课件43张PPT。Ⅰ.高考单词→识记·思考·运用
1.核心词汇①________ vt.& vi.削弱，减弱
②________adv.此外，而且
③________ adj.难熬的；困难的；严厉的；坚强的
④________ adj.有争议的，引起争论的
⑤________ n.同情；赞同，支持
⑥expense n.费用，开销→________ adj.昂贵的
⑦________ n.创造力→create vt.创造→________ adj.有创造力的；创造性的⑧________ n.餐饮服务，酒席承办→cater vi.& vt.(为社交活动)提供饮食，承办酒席
⑨________ adv.可望，有望；抱有希望地→hopeful adj.抱有希望的→________ adj.没有好转希望的，无望的
⑩retire vi.& vt.退休，(令)退职；退出(房间、比赛等)→________ n.退休
?elect vi.& vt.选择；选举→________ n.选举，推选
答案 ①weaken ②moreover ③tough ④controversial
⑤sympathy ⑥expensive ⑦creativity；creative ⑧catering
⑨hopefully；hopeless ⑩retirement ?election2.常考词汇①dilemma n.________
②permanent adj.________
③enterprise n.________
④deposit n.________ vt.________
⑤tentative adj.________
⑥systematic adj.________
⑦pension n.________
⑧boom n.________ vi.________答案 ①(进退两难的)窘境，困境 ②永久的，长久的 ③经济活动；企业 ④沉积物；存款 使沉积；存钱 ⑤暂定的，不确定的；踌躇的，犹豫不定的 ⑥蓄意的；系统的；成体系的 ⑦养老金；抚恤金 ⑧激增，繁荣；轰鸣声 激增，迅速发展；轰鸣用所给单词的适当形式填空
1.At age 68，he ________(retire) from the post office，but he never stopped serving the community.
2.Well before the arrival of freezers，there was a demand for ice for food preservation and ________(cater).
3.However，by showing that television promotes none of the dangerous effects as ________ (convention) believed，Anderson suggests that television cannot be condemned without considering other influences.
4.He spoke about it quite ________ (hopeful).5.After he lived in several cities，he decided to live in London ________(permanent).
6.What he has done has quite ________ (weak) our relation.
7.As far as I am concerned，it is quite ________ (expense).
8.We must work with young people with ________(create) ideas.
9.Mr. Trump won the final ________(elect)，which was a great surprise.
10.She always shows great ________(sympathetic) to the poor.11.After his ________(retire)，he went to his hometown to teach the children there.
12.The living ________(expense) are too much for him，so he can’t afford them.
答案 1.retired 2.catering 3.conventionally 4.hopefully
5.permanently 6.weakened 7.expensive 8.creative
9.election 10.sympathy 11.retirement 12.expenses?-ic后缀形容词集锦
①sympathy→sympathetic 同情的
②enthusiasm→enthusiastic 热情的
③energy→energetic 精力充沛的
④drama→dramatic 戏剧(性)的
⑤science→scientific 科学的
⑥romance→romantic 浪漫的【联想·积累】?后缀-en动词家族
①short→shorten v.变短；缩短
②wide→widen v.(使)变宽
③deep→deepen v.使变深
④strong→strengthen v.加强
⑤fright→frighten v.(使)惊吓
⑥dark→darken v.使变暗
⑦hard→harden v.使变硬
⑧loose→loosen v.(使)变松开心词场→核心单词串记The politician was in a dilemma over whether to submit a creative plan that he could end the tough situation，though he had the privilege.He wanted to adjust the military expense，which had been beyond the nation.Ⅱ.重点短语→识记·思考·运用
1.动词＋介词/副词
①account ________说明，解释；占
②turn ________ 变成
③cater ________ 迎合，满足需要
答案 ①for ②into ③to2.动词＋宾语＋介词
①put pressure________ somebody (to do sth)促使，迫使某人(做某事)
②put something ________ practice 实施，把……付诸实践
③take advantage ________利用
答案 ①on ②into ③of3.介词短语
①________ risk处于危险状态
②________ doubt毫无疑问
答案 ①at ②beyond4.其他
①push ________ something 迫切要求，反复争取
②be ________ the move迁移中
③________ sense有意义；有道理
④rather ________而不是
答案 ①for ②on ③make ④than用左栏所给短语的适当形式填空
1.Girls ________half of the students in Class One.
