Unit 1 Past and Present 语法学案：现在完成时

I.
定义：
表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，也可以表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态
II.
现在完成时的结构
肯定句：have/has+
done
(过去分词)
否定句：主语+have/has+not+
done
(过去分词)+其他.
一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+
done
(过去分词)+其他.
简略答语:
Yes,
主语
+
have/has.(肯定)
No,
主语
+
haven't/hasn't.(否定)
注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。用来持续的动作或状态或表过去重复的动作，如live，study，be，wait等，常和since（自从）或for（经历）引导的词语连用。
如：I
have
lived
here
for
more
than
thirty
years.我已在此住了30多年。
III.
现在完成时的标志　　
1.　现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,
现在完成时通常和，ever,
never,
twice（once…）,
so
far（到目前为止）,
since，for，in
the
past/last
few
years（在过去几年）
,
already（肯定句）,
yet（否定，疑问句）,
just(刚刚),
before（以前）,
recently（近来）
等词连用
说明：already与yet都有“已经”的意思，但already常用于肯定句，并用于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，并用于句末。例如：
I
have
already
finished
my
homework.
I
haven’t
finished
my
homework
yet.
Have
you
finished
your
homework
yet
They
have
left.
(他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里)
I
have
had
my
lunch.
(我已经吃过午饭了,也就是说我现在不饿)
I
can’t
find
my
watch
now.
I
think
I
have
already
lost
it.
2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在,
甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手。
①for+时段
②since+过去一个时间点（过去
从句）为标志
注意：
1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用,
如yesterday,
last
week,
three
years
ago
等;
2)不能与when连用
IV.
现在完成时的用法
A．表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调对现在造成的影想或结果）。例如：
The
car
has
arrived.　车子来了。（结果：车子已在门口）
Someone
has
broken
the
window.有人把窗户打破了。（结果：窗户仍破着）
B.
表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括“现在”在内）的一段时间的状语连用,如for+时间段、since+过去的时间点、疑问词how
long等。例如：
My
uncle
has
worked
at
this
factory
for
five
years.
我叔叔在这个工厂工作已经五年了。
Mr.
Black
has
lived
in
China
since
2002.
自从2002年Mr.
Black
一直住在中国。
How
long
have
you
been
here
你来这里多久了？
注意：此种用法中表示持续动作或状态的动词必须是延续性动词（否定句除外）。例如：
(1)这本书我已经买了三个月了。
错误：I
have
bought
the
book
for
three
months.
正确：I
have
had
the
book
for
three
months.
(2)你哥哥参军多长时间了？
错误：How
long
has
your
brother
joined
the
army
正确：How
long
has
your
brother
been
in
the
army/been
a
soldier
延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换
leave
---
be
away
borrow
---
keep
buy
---
have
die
---
be
dead
begin/start
---
be
on
finish
---
be
over
fall
ill
---be
ill
get
up---be
up
catch
a
cold
---
have
a
cold
put
on→
wear
come/become/go
---
be
here
fall
asleep
---
be
asleep
get
to/
arrive/reach
---
be
(in)
get
to
know
---
know
join----be
a
member
of
...
(成为…的一员)
open
---be
open
close
---be
closed
用相应的延续性动词替换短暂性动词，句中谓语动词用现在完成时，时间状语为“for＋时间段”或“since＋时间点”。如：
He
has
been
in
the
Green
China
for
three
years.
He
has
been
a
member
of
the
Green
China
for
three
years.
他加入“绿色中国”已经三年了。
The
old
man
died
4
years
ago.----
The
old
man
has
been
dead
for
4
years.
He
joined
the
Party
2
years
ago.----
He
has
been
in
the
Party
for
2
years.
I
bought
the
book
5
days
ago.----
I
have
had
the
book
for
5
days.
表示时间段的短语有:
for+一段时间(for
2
years),
since+从句(since
he
came
here),
since+时间点名词(
since
last
year,
since
5
days
ago),how
long;
for
a
long
time等。
V.
