2018年中考英语全面备战之每周说“法” 第二周 名词(2017.9.11-9.15)

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名称 2018年中考英语全面备战之每周说“法” 第二周 名词(2017.9.11-9.15)
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2018年中考英语全面备战之每周说“法”
第二周(2017.9.11-9.15) 名词
真枪实弹 再战中考 参考答案
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名词
2018年中考英语全面备战之每周说“法”
第二周(2017.9.11-9.15)
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
Go
for
it!
课标说明
个人信息
1.个人资料:姓名,年龄,出生日期,出生地点,电话号码,家庭地址,电子邮件,身份证等。
2.家人资料:姓名,年龄,关系等。
3.学校资料:学校,年级,班级,老师等。
4.资料的使用:填写表格和书面申请等。
5.工作与职业:工人,教师,医生,农民,司机,公务员等。
名词是用来表示人名、事物名称、时间、地点和抽象概念等的一类词,虽然和汉语中的含义是相同的, 但它们的语法特点却有巨大差异。
名词词义辨析
名词的数
名词所有格
名词是中考考查的重点内容之一。主要以考查词义辨析为主,而且多为语境分析。名词单复数和名词所有格也是中考的高频考点。预计2018年中考对名词的考查应集中于此。
考点分布
01
考点内容
02
命题趋势
名词的可数与不可数
可数名词的复数变化
专有名词表示法
03
考点解读
名词
名词所有格
考点详解
's所有格
of所有格
双重所有格
构成 读音 示例
一般情况下在名词词尾加's 在清辅音后读作 [s ];在浊辅音后读作[ z ] ; [s] [z] [s] [ ] [t ] [d ]后读[iz] my father's car
Li Lei's brother
以-s/ -es结尾的, 直接加'或's 保持原单词的读音不变 my boss's/ boss' plan
不以-s结尾的复数名词加's 与名词复数词尾的读音相同 the children's spare time
复合名词在词尾加's 与名词复数词尾的读音相同 my brother-in-law's new flat
名词所有格的构成
考点详解
若表示两人共同拥有某物 只最后一个加-’s Tom and Peter’s room
若表示两人分别拥有某物 分别加-'s Tom’s and Peter’s rooms
表示时间、距离、国家、地点和自然现象等的无生命名词 加-’s today's newspaper
twenty minutes' walk
名词所有格的构成
考点详解
用法 例句
主要用于人或动物的名词,表示所有关系,意为“......”. Is this Mr. Black's office
表示国家、城市等的名词后常用's所有格 the city's environment
构成不同的节日 Teachers' Day
Mother's Day
用来表示店铺、诊所、住宅等,名词所有格后省略所修饰的名词。 at the doctor's
at the Whites'
's所有格的用法
考点详解
用法 例句
用于学位中 a master's degree
a doctor's degree
为避免重复,单独使用's所有格,在句中相当于名词。 My camera is the same as Robert's.
含有else的's所有格中,else用于复合不定代词、疑问词之后,用else's The notebook is someone else's.
用于固定短语中 in one's mind's eyes
's所有格的用法
考点详解
用法 例句
没有生命的事物的名词一般用of短语表示所有关系 The window of the room are very big.
当名词的定语较长时,有生命的名词也可以用of 所有格 The story of this kind woman is exciting.
地名和交通工具名及与人的活动有关的表示无生命的名词可用of所有格,也可用's所有格 the future of China/ China's future
of所有格的用法
考点详解
有时“of所有格”可以和“‘s所有格”互换,意思不变。
the name of our school= our school's name
名词所有格有时可以和“数词-量词名词” 转换。
25 minutes' walk= 25-minute walk
此时,要用how far提问。
-- How far is it from your home to school
--- It's 15 minutes' walk.