2.If you ________your spare time，you will be able to catch up with the top students.
3.It is he ________you that is to blame about this accident.
4.What he said at the meeting yesterday ________.
5.It’s ________that he will surely come to our help.
6.Ice can ________ water if heated.7.Heart disease can be avoided if people ________ take medical advice.
8.The radio and television have to ________ different tastes.
答案 1.account for 2.take advantage of 3.rather than
4.made sense 5.beyond doubt 6.be turned into 7.at risk
8.cater to【联想·积累】?effect相关短语集合
①have an effect/influence on/upon对……产生影响
②come/go into effect生效
③bring/carry/put...into effect实施；使……生效/起作用?“除……之外”集萃
①besides除……之外(还有)
②in addition to除……之外
③except除……以外(没了)
④except for除……之外其他都……
⑤apart/aside from 除了……之外(还)
⑥but for(表示不包括在内)除了……之外Ⅲ.经典句式→识记·思考·运用
原句背诵感悟
1.There is a saying that goes “Give a man a fish，and you feed him for a day...”
有句俗话是这样说的：“授人以鱼，三餐之需……”
2.However，very high interest rates have created a situation where countries in the developing world now spend $13 on debt repayment for every $1 that they received.
但是，很高的利率产生了这样的一个局面，发展中国家现在每得到1美元就要花13美元还债。句型公式仿写
1.表达“俗话说”的句型
________________ “where there is a will，there is a way”.
(正如)俗话说：“有志者事竟成”。
2. “抽象意义的地点名词＋where”引导的定语从句
Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is ________________ sight matters more than hearing.
那些成功的聋哑舞者认为跳舞中视觉比听觉更重要。
答案 1.There is a saying that goes 2.an activity where【联想·积累】“抽象意义的地点名词＋where”句型全掌握
(1)主句是一个主从复合句，where引导定语从句，修饰先行词situation。situation“形势，局面”，是表示抽象意义的地点名词，后跟定语从句时，一般用关系副词where。
(2)除situation外，英语中还有下列表示抽象意义的地点名词，其后常用where引导定语从句，如case，point，scene，activity，stage等。[单 词 点 睛]1.beyond prep.超出(……之外)；非……所能及；在(或向)……的那一边beyond one’s power超出某人的能力
beyond one’s reach在某人够不着的地方
beyond control 无法控制
beyond recognition 认不出来
beyond compare无与伦比
beyond words无法用言语表达
beyond doubt 毋庸置疑用beyond短语填空/单项填空
①The plates on the upper shelf were_________________________.
②The car was ____________ and ran into a tree.
③I haven’t seen Sara since she was a little girl，and she has changed ____________.
④Everybody was touched ________ words after they heard her moving story.
A.beyond B.without
C.of D.in答案 ①beyond my reach ②beyond control ③beyond recognition
④A [beyond words “无法用言语表达”，符合句意。]be targeted at... 以……为目标
a target of/for...……的目标
set a target for sth为……设定目标
meet/achieve/reach a target达到目标2.target vt.把……作为目标 n.靶子，目标完成句子
①The programme ________________(以改善健康为目标) of women of all ages.
②To learn English well，he ________________(设定目标) and then tries his best to meet it.
③Doors and windows are an easy ______________(窃贼的目标).
答案 ①is targeted at improving the health ②sets a target
③target for burglarsrepay sb/sth归还；偿还；清偿
repay sb for sth因某事报答某人
repay sth to sb 将某物偿还给某人
repay sth with sth 以某物报答某物3.repay vt.偿还，报答介、副词填空/单项填空
①Their trust was repaid ________ fierce loyalty.
②We must do something to repay him ________ helping us.
③When will you ________ me the $500 I lent you last week?
A.repeat B.repay
C.replace D.represent
答案 ①with ②for
③B [句意：我上周借给你的五百美元你什么时候还给我？repay “偿还，报答”，符合句意。](1)rob sb of sth抢劫某人某物
rob sp of sth抢劫某地某物
(2)robber n.抢劫犯；劫匪
robbery n.抢劫4.rob vt.抢劫，掠夺，盗取【特别提醒】 rob是抢劫，是用暴力手段强行掠去别人的财物，而steal是偷取，即趁人不备之时，入室盗窃。单项填空/翻译句子
①The bank is reported in the local newspaper ________ in broad daylight yesterday.
