中考冀教版英语第四册综合复习
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Book 4 复习
Unit 1
1. What’s the weather like today 今天天气怎么样？
= How is the weather today
It’s rather cool / warm / sunny ... 很凉爽/暖和/晴……
It’s rather windy / cold / hot ..., isn’t it
2. What’s the temperature today
今天气温是多少（今天多少度）？
It’s ten degrees.
十度。
3. The temperature goes up. (rises)
气温上升了。
The sun rises in the east.
太阳从东方升起。
4. How many hours of daylight are there on March 21st
3月21号这天白天有几个小时？
5. make a loud noise （不可数名词） 发出很大的声音
6. not ... until ... 直到……才
例：I didn’t go to bed until I finished my homework last night.
昨天晚上直到写完作业我才睡觉。
I will wait for you until you come back.
我要等到你回来。
7. have fun doing sth. 做……有乐趣
例：They had fun travelling in Beijing
他们在北京旅行很愉快。
I have fun learning English.
我学习英语很有乐趣。
8. one by one 一个接一个
又如：day by day （一天又一天）；year by year （一年又一年）
9. go bike riding 去骑车
go doing sth. （去做某事）
例：go fishing （去钓鱼）；go swimming （去游泳）；go boating （去划船）
10. be scared of (be afraid of) 害怕
be scared of (be afraid of ) sth. / sb. / doing sth. 害怕某物/某人/做某事
He is scared of snakes.
他怕蛇。
I’m scared of going out alone at night.
我害怕一个人出去。
be scared / afraid + that从句
例：I was scared that she would hurt herself.
我怕她弄伤自己。
11. The ball always hits me on the head.
球总是打在我头上。
hit sb. on the head “打某人的头”
hit sb. in the face “打某人的脸”
He hit me on the head.
他打我的头。
He was so angry that he hit her in the face.
他很生气打了她一个耳光。
12. How / What about ... ……怎么样？
用来询问消息或征求意见，后面加名词、代词或动名词。
例：His father is a worker. What about his mother
他父亲是工人，他妈呢？
What about going fishing tomorrow
明天去钓鱼怎么样？
13. Shall we ... “我们……好吗？”
用于第一人称的疑问句，表示请求对方的意见。
例： Shall we go shopping 我们去购物好吗？
Shall we go out now 我们现在出去好吗？
Shall I open the door 我们可以打开门吗？
Will you ... 表示请求对方为自己做某事，“请做……好吗？”
Will you go and get me some paper
你去给我拿些纸来好吗？
14. This is the first time I have been a baby sitter.
这是我第一次照看婴儿。
15. turn around 转身
16. hold on 打住，抓紧（打电话时表示稍等别挂断）
e down 下来
18. give somebody a push 推某人一下
19. fall off 摔下来
20. get off / （get on 上车） 从……下来
21. all day 全天
22. I hope not. 我希望不是这样。
肯定式为：I hope so. 类似表示法还有：
I am afraid so (not). 恐怕是这样。
I think so (I don’t think so = I think not. ) 我认为这样。（我不认为这样。）
Unit 2
1. Would you like some ... 你想要一些……吗？
用来表示请求，肯定回答常为：Yes, please. 否定回答：No, thanks.
例：Would you like some tea
你要些茶吗？
would like to do 想要做某事
would like sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事
2. grow into 长成 grow up 长大
3. billions of ... 数十亿的
hundred, thousand, million, billion 后面加s和of连用。
hundreds of 数以百计
thousands of 数以千计
millions of 数百万的
前面有数字时不加s，如：two thousand 两千
4. look after 照顾，照料，相当于take care of
5. Without a way to get energy they would die.
如果没有办法取得能量，他们就会死亡。
without是介词，with的反义词，后面加名词、代词或动名词等。
例：Without your help, I can’t pass the exam.
没有你的帮助我通不过考试。
Without plants, we can’t live.
没有植物我们不能活。
Without saying any words, he left.
他什么也没说就走了。
有时可以改成以if构成的条件状语从句。
例：Fish can’t live without water.
没有水鱼不能活。
If there is no water, fish can’t live.
6. in different ways 用不同的方式
7. use ... to do ... 用……做……。相当于do ... with。
例：I use a pen to write. (I write with a pen. )
我用钢笔写字。
8. And the green grass grew all around.
遍地长满了绿草。
9. carry away 把……搬（移）走
put away 收拾好 run away 逃跑
take away 拿走 be away from 离开……
10. make ... into ... 把……制成
11. be made of / from ... 由……制成
be made in ... 由哪里制成……
12. put ... outside / on / into ... 把……放在……外面/上面/里面
13. in the sun 在阳光下
例：Don’t read in the sun.
别在阳光下看书。
Unit 3
1. slow down 慢下来
2. That would be fun. 那会很有趣。
3. all kinds of 各种各样的
4. protect ... from ... 保护……不受……的侵害
5. a kind of 一种
6. go extinct (go是系词) 灭绝
7. stop ... from doing ... 阻止……做……
from 后可接动名词短语，from 可以省略，但被动语态不可以省。
Close the door. Stop the dog (from) coming in.
关上门，别让那条狗进来。
另外，prevent [pri'vent]... from ... , keep ... from 也有此含义。
prevent ... from 用法同stop ... from ，只是较正式些，有预防之意。
keep from不论主动语态还是被动语态，from均不可省。
例：You’d better keep fire from wood.
你最好让木柴离火远点。
8. stand still 安静地站着
9. make friends with 和……交朋友
10. run away 跑开，逃跑
11. No Photos! 禁止拍照。
No Parking! 禁止停车。
No Visitors! 游客止步。
No smoking! 禁止吸烟。
12. play a joke on ... 和……开玩笑
13. Wait a minute. 等一会儿。
14. be famous for ... 以……闻名
famous相当于well-known.
例：Liu Huan is famous for his songs.
刘欢以他的歌闻名。
China is famous for the Great Wall.
中国以长城闻名。
be famous as ... 作为……而出名，著名
例：Liu Huan is famous as a singer.
刘欢作为歌手而出名。
Unit 4
1. fill ... with ... 用……把……装满
常用来表示主动语态。
例如：I filled the box with books.
我用书装满箱子。
可以用be filled with ... 或be full of 来替换（充满……的）
The box is filled with books.
或：The box is full of books. 箱子里装满了书。
2. cover ... with ... 用……把……盖住
be covered with ... 被……覆盖
例：He covered his desk with a newspaper.
他用一张报纸盖上书桌。
The desk was covered with a newspaper.
书桌被一张报纸盖上了。
3. I’m sure that ... 我确信/肯定……
I’m not sure that ... 我不确信，不肯定……
I’m sure that we can win. 我确信我们能赢。
I’m not sure that he will come. 我不确信他会来。
表示不确定也可以用maybe或perhaps表示。
例：Maybe he is at home.