现在完成时态与一般过去时态的区别
1一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
I
saw
this
film
yesterday.（强调动作发生的时间是yesterday
。）
I
have
seen
this
film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
2一般过去时和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：…ago,
last
week/...
In
2008,
in
the
past,
just
now,
the
day
before
yesterday,
yesterday
...
Then(那时),that
day,
one
day,
once(从前)
现在完成时常和recently（近来），ever,
never,
twice,
so
far（到目前为止）,
since，for，in
the
past/last
few
years
,
already（肯定句）,
yet（否定，疑问句）,
just(刚刚),
before（以前）连用。现在完成时不与表示过去的时间状语连用。
现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live,
teach,
learn,
work,
study,
know.
VI.
比较since和for
since
后接时间点，
for后接时间段，试比较：
I
have
lived
here
for
more
than
twenty
years.
I
have
lived
here
since
I
was
born.
My
aunt
has
worked
in
a
company
since
1949.
I
have
not
heard
from
my
uncle
for
a
long
time.
VII.
比较
have/has
been
to、have/has
gone
to
和
have
been
in
have(has)
been
to...表示“曾去过某地，已经从那里回来了”，可以和ever、never、twice等连用。have(has)
gone
to表示“已经去了某地，在去那里的途中或到达那里还没有回来”。have(has)
been
in
表示“在某地呆多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since,
for,
how
long
等
He
went
to
Shanghai
last
week
上周他去了上海
He
has
been
to
Shanghai.
他(曾经)到/去过上海.(但他人现在肯定不是在上海而是回来了)
He
has
gone
to
Shanghai.
他已经去上海了.(也许刚动身出发,也许已经到了,也许还在路上,反正他人不在这里)
Mr.
Brown
has
been
in
Shanghai
for
three
days.
布朗先生来上海已经有三天了
语法练习
I.
延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化
1.
When
he
arrived
at
the
bus
stop,
the
bus
________
for
20
minutes.
A.
has
left
B.
had
left
C.
has
been
away
D.
had
been
away
2.
I
______
the
League
for
5
years
so
far.
A.
joined
B.
have
joined
C.
have
been
in
3.
The
factory
________
since
the
February
of
1988.
A
.
has
been
open
B.
has
opened
C.
was
open
D.
opened
4.
Mary
and
Rose
_______friends
since
they
met
in
2000.
A.
have
made
B.
have
been
C.
made
D.
have
become
5.You
mustn't
________
until
he
comes
back.
A.
be
away
B.
leave
C.
be
left
6.The
meeting
_______
for
a
week
now.
A.
has
finished
B.
has
ended
C.
has
been
over
7.Miss
Gao
______
this
school
for
nearly
5
years.
A.
has
been
in
B.
has
come
to
C.
has
taught
8.Ben
______
a
teacher
for
4
years
.
A.
has
been
B.
has
become
C.
was
D.
became
9.
I
______
home
for
a
week.
A.
have
returned
B.
have
been
back
C.
returned
10.
How
long
_______
he
________

A.
died
B.
has,
died
C.
has,
been
dead
11.
He
______
at
eight
yesterday
afternoon.
A.
slept
B.
was
sleeping
C.
has
sleep
D.
had
slept
12.He
________
the
car
for
a
week.
A.
bought
B.
has
bought
C.
has
had
13.-----How
long
_____
you
_____
ill

-----Two
weeks.
A.
did
fall
B.
have,
fell
C.
have,
been
14.Since
2000,
he
_____
his
hometown.
A.
has
left
B.
has
moved
away
C.
has
been
away
from
15.I'll
lend
you
the
book
,
but
you
can
only
_____
it
for
2
days.
A.
borrow
B.
keep
C.
take
16.The
bus
______
on
the
road
for
2
hours
so
far.
A.
has
stopped
B.
stopped
C.
has
been
17.Are
you
_____
the
jacket
these
days
A.
wearing
B.
putting
on
C.
dressing
D.
on
18.He
________
foe
2
hours.
A.
got
up
B.
has
got
up
C.
has
been
up
19.
Tom
is
ill
in
hospital.
