句子成分

句子成分
一、主语（名词性质）：
主语是一个句子的主体，是谓语动作或状态的执行者。
可以做主语的有名词（短语）、代词、数词、名词化的形容词，不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）和从句。
主语一般在句首。
注意：注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！
【例】
The
sun
rises
in
the
east.
George
is
a
born
leader.
He
likes
dancing.
Nobody
knew
what
had
happened.
Two
and
six
is
eight.
Two
of
us
will
attend
the
conference
tomorrow.
The
young
are
always
willing
to
accept
new
things.
Seeing
is
believing.
Losing
his
new
MP4
made
Tom
very
sad.
To
see
is
to
believe.
To
go
the
bed
early
and
to
get
up
early
is
a
good
habit.
What
we
can’t
get
seems
better
than
what
we
have.
What
he
needs
is
a
book.
谓语（动词性质）：（必修4
unit2，V+ing，
V+to
do）
谓语用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态，是对主语加以陈述，说明主语是什么，做什么，怎么样，常用动词或者动词词组担任。
谓语动词一般放在主语的后面。
注意：谓语动词有人称、数、时态和语态等的变化。
【例】
Father
cooks
very
well.
The
new
term
begins
on
the
1st
of
September.
My
sister
has
worked
in
the
company
for
five
years.
The
World
Expo
is
well
organized.
三、宾语（名词性质）：
宾语是动作、行为的对象，是谓语动作或状态的承受者。
有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语等。凡能做主语的词、短语或从句都可以作宾语。可以作宾语的成分主要有名词（短语）、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、名词化的分词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、从句等。
常放在及物动词或者介词之后，称为动词宾语或介词宾语。
单宾语
【例】
I
can
hardly
hear
the
radio.
Would
you
please
turn
it
up
You
can
help
me.
If
you
put
5
and
7
together,
you’ll
get
12,
little
Tom.
We
should
help
the
poor.
Remember
to
tell
him
to
come.
I
want
to
have
an
apple.
Please
stop
making
noise.
I
like
playing
soccer.
Did
you
write
down
what
he
said
Do
you
understand
what
I
mean
双宾语
双宾语指动词后面接指人和物的两个宾语。通常，指人的宾语叫间接宾语，指物的宾语叫直接宾语。其结构为：主语
+
及物动词（短语）
+
sb.
+
sth.
【例】
Tom’s
mother
buys
him
some
books.
Please
tell
me
how
the
accident
came
about.
The
teacher
asked
me
a
question
too
difficult
to
answer.
【例】
(1)
双宾语易位时需借助介词to的常用动词
(2)
双宾语易位时需借助介词for的常用动词
award
sb.
sth.
=
award
sth.
to
sb.
颁奖给某人
book
sb.
sth.
=
book
sth.
for
sb.
为某人预定某物
bring
sb.
sth.
=
bring
sth.
to
sb.
把某物带给某人
buy
sb.
sth.
=
buy
sth.
for
sb.
为某人买某物
hand
sb.
sth.
=hand
sth.
to
sb.
把某物递给某人
choose
sb.
sth.
=
choose
sth.
for
sb.
为某人选某物
lend
sb.
sth.
=
lend
sth.
to
sb.
把某物借给某人
cook
sb.
sth.
=
cook
sth.
for
sb.
为某人煮某物
mail
sb.
sth.
=
mail
sth.
to
sb.
把某物寄给某人
draw
sb.
sth.
=
draw
sth.
for
sb.
为某人画某物
offer
sb.
sth.
=
offer
sth.
to
sb.
将某物给某人
fetch
sb.
sth.
=
fetch
sth.
for
sb.
为某人去取某物
owe
sb.
sth.
=
owe
sth.
to
sb.
欠某人某物
find
sb.
sth.
=
find
sth.
for
sb.
为某人找到某物
pass
sb.
sth.
=
pass
sth.
to
sb.
把某物递给某人
fix
sb.
sth.
=
fix
sth.
for
sb.
为某人准备某物
pay
sb.
sth.
=
pay
sth.
to
sb.
付给某人某物（钱）
get
sb.
sth.
=
get
sth.
for
sb.
为某人拿来某物
post
sb.
sth.
=
post
sth.
to
sb.
把某物寄给某人
make
sb.
sth.
=
make
sth.
for
sb.
为某人做某物
read
sb.
sth.