A.robbed B.to have been robbed
C.being robbed D.having been robbed
②他的汽车和手机都被抢了。
______________________________________________________③那个年轻人抢了她的包。
______________________________________________________答案 ①B [sb/sth be reported后跟动词不定式，且不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，故用不定式的完成式形式。]
②He was robbed of his car and mobile phone.
③The young man robbed her of her bag.[短 语 点 拨] 1.put pressure on sb (to do sth)促使，迫使
The concert also made the headlines around the world，and put great pressure on politicians and statesmen to do something about the problem of world hunger.
音乐会也受到了全世界媒体的极大关注，这给政客和政治家施加了巨大压力，迫使他们为世界饥荒问题采取行动。under pressure在压力之下
under the pressure of在……逼迫下，因……迫不得已
pressure sb to do sth对某人施加压力使其做某事
pressure sb into doing sth迫使某人做某事介、副词填空
①He changed his mind ________ the pressure of others.
②Don’t let yourself be pressured ________ making a hasty decision.
③He works well ________ pressure.
答案 ①under ②into ③under2.catch up on 补上，补做
As a result，these countries are always struggling to catch up on their repayments...结果，这些国家总是奋力地去弥补他们偿还的债务……catch up with跟上；赶上
catch hold of抓住；抓牢
catch one’s eye/attention 引起注意
catch on理解，弄明白用catch短语填空
①The idea has been around for ages without ________________.
②Drive faster—they’re ________________ us.
③He ________________ her wrists so she couldn’t get away.
答案 ①catching on ②catching up with ③caught hold of[句 式 透 析]※Another big industry，and one that is growing annually，is the tourism industry.
另外一个大的行业，而且是每年都在增长的一个行业是旅游业。
one是代词，相当于an industry。that is growing annually是定语从句修饰one。one常在句中起替代作用，以免重复。that/one/it用法：
(1)that表示特指，指代前面提到过的那类事物(不指代人)。既可以替代可数名词(复数形式为those)，也可以替代不可数名词，替代可数名词单数时其作用有时等于the one。
(2)one表示泛指，代替前面提到过的同类人或物，但不是同一个；它只能替代可数名词，复数形式是ones。
(3)it表示特指，指代前面提到过的那个事物(是同一个)或一种情景，用于指可数名词单数或不可数名词。用that/one/it填空
①The student who does best in the exam is not always the ________ with the best brain.
②I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have ________.
③We are studying in a school with trees all around ________.
④The cost of purchasing a house in key cities is usually higher than ________ in towns.
答案 ①one ②one ③it ④that课件52张PPT。Ⅰ.高考单词→识记·思考·运用
1.核心词汇①________ n.降低，衰退；滑动 vi.& vt.降低，衰退；(使)滑行，滑动
②________ vt.使陷入困境；使陷入圈套；夹住，卡住 n.陷阱，圈套；困境
③________ vt.下载 n.已下载的数据资料
④________ adj.冒犯的，极其讨厌的；攻击性的
⑤________ vt.& n.要求，请求⑥________ vt.& vi.(给……)洗澡，沐浴→bath n.洗澡；浴缸
⑦________ adj.无知觉的，昏迷的；无意识的；未察觉到的→conscious adj.有知觉的，有意识的；注意到的
⑧involve vt.使成为必要；牵涉，涉及；(使)参加→________ adj.参与，有关联的
⑨________ n.合作→cooperate vi.合作
⑩inspect vt.检查；视察→________ n.检查；视察
答案 ①slide ②trap ③download ④offensive ⑤request
⑥bathe ⑦unconscious ⑧involved ⑨cooperation
⑩inspection2.常考词汇①unprotected adj.________
②abortion n.________
③bid n.________ vi.________
④super adj.________
⑤appetite n.________
⑥certificate n.________
⑦compensate vt.& vi.________
⑧abrupt adj.________
⑨theoretical adj.________
⑩negotiate vt.& vi.________答案 ①未采取保护措施的，无防护的 ②堕胎；(计划等)中止 ③努力争取；招标 出价；投标；试图 ④超级的；顶好的 ⑤食欲，胃口；强烈欲望 ⑥证书，证明 ⑦补偿，弥补；给(某人)赔偿 ⑧突然的，意外的；粗鲁的 ⑨理论的；理论上存在的 ⑩商定；谈判，协商用所给单词的适当形式填空
1. “Really？You’re going to walk the dog？Feed the dog？________ (bath) the dog？”
2.The dog had initially been knocked ________(conscious) but had survived by drinking water from a fresh stream at the base of the cliff.
