高考英语语法简要复习资料打包下载

高考动词考点总结与练习
在英语中，动词是使用最广、应用起来最复杂的词。有很多动词之间有相似之处又有细微差别，因此正确辨别显得尤为重要。高考题中一般从以下几方面来对动词进行考查：
1. 在特定语境中考查常用动词的基本意义和用法
[高考真题]
Don’t take too much of the medicine; it does you more harm than good if you ______. （江西2007）
A. do B. take C. like D. have
[答案与解析]
A。前面已出现过的实义动词，后文再出现时要用do的适当形式来代替。此句中，do代替前面出现的动词take。
2. 考查常见的意思相近的动词之间的差别
[高考真题]
Don’t respond to any e-mails ______ personal information, no matter how official they look.（天津2006）
A. searching B. asking
C. requesting D. questioning
[答案与解析]
C。 search“搜索”；ask“要求”；request“请求给予”；question“审问”。 根据句子意思“不管它们显得多么正式，都不要回复那些索取个人信息的电子邮件”可知C项正确。
3. 动词的习惯搭配
[高考真题]
Joe Jones, the eldest of the eight children, had to ______ out of high school at the age of 16 to help his father on the farm.（上海2004春）
A. leave B. drop C. fall D. go
[答案与解析]
B。drop out of school“辍学”，相当于leave school，为固定短语。 本句话意思是“乔·琼斯是八个孩子中年龄最大的，为了帮助父亲在农场干活，16岁时他不得不从中学辍学”，故本题答案为B项。
策略提示：
我们在做这类题时，要综合考虑以下因素：句子要表达的意义，动词词义的细微差别，动词与其他成分的习惯搭配，动词后能否跟宾语、双宾语、复合宾语，动词后的宾语要用动词不定式还是动词-ing形式及语法结构的需要等。
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. —Are you happy with your new computer
—No, it is ______ me a lot of trouble. （安徽2008）
A. showing B. leaving
C. giving D. sparing
2. Don’t be so discouraged. If you _______ such feelings, you will do better next time. （安徽2008）
A. carry on B. get back
C. break down D. put away
3. ______ a moment and I will go to your rescue. （福建2008）
A. Go on B. Hold on
C. Move on D. Carry on
4. Though having lived abroad for years, many Chinese still ______ the traditional customs. （湖北2008）
A. perform B. possess
C. observe D. support
5. As nobody here knows what is wrong with the machine, we must send for an engineer to ______ the problem. （湖北2008）
A. handle B. raise C. face D. present
6. The teacher stressed again that the students should not ______ any important details while retelling the story. （湖北2008）
A. bring out B. let out
C. leave out D. make out
7. In modern times, people have to learn to ______ all kinds of pressure although they are leading a comfortable life. （湖北2008）
A. keep with B. stay with
C. meet with D. live with
8. The present situation is very complex, so I think it will take me some time to ______ its reality. （湖北2008）
A. make up B. figure out
C. look through D. put off
9. I ______ it as a basic principle of the company that suppliers of raw materials should be given a fair price for their products. （江西2008）
A. make B. look C. take D. think
10. If a person has not had enough sleep, his actions will give him ______ during the day. （江西2008）
A. away B. up C. in D. back
11. The performance ______ nearly three hours, but few people left the theatre early.（2008全国卷I）
A. covered B. reached C. played D. lasted
12. After studying in a medical college for five years, Jane ______ her job as a doctor in the countryside. （2008全国卷I）
A. set out B. took over
C. took up D. set up
13. —What are you reading, Tom
—I’m not really reading, just ______ the pages. （2008全国卷II）
A. turning off B. turning around
C. turning over D. turning up
14. Her shoes ______ her dress; they look very well together. （天津2008）
A. suit B. fit
C. compare D. match
15. Little Johnny felt the bag, curious to know what it ______. （2008全国卷II）
A. collected B. contained
C. loaded D. saved
16. It’s going to rain. Xiao Feng, will you please help me ______ the clothes on the line （陕西2008）
A. get off B. get back
C. get in D. get on
17. You have to ______ a choice. Are you going to leave the job or stay
（四川2008）
A. decide B. get C. do D. make
18. The meal over, the managers went back to the meeting room to ______ their discussion.（天津2008）
A. put away B. take down
C. look over D. carry on
Keys： 1-5 CDBCA 6-10 CDBCA 11-15 DCCDB 16-18 CDD省 略
一、 简单句中的省略
1. 不定式的省略
如果不定式所表示的内容在上文中已经出现，则把重复的动词及后续部分省略，而只保留to。不定式的省略有以下几种情况：
1) 在hope, like, try, want, wish, expect, tell, ask, advise, refuse, afford, agree, forget, manage, would like等后作宾语时。如：
At that time black people had no right to vote in the southern states. If they wished to (have the right to vote in the southern states), they had to pass a reading test.
2) 当不定式在某些形容词如glad, afraid, anxious, happy, pleased, delighted, eager, ready, willing等之后作状语时，to后的内容常承前省略。如：
—Would you give me a lift to the airport
—Yes, I’d be glad to（give you a lift to the airport）.
3) 在want, allow, permit, persuade, tell, invite等动词后作宾语补足语时，或在其被动结构后作主语补足语时。如：
She didn’t come, though we had invited her to (come).
Why did you use your cell phone in school You were told not to (use your cell phone in school).
4) 当不定式在be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to, be willing to, would like to等后作复合谓语时，不定式可省略。如：
—Tom, you didn’t come to the party last night
—I ____, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do. （2007全国卷II ）
A. had to B. didn’t
C. was going to D. wouldn’t
（标红部分为最佳选项。下同。）
解析：在was going to后省略了come to the party last night。
5) 不定式在chance, courage, time等名词后作定语时可省略，此时to常常也可省略。如：
I haven’t read his novel, but I wish I would have time (to read his novel).
注意：如果承前省略的不定式中含有be或助动词have, 那么to后要保留be或have。如：
John didn’t come, but he ought to have（come）.
2. 注意以下几种情况的省略：
1) 省略主语和谓语的一部分。如：
(This is) Mary speaking.