他或许在家。
4. right side up 正面朝上
5. turn ... upside down 把……翻转，倒过来
6. Yes, I think so. 是的，我这样认为。
7. No, I don’t think so. 不，我认为不是这样。
8. The force is strong enough to hold the water.
空气的力量足以使水不流出来。
（1）enough adj. 充足的。修饰名词，可以放在名词前也可以放在名词后。
例如：I have enough time to do the work.
我有足够的时间做这个工作。
I have time enough to do the work.
（2）adv. 副词。修饰形容词或副词本身。
例：He is strong enough to lift the box.
他力气足够大可以举起那个箱子。
He walks fast enough.
他走得够快了。
（3）和enough替换的同义句。
too ... to ... （太……而不能）
He is too young to go to school. (= He is not old enough to go to school.)
他太小不能上学。
so ... that ... 如此……以致于……
He is so old that he can go to work. (= He is old enough to go to work.)
他够上班年龄了。
He works so hard that he can do well in the exam.
他学习如此努力以致于能取得了好成绩。
He works hard enough to do well in the exam.
9. That tastes so great. （食物）尝起来很好。
10. That egg will be gone. 鸡蛋将会消失。
11. use up 用光，用完。（run out of）
12. take off 拿开，（飞机）起飞，脱掉
Take off your coat. It’s hot here.
脱掉大衣，这热。
He took his hand off the cardboard.
他把手从纸板上离开。
The plane will take off at 11 o’clock a.m .
飞机上午十一点起飞。
Unit 5
1. Can / Could I / you do sth. 我（你）可以……吗？
此句是can和could等用来表示请求的疑问句。can和could不表时态，could比can更客气、委婉。例：
Can I have some tea 我可以喝些茶吗？
Can I sit here 我可以坐这吗？
Could you help me carry the box 你可以帮我搬这个箱子吗？
这种问句的答语通常不用Yes或No来回答，肯定常为Certainly / Sure / Of course或其它形式，否定常加Sorry。例：
Can I sit here Certainly. （当然可以了。）
Sorry, you can’t. （对不起，不能。）
2. get in / on / off ... 上／下车
get in / into / out of + the car 上／下小车
get on / off + the bus / the truck / the train / the plane / the ship
上／下公共汽车、卡车、火车、飞机、轮船
3. a top speed of 50 kilometres per hour 每小时50千米的高速
per hour 每小时，可以表示为each hour或every hour
4. Certainly! / Sure! / Of course. 当然。
通常用来回答情态动词can / may / could / would等构成的请求疑问句。例：
Could I have a talk with your mother 我可以和你妈妈谈话吗？
Certainly! 当然可以！
5. as long as 只要
常用来构成条件状语从句，例：
You can do better as long as you work hard.
只要你努力，你就能做得更好。
6. No Parking! 禁止停车！
此句是禁令语，通常在动词的ing前加no或在名词复数前加no，例：
No Smoking. 禁止吸烟！
No Photos. 禁止拍照！
No Visitors. 顾客止步！
7. You’d better (not) ... 你（们）最好（最好不要……）
had better 相当于一个情态动词，后加动词原形，否定式在better后加not，译为最好做……或最好不要……。例：
You’d better go home now.
你最好现在回家。
You’d better not take the book out of the room.
你最好不要把书带出这个房间。
8. We are in a hurry. 我们很着急。
in a hurry 匆忙，hurry是名词，也可以做动词。如：
hurry to somewhere 匆忙去哪
例：He hurried to school this morning.
今天早晨他匆忙上学。
He went to school in a hurry. 另外：hurry off 匆匆离去；hurry up 赶快。
9. It takes eleven hours to fly from Canada to China today.
乘飞机从加拿大到中国要用11个小时。
It takes sb. some time to do sth. . 某人花费多长时间做某事。
take在此句式中表示“花费（花时间或金钱）”，take随时态改变：现在时 takes，过去时 took，将来时 will take，完成时 has taken。例：
It will take me two hours to clean my house.
明天我要用两个小时打扫房子。
另外，表示花时间的词还有spend，句式为：
spend some time on sth.
或：spend some time (in) doing sth.
例如上面的句子为：
I will spend two hours in cleaning my house.
spend也可以用来表示花钱购物，句式同上，即：
spend some money on sth.
或：spend some money (in) doing sth.
例：I spend much money on books.
I spend much money buying books.
我花很多钱买书。
花钱购物的词组还有：cost和pay ... for
cost的主语为物，例上面的句子也可以表示为：
Books cost me much money.
I pay much money for books.
再如：I paid 20 yuan for the pen.
The pen cost me 20 yuan.
I spent 20 yuan on the pen.
I spent 20 yuan buying the pen.
我花二十元钱买了这支笔。
10. all the time 一直，总是
相当于always
They are jumping all the time.
他们一直在跳。（They are always jumping. ）
11. go through 穿过
through 介词，“穿过”，多指空间上的穿过，而across是指平面的穿过。（指从一个平面的这端到另一端）例：
They are walking across the road.
他们在横穿马路。
They walk through the back door into the garden.
他们穿过后门进入花园。
12. present ... to ... 把……呈现给……
present 动词“呈现，展示，介绍”，相当于introduce或show，例：
Can you present your friend to us
你可以把你的朋友介绍给我们吗？
present 相当于introduce，再如：
Can you present your photos to us
你可以给我们看一看你的照片吗？
present ... to 相当于“show ... to ...”
13. sound like 听起来像
sound是系词，意为“听起来”。例：
Your plan sounds like a good idea.
你们的计划听起来像一个不错的主意。
14. in the 1760s 在十八世纪六十年代
注意世纪和年代的表达。
in the 1920s 在二十世纪二十年代
in the 1570s 在16世纪70年代
in the 1700s 在十八世纪
Unit 6
1. connect ... to ... 连接……到……
He connected his computer to the Internet.
他把电脑连接到网上。
be connected with ... 和……有关
例： I’m not connected with the matter.
我和这事没有关系。
2. turn on 打开（电脑／收音机／电视）
turn off 关闭（电脑、收音机等）
turn down / up 把……音量降低或放大
3. a list of ……的清单／单子
4. It’s always nice to hear from ...
收到……的邮件/信件真好。
it是形式主语，to hear from ... 动词不定式是真正的主语。
hear from 收到某人的邮件／信件等
可以表达为get / receive a letter from sb.
I heard from my mother yesterday.
