Unit 5 Wild animals 语法学案：动词不定式

动词不定式
动词不定式是由“不定式符号to+动词原形”构成的一种非谓语动词结构。有些动词不定式不带to，动词不定式可以作句子的主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语、状语或单独使用。不定式保留动词的某些特性，可以有自己的宾语、状语等。动词不定式和它后面的宾语、状语等一起构成短语，叫作不定式短语。
一、用作主语
直接把动词不定式置于句首的情况不多，多数情况用it作形式主语，把真正的主语——动词不定式置于句末，特别是不定式短语较长时。动词不定式作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。带疑问词的不定式短语作主语常置于句首，复合不定式结构作主语常置于句末。如：
1.
I
t
is
our
duty
to
try
our
best
to
deal
with
these
problems.
2.The
head
teacher
said
it
was
necessary
to
talk
with
his
mother.
3.How
to
learn
English
well
is
important.
4.To
see
is
to
believe.(眼见为实；百闻不如一见)
二、用作表语
动词不定式作表语，常说明主语的内容、性质、特征。如：
　1.The
best
way
is
to
join
an
English
club.
2.The
first
thing
is
to
listen
to
the
teacher
carefully.
三、用作宾语
1.可以接带to的动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有：要求选择同意(ask,
choose,
agree)，期望决定学习(expect,
hope,
decide,
learn)，宁可假装知道(prefer,
pretend,
know)，希望想要愿意(wish,
want,
would
like
/
love)。如：
1)We
decided
to
talk
to
some
students
about
why
they
go
there.
2)He
prefers
to
eat
white
bread
and
rice.
3)Id
love
to
visit
Mexico.
2.动词decide,
know,
learn,
show,
teach,
tell...，介词结构on...可用疑问词带to的不定式短语作宾语，但why后面的不定式不带to。如：
1)Could
you
please
tell
me
where
to
park
my
car
2)It
gives
advice
on
what
to
do
in
lots
of
different
situations.
3.动词feel,
find,
make,
think等后面，可以用it作形式宾语代替真正的宾语——动词不定式，句子结构是...feel
/
find
/
make
/
...
it+adj.
/
n.+to
do...。如：
I
find
it
difficult
to
remember
everything.
4.既可接动词不定式又可接ving形式作宾语，意思差别不太大的动词有begin,
start,
like,
love等。一般说来，动词不定式表一次、数次的具体动作、将来动作或动作的全过程，ving形式表习惯性的连续动作。但是这种区别并不很严格，特别是美国英语，即使是习惯性的动作也可以用动词不定式。如：
1)
Then
I
started
to
watch
Tv.
2)
I
am
beginning
to
understand
my
parents.
begin用了进行时态，后面只接不定式作宾语，表示事情刚开始，还要继续下去。
3)
I
like
to
eat
vegetables.
感知动词like,
love,
know等一般不用进行时态。
5.后接动词不定式或ving形式作宾语，意思差别较大的动词有forget,
remember等。后接不定式作宾语，表动作尚未发生；后接ving形式作宾语，表动作已经发生。stop
to
do停下来做另外一件事，to
do是目的状语；stop
doing停止做、不做当前这件事，doing是宾语。try
to
do尽力做，try
doing试试看；go
on
to
do接着做另外的事，go
on
doing继续做原来的事。如：
1)When
I
left
home,
I
forgot
to
bring
it
with
me.
2)I
stopped
using
them
last
year.
四、用作定语
1.句子的主语或宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语，不定式与其所修饰的名词、代词等存在逻辑的动宾关系.
1)I
have
so
many
clothes
to
wash
today.
2)I
can’t
think
of
any
good
advice
to
give
her.
3)We
have
no
houses
to
live
in.
2.动词不定式所修饰的名词是place,
time,
way等时，不定式与这些名词呈现出动状关系或同位关系。如：1)He
needs
time
to
do
homework.
2)
He
wants
to
know
the
best
way
to
travel
around
the
city.
3.在“there
be...”句型里，句子的主语是动词不定式动作的对象：
1)There’s
just
so
much
to
see
and
do
here.
2)...
but
there
are
still
many
things
to
do
there.