=
read
sth.
to
sb.
把某物读给某人听
order
sb.
sth.
=
order
sth.
for
sb.
为某人订购某物
return
sb.
sth.
=
return
sth.
to
sb.
把某物还给某人
pick
sb.
sth.
=
pick
sth.
for
sb.
为某人采摘某物
send
sb.
sth.
=
send
sth.
to
sb.
把某物送给某人
prepare
sb.
sth.
=
prepare
sth.
for
sb.
为某人准备某物
sell
sb.
sth.
=
sell
sth.
to
sb.
把某物卖给某人
save
sb.
sth.
=
save
sth.
for
sb.
为某人留某物
serve
sb.
sth.
=
serve
sth.
to
sb.
拿某物招待某人
spare
sb.
sth.
=
spare
sth.
for
sb.
为某人让出某物
take
sb.
sth.
=
take
sth.
to
sb.
把某物拿给某人
steal
sb.
sth.
=
steal
sth.
for
sb.
为某人偷某物
show
sb.
sth.
=
show
sth.
to
sb.
拿某物给某人看
teach
sb.
sth.
=
teach
sth.
to
sb.
教某人某物
tell
sb.
sth.
=
tell
sth.
to
sb.
告诉某人某情况
throw
sb.
sth.
=
throw
sth.
to
sb.
把某物扔给某人
write
sb.
sth.
=
write
sth.
to
sb.
给某人写信
注意：
如果直接宾语是人称代词，则间接宾语必须后置，并在其前加上介词
to
或
for.
Here’s
your
pen.
Don’t
forget
to
bring
it
to
Yang
Kang.
3、复合宾语：有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上补语才能表达完整的意思。
宾语+宾语补足语叫做复合宾语（见补语）
4、同源宾语
少数不及物动词后面能直接跟一个特定的名词作宾语，这个名词和前面的动词在词根上相同的或者在意义上是相近的，这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语。
同源宾语前面常有修饰语。
【例】
laugh
a
good
laugh
大笑
blow
a
heavy
blow
沉重的一击
smile
a
sweet
smile
甜甜的微笑
dream
a
terrible
dream
做了一个恶梦
die
a
brave
death
死得英勇
live
a
happy
life
过着幸福的生活
四、表语（系动词之后的，也可称主语补足语）：
表语与前面的系动词一起构成谓语，用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等，表示主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”
。
一般由名词、形容词、副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语或者从句充当。
常放在系动词之后。
【例】
His
father
is
an
experienced
teacher.
These
students
are
careful
while
others
are
careless.
His
father
is
in
The
class
meeting
was
over
at
last.
Be
quiet;
they
are
at
work
now.
She
is
over
fifty,
but
she
doesn’t
look
it.
His
hobby
is
collecting
foreign
stamps.
Our
school
is
becoming
more
beautiful.
My
wish
is
to
become
a
doctor
in
the
future.
That
is
where
your
mistakes
are.
五、定语（形容词性质）：
定语是用来描述名词或代词的修饰语，说明或者限制名词或代词的成分。
常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句充当，它常和名词构成名词短语。
定语可分为前置定语和后置定语两种。
1、前置定语
可以充当前置定语的有形容词、代词、数词、名词和名词所有格、动词的-ing形式、动词的-ed形式等。
【例】
Many
people
have
helped
with
canned
food.
Open
your
mouth
and
put
out
your
tongue.
She
cut
the
cake
into
two
pieces.
I
want
to
buy
some
coffee
cups.
Put
the
child
in
the
sleeping
bag.
You
should
adapt
to
the
changing
situation.
2、后置定语
可以充当后置定语的有形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式（短语），动词的-ing短语，动词的-ed短语，从句等。
【例】
All
people
present
at
the
party
were
his
supporters.
I
have
got
something
interesting
to
tell
every
one
of
you.
The
buildings
around
were
badly
damaged.
The
books
on
the
top
shelf
were
just
bought.
Let’s
try
another
way
to
do
this.
There
is
a
gentleman
asking
to
see
you.
Most
of
the
people
invited
to
the
party
were
famous
scientists.
He
lost
his
new
pen
that
was
bought
last
week.