昨天我收到了妈妈的来信。
5. by hand 手工
by 介词，表示方式，“通过”。后面的名词不加复数也不加冠词。
如：by bike / by bus / by train 骑自行车／乘公共汽车／乘火车
6. I’m sorry, but he isn’t here right now.
抱歉，他现在不在这。
right now = at the moment 或 now
just now = a moment ago （刚才）
right away = at once （立刻，马上）
7. Can I take a message for you 我可以给你捎信吗？
take a message for ... 给……捎口信
还有give the message to ...
leave a message ... 给……留口信
8. Please wait a moment / minute. 请等一下。
moment “一会”，名词，构成的短语：
a moment ago 刚才
at the moment 现在
at that moment 在那个时候
9. Wait for somebody 等某人
10. take care of 照顾，照料
look after 同义
Please take good care of your things. 照顾好你的东西。
Please look after your things well.
Unit 7
1. some day （将来）某天
some day 某一天，常用于将来时
one day 某一天，有一天，既可以用于将来时，也可以用一般过去时。例：
He will be a writer one day. (some day. )
总有一天他会成为作家的。
One day, on his way to school, he saw a boy playing football on the road.
一天，在他上学的路上，他看见一个男孩在路上踢足球。
2. It is fun to travel (around) the world.
到世界各地旅行真有趣。
It is + n. / adj. to do. 做某事如何。
it是形式主语，to do是动词不定式作真正的主语。例：
It’s hard to learn English well.
学好英语是很困难的。
It’s interesting to learn English.
学习英语很有趣。
3. Will / Would / Could you please ... 你……好吗？
此句是表示请求的一般疑问句，后加动词原形。例：
Will you please pass me the salt
请把盐递给我好吗？
否定形式为：Will / Would / Could you please + not + 动词原形 ……？
Will you please not make any noise
请不要吵闹好吗？
Would you please not throw rubbish on the floor
请不要往地上扔垃圾好吗？
4. ring up 给……打电话
还有：make a telephone call for ... ; ring sb. up ; call sb. up ; ring sb. ; call sb. ; phone sb.
5. Hold on, please. 请稍等。（打电话常用话）
也可以说：Wait a moment. 或Wait a minute.等。
6. This is ... speaking. 我是/这是……（打电话用语）
其它的还有：May I speak to sb. , please 请找……接电话好吗？
Who’s that (it) 你是哪一位？
Is that ... speaking 你是……吗？
7. go / be abroad 出国，去国外
He has been abroad for two years. 他出国二年了。
8. Have you ever been to other countries in Asia
你曾去过亚洲别的国家吗？
have (has) been to + 地点 表示去过某处，人已回来
They have been to the West Lake.
他们去过西湖。
have (has) gone to + 地点 表示去某处了，人没回来
They have gone to the West Lake.
他们去西湖了。
have (has) been in +地点 表示去某处多久了
They have been in the West Lake for two days.
他们去西湖两天了。
9. Have you ever visited any other countries
你曾参观任何别的国家吗？
any other 在肯定句中常加单数名词在后面。例如：
Jim is cleverer than any other boy in his class.
Jim在班里比任何别的男孩都聪明（不包括他自己）。
any boy （包括他自己，任何男孩）
any other 在问句或否定句中后常加复数名词。例：
I don’t want to borrow any other books.
我不想借任何书。
Did you see any other teachers besides Miss Liu
除了刘老师你见到任何别的老师吗？
10. The Yangtze River in China is the third - longest river in the world.
长江是世界上第三大河。
序数词 + 最高级 表示第几最……
例：The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
黄河是中国第二长河。
11. Deserts cover one - fifth of the earth’s surface.
沙漠占地球表面的五分之一。
one - fifth (one fifth) 五分之一
分数的表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于一，分母的序数词后加“s”，例：
6/7 six - sevenths (six sevenths)
5/8 five - eighths (five eighths)
二分之一通常用half来表示
四分之一通常表示为a (one) quarter
四分之三为three quarters (three fourths)
12. population 人口，通常用作单数形式，问人口多少用。
What’s / What’s the population of Beijing 北京有多少人？
比较人口多少通常用large (big) 或 small，不用more。
例： The population of China is much larger than that of Japan.
中国人口比日本多很多。
Unit 8
1. pick up 拣起，拿起，（开车去）接某人
例： He picked up the rubbish and threw it into a dustbin.
他拣起垃圾扔进了垃圾箱。
2. a bit of 一点
a bit of 后加不可数名词，相当于a little，但a little 不加of，例：
I know a bit of (a little) English. 我懂一点英语。
a bit还可以用来修饰形容词或副词，“有点儿”。例：
I feel a bit tired. 我感觉有点累。
It’s a bit hot today. 今天有点热。
3. finish doing 完成做……
finish 完成，动词 finish sth. 完成某事
finish doing sth. 例：
I finished my work at six yesterday.
昨天我六点完成的工作。
I finished reading the book last Friday.
上周五我读完了这本书。
另外加doing的动词和短语常见的还有：
enjoy doing ... 喜欢做……
practise doing ... 练习做……
dislike doing ... 讨厌做……
be busy doing ... 忙于做……
be good at (do well in) doing 擅长做……
be worth doing ... 值得做……
mind doing 介意做……
Thanks for doing 因为做……而感谢。
What about (How about) doing ... 做……好吗？
feel like doing ... 想要做……
4. get to work 开始工作
5. turn off 关掉
turn on 打开
turn down （音量）放低
turn up （音量）放大
6. throw away 扔掉
7. take out 拿出，取出
pick up , throw away, take out , turn off (on) , turn down / up 等词组宾语是代词时放于中间，名词时可以放中间也可以放后面。例：
Turn the light off. 关灯。
Turn off the light. （Turn it off.）
8. leak out 漏出
9. What a mess! 多乱呀！
10. turn into 变成
11. have a fit 大惊，大怒
fit是名词，也可以做形容词，意为“健康的”，相当于healthy；还可以做动词，意为“适合，合身”。例：
My mother had a great fit when she knew what I had done.
妈妈知道我所做的事后大为愤怒。
Exercise helps make us fit.
运动帮我们健康。
The hat fits her well.
这帽子她戴很合适。
12. It’s only a little bit broken. 它只是有一点损坏。
a little bit 修饰形容词或副词，表程度很轻，“有一点”
The coat is a little bit small for me.
这件大衣我穿有点小。
13. sort ... into ... 把……分类成……
例：Let’s sort the vegetables into carrots, tomatoes, potatoes and others.
让我们把这些蔬菜分成胡萝卜、西红柿、土豆和别的。
14. take showers 冲澡，也可以表达为：take a bath 或 have a bath
15. take a walk 散步
walk 是名词，也可以做动词，例：
Let’s have a walk. 让我们散散步。
Let’s walk there. 让我们走着去那。
16. take a trip 旅行
17. Why don’t we do it 我们为什么不做？
此句用来表示建议，可以表示为：Why not do sth. ...