(Is there) Anything else to follow
2) 省略宾语,在对话的答语中常见。如：
—Do you know the key to the lock
—Sorry, I don’t know (the key to the lock).
3) 主（宾）语补足语结构中的to be常被省略。如：
He was considered (to be) the best student in the class.
4) 名词所有格后的名词如果是住宅、商店、工厂、教堂等，那么这些名词可以被省略。如：
I’m going to drop in at Smith’s (house). He is ready to wait for me at the barber’s (shop).
二、 复合句中的省略
1． 宾语从句中的省略
1) 宾语从句中作宾语的引导词可省略。如：
I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon.
注意：当有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，引导第一个宾语从句的that可以省略，而引导后面几个从句的that不可省略。如：
I knew (that) he was from Shandong and that his family was poor.
当宾语是一个复合句时，that也不能省略。如：
He said that if he had followed the teacher’s advice, he would have done the job better.
2) 在I’m afraid, I think, I believe, I hope, I guess等作答语时，把后面的宾语从句省略，而用so代替。
—Are we late
—I’m afraid so.
2． 状语从句中的省略
状语从句如果表示时间、地点、让步、方式、条件等，从句主语与主句主语一致且从句谓语中含有be动词，或从句为“it ＋ 系表”结构时，则be动词及其主语常可省略。如：
1) 连词 + 名词
Once (he was) a teacher, he now works in a government office.
2) 连词 + 形容词
I’ll tell her what has happened when (it is) possible.
3) 连词 + 动词-ing形式
While (she was) crossing the street, she was knocked down by a car.
4) 连词 + 动词-ed形式
If (I am) invited, I’ll go to his birthday party.
5) 连词 + 介词短语
Father looked everywhere as if (he was) in search of something.
三、 并列句中的省略
1． 在并列句中常把后一分句中与前一分句相同的部分省略。如：
I arrived here today, and (I) must stay here one or two weeks.（省略主语）
I asked John to go, but she (asked John) to stay.　（省略谓语和宾语）
Knowing is one thing, and believing (is) another thing. （省略系动词）
In my class, boys like sports while girls do not (like sports). （省略谓语和宾语）
My father looked angry, and I certainly was (angry). 　(省略表语)名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
主语从句：
主语从句在复合句中作主语，可以放在主句谓语动词之前，也可以由it作形式主语，而将主语从句放在主句之后。如：
Why he left wasn’t important.
It was uncertain whether he would come or not.
宾语从句：
宾语从句在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。如：
I felt that he had a strong will.
He will talk to us about what he saw in the school.
表语从句：
表语从句在句中作表语，位于主句中系动词之后。如：
The question is who is responsible for what has happened.
He looked as if he was going to cry.
同位语从句：
同位语从句一般跟在某些表示抽象意义的名词后面，用来说明名词所表示的具体内容。如：
I had the impression that he chose his words with care.
I have no idea when he will be back.
关于名词性从句我们应该掌握以下几点：
一、 掌握引导名词性从句各类连接词的用法。高考试题在考查名词性从句时,常考查引导名词性从句的连接词。引导名词性从句的连接词有三大类：
1. 单纯连接词：that，whether，if。它们只起引导从句的作用，并不在从句中充当任何成分。that在句中没有一定的含义。whether和if有含义，表示“是否”之意。注意，if只能用来引导宾语从句，不可引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。如：
He told me that he would leave office soon.
She asked me whether (if) I could lend her my dictionary.
2. 连接代词what, who, which, whose, whom。它们除了引导名词性从句外，还在从句中充当一定的成分。如：
What can be done has been done. —what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。
Can you tell me which box is yours —which引导宾语从句，并在从句中作定语，修饰box。
3. 连接副词how, why, where, when。它们除引导从句外，还在从句中作状语。如：
I don’t know how I can finish my work so soon.
Your coat is still where you put it.
二、 注意名词性从句的语序和时态。名词性从句的语序应该是陈述语序，不能用疑问语序。名词性从句的语序在历年来的高考试题中也是一个测试热点。如：
Can you tell me where he lives （where he lives是陈述语序）
此外，在宾语从句中，还应注意从句的谓语动词和主句中的谓语动词在时态方面的搭配。如：
I didn’t know what he was doing those days.
三、 注意that的用法及省略。that连接名词性从句时，只起引导从句的作用，不在从句中充当任何成分。
that在引导宾语从句时常常省略，但有两个以上的宾语从句时，第一个连词that 可以省略， 第二个(包括第二个)以后的that就不可省略了。如：
I know (that) she was born in the country and that she came here to look for a job.
that在引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时，不可省。
四、 注意what和that的用法不同。what引导名词性从句时，在从句中充当一定的成分，如主语、宾语或表语等。what不可在从句中省略。而that在句中只起引导名词性从句的作用，不在句中作任何成分。试比较：
1. I don’t know what they are talking about. ——本句中，what在句中引导宾语从句，并在从句中作talking about的宾语。
2. I know (that) he is leaving for Shanghai. ——本句中，that引导宾语从句，但在从句中，它不充当任何成分。
五、注意掌握whether和if的用法。whether和if都可用来引导宾语从句(但是在正式文体中，从句中有or not时，只能用whether而不用if)。但在引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时，只能用whether，不能用if。
六、掌握whatever与whoever的用法。whatever和whoever的用法有相似之处。它们都可用于：
1． 引导让步状语从句，意为“无论……”。如：
Whatever you do, you must do it well.
Whoever you are，you must obey the rules.
