I was a boy，my teacher told me that the earth is round．
He told me he goes to the park every day．
4．从句中使用虚拟语气的场合
1）在表示建议（suggest），要求（demand，insist）和命令（order）等动词后的宾语从句中，常用“（should）＋动词原形”的形式来表示虚拟语气。如：
?? I suggest that we（should）have a rest now．
2）表示愿望的wish后的宾语从句中须用虚拟语气。如：
?? I wish I could fly．（用过去式表示与现在事实相反的愿望）
?? I wish I had known it before．（用过去完成式表示过去未实现的愿望）
?? I wish you would stay a little longer．（用would或would ＋动词原形来表示将来的愿望） 2·1·c·n·j·y
5. 含宾语从句的疑难句型
1）I／We don't think ＋宾语从句
?? 这是一个常见的否定转移句型。使用时常把宾语从句中的否定词not移至主句中，即主句谓语用否定式而从句谓语则用肯定式。该结构常译为“我（我们）认为……不……”。如： 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
?? We don't think there is anything of interest in your pictures．我们认为你的画并没有什么有趣的地方。 21·世纪*教育网
2）疑问词（what，how，who等）＋do you think ＋其它句子成分
?? 这是一个复杂特殊疑问句。它由一个一般疑问句（do you think）和一个特殊疑问句（疑问词＋其它句子成分）合并而成。如： 2-1-c-n-j-y
?? When do you think he will be back？你认为他会什么时候回来呢？
注：常用于上面两结构的主句动词除think外，还有believe，suppose，imagine等。【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
语法巧记口诀：宾语从句
【速记口诀】
宾语从句须注意，几点事项应牢记。
一是关键引导词，不同句子词相异。陈述句子用that；一般疑问是否(if，whether)替；特殊问句更好办，引导还用疑问词。 二是时态常变化，主句不同从句异。主句若为现在时，从句时态应看意；主句若为过去时，从句时态向前移。 三是语序要记清，从句永保陈述序。 【妙语诠释】21教育网
宾语从句应注意三点：
引导词，陈述句一般由that引导，这时的that可以省略；一般疑问句则由if或whether引导；而特殊疑问句则由特殊疑问词引导。21cnjy.com
时态，主句是现在时态，从句可用所需要的任何时态；但如果主句是过去时态，从句时态所表示时间一般往前移一个时间段。21世纪教育网版权所有
③语序，宾语从句永远要用陈述句顺序。
语法透视：whether 和if引导宾语从句
一、if或whether引导宾语从句时，作“是否”讲，常放在动词ask, see, say, know, find out等后面。一般情况下，两者常可换用，在口语中多用if。如：
例1. Nobody knows whether (if) it will rain tomorrow. 没有人知道明天是否下雨。
例2 Lucy asked whether (if) they had a cotton sweater.21教育网
露西问他们是否有棉制的羊毛衣。
二、if或whether引导宾语从句时，要注意三个方面，即连词、语序和时态。
1. if或whether不能和that或其它连词（副词）同时使用，也不能省去。如：
例3. 我不知道他今天是否会来。
[误] I don’t know that if (whether) he will come here today .21cnjy.com
[正] I don’t know if (whether) he will come here today .21·cn·jy·com
例4. 他走过来看看猫是否出了毛病。
[误] He came to see what if (whether) there was wrong with his cat .
[正] He came to see if (whether) there was wrong with his cat .2·1·c·n·j·y
2 if或whether引导的宾语从句时，虽具有疑问意义，但从句语序应用陈述句语序。如：
例5. Did you know the way to the hospital? The old woman asked me.
The old woman asked me if (whether) I knew the way to the hospital.
老妇人问我是否知道去医院的路。
3. if或whether引导的宾语从句应和主句的时态保持一致。即主句为一般现在时，从句用任一种时态；主句为一般过去时，从句则用过去时中的任一种时态。如：
例6. I don’t know if (whether) he has come here . 我不知道他是否来过这儿。
例7. Tom asked if (whether) I had read the book . 汤姆问我是否看过这本书。
三、if和whether的区别：
1. 在动词不定式之前只能用whether 。如：
例8. I can’t decide whether to stay.我不能决定是否留下。
2. 在whether…or not 的固定搭配中。如：
例9. I want to know whether it’s good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。
3. 在介词后，只能用whether。如：
例10. His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。www.21-cn-jy.com
4. 宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用whether 。如：
例11. Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem.
他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。
5. 用if会引起歧义时，只用whether。如：
例12. Could you tell me if you know the answer?
这句话有两种意思：“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗？”或“如果你知道答案，请告诉我，好吗？”。如用whether可避免歧义。21世纪教育网版权所有