例：Why don’t you come here earlier 怎么不早点来？
Why not come here earlier
18. That’s the same weight as a small car. 那是一个小车的重量。
(be) the same as ... 和……一样
They have the same room as we do.
他们和我们有一样的房间。
The book is the same as that one.
这本书和那本一样。
反义词：(be) different from
例：This school is quite different from that one.
这个学校和那个很不同。
19. both sides 两面
表示两面的可用both，either和each来表示。
both后加复数名词，either , each 加单数名词。例：
There are many tall trees on both sides (each / either side) of the road.
公路两面有很多高树。
第四册涉及的主要语法知识
一、现在完成时态与过去完成时
1． 现在完成时态常用来谈论过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响。也就是说某一个事情虽然发生在过去，但跟现在有关系。它由“have(has) + 动词的过去分词”构成。
Eg. Eddie has lived with Millie since he was born. Eddie自从出生以来就和Millie 住在一起。
We have seen the film already. 我们已经看过这个电影了。
现在完成时态的否定句是“have(has) not +动词的过去分词”。
Eg. He has not visited Hong Kong.
Mr. and Mrs. Li have not come back yet.
现在完成时态的一般疑问句是把 have (has) 调到主语的前面。
Eg. Have you heard the story Yes, I have. /No, I haven’t. 你听过这个故事吗？ 听过/没听过。
Has Daniel talked to his cousin Yes, he has. / No. he hasn’t. Daniel 和他的堂兄谈过了吗？ 谈过/没谈过 。
2． 和现在完成时态连用的时间副词
already “已经”，强调某事已经发生，常用与肯定陈述句中。
e.g. He has seen the film already.
ever “曾经”，强调任何时间，用于疑问句中。
Eg. Have you ever been to Hong Kong
for 强调时间的长度，后加一段时间，用于肯定句、疑问句和否定句中。
e.g. You have not visited me for a long time.
just “刚刚”，强调某事最近发生，用于肯定陈述句中。
e.g. Eddie has just eaten the food.
Never“从不”，用于否定句中。
e.g. I have never read the story.
since “自从…以来”，用于肯定句、疑问句和否定句中。
e.g. My family has owned a tram since 1992.
Eddie has lived with Millie since he was born.
yet “还未、已经”，用于疑问句和否定句中。
e.g. Mr. Li hasn’t come back yet.
Have you called yet
3．现在完成时与过去完成时用法区别
现在完成时，表示过去发生的动作对现在的影响或结果，例：
I’ve seen the doctor.
我已经看过病了。
谓语动词由have（has）助动词＋动词的过去分词构成
have / has 随人称改变。句式改变由have / has 本身构成。
He has had his breakfast. 他已吃过早饭了。
现在完成时还表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在可能还会持续下去，常用since和for来引导，表示时间。例：
He has been here for ten days. 他来这十天了。
I’ve lived in this city for ten years.
我住在这个城市10年了。
for后加段时间，since后加时间点或从句。
例：They have been here since last year.
他们从去年就来这了。
注：动词用延续性的。例：I have had the pen for 2 days.
另外：句式have / has been to ＋地点，表示去过某处（人已回来）
have （has）gone to ＋地点，表示去某处了，人未回来。例：
He has been to the Great Wall.
他去过长城。
He has been gone to the Great Wall.
他去长城了。
have / has been in ＋地点，表示去多久了。例：
He has been in Shanghai for two years.
他去上海两年了。
过去完成时表示动作发生在过去的过去，即过去某一时刻之前已经发生或完成的动作。由had＋过去分词构成。例：
By the end of last year, we had planted 2000 trees.
到去年年末为止，我们已种了2000棵树。
过去完成时表示过去的过去，常用于宾语从句（主句为过去时）或时间状语从句中。例：
We had finished the work when he came back.
他回来时我们已经完成工作了。
He said he had done his homework.
他说他已经做作业了。
过去完成时的句式改变由had来完成，否定句为hadn’t.
一般问句提前had.
二、过去进行时态
1. 过去进行时由was / were + 动词的现在分词构成。
2. 它主要表示：在过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或发生的事，也可以表示过去某个阶段一直进行的动作。
eg: My mother was watching TV at 8:00 last night. 昨晚8点我妈妈正在看电视。
What were you doing at this time yesterday
昨天的这个时候你正在干什么？
He was teaching in a primary school from 1995 to 1998.
从1995年到1998年，他一直在一所小学教书。
3. 过去进行时的否定句，在was/were后加not，疑问句把was/were调到主语的前面。
eg: I wasn’t singing at that time 那时我不在唱歌。
Were they looking after their baby at 9:00 yesterday morning Yes, they were / No, they weren’t .
昨天上午9点他们正在照看孩子吗？是的/不在。
三、 宾语从句（I）
宾语从句指的是用作宾语的从句。即动词的宾语是由一个句子来承当。例：
I think he is at home.
我想他在家。
在学习宾语从句中时通常把握三大点：即时态、语序和引导词。
1．引导词，通常有三组，即that, if （whether），和特殊疑问句中的疑问词变为宾语从句中的引导词，如what, when, whose, where, how等。
例：I think that he will come tomorrow.
我想他明天会来。
（that通常引导的是由陈述句变成的宾语从句，that 没有意义，只起连接作用，所以可以省去。）例：
I know （that）he is here.
我知道他在这。
if / whether 通常是将一般疑问句变为宾语从句的引导词。例：
I wonder if （whether）they have come here.
我想知道他们是否来这了。
（Does your sister like English I want to know.）
I want to know if / whether your sister likes English.
when / where / who/ whose / what 等是将特殊疑问句转变为宾语从句的引导词。例：
I want to know when we’ll go to Beijing.
我想知道我们何时去北京。
Can you tell me where your father works
你能告诉我你父亲在哪工作吗？
Do you know where your teacher lives
你知道你们老师住哪吗？
（How old is your father Can you tell me ）
Can you tell me how old your father is
2．语序：在宾语从句中，无论主句是什么形式（陈述句还是疑问句）
从句都用陈述语序，即陈述句的形式。例：
Can you tell me what your name is
你能告诉我你叫什么名字吗？
3．时态，如果主句为现在时，从句可以选择相应的多个时态。例：
如果主句为过去时，从句应和主句保持一致。即用过去时的某一时态。例：
He said he had been to Beijing.
他说他去过北京。
He said they would come tomorrow.
他说他们明天会来。
He said they were playing football then.
他说那时他们在踢球。
但如果从句表示客观实事或真理性的句子，不随主句改变，常用一般现在时表示。例：
The teacher tells （told）us that the earth goes around the sun.