2． 它们同时作主句和从句的一个成分，相当于“先行词+关系代词”, 即whatever相当于anything that；而whoever则相当于anyone that / who。
七、引导名词性从句的连词、引导状语从句的连词和引导定语从句的关系代词或副词形式上都相同，但所起的作用不同。不要将这三类从句混为一谈。下面以where为例进行说明。如：
1. He went back to the small town where he grew up as a child. ——本句中的where是关系副词,引导一个定语从句，从句的先行词是town。
2. Put the book where it was. ——本句中的where引导的从句在整个句子中作状语, where引导一个状语从句。
3. Where we shall have the meeting is not known yet. ——本句的where引导一个主语从句.
八、关于宾语从句的否定前移。当主句是I / We think(或suppose, expect, believe, imagine, guess等)时，其后的宾语从句如果是否定的，常把否定词not移到主句中。如：
I don’t think they will win the game.考点点拨 考例回顾
1. However, it was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that the exploration ... (P32)
[考点] it is / was not until ... that ... 是强调句型, 表示“直到……才……”。在此句型中被强调部分是not until ...，until后接表示时间的名词或引导从句作时间状语。需要注意的是由于否定已经前移，that后的部分应用肯定形式。
[考例]
It ______ we had stayed together for a couple of weeks ______ I found we had a lot in common. (浙江2007)
A. was until; when B. was until; that
C. wasn’t until; when D. wasn’t until; that
[点拨] 根据句型可知选D。
2. ..., he developed his fluency in Chinese and dressed as a Chinese man, ... (P33)
[考点] develop的常见含义有：（1）发展；开发（2）逐渐形成/养成（3）患（病）（4）冲洗（胶卷）。
[考例]
One of the best ways for people to keep fit is to ______ healthy eating habits. (湖北2006)
A. grow B. develop
C. increase D. raise
[点拨] 结合句意“保持健康最好的方式之一是养成健康的饮食习惯”可知答案为B。develop habits养成习惯。
3. Having identified the target group, researchers find out ... (P42)
[考点] 动词-ing形式的完成式（having done）表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，在句中常作原因或时间状语。其逻辑主语为主句的主语。
[考例]
______ that she didn’t do a good job, I don’t think I am abler than her.
(陕西2007)
A. To have said B. Having said
C. To say D. Saying
[点拨] 分析句子结构可知，此处应为动词-ing形式作状语，排除A、C两项；且say动作发生在谓语动词think之前，故应用having done。
4. However, it would be no use advertising products on radio ... (P43)
[考点] it is no use doing sth.做某事是没有用的。注意此句型中：1）it为形式主语；2）no use可换为no good。
[考例]
It is no ______ arguing with Bill because he will never change his mind.
(2006全国卷II)
A. use B. help
C. time D. way
[点拨] 根据后面的arguing可知选A，构成it is no use doing sth.句型。独立主格结构
一、独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式
独立主格结构（the absolute structure）是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。例如：
1）Night enshrouding the earth，nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．（黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。）
2）He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm．（他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。）
3）The coward was backing，his face being deathly pale，toward another room．（那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。）
独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。例如，上述例句可变为：
1）Because night enshrouded the earth， nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．
2）He lay at full length upon his stomach．His head rested upon his left forearm．
3）The coward was backing toward another room．His face was deathly pale．
二、独立主格结构的特殊构成形式
独立主格结构除上述基本构成形式，即名词／代词＋分词（短语）外，还有如下特殊构成形式。
1．名词＋介词短语
1）The mayor of Hiroshima strode at a leisure pace toward the puzzled journalist，a bunch of flowers in his hands．（广岛市市长双手捧着一束鲜花，迈着方步走向那个迷惑不解的记者。）
2）Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the ramshackle house，a vast load of firewood on her back．（每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间东倒西歪的房屋前蹒跚着走过。）
2．名词＋形容词（短语）
1）The Trojans asleep，the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse．（特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。）
2）The wretched boy，who has recently been dragged from the forest to scrub floors in the barracks，is now sweeping away the snow，his hands numb with cold．（那个可怜的小男孩最近刚刚从森林中被抓进兵营里打扫地板，现在他正在扫雪，手都冻麻了。）
3．名词＋副词
1）This little excitement over，noth- ing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion．（一阵小小的兴奋过后，除了再去死死地盯着我的哑伴外，别无它事可干了。）
2）This intermezzo over，he found himself surrounded by several stunning，
porcelain-faced Japanese women in kimonos．（这曲子过后，他发现自己身处几位穿着和服并且有着娇好面容的日本女人的包围之中。）
此外，with常常用在独立主格结构前，构成介词短语作状语。这种用法中的with不表达什么意义，因而常可省略。请看例句：
1）With a revolver in his right hand， Johnny hurled his muscular body against the door and smashed it down with a crash．（约翰尼右手拿着左轮手枪，健壮的身体猛扑在门上，轰隆一声把门撞开了。）
2）The traffic inched along，with horns honking．（汽车缓慢地向前挪着，喇叭声不断响着。）
三、独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。
1．作时间状语
1）My shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting．＝After my shoes were removed， I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting．（我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。）
2）The governor pondering the matter， more strikers gathered across his path．＝While the governor was pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path．（总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。）
2．作条件状语
1）Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow．＝If weather permits，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow．（如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。）
2）Such being the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him．＝If such is the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him．（如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。）
3．作原因状语
1）The storm drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day．＝Since the storm was drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day．（由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。）
2）The Cossack being intent on his stalking，his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger．＝Because the Cossack was intent on his stalking，his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger．（这位哥萨克人只顾专心致志地朝前大步走着，所以一只脚踩上了伸出地面的树枝，那是一个机关的起动装置。）
4．作伴随状语
1）I took my ticket，and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses，the people falling back respectfully on either side．＝I took my ticket，and marched proudly up the plat- form，with my cheeses，and the people fell back respectfully on either side．（我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。）
2）He would appear in the doorway，gray fedora pulled low over his face，his eyes sweeping the room for any sign of trouble．＝ He would appear in the doorway．A gray fedora was pulled low over his face，and his eyes swept the room for any sign of trouble．（他常常出现在门廊里，一顶灰色浅顶软呢帽遮住大半个脸，眼睛扫过整个房屋，寻找滋事的迹象。）
1介词
在近几年的高考中，介词的考查主要集中在介词的辨析和介词与其他词的习惯搭配上。 所以，同学们在复习时要特别注意这部分内容。下面我们一起来复习一些易混介词的区别。
1. besides; except
这两个词都表示“除……之外”，但besides表示“除……之外还有（包含该介词的宾语在内）”，常与other, also, too, else等连用；而except表示 “除了……再无（不包含该介词的宾语在内）”。如：
Some people choose jobs for other reasons besides money these days.
（2007全国卷II）
We all went to see the film except Tom, who was badly ill.
（我们去了， 汤姆没有去。）
We also went to see the film besides the teachers.