五、用作宾语补足语
1.带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词主要有：要求允许提议(ask,
allow,
,
advise)，期望邀请鼓励(expect,
,
invite,
encourage)，教导告诉想要(teach,
tell,
want)，等待希望愿意(wait
for,
wish,
would
like
/
love)。如：
1)Id
invite
her
to
have
dinner
at
my
house.
2
We
should
allow
the
children
to
choose
their
own
clothes.
2.动词不定式作补语，在主动语态句里不带to，被动语态句里带to时多数动词是感官动词和使役动词，包括四“看”：look
at,
observe,
see,
watch，三“让”：have,
let,
make，二“听”：hear,
listen
to，一“感觉”：feel，一“注意”：notice。如：1)This
picture
makes
me
feel
excited！
2)We
saw
Liu
Yu
play
baseball
last
week.
3.help后接动词不定式作补语，to可带可不带。
1)
they
can
help
you
to
learn
English.
2)Using
email
English
helps
you
write
quickly.
六、用作状语
1.目的状语，置于句首或句末，置于句首时常表示强调。如：
1)In
order
to
catch
the
early
bus,
she
got
up
very
early.
2)A
group
of
young
people
got
together
to
discuss
this
question.
3)She
came
to
this
city
to
visit
her
daughter.
2.原因状语，多见于“sb.+be+adj.+to
do...”结构句中。如：
1)
I
feel
very
lucky
to
have
him.
2)
he
ran
out
of
money
to
buy
old
bikes.
3.结果状语，多见于“too...to”，“enough
to...”结构句中。如：
1)
I’m
too
tired
to
do
it
well.
2)The
room
is
big
enough
for
three
people
to
live
in.
七、动词不定式的复合结构
动词不定式的复合结构是“for
/
of
sb.
to
do
sth.”，for
/
of引出不定式动作的逻辑主语。这种结构在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。不定式复合结构的介词用for还是of，主要决定于前面形容词的性质。一般说来，of前面的形容词是careful,
clever,
foolish,
good,
kind,
nice,
wise等，既说明人的特性，又说明不定式动作的特性。for前面的形容词是dangerous,
difficult,
easy,
hard,
heavy,
important,
interesting,
necessary等，一般说明不定式动作的特性，前面如果是名词用for。如：
1.It’s
a
good
idea
for
parents
to
allow
children
to
study
in
groups
during
the
evening.
2.It’s
wise
of
him
to
do
it
well.
3)Is
it
interesting
for
the
baby
to
play
with
a
pet
dog
八、带疑问词的不定式短语
　动词不定式前面可以带疑问代词what,
which,
who或疑问副词how,
when,
where,
why等。这种结构起名词的作用，在句子里用作宾语、主语、表语等，或者单独使用。要注意的是，why后面的不定式不带to。如：
1.用作句子的成分。
1)I
don’t
know
what
to
try
next.
(作宾语)
2)Where
to
go
is
not
decided
yet.(作主语)
2.单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。
1)What
to
do
next (=What
will
we
/
you
do
next
2)Why
go
there (=Why
do
we
/
you
go
there
九、动词不定式的否定式
不定式的否定式是not
/
never
to
do...，不带to的不定式的否定式是not
/
never
do...如：
1.They
decide
not
to
talk
to
each
other.
2.His
parents
tell
him
never
to
play
soccer
in
the
street.
当堂练习：
单项选择：
（
）1.
The
teacher
told
them
________
make
so
much
noise.
A.
don’t
B.
not
C.
will
not
D.
not
to
（
）2.
My
mother
often
tells
me
_______so
many
mistakes.
A.
not
to
make
B.
to
not
make
C.
don’t
make
D.
not
make
（
）3.
Tell
him
_______
the
window.
A.
to
shut
(关)not
B.
not
to
shut
C.
to
not
shut
D.
not
shut
（
）4.
The
boy
wanted
to
ride
his
bicycle
in
the
street,
but
his
mother
told
him
______.
A.
not
to
B.
not
to
do
C.
not
do
it
D.
do
not
to
（
）5.
Mrs
Smith
warned(警告)
her
daughter
________
after
drinking.
never
to
drive
B.
to
never
drive
C.
never
driving
D.
never
drive
（
）
6.