老师告诉我们地球围绕太阳转。
总之，宾语从句的学习的关键之点就是时态、语序和引导词。
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Book 4 复习
Unit 1
1. What’s the weather like today 今天天气怎么样？
= How is the weather today
It’s rather cool / warm / sunny ... 很凉爽/暖和/晴……
It’s rather windy / cold / hot ..., isn’t it
2. What’s the temperature today
今天气温是多少（今天多少度）？
It’s ten degrees.
十度。
3. The temperature goes up. (rises)
气温上升了。
The sun rises in the east.
太阳从东方升起。
4. How many hours of daylight are there on March 21st
3月21号这天白天有几个小时？
5. make a loud noise （不可数名词） 发出很大的声音
6. not ... until ... 直到……才
例：I didn’t go to bed until I finished my homework last night.
昨天晚上直到写完作业我才睡觉。
I will wait for you until you come back.
我要等到你回来。
7. have fun doing sth. 做……有乐趣
例：They had fun travelling in Beijing
他们在北京旅行很愉快。
I have fun learning English.
我学习英语很有乐趣。
8. one by one 一个接一个
又如：day by day （一天又一天）；year by year （一年又一年）
9. go bike riding 去骑车
go doing sth. （去做某事）
例：go fishing （去钓鱼）；go swimming （去游泳）；go boating （去划船）
10. be scared of (be afraid of) 害怕
be scared of (be afraid of ) sth. / sb. / doing sth. 害怕某物/某人/做某事
He is scared of snakes.
他怕蛇。
I’m scared of going out alone at night.
我害怕一个人出去。
be scared / afraid + that从句
例：I was scared that she would hurt herself.
我怕她弄伤自己。
11. The ball always hits me on the head.
球总是打在我头上。
hit sb. on the head “打某人的头”
hit sb. in the face “打某人的脸”
He hit me on the head.
他打我的头。
He was so angry that he hit her in the face.
他很生气打了她一个耳光。
12. How / What about ... ……怎么样？
用来询问消息或征求意见，后面加名词、代词或动名词。
例：His father is a worker. What about his mother
他父亲是工人，他妈呢？
What about going fishing tomorrow
明天去钓鱼怎么样？
13. Shall we ... “我们……好吗？”
用于第一人称的疑问句，表示请求对方的意见。
例： Shall we go shopping 我们去购物好吗？
Shall we go out now 我们现在出去好吗？
Shall I open the door 我们可以打开门吗？
Will you ... 表示请求对方为自己做某事，“请做……好吗？”
Will you go and get me some paper
你去给我拿些纸来好吗？
14. This is the first time I have been a baby sitter.
这是我第一次照看婴儿。
15. turn around 转身
16. hold on 打住，抓紧（打电话时表示稍等别挂断）
e down 下来
18. give somebody a push 推某人一下
19. fall off 摔下来
20. get off / （get on 上车） 从……下来
21. all day 全天
22. I hope not. 我希望不是这样。
肯定式为：I hope so. 类似表示法还有：
I am afraid so (not). 恐怕是这样。
I think so (I don’t think so = I think not. ) 我认为这样。（我不认为这样。）
Unit 2
1. Would you like some ... 你想要一些……吗？
用来表示请求，肯定回答常为：Yes, please. 否定回答：No, thanks.
例：Would you like some tea
你要些茶吗？
would like to do 想要做某事
would like sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事
2. grow into 长成 grow up 长大
3. billions of ... 数十亿的
hundred, thousand, million, billion 后面加s和of连用。
hundreds of 数以百计
thousands of 数以千计
millions of 数百万的
前面有数字时不加s，如：two thousand 两千
4. look after 照顾，照料，相当于take care of
5. Without a way to get energy they would die.
如果没有办法取得能量，他们就会死亡。
without是介词，with的反义词，后面加名词、代词或动名词等。
例：Without your help, I can’t pass the exam.
没有你的帮助我通不过考试。
Without plants, we can’t live.
没有植物我们不能活。
Without saying any words, he left.
他什么也没说就走了。
有时可以改成以if构成的条件状语从句。
例：Fish can’t live without water.
没有水鱼不能活。
If there is no water, fish can’t live.
6. in different ways 用不同的方式
7. use ... to do ... 用……做……。相当于do ... with。
例：I use a pen to write. (I write with a pen. )
我用钢笔写字。
8. And the green grass grew all around.
遍地长满了绿草。
9. carry away 把……搬（移）走
put away 收拾好 run away 逃跑
take away 拿走 be away from 离开……
10. make ... into ... 把……制成
11. be made of / from ... 由……制成
be made in ... 由哪里制成……
12. put ... outside / on / into ... 把……放在……外面/上面/里面
13. in the sun 在阳光下
例：Don’t read in the sun.
别在阳光下看书。
Unit 3
1. slow down 慢下来
2. That would be fun. 那会很有趣。
3. all kinds of 各种各样的
4. protect ... from ... 保护……不受……的侵害
5. a kind of 一种
6. go extinct (go是系词) 灭绝
7. stop ... from doing ... 阻止……做……
from 后可接动名词短语，from 可以省略，但被动语态不可以省。
Close the door. Stop the dog (from) coming in.
关上门，别让那条狗进来。
另外，prevent [pri'vent]... from ... , keep ... from 也有此含义。
prevent ... from 用法同stop ... from ，只是较正式些，有预防之意。
keep from不论主动语态还是被动语态，from均不可省。
例：You’d better keep fire from wood.
你最好让木柴离火远点。
8. stand still 安静地站着
9. make friends with 和……交朋友
10. run away 跑开，逃跑
11. No Photos! 禁止拍照。
No Parking! 禁止停车。
No Visitors! 游客止步。
No smoking! 禁止吸烟。
12. play a joke on ... 和……开玩笑
13. Wait a minute. 等一会儿。
14. be famous for ... 以……闻名
famous相当于well-known.
例：Liu Huan is famous for his songs.
刘欢以他的歌闻名。
China is famous for the Great Wall.
中国以长城闻名。
be famous as ... 作为……而出名，著名
例：Liu Huan is famous as a singer.
刘欢作为歌手而出名。
Unit 4
1. fill ... with ... 用……把……装满
常用来表示主动语态。
例如：I filled the box with books.
我用书装满箱子。
可以用be filled with ... 或be full of 来替换（充满……的）
The box is filled with books.
或：The box is full of books. 箱子里装满了书。
2. cover ... with ... 用……把……盖住
be covered with ... 被……覆盖
例：He covered his desk with a newspaper.
他用一张报纸盖上书桌。
The desk was covered with a newspaper.
书桌被一张报纸盖上了。
3. I’m sure that ... 我确信/肯定……
I’m not sure that ... 我不确信，不肯定……
I’m sure that we can win. 我确信我们能赢。
I’m not sure that he will come. 我不确信他会来。
表示不确定也可以用maybe或perhaps表示。
例：Maybe he is at home.