（老师们去了，我们也去了。）
2. among; between
among用于三者或三者以上；between指两者之间或多个事物的两两之间。如：
Some students often listen to music between classes to refresh themselves.
（四川2007）
—It’s a top secret.
—Yes, I see. I will keep the secret between you and me. （上海2006）
The young people lived and worked among the workers.
3. 介词for, of 和to表示“……的……”
for表示用途、对象；of表示整体中不可分割的一部分；to表示附属于某物或与之相连。如：
The manager suggested an earlier date for the meeting. （宁夏、海南2007）
This is a junior school. You should go to a senior school for girls of your age.
（北京2007）
the legs of the desk the key to the door
4. “动词 + 宾语 + of / for”短语：
★accuse / convince / cure / inform / persuade / remind / rob / suspect / warn sb. of sth.
★punish / scold / blame / condemn / forgive / excuse / pardon / reward sb. for (doing) sth. 如：
Scientists are convinced of the positive effect of laughter on physical and mental health. （江西2007）
Everyone condemned her for being cruel to her child.非谓语动词高考链接
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. ______ that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.
（浙江2008）
A.　Not realized
B. Not to realize
C. Not realizing
D. Not to have realized
2. ______ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed. （北京2008）
A. Seeing B. To see
C. See D. Seen
3. My sister, an inexperienced rider, was found sitting on the bicycle ______ to balance it. （上海2008）
A. having tried B. trying
C. to try D. tried
4. I feel greatly honored ______ into their society. （北京2008）
A. to welcome B. welcoming
C. to be welcomed D. welcomed
5. It is worth considering what makes “convenience” foods so popular, and ______ better ones of your own. （北京2008）
A. introduces B. to introduce
C. introducing D. introduced
6. ______ in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car. （福建2008）
A. Waiting B. To wait
C. Having waited
D. To have waited
7. —Can those ______ at the back of the classroom hear me
—No problem. （福建2008）
A. seat B. sit
C. seated D. sat
8. ______ the website of the Fire Department in your city, and you will learn a lot about firefighting.（湖南2008）
A. Having searched
B. To search
C. Searching D. Search
9. The trees ______ in the storm have been moved off the road. （湖南2008）
A. being blown down
B. blown down
C. blowing down
D. to blow down
10. ______ the project as planned, we’ll have to work two more hours a day.
（湖南2008）
A. Completing B. Complete
C. Completed D. To complete
11. Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried ______ alone, but she didn’t like it and moved back home. （湖南2008）
A. living B. to live
C. to be living D. having lived
12. I hear they’ve promoted Tom, but he didn’t mention ______ when we talked on the phone. （江西2008）
A. to promote
B. having been promoted
C. having promoted
D. to be promoted
13. We finished the run in less than half the time ______. （江西2008）
A. allowing B. to allow
C. allowed D. allows
14. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good ______.
（2008全国卷I）
A. to be breathed
B. to breathe
C. breathing
D. being breathed
15. The message is very important, so it is supposed ______ as soon as possible.
（陕西2008）
A. to be sent B. to send
C. being sent D. sending
16. ______ around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games. （陕西2008）
A. Having shown
B. To be shown
C. Having been shown
D. To show
17. Lucy’s new job paid twice as much as she had made ______ in the restaurant.
（山东2008）
A. working B. work
C. to work D. worked
18. ______ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.（天津2008）
A. To throw B. Thrown
C. Throwing D. Being thrown
19. If there’s a lot of work ______, I’m happy to just keep on until it is finished.
（上海2008）
A. to do B. to be doing
C. done D. doing
20. ______ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.（重庆2008）
A. Fail B. Failed
C. To fail D. Having failed
Keys：1-5 CABCC 6-10 CCDBD
11-15 ABCBA 16-20 CACAD状语从句
状语从句在历年来的高考试题中也是一个测试的热点项目。对于这一语法项目，应该重点把握以下内容：
一、状语从句的分类及引导各类状语从句的从属连词：
1． 时间状语从句：表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment，the minute), by the time, no sooner ... than, hardly (scarcely) ... when, every time等引导。
2. 原因状语从句：原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词有because, since, as, for,有时候也用 now that（既然），seeing that（既然）, considering that(照……来看), in that（因为） 等。
Now that you have finished the work, you are free to do whatever you like.
3. 地点状语从句：引导地点状语从句的连词有
where，wherever等。如：
Sit wherever you like. / Make a mark where you have a question.
4. 目的状语从句：引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so，so that, in order that， in case / for fear that（以防，以免），lest（以防）等，目的状语从句中的谓语动词前常带有情态动词。如：
Speak clearly, so that / in order that they may understand you.
The farmers put up iron fences around the flower garden for fear that the neighbor’s sheep (would) break in.
5. 结果状语从句：结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that （以致于）, so ... that, such ... that等引导。如：
She was ill, so that she didn’t attend the meeting.
He was so excited that he could not say a word.
6. 条件状语从句：条件状语从句分真实性和非真实性条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that（只要……）, if only (要是……就好了), suppose / supposing（that）(假使……)，provided (that)(如果……的话，只要……)等。如：
You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.
Supposing / Suppose he is out, what shall we do
I will lend the money to you provided (that) you return it next week.
注意：条件状语从句中的if 不能用whether替换。
7. 让步状语从句：让步状语从句可由although,
though, as（尽管）, even if (though), whether ... or, no matter + wh- (=whenever, whatever, ...) 等引导。如：
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
Whether we beat them or they beat us, the match will be enjoyable.
8. 方式状语从句：方式状语从句常由(just) as, as if (though), the way, rather than 等引导。如：
You must do the exercise (just) as I show you.
He acted as if nothing had happened.
She treated the child the way his mother did.
9. 比较状语从句：比较状语从句常用than, (not) so / as ... as, the more ... the more等引导。如：
I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.
二、使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题：
1. 在时间和条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时表示一般将来时，用现在完成时表示将来完成时。如：
We’ll go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
You will get paid as soon as you have finished your work.
2. 有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步状语从句，如果从句的主语与主句的主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be，那么从句中的“主语 + be”部分可省略。如：
When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.
If (you are) asked, you may come in.
If (it is) necessary / possible ... I’ll explain it to you again.