3.West hasn’t tested his idea on larger blocks，but he thinks rolling has clear advantages over ________ (slide).
4.Humans are no less ________ (trap) by light pollution than the frogs.5.But what about the personal and social costs ________ (involve) in pursuing money over meaning?
6.But pedestrians are probably the worse ________ (offend).
7.Once lighthouses had telephones，keepers would call each other to warn that the ________ (inspect) was approaching.
8.You can talk to the robot，ask it questions，and make ________ (request)for it to perform different tasks.
9.You’d better have such information ________(download) in case you can use it in the future.
10.Nowadays，confidence，communication and ________(cooperate) are of necessity in the win-win society.11.It ________(request) that English should be learned well in middle schools.
答案 1.Bathe 2.unconscious 3.sliding 4.trapped
5.involved 6.offenders 7.inspector 8.requests 9.downloaded
10.cooperation 11.is requested?“犯罪”相关的高频单词集锦
①crime n.罪行；犯罪
②guilt n.有罪
③accuse vt.控告；指控
④charge vi.控告
⑤commit vt.犯(罪)
⑥punish vt.惩罚；处罚
⑦release vt.释放；免除
⑧sentence vt.判决；宣判【联想·积累】?词根-spect(＝look)相关词集合
①inspect vt.检查；视察
②aspect n.样子；外表；方面
③respect n.& vt.尊敬；敬重
④prospect n.景色；前景；前途
⑤suspect vt.怀疑?“相信”与“不相信”词汇家族
①belief n.信任；信心；信仰
②faith n.信任；信念；诚意；信仰
③convince vt.使确信；使信服
④suspect vi.& vt.怀疑；猜想?后缀-ment名词家族
①assess→assessment 评估
②develop→development 发展
③argue→argument 争论
④establish→establishment建立
⑤employ→employment 雇用
⑥improve→improvement 提高
⑦amuse→amusement 娱乐
⑧equip→equipment 装备开心词场→核心单词串记The applicant requested that she be offered a job and said she had a certificate.In addition，she was good at dealing with others and cooperation.However，the boss suspected that she might have got involved in cybercrime，and said he would consider it over again.Ⅱ.重点短语→识记·思考·运用
1.动词＋宾语＋介词
①devote...________致力于
②discourage sb ________ doing sth阻止某人做某事
③do ________ to 对……造成伤害
④cheat sb ________sth 向某人骗取某物
答案 ①to ②from ③harm ④of2.动词＋副词/介词
①wipe ________消除，去除
②deal ________ 处理，对付
③keep up ________跟上
答案 ①away ②with ③with3.介词短语
①________ the scene 在现场
②in ________此外，而且
答案 ①on ②addition4.其他
①contrary ________ 与……相反
②run out ________ sth 用完，耗尽
③put into ________使生效，实施
④be related ________与……相关的
⑤get ________ a bad habit 养成一个不良习惯
答案 ①to ②of ③effect ④to ⑤into用左栏所给短语的适当形式填空
1.The theme park you ________is Disneyland.
2.The police arrived ________shortly after the accident.
3.He ________ the old woman ________ her money.
4.They ________ the girl’s tears and comforted her.
5.To my disappointment，the results were ________my expectation.
6.These suggestions were adopted and ________.
7.Come on，Tony！Try to ________Mike.8.________，his spoken English is also excellent.
9.We ________ milk and bread and had to suffer hunger.
答案 1.are familiar with 2.on the scene 3.cheated；out of
4.wiped away 5.contrary to 6.put into effect 7.keep up with
8.In addition 9.ran out of【联想·积累】?“be＋adj.＋with”短语集合
①be familiar with 对……熟悉
②be popular with 受……欢迎
③be strict with 对……严格
④be angry with 生……的气
⑤be patient with 对……有耐心
⑥be bored with 对……厌烦
⑦be satisfied/content with对……满意?“用完，耗尽”短语全掌握
①run out of 用完；耗尽
②run out 用完；耗尽
③use up 用完，用光
④go through 用完，用尽
⑤give out 被用完，耗尽Ⅲ.经典句式→识记·思考·运用
原句背诵感悟
1.The work of international organizations is even more important when you consider how much more severe the situation could become.当考虑到这一形势会变得有多么严峻时，国际组织的工作就显得更加重要了。
2.As the Internet has expanded in recent years，the opportunities for crime have expanded as well.