The
doctor
asked
the
patient
____rich
food
after
the
operation(手术).
A.
to
eat
not
B.
eating
not
C.
not
to
eat
D.
not
eating
（
）7.
The
workers
want
us
________
together
with
them.
A.
work
B.
working
C.
to
work
D.
worked
（
）8.
I
saw
him
_______
out
of
the
room.
A.
go
B.
went
C.is
going
D.
goes
（
）9.
He
often
makes
his
little
sister
_____,
A.
cry
B.
crying
C.
cried
D.
to
cry
（
）10
There’re
so
many
kinds
of
new
bikes
on
sale
that
I
can’t
make
up
my
mind
_____
to
buy.
A.
what
B
which
C.
how
D.
where
（
）11.
He
can’t
decide
______
to
stay
or
not.
A.
whether
B.
if
C.
either
D.
if
he
will
（
）12.
---
The
light
in
the
office
is
still
on.
---
Oh,
I
forgot
_______.
A.
turning
it
off
B.
turn
it
off
C.
to
turn
it
off
D.
turned
it
off
（
）13.
We
agreed
_________
here.
A.
met
B.
meeting
C.
to
meet
D.
meet
（
）14.
Frank
is
the
kind
of
person
who
people
like
to
________.
A.
make
friend
with
B.
make
friends
of
C.
make
friends
D.
make
friends
with
（
）15.
Go
on
________
the
other
exercise
after
you
finishthis
one.
A.
to
do
B.
doing
C.does
D.
did
（
）16.
She
reached
the
top
of
the
hill
and
stopped
_______
on
a
big
rock
A.
rested
B.
resting
C.
to
rest
D.
rest
（
）17.
Tom
kept
quiet
about
the
accident
because
he
was
afraid
of____
his
job.
A.
lose
B.
to
lose
C.
losing
D.
lost
（
）18.
I
need
a
day
or
two
________.
A.
to
think
it
over
B.
to
think
over
C.
of
thinking
（
）19.
He
was
too
excited
_________.
A.
speak
B.
to
speak
C.
not
to
speak
D.
speaking
（
）
20.
I’m
hungry.
Get
me
something
_________.
A.
eat
B.
to
eat
C.
eating
D.
for
eating
（
）21.
---
I
usually
go
there
by
train.
---
Why
not
_______
by
boat
for
a
change

A.
to
try
going
B.
trying
to
go
C.
to
try
and
go
D.
try
going
（
）22.
I
asked
him
to
_______
me
a
few
minutes
so
that
we
could
go
over
all
the
problems.
A.
spend
B.
spare
C.
save
D.
share
（
）23.
They
won’t
let
his
mother
_______him
in
that
way.
A.
to
treat
B.
treated
C.
treat
D.
treats
（
）24.
I’m
sorry
I
forgot
______your
dictionary.
Let’s
borrow
one
from
Li
Ming.
A.
to
take
B.
taking
C.
to
bring
D.
bringing
（
）
25.
She
couldn’t
decide
which
restaurant
_______.
to
have
lunch
B.
to
eat
C.
to
eat
at
D.
eating
at
（
）
26.
Don’t
forget
_________
the
letter
.
　　
A.
to
send
B.
send
C.
sending
D.
sent
（
）27.
The
chair
looks
very
old,
I
want
a
new
one
_________
.
　　
A.
sit
B.to
sit
on
C.
sat
D.sit
on
（
）28.
Is
______
necessary
to
return
the
book
tomorrow

　　
A.
this
B.
that
C.
it
D.
which
（
）29.
I’m
afraid
they
would
not
allow（允许）
him
________
here
.
　　
A.
to
smoke
B.
smoking
C.
smokes
D.
smoke
（
）30.
Mother
told
me
________
the
water
before
I
drank
it
.
　　
A.
boiling
B.
boiled
C.
boil
D.
to
boil
（
）31.
On
my
way
home
,
I
stopped
_______
some
food
.
　　
A.
buy
B.
to
buy
C.
buying
D.
bought
keys:1-5DABAA
6-10CCAA
11-15ACCDA
16-20CCABB
21-25DBCCC
26-31ABCADB