定语从句(关系代词)

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名称 定语从句(关系代词)
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科目 英语
更新时间 2010-05-28 06:46:00

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定语从句复习笔记PARTI
I: 定语从句的基本框架: “先行词+关系词+从句”
关系词分为关系代词和关系副词.本单元关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which.
其中关系词紧接着先行词,并起到以下3个作用: (关系词=连词+代词)
1. 指代之前出现的先行词
2. 起到连词的作用,连接两个句子
3. 在从句里面充当一定的成分,主语或宾语,甚至是表语,定语等
先行词为人:可以使用who(宾格为whom,且口语中常用who代替) 和that.可以互换.其中做主语who和that不能省,但做宾语时可以省略,这也是考点.记住,介词后面只能使用: 介词+whom或 介词+which)(whose是who的所有格,相当于who’s形式,“…谁的”,whose+n可以替换为以下结构:the+ n +of which/whom,或of which/whom+the+n )
先行词为物:可以使用that, which.这两词一般可以相互替换,做主语不可以省,做宾语可以省略或保留.介词后面照样只能用which.) PS: in that=because 固定词组
(做题应该注意先行词的缺失情况,从句成分的主语和宾语是否为’二缺一’等)
II: that 和which 都可以修饰表示物的先行词, 可以充当主语或宾语,但是下列情况只能用that.
1. 先行词为不定冠词all, none, few, little, much, everything, anything, something, nothing等,或被这些词所修饰的时候
All (that) you have to do is to practise every day.
There isn’t much (that) I can do.
2. 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级所修饰时.
The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten.
This is the best film (that ) I have ever seen.
3. 先行词被no,all, any, every, few, little, very,some等限定词词修饰时.
I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
4. 先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same 等修饰时.
This is the very book that I want to read. 这正是我想要读的那一本书
This is the same book that I want to read. (两本书是同一本书)
----This is the same book as I want to read.(和我想读的书一样)
5. 当主句以who或 which 开头的特殊疑问句时,定语从句that 引导.
Who is the man that is standing there
Which of us that knows something about physics doesn’t know this
⑥先行词同时包含人和物的时候。
We talked about the persons and things that we could remember.
PS:
1. 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
There is a street that is very busy everynight.
2.time做先行词,前面如果有序数词或 last 来修饰时,定语从句用 that 来引导或省略,做宾语可省;如果没有序数词或 last 来修饰时,既可用 when 也可用that来引导。
This is the last time ( that ) I shall give you a lesson.
The first time ( that ) I saw him was in 1972.
It’s time ( that/when ) we got up.
III:限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别:
非限定性定语从句和限制性定语从句的显著区别点就是:非限制性定语从句前一般有“逗号”,这时只能用which,不能用that!
★(限制性的定语从句和先行词之间没有逗号,彼此意思是紧密相联的,而且相互内在关系是密不可分的,如果省略了,就会使整个主句没有意义。)
He is the man who has strong personality. 他是一个个性很强的人.
★(相对比与限制性定语从句,非限制性的定语从句和先行词之间有逗号连接,而且两者关系比较松散,只起补充说明作用,即使省略了也不影响主句意义的完整。)
My brother,who works abroad,is coming soon。
PS:
I.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。
II.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。(整个一句话做先行词, which做关系词,后面再接缺少主语的定语从句)
III: 说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句,也就是不能用于”逗号”后面。
介词+关系词
1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2)that前不能有介词。
3) 某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
(做题方法:依据谓语动词来判断!live是不及物动词,需要借助介词in才能直接接宾语,如果有介词in,则一定需要用关系代词that或which来充当特定的成分;但如果没有介词in,则直接构成“主语+谓语(不急物动词)”这最简单的句型结构,此时可以使用关系副词来引导从句。 →第五单元的语法点)
4)含有介词的固定动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:look for, look after, take care of等
  This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (√)
This is the watch for which I am looking. (×)
IV: 课外补充:as 引导的定语从句,
1. as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限定性定语从句,在从句中作主语、定语、表语、或状语,常与the same … as; such… as , so… as , as… as 连用。
I like the same book as you do.