他或许在家。
4. right side up 正面朝上
5. turn ... upside down 把……翻转，倒过来
6. Yes, I think so. 是的，我这样认为。
7. No, I don’t think so. 不，我认为不是这样。
8. The force is strong enough to hold the water.
空气的力量足以使水不流出来。
（1）enough adj. 充足的。修饰名词，可以放在名词前也可以放在名词后。
例如：I have enough time to do the work.
我有足够的时间做这个工作。
I have time enough to do the work.
（2）adv. 副词。修饰形容词或副词本身。
例：He is strong enough to lift the box.
他力气足够大可以举起那个箱子。
He walks fast enough.
他走得够快了。
（3）和enough替换的同义句。
too ... to ... （太……而不能）
He is too young to go to school. (= He is not old enough to go to school.)
他太小不能上学。
so ... that ... 如此……以致于……
He is so old that he can go to work. (= He is old enough to go to work.)
他够上班年龄了。
He works so hard that he can do well in the exam.
他学习如此努力以致于能取得了好成绩。
He works hard enough to do well in the exam.
9. That tastes so great. （食物）尝起来很好。
10. That egg will be gone. 鸡蛋将会消失。
11. use up 用光，用完。（run out of）
12. take off 拿开，（飞机）起飞，脱掉
Take off your coat. It’s hot here.
脱掉大衣，这热。
He took his hand off the cardboard.
他把手从纸板上离开。
The plane will take off at 11 o’clock a.m .
飞机上午十一点起飞。
Unit 5
1. Can / Could I / you do sth. 我（你）可以……吗？
此句是can和could等用来表示请求的疑问句。can和could不表时态，could比can更客气、委婉。例：
Can I have some tea 我可以喝些茶吗？
Can I sit here 我可以坐这吗？
Could you help me carry the box 你可以帮我搬这个箱子吗？
这种问句的答语通常不用Yes或No来回答，肯定常为Certainly / Sure / Of course或其它形式，否定常加Sorry。例：
Can I sit here Certainly. （当然可以了。）
Sorry, you can’t. （对不起，不能。）
2. get in / on / off ... 上／下车
get in / into / out of + the car 上／下小车
get on / off + the bus / the truck / the train / the plane / the ship
上／下公共汽车、卡车、火车、飞机、轮船
3. a top speed of 50 kilometres per hour 每小时50千米的高速
per hour 每小时，可以表示为each hour或every hour
4. Certainly! / Sure! / Of course. 当然。
通常用来回答情态动词can / may / could / would等构成的请求疑问句。例：
Could I have a talk with your mother 我可以和你妈妈谈话吗？
Certainly! 当然可以！
5. as long as 只要
常用来构成条件状语从句，例：
You can do better as long as you work hard.
只要你努力，你就能做得更好。
6. No Parking! 禁止停车！
此句是禁令语，通常在动词的ing前加no或在名词复数前加no，例：
No Smoking. 禁止吸烟！
No Photos. 禁止拍照！
No Visitors. 顾客止步！
7. You’d better (not) ... 你（们）最好（最好不要……）
had better 相当于一个情态动词，后加动词原形，否定式在better后加not，译为最好做……或最好不要……。例：
You’d better go home now.
你最好现在回家。
You’d better not take the book out of the room.
你最好不要把书带出这个房间。
8. We are in a hurry. 我们很着急。
in a hurry 匆忙，hurry是名词，也可以做动词。如：
hurry to somewhere 匆忙去哪
例：He hurried to school this morning.
今天早晨他匆忙上学。
He went to school in a hurry. 另外：hurry off 匆匆离去；hurry up 赶快。
9. It takes eleven hours to fly from Canada to China today.
乘飞机从加拿大到中国要用11个小时。
It takes sb. some time to do sth. . 某人花费多长时间做某事。
take在此句式中表示“花费（花时间或金钱）”，take随时态改变：现在时 takes，过去时 took，将来时 will take，完成时 has taken。例：
It will take me two hours to clean my house.
明天我要用两个小时打扫房子。
另外，表示花时间的词还有spend，句式为：
spend some time on sth.
或：spend some time (in) doing sth.
例如上面的句子为：
I will spend two hours in cleaning my house.
spend也可以用来表示花钱购物，句式同上，即：
spend some money on sth.
或：spend some money (in) doing sth.
例：I spend much money on books.
I spend much money buying books.
我花很多钱买书。
花钱购物的词组还有：cost和pay ... for
cost的主语为物，例上面的句子也可以表示为：
Books cost me much money.
I pay much money for books.
再如：I paid 20 yuan for the pen.
The pen cost me 20 yuan.
I spent 20 yuan on the pen.
I spent 20 yuan buying the pen.
我花二十元钱买了这支笔。
10. all the time 一直，总是
相当于always
They are jumping all the time.
他们一直在跳。（They are always jumping. ）
11. go through 穿过
through 介词，“穿过”，多指空间上的穿过，而across是指平面的穿过。（指从一个平面的这端到另一端）例：
They are walking across the road.
他们在横穿马路。
They walk through the back door into the garden.
他们穿过后门进入花园。
12. present ... to ... 把……呈现给……
present 动词“呈现，展示，介绍”，相当于introduce或show，例：
Can you present your friend to us
你可以把你的朋友介绍给我们吗？
present 相当于introduce，再如：
Can you present your photos to us
你可以给我们看一看你的照片吗？
present ... to 相当于“show ... to ...”
13. sound like 听起来像
sound是系词，意为“听起来”。例：
Your plan sounds like a good idea.
你们的计划听起来像一个不错的主意。
14. in the 1760s 在十八世纪六十年代
注意世纪和年代的表达。
in the 1920s 在二十世纪二十年代
in the 1570s 在16世纪70年代
in the 1700s 在十八世纪
Unit 6
1. connect ... to ... 连接……到……
He connected his computer to the Internet.
他把电脑连接到网上。
be connected with ... 和……有关
例： I’m not connected with the matter.
我和这事没有关系。
2. turn on 打开（电脑／收音机／电视）
turn off 关闭（电脑、收音机等）
turn down / up 把……音量降低或放大
3. a list of ……的清单／单子
4. It’s always nice to hear from ...
收到……的邮件/信件真好。
it是形式主语，to hear from ... 动词不定式是真正的主语。
hear from 收到某人的邮件／信件等
可以表达为get / receive a letter from sb.
I heard from my mother yesterday.