近几年来随着因特网迅速扩张，犯罪的机会也同样随之增加。3.It is fortunate for her that she got better and is now resting at home.
她在家休息，身体已经康复，这对她来说是幸运的。句型公式仿写
1.比较级语气加强常见形式
He is ________________ Peter.
他不比彼得富裕多少。
2.as引导状语从句
________________she gained in confidence.
3.it作形式主语
________________ that China will become one of the strongest countries in the world.
大家都相信中国将会步入世界强国之列。
答案 1.no richer than 2.As she grew older 3.It is believed【联想·积累】as用法快捷键
(1)as引导时间状语从句强调主句和从句动作同时发生，“一边……一边……”。
(2)as引导行为方式状语从句时，意为“如同……”、“按照……的方式(样子，办法)”。这种从句常位于主句之后。(just) as...so...结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如……”，多用于正式文体。[单 词 点 睛]1.conclude vi.& vt.(使)结束；下结论；推断 conclude sth with sth/by doing sth以(做)某事结束
conclude sth from sth 由某事推断出某事
conclude from sth that...由某事推断出……
draw/reach/arrive at/come to a conclusion得出结论
in conclusion最后单项填空
①—Ann seems to be upset.What’s up?
—She ________ from the voice on the line that her mother is not satisfied with her test scores.
A.includes B.concludes
C.suggests D.contains
②I would like to ________ my talk with a few remarks about the security of this conference.
A.conclude B.accomplish
C.stop D.comment答案 ①B [答句意为：她从电话上的声音断定，妈妈对她的考试成绩不满意。conclude that... “断定……”。]
②A [conclude sth with...“以……结束某事”，为固定搭配。]in reaction to对……的反应
reaction to对……的反应/回应
react to对……起反应；对(食物等)有不良反应
react with 与……发生化学反应2.reaction n.生理反应，副作用；回应，反应介、副词填空/单项填空
①Local residents have reacted angrily ________ the news.
②Does he react________ the sounds around him?
③A spokesman said the changes were not ________ reaction to the company’s recent losses.④—How will he ________ to such a straightforward answer?
—I am not sure.Maybe，he is very satisfied.
A.react B.reflect
C.refer D.relate
答案 ①to ②to ③in
④A [react “反应”；reflect “反映，反射”；refer “涉及”；relate “和……有关”。句意：“他会对如此直率的回答作出什么反应呢？”“我吃不准。或许，他非常满意。”]be trapped in被困在
trap sb into (doing) sth使某人陷入……圈套；诱骗某人(做)某事
fall into the trap of...掉进……的陷阱
set/lay a trap for设置陷阱；布下圈套3.trap vt.使陷入困境；使陷入圈套；夹住，卡住n.陷阱，圈套；困境介、副词填空/单项填空
①She was trapped________ the burning house at that time.
②Were you just trying to trap her________ making some admission?
③Mary set a trap ________ Peter and he really fell ________ the trap.
④Our building stays warm at night because the wall ________ the heat of the sun in the daytime.
A.conducts B.traps
C.reflects D.provides答案 ①in ②into ③for；into
④B [句意：我们的建筑物在晚上依然保持温暖，因为墙面在白天能吸收太阳的热量。trap “收集，吸收” 。A “实施，执行”；C “反射”；D “提供”。]involve...in使牵连进去；使陷入
be/get involved in卷入；参与；涉及到
involve doing...包含做……4.involve vt.包含；需要；牵涉，涉及；(使)参加用所给词的适当形式填空/单项填空
①The test will involve ________(answer) questions about a photograph.
②In addition to my studies，I got________(involve) in lots of extracurricular activities.
③Michelle found a job as a high school teacher which ________ spending quite a lot of time with students.