I want to have such a dictionary as he has.
I shall do it in the same way as you did.
He is the same age as you ( are ).
He will give you such information as will help you.
Such students as you have mentioned should be criticized.
=Students such as you have mentioned should be criticized.
2. 在the same…后也可用that引导定语从句,但意义有所不同:
that 引出的定语从句,表示其内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一个”,指同一事物;而 as引出的定语从句是与先行词相似的同类事物。
I want to use the same tool that I used yesterday.(就是昨天用的那个工具)
I want to use the same tool as I used yesterday.(强调与昨天使用时类似的工具)
3. as 做主语,表语,宾语; 先行词可以是一个词,一个短语或一个句子.
To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.
As we all know, he studies very hard.
As 引导的定语从句可放在主句前,也可放在主句后.在很多情况下已经
构成固定搭配. 了解一下固定搭配:
As everybody can see as was usual
As can be seen as I expected
As is known to all, as may be imagined
as you know as is expected
as has been said before as is reported
as is often said as is announced
V: as和 which 引导的非限定性定语从句的比较:
1. 非限定性定语从句位于句未,而且as 和which 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语时
可互换。
He is a farmer, as/which is clear from his manner.
This elephant is like a snake, as/which anybody can see.
2. which 引导的非限定性定语从句一般放在句未,而as 引导的非限定性定语从句
可放在句未,也可放在句中、句首。 放在句首时不能用which 替换,只能用as。
Crusoe lost his dog, which made him very sad
Taiwan is part of China, as/which is known to all.
As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth.
3. as引导非限定性定语从句时,意为“这一点、这件事” “正如…”,常与 see, hope,expect,know,guess等动词搭配;而which引导非限定性定语从句时与主句有一种因果关系,可译为“所以……”。
The color, as you all know, is dark red.
Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.
4. as引导非限定性定语从句并在从句中作主语时,其后面的谓语动词大多数必须是连系动词。如果从句谓语动词是行为动词,则必须用which。
He married her, as was natural.
She refused to take the medicine, which made her mother angry.
It rained hard yesterday, which prevented her from going to Shenyang.
He is absent(缺席), as is often the case.
高一定语从句专题练习(关系代词篇)
1. A child ______ parents are dead is called an orphan(孤儿) .
A. who B. who’s C. whose D. which
2. Carol said the work would be done by October, ___personally I doubt very much. A. it B. that C. when D. which
3. The door in our garden, ______ my father built many years ago, has lasted for a long time. A. that B. which C. what D. where
4. There’s still much ______ can be improved about it.
A. which B. that C. / D. what
5. Mr. Johnson’s son, ______ lives in Chicago, is a doctor.
A. who B. whom C. that D. which
6. I’ll never forget the years ______ I lived in the country with the farmers ______ has a great effect on my life.
A. that; which B. when; which C. which; that D. when; who
7. She may have missed her train, in ______ case she won’t arrive for another hour. A. what B. that C. which D. this
8. He has made a wonderful discovery, _______ of great importance to science.
A. which I think is B. which do I think is
C. I think which is D. which I think it is
9. I’ll remember the time _____ we spent together in the country.
A. that B. when C. during which D. at which
10. Next winter _____ you’ll spend in Harbin, I’m sure, will be another exciting holiday. A. which B. when C. in which D. where
11. I don’t believe the reason ______ he has given for his being late.
A. why B. that C. how D. what
12. I don’t believe the reason ______ he is so late.
A. why B. that C. how D. what
13. There were two small rooms in the house, ______ served as a kitchen.
A. the smaller of which B. the small of which
C. the smaller of them D. the smaller one
14. Will you please show me the way to the only tall building _______ stands near the post office.
A. / B. in which C. that D. where
15. Alice has a large collection of photos, ______ was taken in London.
A. none of them B. no one of which C. all of which D. none of which
16. His sister had become a teacher, ______ was what he wanted to be.
A. who B. what C. that D. which
17. With the fast development of agriculture, the people _____ village I taught before have lived a happy life.
A. who B. whose C. in whose D. in which
18. I fell most angry about the way ______ I’ve been treated.
A. / B. that C. where D. how
19. He was rude to the Customs officer, _____ of course made things even worse.
A. who B. whom C. what D. which
20. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ____, of course, made the others unhappy.