考点详解
名词所有格的转换
双重所有格使用时,所属名词前面往往有冠词、数词、不定代词、物主代词或指示代词修饰。
This is a photo of Lily's
表达特殊的情感。双重所有格与指示代词连用时,往往带有赞赏、厌恶、不满等感彩。
I dislike the bike of my brother's
表示特定人的不特定的所有关系,此时,带's的名词必须是明确限定的指认的名词,同时of前面的名词必须不确指。
a friend of his some friends of Tom's
考点详解
双重所有格
名词+of+名词的-’s所有格
名词+of+名词性物主代词
名词+of +one’s own
A friend of Tom’s will join us in the game.
汤姆的一位朋友将和我们一起做游戏。
Some friends of mine often help me with my English.
我的一些朋友经常帮我学英语。
I want a room of my own. 我想要一个自己的房间。
考点详解
双重所有格的形式
a photo of my sister与 a photo of my sister's
前者强调“关系”,即“照片上的人是my sister”;后者强调“所属关系”,即“照片是属于我妹妹的”。
有些词与介词to连用,也表达所有关系。
the key to the door
the answer to the question
the way to my school
the bridge to success
考点详解
所有格注意点
分类
功能
变复数
可数名词
不可数名词
既可数又
不可数名词
名词作主语
名词作表语
名词作宾语
名词作定语
规则变化
不规则变化
名词的数
考点详解
考点详解
名词的分类
专有名词 the Bible《圣经》, Mt. Fuji 富士山 普通名词 可数名词 个体名词 friend, superman
集合名词 team, audience
不可数名词 物质名词 wool, beef, honey, water
抽象名词 wealth, courage, ability
复合名词 snowfall, birthday, classroom 考点详解
名词的功能
功能 例句 功能 例句
作主语 The boy is crying. 作状语 See you tomorrow.
作表语 You're the winner. 作同位语 The twins, Lucy and Lily, like dancing.
作宾语 He sent me a photo of him. 作宾语补足语 I wish you a happy new year.
作定语 These are apple trees. 作称呼语 Good afternoon, Sir.
考点详解
名词的功能
名词作定语一般用单数形式。
paper tiger, shoe factory
名词作定语,个别也用复数形式。
sports meeting, clothes shop
名词作定语,极少情况下修饰词和被修饰词都用复数形式。
woman teacher------- women teachers
man doctor------ men doctors
数词+名词+形容词构成的复合形容词,中间的名词只能用单数形式
a two-meter-long ruler
考点详解
名词变复数的规则变化
种类 变化 例词
一般情况下 在词尾加-s desk→ desks 书桌 tree→ trees 树
face→ faces 脸
以 s, x, z, sh, ch 等结尾的名词 通常在词尾加-es bus→ buses 公共汽车 box→ boxes 盒子 dish→ dishes 盘子
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词 将 y 改为 i再加-es city→ cities 城市 lady→ ladies 女士 story→ stories 故事
以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词 一般变 f或fe为v再加-es knife→ knives 小刀 thief→ thieves 贼 life→ lives 生命
考点详解
名词变复数的规则变化
以元音字母+o结尾的名词,一般在词尾加-s;以辅音字母+o结尾的名词,一般在词尾加-es。
hero→ heroes 英雄 radio→ radios 收音机
potato→ potatoes 土豆 zoo→ zoos 动物园
tomato→ tomatoes 西红柿 kangaroo→kangaroos 袋鼠
初中阶段学过的以o结尾的名词,只有hero, potato, tomato这三个词,可巧记为“英雄爱吃西红柿拌土豆”。
考点详解
巧记以f/fe结尾的名词变复数
树叶半数自己黄,妻子拿刀去杀狼,架后小偷逃命忙

leaf---leaves, half---halves, self---selves,
wife---wives, knife---knives, wolf---wolves,
shelf---shelves, thief---thives, life---lives
考点详解
名词变复数的不规则变化
变化 例词
改a为e man→ men男人 woman→ women女人
改oo为ee tooth→ teeth牙齿 foot→ feet脚
词尾加-ren child→ children孩子