注：
常见的后置定语种类
proper
(本身),
present
(在场的，出席的),
involved(有关的),
concerned
(相关的),
left
(剩下的),
objecting
(反对的),
mentioned
(提及的),
selected
(当选的)等。如：
the
students
present
(出席的学生)
the
cost
involved
(所需费用)
（2）some,
any,
no,
every
构成的复合不定代词的修饰语要后置．如：
something
new;
nothing
serious;
anything
interesting
（3）else
修饰不定代词和疑问代词时，要后置。如：
Nobody
else
is
so
silly
as
you
are.
（4）不定式短语，动名词短语，分词短语，介词短语做定语要后置。如：
Do
you
still
remember
the
afternoon
in
the
first
year
at
college
when
the
professor
gave
us
a
chemistry
lesson
（5）以
a-
开头的形容词做定语要后置．如：alike,
alive,
alone,
asleep,
afraid,
awake…
如：
He
is
the
only
man
awake
at
that
time.
六、状语（副词性质）：
表示行为发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式等。用来说明动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。
常由副词担任，也可由介词短语，不定式，分词，，形容词，名词和从句担当。
其位置较灵活。
【例】
The
students
study
hard.
(形容词hard作状语，修饰study，表示学习的程度)
I
often
write
to
him.（不定式to
him作状语，修饰
write，表示写信的对象）
The
bag
is
too
heavy.（副词too作状语，修饰
heavy，表示程度）
I
go
to
school
at
seven
o’clock.（短语at
seven
o’clock
作状语，修饰句子I
go
to
school，表示动作发生的时间）
He
reads
the
book
in
the
room.（地点）
I
don’t
like
thrillers
because
they
are
scary.
（从句
because
they
are
scary
作状语，表示原因）
He
shouted
at
the
top
of
his
voice
in
order
that
he
might
be
heard.
（目的）
Just
as
we
sweep
our
rooms,
so
we
should
sweep
backward
ideas
from
our
minds.（方式）
If
it
stops
snowing
we
can
go
out.（条件）
At
the
news,
the
mother
stood
there,
greatly
surprised.
They
held
the
English
party
in
the
open
air.
Just
wait
a
moment;
I
am
dressing
myself.
To
hear
more
clearly,
she
sat
in
the
front
of
the
classroom.
Finishing
all
her
homework,
she
surfed
the
Internet
for
a
while.
Seen
from
the
top
of
the
hill,
the
small
city
looks
more
beautiful.
Don’t
leave
here
until
you
work
out
the
math
problem.
七、补语：
补足语用来说明宾语或主语的性质，状态等的一种句子成分。
可以做补语的词类与可以做表语的词类基本相同，名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，现在分词，过去分词，不定式等皆可以作补足语。
通常，做“宾补”时在宾语后，做“主补”时在谓语后。
【例】
We
elected
him
monitor.
The
government（政府）appointed（任命）her
chief
delegate（首席代表）to
the
conference（会议）
We
will
make
them
happy.
I
saw
nobody
in
so
I
left.
You’d
better
keep
the
books
standing
on
the
desk.
The
coming
exam
keeps
me
busy
with
my
lessons.
The
mother
didn’t
allow
her
daughter
to
go
out
alone
at
night.
When
he
arrived,
he
found
all
the
people
gone.
He
was
elected
chairman
of
the
company.
These
things
should
be
kept
in
the
box.
注意：
在
let,
make,
have等使役动词和感官动词后，接不定式作宾补时，须省去不定式符号
to,；
但被动语态时，需要加上to.（选修6
unit16）
make/let/have
sb
do
sth.
sb
be
made
to
do
sth.
【例】
Though
he
had
often
made
his
little
sister
cry,
today
he
was
made
to
cry
by
his
little
sister.
2、如果复合宾语中的宾语较长（不定式、动名词短语或从句），常用
it
来代替宾语，将真正的宾语置于宾语补足语之后，it
则被称为
形式宾语。
【例】
We
found
it
difficult
to
solve
this
problem.
I
think
it
necessary
that
we
should
vote
on
it.
八、同位语：
在名词或代词之后，重复指代并进一步说明名词或代词，并且与其在语法上处于同等地位。
常有名词，代词，从句等。
常置于被修饰词语后。
【例】
We
students
should
study
hard.
We
all
are
students.
我们都是学生。
Bush,
President
of
the
United
States,
will
visit
China
next
month.
附：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。
九、独立成分
与句子没有关系或关系不大，独立于句子之外的成分称为独立成分。
感叹词，呼语和插入语是英语中常见的三种独立成分。
1、感叹词
感叹词作独立成分多置于句首。
Well,
let’s
end
the
discussion!