He
_______
a
cold
for
several
days.
A.
is
B.
catches
C.
has
caught
D.
has
had
20.-----
How
long
can
I
______
the
book
------
Two
weeks.
A.
borrow
B.
lend
C.
get
D.
keep
答案：1---5
D
C
A
B
B;
6---10
C
A
A
B
C;
11---15
B
C
C
C
B;
16---20
C
A
C
D
D
II.
单项选择。
1.---I
think
our
teacher
,
Mrs.
Allen
,
knows
everything.
----I
agree.
Because
she
_____over
2,000
books.
A.read
B.has
read
C.reads
D.is
reading
2.----Does
Jimmy
still
work
s
a
driver

----No.
He
has
_____for
two
years.
A.left
the
company
B.gone
to
Shanghai
C.studied
in
college
D.lost
his
job
3.My
mother
_____
a
good
example
for
me
since
I
was
young.
A.was
B.has
been
C.will
be
D.is
4.He
_______the
city
since
he
graduated
from
college.
A.has
left
B.left
C.has
been
away
from
5.
Our
team
_______
another
point!
I’m
sure
we’ll
win
the
game.
A.
will
get
B.
has
got
C.
is
getting
D.
was
getting
6.----How
do
you
like
Treasure
Island,
Lucy
----It’s
so
exciting
that
I_____
it
twice.
A.am
reading
B.have
read
C.was
reading
D.had
read
7.One
of
my
friends
_____
moved
to
America,
I
miss
them
so
much.
A.has
B.have
C.are
8.----_____
you
ever
_____to
the
Great
Wall

----Yes.
Three
times.
A.Has,
been
B.Have,
been
C.Have,
gone
9.----_____
you
ever
_____
Han
Hong
sing
live

----Of
course.
A
couple
of
times
in
different
cities.
A.Have,
seen
B.Did,
see
C.Do,
see
D.Are,
seeing
10.
Andy,
with
his
parents,
______
to
Hong
Kong,
and
they
will
stay
there
for
a
week.
A.
have
gone　
B.
has
gone　　
C.
have
been　
D.
has
been
11.Uncle
Liang
________
in
Haikou
since
1980,
so
he
knows
a
lot
about
the
city.
A.is
living
B.has
lived
C.lived
12.---Sorry,Tom.
I
can’t
find
the
book
you______me.
---It’s
OK.
I
don’t
need
it
any
more.
A.lend
B.have
lent
C.will
lend
D.lent
13.I
don’t
feel
very
well,Jack.
I’m
afraid
you______me
your
cold.
A.give
B.had
given
C.have
given
D.would
give
14.--Would
you
like
to
see
the
movie
Zootopia
with
us
--I’d
love
to!
But
I
________
it.
saw
B.
see
C.
will
see
D.
have
seen
15.Lei
Feng
______
for
many
years,
but
his
spirit
is
still
encouraging
us.
A.
died
B.
has
been
dead
C.
has
died
16.—
May
I
speak
to
Mr.
Lee

—
Sorry,
he
______
Harbin,
he
______
the
city
for
two
days.
A.has
been
to;
has
been
in
B.has
gone
to;
has
been
to
C.has
gone
to;
has
been
in
17.----It’s
the
second
time
I
came
to
Xiamen
.
It
______
a
lot.
----Yes.
It’s
more
and
more
beautiful.
A.was
changing
B.has
changed
C.will
change
18.----______
you
ever
_____the
history
museum
,
Paul

----No,
I
haven’t.
A.Do,
visit
B.Did,
visit
C.Have
,
visited
19.----Look1
Someone______
the
classroom.
----Well,
it
wasn’t
me.
I
didn’t
do
it.
A.is
cleaning
B.was
cleaning
C.has
cleaned
D.will
clean
答案1---5:BCBCB
;
6---10:
BABAB;
11---15:BBCDB
;
16---19:
CBCC
.
拓展
一、翻译下列句子：
1．你曾经吃过鱼和薯条吗？
2.
我刚刚丢了我的化学书。
3.