3. 注意区分不同的从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。因为大多数的连词能引导状语从句、定语从句和名词词性从句。
4. 使用了从属连词引导状语从句时，主句部分的前面不可以再使用并列连词。也就是说，从属连词和并列连词不能同时出现在一个句子中。如：
Because he was ill, so he didn’t come to school yesterday. (误)
Because he was ill, he didn’t come to school yesterday. (正)
5. 由其它词转化来的从属连词（常见的有the moment, each (every) time, immediately, the minute 等）也常用来引导状语从句。如：
He set out to work the moment he got to the office.
She would buy something for my son each time she came to see me.
三、注意同一个从属连词的多义性：
1． when可用来引导时间状语从句，意为“当……的时候”；还可引导条件状语，意为“在……的情况下”；还可引导比较状语，常译为“本应该（做某事），可/而/却……”。 此外，when还可用作并列连词，意为“就在那时”。如：
When I read the play, I can’t help thinking of Cyril. (当……的时候)
How did you get there on time when you left here so late (在……的情况下)
We were carrying on a strike when we ought to have been making a revolution. (本应该做某事，可/而/却……)
I was just coming along to see you when I ran into Wilson. (就在那时)
2. while可用来引导时间状语，意为“当……的时候”；也可用来引导让步状语，意为“尽管，虽然”；还可表示条件，意为“既然”。此外，while还可用作并列连词，连接两个并列句，表对比或比较，意为“然而，可是”。如：
While I was doing my lessons in my room, I heard a knock on the door. (当……的时候)
While we don’t agree we continue to be friends. (尽管，虽然)
I’d like to get the problem settled today while we are at it. (既然)
Some people waste food while others haven’t
enough. (然而，可是)
3. as可用来引导时间状语，意为“当……的时候”；也可用来引导表示原因的状语从句，意为“因为”；还可用来引导表示让步的状语从句（通常用倒装结构）意为“尽管”。如：
She sang as she walked home all the way. (当……的时候)
As she is free today, she would like to do some shopping. （因为）
Tired as he was, he refused to take a rest. （尽管）
四、几组常用的连词的用法比较：
1. when, while, as这三个连词都可表示“当……的时候”，使用时应注意：
1) when可表示一个时间点，也可表示一个时间段。如：
When he came in, we were having supper.
When we were having supper, the light suddenly went out.
2) while则只表示一个时间段。它所引导的时间状语从句中的时态常用进行时态。如：
While he was watching TV, the boy fell asleep.
3) as则强调主句和从句的动作在同一时间进行或者一前一后发生。如：
She sang as she walked along.
2. because, since, as, for都可以表示原因，用作从属连词，但用法不同。
1) because表示某件事情发生的直接原因或理由。它的语气很强，因而常用来回答why的提问。在这几个连词中，它表示原因的语气最强。如：
He didn’t come to school yesterday because he was ill.
2) since常表示对方已经知道的既成事实，说话人根据这个事实得出某一种结论。其语气比because要弱，一般译成“既然”。如：
Since you are here, why not stay for a few more days
3) as常用于表示十分明显的原因，说明因果关系，重点放在主句上，语气较弱，常译成“由于”。如：
As it’s getting darker, we must go home now.
4) for只是一个并列连词，用于连接两个并列句，表示推理或解释，对前一个分句进行附加说明。如：
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.
3. where, wherever都可以用来引导表示地点的状语从句，但是应注意：where用作连接副词，常用于引导状语从句和名词性从句；用作关系副词，则常用于引导定语从句。如：
He found his wallet where he had left it. (where引导表示地点的状语从句)
Your coat is still where you left it. (where引导表语从句)
Years later he returned to the small village where he grew up as a child. (where引导定语从句)
wherever则用于引导一个表示让步的状语从句，意为“无论何地”。如：
Wherever you work, you should work hard.
五、注意as引导的让步状语从句常见的几种倒装方式：
1． 如果从句的谓语部分为“不及物动词+副词”，常将从句中的副词提前到从句的句首。如：
Hard as you may try, you will not succeed.
2．如果从句的谓语部分为“情态动词+不及物动词”，常将这个不及物动词提前到从句的前面。如：
Wait as you may, he will not see you.
3． 如果从句的谓语部分是“系动词+形容词”，则常将形容词提前到从句的句首。如：
Proud as the nobles are, they are afraid to see me.
4． 如果从句的谓语部分是“系动词+单数名词”，则常将这个表语名词提前，但这个名词前面的不定冠词要省略。如：
Child as he is, he can tell right from wrong.倒 装
倒装包括全部倒装和部分倒装, 部分倒装是历年高考的考查重点。
一、 部分倒装
部分倒装是将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态动词提到主语之前。如果句子的谓语部分没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。常考的部分倒装结构有：
1． 句首为否定或半否定的词语。如：not, never, seldom, little, hardly, rarely, at no time, in no way, not ... until ..., not only ..., hardly / scarcely / ... when ...等。
2． 用于so, neither, nor 开头的句子，重复前句中的部分内容, 表示“……也(不)这样”。其结构为：so / neither / nor + be /have / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语。so 用于肯定句中，neither或nor用于否定句中。
3. “only + 状语”位于句首时，后面的主句要用部分倒装。
4. 用于as引导的让步状语从句中。
5． 在虚拟条件句中，当从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词时，可将if 省略，而把 were, had, should 移到主语之前。如：
Were it to snow tomorrow, many crops will die.
Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.
Should I be free tomorrow, I will come.
6． 在以often, many a time, now and then等表示方式或频度的副词（短语）开头的句子，有时也有倒装现象。如：
Now and then do our teachers donate some money and clothes to the poor students.
二、 完全倒装
完全倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常用于一般现在时和一般过去时。在历年高考试题中出现较多的是：地点状语提前。在下列几种情况下多用完全倒装：
1. 为了保持句子平衡且谓语是be, stand, sit, lie 等动词时。如：
In front of the lecture hall sat the speaker.
2. 在there, here 引导的句子中，谓语是be, exist, live, lie 等表示状态的不及物动词时。如：
There lived a cruel queen long ago.