There,
there!
Never
mind.
It’s
nothing
serious
at
all.
2、呼语
呼语多独立成分可置于句首，句中或句末。
Baby,
come
here
to
my
side.
Ladies
and
gentleman,
I’ve
got
an
important
announcement
to
make.
3、插入语
What’s
more,
their
parents
allow
them
to
stay
out.
Nobody
knows
it,
I
think,
nobody.
To
be
honest,
I
knew
nothing
about
it.
4、悬垂分词
Generally
speaking,
the
work
was
done
well.
Judging
from
your
accent,
you
must
be
from
Guangdong.
巩固训练
一、用“
”划出下列句中主语的中心词。
①
The
teacher
with
two
of
his
students
is
walking
into
the
classroom.
②
There
is
an
old
man
coming
here.
③
The
useful
dictionary
was
given
by
my
mother
last
year.
④
To
do
today's
homework
without
the
teacher's
help
is
very
difficult.
Keys:①
teacher
②
man
③
dictionary
④
To
do
二、选出句中谓语的中心词。
①
I
don't
like
the
picture
on
the
wall.
A.
don't
B.
like
C.
picture
D.
wall
②
The
days
get
longer
and
longer
when
summer
comes.
A.
get
B.
longer
C.
days
D.
summer
③
Do
you
usually
go
to
school
by
bus
A.
Do
B.
usually
C.
go
D.
bus
④
There
will
be
a
meeting
at
the
library
this
afternoon.
A.
will
be
B.
meeting
C.
the
library
D.
afternoon
⑤
Did
the
twins
have
porridge
for
their
breakfast
A.
Did
B.
twins
C.
have
D.
breakfast
⑥
Tom
didn't
do
his
homework
yesterday.
A.
Tom
B.
didn't
C.
do
D.
his
homework
⑦
What
I
want
to
tell
you
is
this.
A.
want
B.
to
tell
C.
you
D.
is
⑧
We
had
better
send
for
a
doctor.
A.
We
B.
had
C.
send
D.
doctor
⑨
He
is
interested
in
music.
A.
is
B.
interested
C.
in
D.
music
⑩
Whom
did
you
give
my
book
to
give
B.
did
C.
whom
D.
Book
Keys:①
B
②
A
③
C
④
A
⑤
C
⑥
C
⑦
D
⑧
C
⑨
A
⑩
A
三、用“
”划出下列句中的宾语。
①
My
brother
hasn't
done
his
homework.
②
People
all
over
the
world
speak
English.
③
You
must
pay
good
attention
to
your
pronunciation.
④
How
many
new
words
did
you
learn
last
class
⑤
Some
of
the
students
in
the
school
want
to
go
swimming,
how
about
you
⑥
The
old
man
sitting
at
the
gate
said
he
was
ill.
⑦
They
made
him
monitor
of
the
class.
⑧
Go
across
the
bridge
and
you
will
find
the
museum
on
the
left.
⑨
You
will
find
it
useful
after
you
leave
school.
⑩
They
didn't
know
who
"Father
Christmas"
really
is.
Keys:
①homework.
②English.
③attention
④
words
⑤to
go
swimming
⑥
he
was
ill.
⑦
him
monitor
⑧bridge
museum
⑨
it，
school.
⑩
who
"Father
Christmas"
really
is.
四、用“
”划出下列句中的表语。
①
The
old
man
was
feeling
very
tired.
②
Why
is
he
worried
about
Jim
③
The
leaves
have
turned
yellow.
④
Soon
They
all
became
interested
in
the
subject.
⑤
She
was
the
first
to
learn
about
it.
Keys:
①tired.
②worried
③yellow.
④interested
⑤the
first
五、用“（
）”划出下列句中的定语。
①
They
use
Mr.,
Mrs.
with
the
family
name.
②
What
is
your
given
name
③
On
the
third
lap
are
Class
1
and
Class
3.
④
I
am
afraid
some
people
forgot
to
sweep
the
floor.
⑤
The
man
downstairs
was
trying
to
sleep.
⑥
I
am
waiting
for
the
sound
of
the
other
shore!
Keys:
①
family
②given③third
④
some
⑤
downstairs
⑥
of
the
other
shoe!