A. who B. which C. this D. what
21. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese Vase, _____ was very reasonable.
A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose
22. “______ break the law should be punished,” the judge shouted.
A. Someone B. Anyone C. Whoever D. Those who
23. Is there anything else______ you require
A. which B. that C. who D. what
24. The last place _______ we visited was the Great Wall.
A. which B. that C. where D. it
25. He talked happily about the men and books ______ interested him greatly in the school. A. which B. that C. who D. when
26. The railway tunnel, through _____ the train goes will be completed soon.
A. which B. that C. it D. whom
27. There is no dictionary _______you can find everything.
A. that B. which C. where D. in that
28. There isn’t so much noise in the country _______ in big cities.
A. that B. which C. where D. as
29. They could only read such stories ______ had been rewritten in simple English. A. that B. which C. as D what
30. There is only one student in the school______ I wanted to see.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
31. Crusoe’s dog became ill and died, _______ made him very lonely.
A. as B. which C. that D. this
32. _______ we know now, bats comes out only at night.
A. As B. Which C. That D. What
33. John got beaten in the game, ______ had been expected.
A. as B. that C. what D. who
34._______ has been said above, grammar is a set of dead rules.
A. Which B. What C. That D. As
35. I have bought two ballpens(圆珠笔), ______writes well.
A. none of which B. neither of which
C. none of them D. neither of them
36. There are two thousand students in our school, ________ are girls.
A. of whom two-thirds B. two-third of them
C. two-third in them D. two-thirds in which
37. Do you know the man _________
A. whom I spoke B. to who I spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
38. This is one of the best films________ this year.
A. have been shown B. that have been shown
C. that has been shown D. which has been shown
39. This is the only one of the best films ________ this year.
A. have been shown B. that have been shown
C. that has been shown D. which has been shown
40. Is _______ some German friends visited last week
A. this school B. this the school C. this school one D. this school where
41. I’ll tell you _______ he told me last month.
A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all
42. Is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn
A. that B / C. which D. it
43. You can take any seat _______ is free.
A. which B. where C. that D. in which
44. Please pass me the dictionary ______ cover is black.
A. which B. which of C. its D. whose
45. Is this museum _____ some German friends visited last Wednesday
A. that B. where C. in which D. the one
46. He has two sons, _______ work as chemists.
A. two of whom B. both of whom C. both of which D. all of whom
47. I, ______ your good friend, will try my best to help you out.
A. who is B. who am C. that is D. what is
48. The radio I bought yesterday is quite different from _____ you bought last month. A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what
49. This is the most important chapter ______ we should pay attention.
A. to whom B. in which C. at which D. to which
50. The person ______ is a famous writer.
A. with whom you talked
B. who you talked with
C. that you talked with
D. you talked with
51. The children climbed the hill, ______ they picnicked.
A. on its top B. on the top of it C. on whose top D. on the top of that
52. _________, the compass was first in China.
A. It is known to all B. It is known that
C. We all know D. As is known to all
53. This is the watch _________.
A. that he was looking for.
B. for that he was looking.
C. which he was looking for.
D. for which he was looking.
54. He has had the same life ______ his father lived.
A. where B. as C. that D. when
55. _______ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high school is increasing. A. Which B. As C. That D. It
答案:
1-10: CDBBA ; BCAAA
11-20: BAACD DBBDB
21-30: BDBBB AADCC
31-40: BAADB ACBCB
41-50: DACDD BBCD 50:(ABCD)
51C 52D 53(AC) 54:B 55: B
The end o(∩_∩)o~
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