我以前从来没去过那个农场。
4.
他已经吃过午饭
5.
你已经看过这部电影了吗？
6.
我哥哥还没回来。
7.这本字典我已买了三年了。
8.他离开中国三年了。
9.我认识他们五年了。
10.他们已去了美国五年了。
11.自从他搬到济宁，他就住这儿了。
12.我妹妹成为一个大学生已经三年。
13.自从1999年以来他们就认识。
14.我来到这个学校已3年多了。
二、用since和for填空
1.______two
years
2.____two
years
ago
3.___last
month
4.______
1999
5._______yesterday
6._______
4
o’clock
7
4
hours
8._____an
hour
ago
9.
___we
were
children
10._____
lunch
time
11.____
she
left
here
12.
He
has
lived
in
Nanjing
___
the
year
before
last.
13.
I’ve
known
him
______
we
were
children.
14.
Our
teacher
has
studied
Japanese
______
three
years.
15.
She
has
been
away
from
the
city
______
about
ten
years.
16.
It’s
about
ten
years
__________
she
left
the
city.
三、结束性动词转换为以下延续性动词或者表示可以延续的状态的短语。
①
arrive
at
/
in
sp
/
get
to
/
reach
sp
/
come
/
go
/
move
to
sp
→
be
in
sp
/
at
school
/
at
home
/
on
the
farm
/
be
here
/
be
there
1)
He
got
to
Beijing
five
minutes
ago.He
Beijing
for
.
2)
I
moved
to
the
USA
in
2008.
I
the
USA
since
.
3)
I
went
home
yesterday.
I
home
for
.
4)
They
came
here
last
week.
They
___________
here
since
_____________.
②
come
to
/
go
back
to
/
return
to→
be
back
to
go
out
→
be
out
1)
He
came
out
two
years
ago.He
______________
for
____________.
2)
We
return
to
Beijing
yesterday.We
___
____________
to
Beijing
since
__________.
③
become
→
be
1)
I
became
a
teacher
in
2000.
I
________________
a
teacher
for
_________________.
2)
The
river
became
dirty
last
year.
The
river
_______
_______
dirty
for
_______
________.
④
close
→
be
closed
open
→
be
open
1)
The
shop
closed
two
hours
ago.
The
shop
_______________
______
for
_________________.
2)
The
door
opened
at
six
in
the
morning.The
door
________
________
________
for
six
hours.
⑤
get
up
→
be
up；
die
→
be
dead；
leave
sp.
→
be
away
from
sp.
fall
asleep
/
get
tot
sleep
→
be
asleep；
finish
/
end
→
be
over；marry
→
be
married；
1)
I
got
up
two
hours
ago.I
________
______
_______since
_______________.
2)
He
left
Shanghai
just
now.He
_______
_____________
______
Shanghai
for
five
minutes.
3)
My
grandpa
died
in
2002.My
grandpa
_______
_____
______for
_______
________.
4)
The
meeting
finished
at
six.The
meeting
________
______
______
for
six
hours.
5)
I
got
to
sleep
two
hours
ago
.I
________
_____
___
since
_________
_________.
6)
They
married
in
1990.
They
________
_________
__________since
_________.
⑥
start
/
begin
to
do
sth.
→
do
sth.
；begin
→
be
on
1)
I
began
to
teach
at
this
school
in
1995.
I
____
____
at
this
school
since
____.
2)
The
film
began
two
minutes
ago.
The
film
____
____
____
for
____
____.
⑦
borrow
→
keep；
lose
→
not
have
；buy
→
have
；put
on
→
wear
catch
/
get
a
cold
→
have
a
cold；
get
to
know
→
know
1)
They
borrowed
it
last
week.
They
__________it
since
_____________.
2)
I
bought
a
pen
two
hours
ago.
I
____________a
pen
for
_____________.
3)
I
got
to
know
him
last
year.
I
___________
him
since
___________.
4)
I
put
on
my
glasses
three
years
ago.
I
_________
my
glasses
for
______________.
⑧have
/
has
gone
to
→
have
been
in
He
has
gone
to
Beijing.He
_____________
Beijing
for
two
days.