六、用“<
>”划出下列句中的宾语补足语。
①
She
likes
the
children
to
read
newspapers
and
books
in
the
reading-room.
②
He
asked
her
to
take
the
boy
out
of
school.
③
She
found
it
difficult
to
do
the
work.
④
They
call
me
Lily
sometimes.
⑤
I
saw
Mr.
Wang
get
on
the
bus.
⑥
Did
you
see
Li
Ming
playing
football
on
the
playground
just
now
Keys:
①to
read
newspapers
and
books②to
take
the
boy③
difficult④
Lily⑤
get
on
the
bus⑥
playing
football
七、用“［
］”划出下列句中的状语。
①
There
was
a
big
smile
on
her
face.
②
Every
night
he
heard
the
noise
upstairs.
③
He
began
to
learn
English
when
he
was
eleven.
④
The
man
on
the
motorbike
was
traveling
too
fast.
⑤
With
the
medicine
box
under
her
arm,
Miss
Li
hurried
off.
⑥
She
loves
the
library
because
she
loves
books.
⑦
I
am
afraid
that
if
you've
lost
it,
you
must
pay
for
it.
⑧
The
students
followed
Uncle
Wang
to
see
the
other
machine.
Keys:
①
on
her
face.
②Every
night
③
when
he
was
eleven.
④
too
fast.
⑤
With
the
medicine
box
under
her
arm
⑥
because
she
loves
books.
⑦
if
you’ve
lost
it
⑧
to
see
the
other
machine.
八、用“
，
”划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语。
直
间
①
Please
tell
us
a
story.
②
My
father
bought
a
new
bike
for
me
last
week.
③
Mr.
Li
is
going
to
teach
us
history
next
term.
④
Here
is
a
pen.
Give
it
to
Tom.
⑤
Did
he
leave
any
message
for
me
Keys:
①
us,
间接宾语
a
story,
直接宾语
②
me,
间接宾语
a
new
bike,
直接宾语
③
us,
间接宾语
history,
直接宾语
④
Tom,
间接宾语
it,
直接宾语
⑤
me,
间接宾语
message,
直接宾语
课后巩固
一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
I.
1.
The
students
got
on
the
school
bus.
2.
He
handed
me
the
newspaper.
3.
I
shall
answer
your
question
after
class.
4.
What
a
beautiful
Chinese
painting!
5.
They
went
hunting
together
early
in
the
morning.
6.
His
job
is
to
train
swimmers.
7.
He
took
many
photos
of
the
palaces in
Beijing.
8.
There
is
going
to
be an
American
film
tonight.
9.
He
is
to
leave
for
Shanghai
tomorrow.
10.
His
wish
is
to
become
a
scientist.
答案：1、主语；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语；6、表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；
II.
1.
Whether
we’ll
go
depend
on
the
weather.
(
)
2.
People’s
standards
of
living
are
going
up
steadily.
(
)
3.
That
was
how
they
were
defeated.
(
)
4.
The
nursery
takes
good
care
of
our
children.
(
)
5.
I’ll
return
the
book
to
you
tomorrow.
(
)
6.
We
are
sure
that
we
shall
succeed.
(
)
7.
The
woman
with
a
baby
in
her
arms
is
his
mother.
(
)
8.
There
are
many
films
that
I’d
like
to
see.
(
)
9.
Have
you
met
the
person
about
whom
he
was
speaking
(
)
10.
I
have
a
lot
of
work
to
do.
(
)
Anyway
I
won’t
stop
you
from
doing
it.
(
)
I
said
it
in
fun.
(
)
We
can
send
a
car
over
to
fetch
you.
(
)
She
had
to
work
standing
up.
(
)
Seeing
this,
some
comrades
became
very
worried.
(
)
Much
interested,
he
agreed
to
give
it
a
try.
(
)
The
bus
arrived
ten
minutes
late.
(
)
We
should
serve
the
people
heart
and
soul.
(
)
Spring
coming
on,
the
tree
turned
green.
(
)
Some
farmers
saw
something
strange
in
the
sky.
(
)
We
think
it
necessary
that
everyone
should
attend
the
meeting.
(
)
It’s
strange
that
she
doesn’t
come
today.
(
)
It
was
in
the
library
that
I
come
today.
(
)
He
likes
drawing
at
times
when
he
isn’t
working.
(
)
We
left
in
such
a
hurry
that
we
forgot
to
lock
the
door.
(
)