单复数相同 Chinese(中国人) Japanese (日本人)
fish(鱼)deer(鹿) sheep (绵羊)
其他变化 mouse→ mice鼠
考点详解
巧记“某国人”单复数变化
中日不变英法变,其余-s加后边。

Chinese, Japanese单复数同形; Englishman, Frenchman中man变为men; 其余各国人, 如German, American, Australian, Indian等均在后面直接加-s。
有些名词往往只用作复数形式
trousers, socks, shoes, gloves, pants, glasses,clothes, shorts
有些名词以复数形式出现,但实际上是不可数名词
news, maths, physics, politics
在某些短语中,必须使用复数名词
make friends with shake hands with
考点详解
名词单复数注意点
表达方式 示例
借助容器来表示 a cup of coffee, 5 bags of rice
借助计量单位来表示 two picees of news, a slice of bread
借助修饰语表示 much water,some orange juice, a little milk
不可数名词的“数量”表达
考点详解
考点详解
名词的双重属性
不可数名词 可数名词 不可数名词 可数名词
glass玻璃 glass玻璃杯 work工作 work作品
room空间 room房间 orange橙汁 orange橙子
paper纸 paper报纸 light光 light灯
fish鱼肉 fish鱼 time时间 time次数
chicken鸡肉 chicken小鸡
情况 词或数量词
只修饰可数名词 few, a few, both of, several, many, 数词,a, an,
hundreds/thousands of, a number of,
a set of, a pair of, a group of, a suit of
只修饰不可数名词 little, a little, a bit of, much, a large amount of
a piece of, a drop of, a glass of, a cup of, a bottle of
可以修饰可数名词 和不可数名词 some, any, a lot of, lots of ,enough, all, none of, no,
a great deal of
名词的修饰语
考点详解
名词的词义辨析
同义、近义名词辨析
非同义、近义名词辨析
考点详解
同义、近义名词辨析
考点详解
词 汇 含义 用 法 例 句
family 家 指由父母、子女所组成的家庭,是集体名词,也可把它看成单数 My family are very well.
home 指一个人出生或居住的地方,具有抽象的含义 East orWest, home is the best.
house 指供一家人住的房子,侧重于具体的建筑物 There are four rooms in the house.
同义、近义名词辨析
考点详解
词 汇 含 义 用 法 例 句
problem 问题 多指“习题,问题”,通常也指要解决或决定解决的问题,尤其指比较困难的问题、社会问题 He is thinking about a maths problem.
question 常指由于对某事感到疑惑不解而提出需要解答的问题,常与ask和answer连用 May I ask a question
同义、近义名词辨析
考点详解
词 汇 用 法 例 句
sound 指自然界的一切“声音”,不论高低,是否悦耳 Can you hear the terrible sound just now
voice 一般指人或鸟儿发出的声音 The famous singer has a beautiful voice.
noise 指的是不悦耳的“嘈杂的声音”,即可作可数名词有可作不可数名词 There's a lot of noise here.
可数名词 不可数名词 汉义 举例
day weather 天,天气 What a fine day!
What nice weather!
job work 工作 a hard job
suggestion advice 建议 give some advice/ suggestions
message news, information 消息,信息 leave a message
同义、近义名词辨析
考点详解
非同义、近义名词辨析
考点详解
非同义、近义名词的辨析题目中,四个选项都是毫不相干的名词,需要具体问题具体分析。
(丽水中考)—Betty, pass me the ______. I will cut the cake.
—OK, Mom. Here you are.
A. sugar   B. scarf   C. knife   D. note
【解析】选C。考查名词辨析。sugar“糖”; scarf“头巾、围巾、披巾”; knife“小刀”; note“便条; 笔记”。根据I will cut the cake(我要切这块蛋糕)可知, 说话人请贝蒂递给她一把刀。故答案选C。
名词突破
中考对非同义、近义名词的考查越来越注重在具体的语境中词的区别,解答此类题目时要根据上下文的语境推测要表达的意思,然后再捕捉关键词进行突破。
Your ____ is helpful. I guess I’ll take it.