⑨
join
the
league
/
the
Party
/
the
army
→
be
a
league
member
/a
Party
member
/
a
soldier
→
be
a
member
of
the
league
/
the
Party
→
be
in
the
league
/
the
Party
/
the
army
1)
He
joined
the
league
in
2002.
He
_________________
a
_________________
for
two
years.
He
___________
a
_________
the
________
for
two
years.
He
_______________________
the
league
for
two
years.
2)
My
brother
joined
the
army
two
years
ago.
My
brother
_________a
________
for
___________
___________.
My
brother
___________
in
___________
for
two
years.
四、划线提问
1)
I
have
been
there
for
two
days.
__________
_________
__________
you
__________
__________

2)
My
father
has
lived
here
since
2000.
_________
_________
__________
your
father
_________
__________
3)
He
left
here
yesterday.
_________
________
he
_________
__________
4)
They
bought
a
book
two
hours
ago.
__________
___________
they
__________
a
book
五、用have(has)
been
或have(has)
gone
填空。
A:
Where
____________
Li
Fei
___________
B:
He
____________
to
Hainan
Island.
A:
How
long
___________
he
___________
there
B:
He
_____________
there
for
three
days.
A:
When
will
he
come
back
,
do
you
know
B:
I’m
afraid
he
won’t
come
back
recently.
A:
Could
you
tell
me
the
way
to
Hainan
Island
B:
Sorry,
I
_________
never
___________
there.
A:
How
many
times
___________
Li
Fei
__________
to
that
place
B:
He
_____________
there
only
once.
六、用have
/
has
been
to
/
in,
have
gone
to及go的各种形式填空。
1)
Where
is
Jack
He
__________
his
country.
2)
David
________
the
park
just
now.
3)
John
_______
England
since
he
came
back.
4)
How
long
_____
they
_____
this
village
5)
The
Smiths
______
Beijing
for
years.
6)
_____
you
ever
____
America
--
Yes,
I
_____
there
many
times.
7)
I
_____
this
school
since
three
years
ago.
8)
Where
is
Jim
He
_____
the
farm.
9)
When_____
he
_____
He
_______
an
hour
ago.
10)
Would
you
like
to
_____
to
the
zoo
with
me
---Yes,
but
I
_____
there
before.
11)
Where
_____
you
_____
now
---
I
____
to
the
zoo.
12)
He
often
_____
swimming.
13)
_____
you
______
there
last
year
14)
_____
they
often
______
skating
in
winter
七
用never,
ever,
already,
just,
yet,
for,
since填空
1.
I
have
_______
seen
him
before,
so
I
have
no
idea
about
him.
2.
Jack
has
_________
finished
his
homework.
3.
Mr.
Wang
has
taught
in
this
school
________
ten
years.
4.
“Have
you
________
seen
the
film ”
“No,
I
have
________
seen
it.”
5.
“Has
the
bus
left
_______ ”
“Yes,
it
has
_________
left.”
八.
用适当的时态填空：
1.She’s
_____________
(live)
here
ever
since
she
was
ten.
2.Both
of
them
________________
(be)
in
Hongkong
for
ten
days.
3.Both
of
them
____________
(come)
to
Hongkong
ten
days
ago.
4.
Half
an
hour
__________
(pass)
since
the
train
__________
(leave).
5.
Mary________(lose)
her
pen.
________
you
_______(see)
it
here
and
there
6.
_________
you
_____
(find)
your
watch
yet
7.
---Are
you
thirsty
---No
I
_________just
_________
(have)
some
orange.
8.
We
----
already
_________
(return)
the
book.
9.
________
they
_______
(build)
a
new
school
in
the
village
10.
I
_____________(not
finish)
my
homework
.
Can
you
help
me
11.
My
father
_____
(read)
the
novel
twice.
12.
I
_________
(buy)
a
book
just
now.
13.
I
_________
(lost
)
my
watch
yesterday.
14.
My
father
___________
(read)
this
book
since
yesterday.