3. 在there, here 引起的句子中, 谓语动词用come, go, follow, enter, rush, occur等时。如：
There comes Yao Ming, a famous basketball superstar.
注意：当主语是人称代词时，句子不必倒装。如：
There he comes, a famous basketball superstar.
4. 当now, then, thus, in, out, down, up, over, away, off, back等副词置于句首，且谓语是come, follow, begin, end, be等时。如：
Out rushed a group of children.
In came my mother with a cake.
注意：这时句子的主语必须是名词，如果是代词，则不用倒装句。如：
Up went the rocket. / Up it went.
5. such提前时，整个句子需要倒装。如：
Such is the fact that China is a great country.
6. “动词-ing形式 + be + 主语”结构。
Walking at the head of the line was our teacher.
7. 为了使句子结构保持平衡，或者强调句子的表语时，常将句子的表语部分提前。这时，句子的系动词也要提前。句子的结构则为“表语+系动词+主语”。如：
Gone are the days when we had nothing to eat.后置定语
① Try the small science quiz below to see if you know any better.
试试下面的科普知识小测验，看看你是否懂得多一点。
【解析】此句中的below为副词，意为“在下面”，作后置定语。再如：
Standing on top of the hill, we found the city below very beautiful.
站在山顶上，我们发现下面的城市非常美丽。
Write down eight key words that you expect to find in the reading passage below.
写下在下文中预计会出现的8个关键词。
注：其他一些副词作后置定语的情况
②　He was knocked down by a car on his way home.
他在回家的路上被车撞了。
【解析】常见作后置定语的副词：back, here, there, above, downstairs, upstairs等等。再如：
　 The air here is very fresh.
这儿的空气很新鲜。
　 On my way home, I met an old friend of mine.
在回家的路上我遇见了一位老朋友。
The books here are all for you.
这儿的书都是给你的。
The people there are very friendly.
那里的人们非常友好。
The child was lost in the crowd and couldn’t find the way back.
那个孩子在人群中迷路了，找不到回去的路了。
When do you think the inventions in the pictures above were made
你认为上面图片里的物体是什么时候发明的？
The man downstairs got home very late that night.
楼下的那个人那天晚上回来得很晚。
Please fetch me the electric shaver from the room upstairs.
请帮我把楼上房间里的电动剃须刀拿来。
注：我们通常将作定语用的形容词放在它所修饰的名词之前，如：a new computer, a clever
boy, a beautiful garden等等。但是，有时需将作定语用的形容词放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。下面对这种后置定语作一归纳。
③ Are you doing anything important tonight
你今晚有要紧事儿吗？
【解析】作定语用的形容词修饰something, anything, everybody等不定代词时要后置。Somewhere虽是副词，但它后面跟的修饰语不像是状语，却像是后置定语。再如：
—Is there anything new in today”s newspaper
今天的报纸上有什么新的内容吗？
—No, there is nothing new.
没有什么新的内容。
I don”t get a good picture on my TV set. There must be something wrong with it.
我家电视机屏幕上的图像不清晰，它一定有什么毛病了。
He has something interesting to tell you.
他有些有趣的事要告诉你。
Let’s go somewhere quiet.
让我们到安静点的地方去。
注：something等不定代词前面有冠词或指示代词时，作定语用的形容词要前置。例如：
And there, glowing with a faint blue light in the glass test tubes on the tables, was the mysterious something which they had worked so hard to find: Radium.
在那儿，在桌子上的玻璃试管中，正闪烁着微弱的蓝光，这就是他们付出极其艰辛的劳动所要寻找的那种神秘的东西：镭。
④ He was the only man awake at that time.
他是当时唯一醒着的人。
【解析】带前缀a-的形容词通常作表语用，但这些形容词作定语时，需要后置。常见的这类形容词有alive, alone, alike, ashamed, asleep, ablaze, awake等。再如：
Who is the greatest man alive
当今最伟大的人物是谁？
Time alone will show you who is right.
只有时间将会表明谁是正确的。
The house ablaze is next door to me.
着火的那所房子就在我家隔壁。
The young woman went out to work with a boy asleep on her back.
这位少妇背上背着一个呼呼大睡的男孩去上班了。
⑤ Never have I read a novel so interesting and instructive.
我从未看过这么有趣而有教育意义的小说。
【解析】含相近意义的两个（或两上以上的）形容词作定语时要后置；两个含相反意义的并列形容词中间常用and或or相连，这些并列的形容词作定语时，通常要后置。再如：
The boy, tired, hungry and thirsty, fell down on the beach.
这男孩精疲力竭，又饥又渴，倒在海边的沙滩上。
The peasants, old and young, all went to get in the crops today.
今天那些农民，有老的，有少的，都去收割庄稼了。
The trees, big and small, grow well.
不管是大树还是小树，都生长良好。
⑥ There is a tree eight metres tall in front of his house.
他家门前有一棵8米高的树。
【解析】作定语用的形容词与表示度量的短语连用时要后置，但也可用前置定语。再如：
He crossed a street fifteen metres wide. (= He crossed a 15-metre-wide street.)
他横穿过一条15米宽的街道。
He has a sister twenty years old. (= He has a 20-year-old sister.)
他有一个20岁的姐姐。
There is an avenue two kilometers long in this city. (= There is a 2000-metre-long avenue in this city.)
这座城市里有一条两公里长的林荫道。
⑦ The girl responsible for the accident was expelled.
对事故负有责任的那个姑娘被开除了。
【解析】某些以后缀-able和-ible结尾的形容词作定语时也可后置，常见的这类形容词有sensible, visible, responsible, possible, acceptable, remarkable, available等。再如：
He has no tickets available for Friday’s performance.
他没有弄到星期五演出的门票。
The engineers have tried all the means possible.
那几位工程师试用过所有可以采用的方法。
⑧ The old fisherman drew in an old basket full of sand.
老渔夫拖上来一只旧篮子，篮子里面全是沙子。
【解析】形容词短语作定语时要后置。再如：
Antarctica is a continent very difficult to reach.
南极洲是一块很难到达的大陆。
A TV set worth 2,000 yuan is not too expensive.
一台价值2, 000元的电视机不算太贵。
My uncle”s family live in a house much larger than ours.