A. secret B. advice C. promise D. purpose
【解析】本题的关键词是helpful和take。句意: 你的建议很有用,我想我会接纳的。secret意为“秘密”; advice意为“建议”; promise意为“承诺”; purpose意为“目的”。结合具体语境可知选B。
方法一 语境判断法
对于同义、近义名词的考查也往往结合具体的语境和生活常识。解答此类辨析题目时,首先对同义、近义词的区别熟练掌握,其次,根他们各自的特点和属性进行甄别。
It's better to keep your ____ down in public places even if you are with your friends.
A. sound B. noise C. voice D. song
【解析】 句意:你最好在公共场合降低说话声即使和你的朋友在一起。sound“自然界的声音”;noise“噪音”;voice“嗓音”;song“歌曲”。根据他们的区别,选C。
名词突破
方法二 名词词义辨析法
身临其境体验中考
1. 【2017云南】My father has made a ___ that he will buy a camera for me. A. suggestion B.secret C.problem D.decision.
2.【2017山东青岛】Fruit is good for health, so I often have breakfast with one ______.
A. candy B. cake C. banana D. hamburger
3.【2017贵州黔东南州】Kaili is one of the most beautiful ___ in Guizhou. A.place B.cities C.town D.country
4. 【2017辽宁营口】
—There ___ many foreign students in her class.
—Yes, I know two of them are ____
A.are; Japanese B.is; Australian C.are Germany D.is America.
身临其境体验中考
5.【2017湖南怀化】
—It’s hot today.Have some ____, please.
—No, thanks .I’m not thirsty at all.
A.water B.potatoes C.bread
6.【2017湖南张家界】My father didn't bring much_____ yesterday,so he only
bought a small gift for me.
A.tea B.money C.juice
身临其境体验中考
7.【2017贵州贵阳】―Cindy, how far is it from your home to school
―About 20___ walk.‖ A.minutes B.minute’s C.minutes’
8.【2017黑龙江龙东】It’s time for me ___ goodbye to my mother school. I will never forget all my __love.
A.to say; teachers’ B.saying teachers’ C.to say; teacher’s
身临其境体验中考
9.【2017福建】
— Nowadays more and more foreigners are becoming
interested in Beijing Opera.
—That’s true. It’s an important part of Chinese_____.
A.culture B. invention C. custom
10.【2017海南】It is very hot in Hainan this summer. On June 3rd,the _______ in Lingao reached 41.9℃. A. temperature B. information C. development
身临其境体验中考
1-5 DCBAA 6-10 BCAAA
参考答案
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2018年中考英语全面备战之每周说“法”
第二周(2017.9.11-9.15)名词
真枪实弹 再战中考
1. 【2017上海】 Did the policeman give much _______ on how to protect
personal information
A. note B. tip C. advice D. book
2.【2017四川南充】-Are you thirsty
-Yes, please give us _______.
A. three bottle water B. three bottle of water 21cnjy.com
C. three bottles of water D. three bottles of waters www.21-cn-jy.com
3.【2017云南曲靖】—Nelly, I want to let my parents know the problems.
—I agree with you. After all, they have rich _____. 【来源:21·世纪·教育·网】
A.example B.excuse C.expression D.experience 【来源:21cnj*y.co*m】
4.【2017山西】You should look into his eyes when you talk to somebody. It shows
your ___.
A. shyness B. politeness C. quietness
5.【2017 湖北武汉】--I wonder if you've made a decision on the project, Eric.
--Not yet. I can't make it until I have first-hand ____ on prices. 【出处:21教育名师】
A. news B. knowledge C. information D. education 21*cnjy*com
6.【2017 湖北孝感】 Computers are very useful. They can help us get much____ on
the Internet.
A. games B. information C. courage D. messages www-2-1-cnjy-com
7.【2017湖北恩施】 —Henry,have you seen the English book on the ______desk
If you see it, please take it to the ______office.
—OK.
A.teachers’;teachers’ B.teacher’s;teachers’ C. teacher’s; teacher’s
8.【2017 湖南郴州】—Who’s the woman under the tree
—She’s ___ aunt.