答案
一．翻译下列句子：
1.
Have
you
ever
had
/
eaten
fish
and
chips
2.
I
have
just
lost
my
chemistry
book.
3.
I
have
never
been
to
the
farm
before.
4.
He
has
already
had
lunch
=
He
has
had
lunch
already.
5.
Have
you
seen
the
movie
yet
6.
My
brother
hasn’t
come
/get
/
been
back
yet
=
My
brother
hasn’t
returned
yet.
7.
I
have
had
this
dictionary
for
three
years
/
since
three
years
ago.
8.
Has
been
away
from
China
for
three
years.
9.
I
have
known
them
for
five
years.
10.
They
have
been
in
the
USA
for
five
years.
11.
He
has
been
here
since
he
moved
to
Jining.
12.
My
sister
has
been
a
college
student
for
three
years
=
My
sister
has
been
in
college
for
three
years.
13.
They
have
known
each
other
since
1999.
14.
I
have
been
in
this
school
for
over
three
years.
二、用since或者for填空
1.
for
2.
since
3.
since
4.
since
5.
since
6.
since
7.
for
8
since
9.since
10.
since
11.
since
12.since
13.
since
14.for
15.for
16.
since
三、结束性动词转换为以下延续性动词或者表示可以延续的状态的短语
①
1.
has
been
in
,
five
minutes
2.
have
been
in
,
2008
3.
have
been
at,
two
days
4.
have
been
,
last
week
②
1.
have
been
out,
two
years
2.
have
been
back
,
yesterday
③
1.
have
been
,
nine
years
2.
has
been
,
two
years
④
1.
has
been
closed
,
two
hours
2.
has
been
open
⑤
1.
have
been
up
,
two
hours
ago
2.
has
been
away
from
3.
has
been
dead
,
seven
years
4.
has
been
over
5.
have
been
asleep
,
two
hours
ago
6.
have
been
married
,
1990
⑥
1.
have
taught
,
1995
2.
has
been
on
,
two
minutes
⑦
1.
have
kept
,
last
week
2.
have
had
,
two
hours
3.
have
known
,
last
years
4.
have
worn
,
three
years
⑧
has
been
in
⑨
has
been
,
League
member
has
been
,
member
of
,
League
has
been
in
2.
has
been
,
soldier
,
two
years
has
been
,
the
army
四、划线提问
1.
How
long
have,
been
there
2.
How
long
has
,
lived
here
3.
When
did
,
leave
here
4.
When
did
,
buy
五、用have(has)
been
或have(has)
gone
填空。
A:
Where
has
Li
Fei
gone
B:
He
has
gone
to
Hainan
Island.
A:
How
long
has
he
been
there
B:
He
has
been
there
for
three
days.
A:
When
will
he
come
back,
do
you
know
B:
I’m
afraid
he
won’t
come
back
recently.
A:
Could
you
tell
me
the
way
to
Hainan
Island
B:
Sorry,
I
have
never
been
there.
A:
How
many
times
has
Li
Fei
been
to
that
place
B:
He
has
been
there
only
once.
六、用have
/
has
been
to
/
in,
have
gone
to及go的各种形式填空。
1.
has
gone
to
2.
went
to
3.
has
been
in
4.
have
,
been
in
5.
have
been
in
6.
Have
,
been
to
;
have
been
7.
have
been
in
/
at
8.
has
gone
to
9.
did
go
;
went
10.
go
;
have
been
11.
are
,
going
;
am
going
12.
goes
13.
Did
,
go
14.
Do
,
go
七、综合练习:
1.
never
2.
just
,
already
3.
for
4.
ever,
never
5.
yet
,
just
/
already
八.
用适当的时态填空：
1.
lived
/
has
been
living
2.
have
been
3.
went
4.
has
passed
;
left
5.
has
lost
;
have
,
seen
6.
Have
,
found
7.
have
,
had
8.
have
,
returned
9.
Have
,
built
10.
haven’t
finished
11.
has
read
12.
bought
13.
lost
14.
have
been
reading
/
has
read