我叔叔一家住的房子比我们家的房子大得多。
注：有些作定语用的形容词前置或后置时，意义大不相同。例如：
The people present at the meeting are all workers.
出席会议的都是工人。
Professor Chen gave us a lecture on the present international situation yesterday afternoon.
昨天下午陈教授给我们作了一个关于目前国际形势的报告。
The tools used are made in China.
所使用的工具都是中国制造的。
The used tools are on the floor.
旧工具放在地板上。
Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of the words given in the following brackets.
用下列括号内单词的适当形式填空。
The United States proper is almost the same size as China.
美国本土的面积与中国差不多一样大。
相关自测题
1. Fill in the blanks with the words in the _________.
A. above box B. below box C. box above D. under box
1. “Can you find the _________” said the policeman to the little boy.
A. way back home B. home way back C. back home way D. back way home
1. There wasn’t ___________ in the manager’s speech. It was boring.
A. interesting anything B. something interesting
C. anything of interesting D. anything of interest
1. Mr Scott is one of the ________ after the terrible earthquake in that village.
A. alive survivors B. live survivors C. survivors alive D. living survivors
1. Yesterday, a Mr Brown, _________, came to visit you.
A. 28-year-old B. 28 years old C. 28-years-old D. of 28 year old
答案与解析
1. C。above副词作定语应后置。
1. A。back副词作定语应后置。
1. D。作定语用的短语of interest修饰不定代词时要后置。这个句子是否定句，因此选项B不对。
1. C。部分以a-开头的表语形容词有时也可作定语，但须后置。
B。作定语用的形容词与表示度量的短语连用时要后置。但复合形容词28-year-old只能作前置定语。介词、代词、数词高考链接
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. The two girls are getting on very well and share _______ with each other.
（安徽2008）
A. little B. much C. some D. none
2. Fred entered without knocking and, very out of breath, sank _______ a chair.
（安徽2008）
A. on B. off C. into D. to
3. It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which _______ of the parents spoke the language. （北京2008）
A. none B. neither C. both D. each
4. If you really have to leave during the meeting, you’d better leave _______ the back door.（北京2008）
A. for B. by C. across D. out
5. —How do you find your new classmates
—Most of them are kind, but _______ is so good to me as Bruce. （福建2008）
A. none B. no one
C. every one D. some one
6. A great man shows his greatness _______ the way he treats little men.
（福建2008）
A. under B. with C. on D. by
7. Our neighbors gave _______ a baby bird yesterday that hurt _______ when it fell from its nest. （湖南2008）
A. us; it B. us; itself
C. ourselves; itself D. ourselves; it
8. —When did you last hear _______ Jay
—He phoned me this morning, and we agreed _______ a time and place to meet.
（湖南2008）
A. of; to B. about; with
C. from; with D. from; on
9. Isn’t it amazing how the human body heals _______ after an injury
（江西2008）
A. himself B. him C. itself D. it
10. Let’s learn to use the problem we are facing _______ a stepping-stone to future success.（2008全国卷I）
A. to B. for C. as D. by
11. —Which of the two computer games did you prefer
—Actually I didn’t like _______. （2008全国卷I）
A. both of them B. either of them
C. none of them D. neither of them
12. Modern equipment and no smoking are two of the things I like _______ working here.（2008全国卷II）
A. with B. over C. at D. about
13. The English spoken in the United States is only slightly different from ______ spoken in England. （2008全国卷I）
A. which B. what
C. that D. the one
14. Elizabeth has already achieved success _______ her wildest dreams.
（陕西2008）
A. at B. beyond
C. within D. upon
15. The manager believes prices will not rise by more than _______ four percent.
（四川2008）
A. any other B. the other
C. another D. other
16. To know more about the British Museum, you can use the Internet or go to the library, or _______.（天津2008）
A. neither B. some C. all D. both
17. Many Chinese universities provide scholarships for students _______ financial aid. （天津2008）
A. in favour of B. in honour of
C. in face of D. in need of
18. —Could we see each other at 3 o’clock this afternoon
—Sorry, let’s make it _______ time.（重庆2008）
A. other’s B. the other
C. another D. other
19. It is reported that the floods have left about _______ people homeless.
（浙江2007）
A. two thousand B. two-thousands
C. two thousands D. two thousands of
Keys：1-5 BCBBA 6-10 DBDCC
11-15 BDCBC 16-19 DDCA语法突破
谓语是一个句子的重要组成部分，用于说明主语的动作、行为或所处的状态。谓语通常由动词的各种形式来充当，并且必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致。
依据其在句中繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。不论何种时态、语态、语气，凡由一个动词（或动词短语）构成的谓语都是简单谓语；而复合谓语分为两种情况：一种是由“情态动词+动词原形”构成，一种是由“系动词+表语”构成。
1. 由一个动词或动词短语充当的简单谓语。如：Our products sell very well on the European market.
我们的产品在欧洲市场上非常畅销。
He has fallen in love with Mary.
他爱上玛丽了。
2. 由“情态动词+动词原形”构成的复合谓语。如：Can you explain the sentence
你能解释一下这个句子吗？
We should have confidence in each other.
我们应该对彼此有信心。
3. 由“系动词+表语”构成的复合谓语。（系动词可分为：① 感官类，如feel, look, smell, taste, sound；② 状态类，如be, remain, stay, keep, continue, stand；③ 变化类，如become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow等。） 如：
These flowers smell very sweet.
这些花闻起来很香。
Everybody is very disappointed with the player. 每个人都对这个队员很失望。
另外，要注意，如果是不及物动词作谓语，其后不能直接加宾语，必须在不及物动词后加介词再跟宾语；如果是及物动词作谓语，其后接的宾语可以是双宾语或者复合宾语等。如：
We dived into the swimming pool to cool off.
我们一头跳进游泳池，凉快一下。
Would you mind waiting a few minutes
你可否等几分钟？
I’ll offer you 10 pounds for this book.