昨天我收到了妈妈的来信。
5. by hand 手工
by 介词，表示方式，“通过”。后面的名词不加复数也不加冠词。
如：by bike / by bus / by train 骑自行车／乘公共汽车／乘火车
6. I’m sorry, but he isn’t here right now.
抱歉，他现在不在这。
right now = at the moment 或 now
just now = a moment ago （刚才）
right away = at once （立刻，马上）
7. Can I take a message for you 我可以给你捎信吗？
take a message for ... 给……捎口信
还有give the message to ...
leave a message ... 给……留口信
8. Please wait a moment / minute. 请等一下。
moment “一会”，名词，构成的短语：
a moment ago 刚才
at the moment 现在
at that moment 在那个时候
9. Wait for somebody 等某人
10. take care of 照顾，照料
look after 同义
Please take good care of your things. 照顾好你的东西。
Please look after your things well.
Unit 7
1. some day （将来）某天
some day 某一天，常用于将来时
one day 某一天，有一天，既可以用于将来时，也可以用一般过去时。例：
He will be a writer one day. (some day. )
总有一天他会成为作家的。
One day, on his way to school, he saw a boy playing football on the road.
一天，在他上学的路上，他看见一个男孩在路上踢足球。
2. It is fun to travel (around) the world.
到世界各地旅行真有趣。
It is + n. / adj. to do. 做某事如何。
it是形式主语，to do是动词不定式作真正的主语。例：
It’s hard to learn English well.
学好英语是很困难的。
It’s interesting to learn English.
学习英语很有趣。
3. Will / Would / Could you please ... 你……好吗？
此句是表示请求的一般疑问句，后加动词原形。例：
Will you please pass me the salt
请把盐递给我好吗？
否定形式为：Will / Would / Could you please + not + 动词原形 ……？
Will you please not make any noise
请不要吵闹好吗？
Would you please not throw rubbish on the floor
请不要往地上扔垃圾好吗？
4. ring up 给……打电话
还有：make a telephone call for ... ; ring sb. up ; call sb. up ; ring sb. ; call sb. ; phone sb.
5. Hold on, please. 请稍等。（打电话常用话）
也可以说：Wait a moment. 或Wait a minute.等。
6. This is ... speaking. 我是/这是……（打电话用语）
其它的还有：May I speak to sb. , please 请找……接电话好吗？
Who’s that (it) 你是哪一位？
Is that ... speaking 你是……吗？
7. go / be abroad 出国，去国外
He has been abroad for two years. 他出国二年了。
8. Have you ever been to other countries in Asia
你曾去过亚洲别的国家吗？
have (has) been to + 地点 表示去过某处，人已回来
They have been to the West Lake.
他们去过西湖。
have (has) gone to + 地点 表示去某处了，人没回来
They have gone to the West Lake.
他们去西湖了。
have (has) been in +地点 表示去某处多久了
They have been in the West Lake for two days.
他们去西湖两天了。
9. Have you ever visited any other countries
你曾参观任何别的国家吗？
any other 在肯定句中常加单数名词在后面。例如：
Jim is cleverer than any other boy in his class.
Jim在班里比任何别的男孩都聪明（不包括他自己）。
any boy （包括他自己，任何男孩）
any other 在问句或否定句中后常加复数名词。例：
I don’t want to borrow any other books.
我不想借任何书。
Did you see any other teachers besides Miss Liu
除了刘老师你见到任何别的老师吗？
10. The Yangtze River in China is the third - longest river in the world.
长江是世界上第三大河。
序数词 + 最高级 表示第几最……
例：The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
黄河是中国第二长河。
11. Deserts cover one - fifth of the earth’s surface.
沙漠占地球表面的五分之一。
one - fifth (one fifth) 五分之一
分数的表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于一，分母的序数词后加“s”，例：
6/7 six - sevenths (six sevenths)
5/8 five - eighths (five eighths)
二分之一通常用half来表示
四分之一通常表示为a (one) quarter
四分之三为three quarters (three fourths)
12. population 人口，通常用作单数形式，问人口多少用。
What’s / What’s the population of Beijing 北京有多少人？
比较人口多少通常用large (big) 或 small，不用more。
例： The population of China is much larger than that of Japan.
中国人口比日本多很多。
Unit 8
1. pick up 拣起，拿起，（开车去）接某人
例： He picked up the rubbish and threw it into a dustbin.
他拣起垃圾扔进了垃圾箱。
2. a bit of 一点
a bit of 后加不可数名词，相当于a little，但a little 不加of，例：
I know a bit of (a little) English. 我懂一点英语。
a bit还可以用来修饰形容词或副词，“有点儿”。例：
I feel a bit tired. 我感觉有点累。
It’s a bit hot today. 今天有点热。
3. finish doing 完成做……
finish 完成，动词 finish sth. 完成某事
finish doing sth. 例：
I finished my work at six yesterday.
昨天我六点完成的工作。
I finished reading the book last Friday.
上周五我读完了这本书。
另外加doing的动词和短语常见的还有：
enjoy doing ... 喜欢做……
practise doing ... 练习做……
dislike doing ... 讨厌做……
be busy doing ... 忙于做……
be good at (do well in) doing 擅长做……
be worth doing ... 值得做……
mind doing 介意做……
Thanks for doing 因为做……而感谢。
What about (How about) doing ... 做……好吗？
feel like doing ... 想要做……
4. get to work 开始工作
5. turn off 关掉
turn on 打开
turn down （音量）放低
turn up （音量）放大
6. throw away 扔掉
7. take out 拿出，取出
pick up , throw away, take out , turn off (on) , turn down / up 等词组宾语是代词时放于中间，名词时可以放中间也可以放后面。例：
Turn the light off. 关灯。
Turn off the light. （Turn it off.）
8. leak out 漏出
9. What a mess! 多乱呀！
10. turn into 变成
11. have a fit 大惊，大怒
fit是名词，也可以做形容词，意为“健康的”，相当于healthy；还可以做动词，意为“适合，合身”。例：
My mother had a great fit when she knew what I had done.
妈妈知道我所做的事后大为愤怒。
Exercise helps make us fit.
运动帮我们健康。
The hat fits her well.
这帽子她戴很合适。
12. It’s only a little bit broken. 它只是有一点损坏。
a little bit 修饰形容词或副词，表程度很轻，“有一点”
The coat is a little bit small for me.
这件大衣我穿有点小。
13. sort ... into ... 把……分类成……
例：Let’s sort the vegetables into carrots, tomatoes, potatoes and others.
让我们把这些蔬菜分成胡萝卜、西红柿、土豆和别的。
14. take showers 冲澡，也可以表达为：take a bath 或 have a bath
15. take a walk 散步
walk 是名词，也可以做动词，例：
Let’s have a walk. 让我们散散步。
Let’s walk there. 让我们走着去那。
16. take a trip 旅行
17. Why don’t we do it 我们为什么不做？
此句用来表示建议，可以表示为：Why not do sth. ...