A.enjoys B.involves
C.practices D.suggests答案 ①answering ②involved
③B [A项“喜欢”；B项“需要，包含”；C项“练习”；D项“建议；暗示”。句意：米歇尔找到一份做高中教师的工作，需要花很多时间与学生在一起。故答案选B。](1)on/by request根据请求
make a request for要求，提出请求
at the request of sb/at sb’s request 应某人的要求
(2)request sth from/of sb向某人请求某物
request sb (not) to do sth要求某人(不)做某事
It is requested that...要求…… 从句用(should＋)动词原形5.request vt.& n.要求，请求【特别提醒】 request后面跟名词性从句时， 从句中的谓语动词用“(should＋) do”表示虚拟语气。单项填空/完成句子
①Don’t respond to any e-mails ________ personal information，no matter how official they look.
A.searching B.asking
C.requesting D.questioning
②Whenever I go out，my mother ________________ (要求我十点前回来) at night.
③Now ________________(应他的要求我来到这里) to assist him in finishing the work.④Mary made a request that ____________ (我应该帮她) with her English.
答案 ①C [request “请求，恳求，恳请；要求，需要”，常用于委婉地说明自己的需要，有礼貌地正式地向他人提出请求，语气比较文雅，往往用于恐怕对方不能答应的场合。此用其现在分词形式作后置定语。]
②requests me to come back before 10 o’clock ③I come here at his request ④I (should) help her[短 语 点 拨] 1.wipe away 消除，去除
While they cannot wipe away the stain of the past，they can certainly move forward.尽管他们不能消除过去的污点，但他们肯定可以继续向前。wipe off消除，移除
wipe out抹去；彻底摧毁，灭除；抹掉
wipe up用抹布抹掉某物(通常是液体)
wipe away用手帕，纸巾或手去擦除某物体表面的东西(脏物，眼泪)介、副词填空/单项填空
①I cannot but wipe ________my tears and change the tune of my song.
②An unexpected legacy enabled him to wipe________ the debt on his house.
③Doctors are searching for a cure that will wipe________ cancer.④It has been several months since he ________ the fuel tank.
A.wiped away B.wiped off
C.wiped out D.wiped up
答案 ①away ②off ③out
④C [句意：他好几个月没有擦洗油箱了。wipe out “擦净……的内部”，符合句意。]have an effect on对……有影响
take effect生效，起作用
in effect实际上，正在实行，有效
put/bring... into effect使生效，使起作用
come into effect生效，实施2.put into effect 使生效，实施
One of the conditions of belonging to the organization is that these laws must be put into effect by member countries.加入该组织的条件之一就是这些法律必须在成员国生效。单项填空/完成句子
①She，a warm-hearted person, always did what she could to help her neighbors.________， she asked for nothing.
A.In turn B.In return
C.In addition D.In effect
②He will see to it that your plans ________________(很快生效).
③The old tax regulations ________________(会仍然有效) until next June.答案 ①B [句意：热心的她总是尽她所能地去帮助她的邻居，不求任何回报。in turn “转而，轮流”；in return “作为回报”，符合题意；in addition “此外”；in effect “事实上”。]
②are quickly put into effect ③will remain in effect[句 式 透 析]※It is fortunate for her that she got better and is now resting at home.
她在家休息，身体已经康复，这对她来说是幸运的。(1)本句为“It is/was＋adj.＋that...”句型，it为形式主语，真正的主语为that从句。
(2)it作形式主语的句型：
①It＋be＋adj.＋that...
It is clear/necessary/...that...很显然/必要……
②It＋be＋n.＋that...
It is a fact/pity/...that...事实是/很遗憾……
It is no wonder that...难怪……③It＋be＋过去分词＋that...
It is said/suggested/...据说/有人建议……
④It＋系动词/不及物动词＋that...
It seems/appears/happens that...好像/碰巧……单项填空/完成句子
①—Things in the market are getting more expensive now.
—It’s ________ that the prices will continue to ________.
A.certain；rise up B.certain；go up
C.sure；raise D.sure；be raised up
②______________(真可惜) you didn’t attend the famous professor’s lecture yesterday.③________________(据说) they have invented a new type of computer.
④__________(好像) he enjoys pop songs very much.
答案 ①B [sure的主语必须是人，故排除C、D两项，且rise相当于go up，故选B项。]
②It is a pity that ③It is said that ④It seems that