A.Kelly and Joe’s B.Kelly’s and Joe C.Kelly’s and Joe’s
9.【2017甘肃白银】"It depends on my ______decision."the mother said and
looked at her two sons.
A.children B.children's C.child D.child's 21教育网
10.【2017四川凉山】—How far is your home from the train station
—It’s about 20 ___ walk.
A.minute B.minutes C.minute’s D.minutes’ 21·世纪*教育网
11.【2017贵州安顺】There are more than one hundred teachers in our school, and
most of them are ____.
A.men’s teachers B.man teachers C.men teacher D.men teachers
12.【2017黑龙江齐齐哈尔】I went to the hospital yesterday. I found a few ___ there.
A.man nurses B.men nurse C.men nurses.
13.【2017河南】If you fight hard, know who you are, and are proud of who you are,
you've got a good ____ of winning. 21·cn·jy·com
A. choice B. chance C. decision D. direction 【版权所有:21教育】
14.【2017湖北鄂州】—The dishes in this restaurant must be very expensive.
—Don’t worry. You can enjoy yourself. It’s my _________. 21教育名师原创作品
A. time B. treat C. task D. taste
15.【2017湖北荆州】 —It’s his new book, but I think it is more interesting than his
other books.
—I agree with you. His latest book is up to his highest ______ .
A. choice B. standard C. purpose D. wealth 21世纪教育网版权所有
16.【2017湖北十堰】—What is your sister’s favorite ____
—She is always in red. Don’t you know
A.song B.movie C.color D.food.
17.【2017 湖北襄阳】—What’s your ___ to English learning, Lin Tao
—I think watching English movies is helpful.
A.place B.age C.time D.secret
18.【2017青海西宁】—Have you got Kathy’s ___ for her concert
—Yes, I’d like to go and enjoy it.
A.invention B.instruction C.invitation D.introduction.
19.【2017山东德州】Sam is doing some _______ about the ancient Silk Road.
A. exercise B. operations C. research D. experiments
20.【2017山东烟台】—It’s dangerous to drive after drinking.
—That’s true. It can increase the ___ of traffic accidents.
A.advantage B.stress C.safety D.risk
21.【2017天津】 Don’t stand too close to North Americans. You’d better give them
more Personal______ .
A. time B. system C. space D. pity 2-1-c-n-j-y
22.【2017新疆乌鲁木齐】If you can speak English well, you will have a great ____
over others when looking for a job.
A.activity B.article C.attention D.advantage.
23.【2017贵州同仁】—Which country made paper first in the world
—____.
A.India B.Egypt C.England D.China.
24.【2017江苏苏州】 —Shall we go on Friday or Saturday
—Either day is OK. It makes no _____ to me.
A. choice B. change C. difference D. decision
25. —Did you do something special on Father’s Day
—Yes, I made my father a card in the ___ of a heart to express my love.
A.height B.shape C.design D.model
26.【2017山东东营】--Liangliang, are you active in class
--Yes, but often I don’t have___to show myself in a sixty-student class.
A.reasons B. chances C. choices D. abilities
27.【2017江苏无锡】—How can Julie say bad words about me I thought we were
good friends.
—Who told you that Friend need _____. 2·1·c·n·j·y
A.courage B.distance C.trust D.shame 21*cnjy*com
28.【2017江苏泰州】—Wow, an iPhone 7, what a big surprise! Thanks ,darling!
—It’s your birthday present.But please read the ___ carefully before you use it.
A.information B.instruction C.invitation D.instrument
29.【2017湖北咸宁】—Who won the first prize of the ___ World Table Tennis
Championship
—You means the match hold in _____ Ma Long did.
A.fifty-four German B.fifty-fourth;Germany
C.fifty-fourth;German D.fifty-four Germany
30.【2017湖北咸宁】—Kangkang , tell us something about ___ in your hometown
—Usually on this day. People eat Zongzi in memory of QU Yuan.
A.the Spring Festival B.the lantern Festival.
C.the Dragon Boat Festival D.the Mid-autumn Festival.
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