例：Why don’t you come here earlier 怎么不早点来？
Why not come here earlier
18. That’s the same weight as a small car. 那是一个小车的重量。
(be) the same as ... 和……一样
They have the same room as we do.
他们和我们有一样的房间。
The book is the same as that one.
这本书和那本一样。
反义词：(be) different from
例：This school is quite different from that one.
这个学校和那个很不同。
19. both sides 两面
表示两面的可用both，either和each来表示。
both后加复数名词，either , each 加单数名词。例：
There are many tall trees on both sides (each / either side) of the road.
公路两面有很多高树。
第四册涉及的主要语法知识
一、现在完成时态与过去完成时
1． 现在完成时态常用来谈论过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响。也就是说某一个事情虽然发生在过去，但跟现在有关系。它由“have(has) + 动词的过去分词”构成。
Eg. Eddie has lived with Millie since he was born. Eddie自从出生以来就和Millie 住在一起。
We have seen the film already. 我们已经看过这个电影了。
现在完成时态的否定句是“have(has) not +动词的过去分词”。
Eg. He has not visited Hong Kong.
Mr. and Mrs. Li have not come back yet.
现在完成时态的一般疑问句是把 have (has) 调到主语的前面。
Eg. Have you heard the story Yes, I have. /No, I haven’t. 你听过这个故事吗？ 听过/没听过。
Has Daniel talked to his cousin Yes, he has. / No. he hasn’t. Daniel 和他的堂兄谈过了吗？ 谈过/没谈过 。
2． 和现在完成时态连用的时间副词
already “已经”，强调某事已经发生，常用与肯定陈述句中。
e.g. He has seen the film already.
ever “曾经”，强调任何时间，用于疑问句中。
Eg. Have you ever been to Hong Kong
for 强调时间的长度，后加一段时间，用于肯定句、疑问句和否定句中。
e.g. You have not visited me for a long time.
just “刚刚”，强调某事最近发生，用于肯定陈述句中。
e.g. Eddie has just eaten the food.
Never“从不”，用于否定句中。
e.g. I have never read the story.
since “自从…以来”，用于肯定句、疑问句和否定句中。
e.g. My family has owned a tram since 1992.
Eddie has lived with Millie since he was born.
yet “还未、已经”，用于疑问句和否定句中。
e.g. Mr. Li hasn’t come back yet.
Have you called yet
3．现在完成时与过去完成时用法区别
现在完成时，表示过去发生的动作对现在的影响或结果，例：
I’ve seen the doctor.
我已经看过病了。
谓语动词由have（has）助动词＋动词的过去分词构成
have / has 随人称改变。句式改变由have / has 本身构成。
He has had his breakfast. 他已吃过早饭了。
现在完成时还表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在可能还会持续下去，常用since和for来引导，表示时间。例：
He has been here for ten days. 他来这十天了。
I’ve lived in this city for ten years.
我住在这个城市10年了。
for后加段时间，since后加时间点或从句。
例：They have been here since last year.
他们从去年就来这了。
注：动词用延续性的。例：I have had the pen for 2 days.
另外：句式have / has been to ＋地点，表示去过某处（人已回来）
have （has）gone to ＋地点，表示去某处了，人未回来。例：
He has been to the Great Wall.
他去过长城。
He has been gone to the Great Wall.
他去长城了。
have / has been in ＋地点，表示去多久了。例：
He has been in Shanghai for two years.
他去上海两年了。
过去完成时表示动作发生在过去的过去，即过去某一时刻之前已经发生或完成的动作。由had＋过去分词构成。例：
By the end of last year, we had planted 2000 trees.
到去年年末为止，我们已种了2000棵树。
过去完成时表示过去的过去，常用于宾语从句（主句为过去时）或时间状语从句中。例：
We had finished the work when he came back.
他回来时我们已经完成工作了。
He said he had done his homework.
他说他已经做作业了。
过去完成时的句式改变由had来完成，否定句为hadn’t.
一般问句提前had.
二、过去进行时态
1. 过去进行时由was / were + 动词的现在分词构成。
2. 它主要表示：在过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或发生的事，也可以表示过去某个阶段一直进行的动作。
eg: My mother was watching TV at 8:00 last night. 昨晚8点我妈妈正在看电视。
What were you doing at this time yesterday
昨天的这个时候你正在干什么？
He was teaching in a primary school from 1995 to 1998.
从1995年到1998年，他一直在一所小学教书。
3. 过去进行时的否定句，在was/were后加not，疑问句把was/were调到主语的前面。
eg: I wasn’t singing at that time 那时我不在唱歌。
Were they looking after their baby at 9:00 yesterday morning Yes, they were / No, they weren’t .
昨天上午9点他们正在照看孩子吗？是的/不在。
三、 宾语从句（I）
宾语从句指的是用作宾语的从句。即动词的宾语是由一个句子来承当。例：
I think he is at home.
我想他在家。
在学习宾语从句中时通常把握三大点：即时态、语序和引导词。
1．引导词，通常有三组，即that, if （whether），和特殊疑问句中的疑问词变为宾语从句中的引导词，如what, when, whose, where, how等。
例：I think that he will come tomorrow.
我想他明天会来。
（that通常引导的是由陈述句变成的宾语从句，that 没有意义，只起连接作用，所以可以省去。）例：
I know （that）he is here.
我知道他在这。
if / whether 通常是将一般疑问句变为宾语从句的引导词。例：
I wonder if （whether）they have come here.
我想知道他们是否来这了。
（Does your sister like English I want to know.）
I want to know if / whether your sister likes English.
when / where / who/ whose / what 等是将特殊疑问句转变为宾语从句的引导词。例：
I want to know when we’ll go to Beijing.
我想知道我们何时去北京。
Can you tell me where your father works
你能告诉我你父亲在哪工作吗？
Do you know where your teacher lives
你知道你们老师住哪吗？
（How old is your father Can you tell me ）
Can you tell me how old your father is
2．语序：在宾语从句中，无论主句是什么形式（陈述句还是疑问句）
从句都用陈述语序，即陈述句的形式。例：
Can you tell me what your name is
你能告诉我你叫什么名字吗？
3．时态，如果主句为现在时，从句可以选择相应的多个时态。例：
如果主句为过去时，从句应和主句保持一致。即用过去时的某一时态。例：
He said he had been to Beijing.
他说他去过北京。
He said they would come tomorrow.
他说他们明天会来。
He said they were playing football then.
他说那时他们在踢球。
但如果从句表示客观实事或真理性的句子，不随主句改变，常用一般现在时表示。例：
The teacher tells （told）us that the earth goes around the sun.
老师告诉我们地球围绕太阳转。
总之，宾语从句的学习的关键之点就是时态、语序和引导词。
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