我出10 英镑买你这本书。考点点拨 考例回顾
1. While these activities might seem childish and cause laughter rather than respect, ... (P2)
[考点] while作连词时的用法。while作连词时，有三种意义高考经常涉及：（1）作从属连词，引导时间状语从句，意为“当……的时候”；（2）作从属连词, 引导让步状语从句，表示转折，意为“虽然；尽管”；（3）作并列连词，表示“对比”，意为“然而”。
[考例1]
______ I really don’t like art, I find his work impressive. (山东2007)
A. As B. Since C. If D. While
[点拨] 根据句意可知两个分句之间存在转折关系, 所以应选择表示转折关系的连词；while作从属连词, 可表示转折，相当于although，意为“尽管”。
[考例2]
The cost of living in Glasgow is among the lowest in Britain, ______ the quality of life is probably one of the highest.(天津2006)
A. since B. when C. as D. while
[点拨] 前后两个分句之间存在对比关系，故选while，意为“然而”。
2. Imagine doing this for a mile! (P2)
[考点] imagine的用法。imagine的常考用法：“imagine +动词-ing形式”或“imagine + one’s / n. / pron. ＋ 动词-ing形式”，其中one’s / n. / pron.是动词-ing形式的逻辑主语。imagine后不可接动词不定式作宾语。
[考例1]
—There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man.
—My goodness! I can’t imagine ______ that old. (江苏2006)
A. to be B. to have been
C. being D. having been
[点拨]此题考查imagine后接动词-ing形式的用法。
[考例2]
It is difficult to imagine his ______ the decision without any consideration.(陕西2006)
A. accept B. accepting C. to accept D. accepted
[点拨] 此题考查imagine后接动词-ing形式复合结构的用法。
3. ..., he reaches a point where he feels he cannot physically do any more. (P3)
[考点] point, situation, case等词可表示抽象的地点，作先行词后接定语从句时，若引导词在从句中作状语, 引导词通常使用where。
[考例]
After graduation she reached a point in her career ______ she needed to decide what to do.(江西2007)
A. that B. what C. which D. where
[点拨] 通过分析句子结构可知，所选项应为定语从句的引导词并在从句中作状语，故用where来引导。
4. You could not imagine a more disturbing sight than what we looked like ... (P18)
[考点] 比较级表示最高级意义。在英语中，否定词not, no, never, nothing和比较级连用，有时可表示最高级的意义。若此时比较级修饰可数名词单数，其前要用不定冠词，即“a +形容词比较级+名词”或“a +形容词比较级+ one”，one代替前面提到的名词，以避免重复。
[考例]
—Did you enjoy yourself at the party
—Yes. I’ve never been to ______ one before. (四川2006)
A. a more excited B. the most excited
C. a more exciting D. the most exciting
[点拨] 晚会是“令人兴奋的”，应用exciting，排除A、B两项；结合语境可知“这晚会是我参加过的最令人兴奋的晚会”，选C项。
5. ... a crocodile has snatched someone before he or she is even aware that ... (P28)
[考点] before作连词时的意义。before的基本含义是“在……之前”，但在不同句型中有不同的含义，还可表示“过了多久才……”。
[考例1]
—Why didn’t you tell him about the meeting？
—He rushed out of the classroom ______ I could say a word. (四川2006)
A． before B. until C. when D. after
[点拨] 句意为：他在我说话之前就跑出了教室。
[考例2]
The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time ______ we meet them again. (安徽2007)
A. after B. before C. since D. when
[点拨] it + be + before ... 句型表示“要多久才……”。定语从句专项训练题
Ⅰ. 历年高考试题:
1. His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ______ family was poor.
A. of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose
2. She heard a terrible noise, _______ brought her heart into her mouth.
A. it B. which C. this D. that
3. In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person _____ she could turn for help.
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
4. The weather turned out to be very good , ____ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
5. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
6．Carol said the work would be done by October.＿＿＿＿＿personally I doubt very much.
　　A. it 　　　　　 B. that　　　　 　 C. when　　　　　　 D. which
7．Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________,of course , made the others unhappy.
　　A. who B. which C. this D. what
8. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase , _____ was very reasonable.
A. which price B. its price C. the price of which D. the price of whose
9._____ has already been pointed out , grammar is not a set of dead rules.
A. As B. It C. That D. Which
10. He lived in London for 3 months , during ____ time he learned some English.
A. this B. which C. that D. same
11. Oh the wall hung a picture, _____ color is blue.
A. whose B. of which C. which D. its
12. Whenever I met him , ____ was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile.
A. what B. which C. that D. when
13. The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _____ stands the famous tower.
A. that B. where C. which D. there
14. The boss ____ department Ms King worked ten years ago look down upon women.
A. in which B. in that C. in whose D. whose
15. I don’t like _____ you speak to her.
A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which
16. I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella ._______ I got wet through .
A. It’s the reason B. That’s why C. There’s why D. It’s how
17. He made another wonderful discovery , ____ of great importance to science.
A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D.I think which is
18. He was very rude to the customs officer, ____ of course made things even worse.
A. who B. whom C. what D. which
Ⅱ. 强化训练题:
1. Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day
A. that
B. where
C. in which
D. the one
2. Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. the one
3. Is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. the one
4. The wolves hid themselves in the places __________ couldn’t be found.
A. that
B. where
C. in which
D. in that
5. The freezing point is the temperature __________ water changes into ice.
A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what
6. The reason is __________ he is unable to operate the machine.
A. because
B. why
C. that
D. whether
7. I’ll tell you __________ he told me last week.
A. all which
B. that
C. all that
D. which
8. That tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old.
A. whose
B. of which
C. in which
D. on which
9. I have bought the same dress __________ she is wearing.
A. as B. that C. which D. what
10. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist _________ were in the concert we attended last night.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
11. Anyone __________ this opinion may speak out.
A. that againsts
B. that against
C. who is against
D. who are against
12. Didn’t you see the man __________
A. I nodded just now
B. whom I nodded just now
C. I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now
13. Is there anything __________ to you
A. that is belonged
B. that belongs
C. that belong
D. which belongs
14. ---- “How do you like the book ”
---- “It’s quite different from __________ I read last month.”
A. that
B. which
C. the one
D. the one what
15. Mr. Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except __________ who had already taken them.
A. the ones
B. ones
C. some
D. the others
16. The train __________ she was travelling was late.
A. which B. where C. on which D. in that
17. It’s the third time __________ late this month.
A. that you arrived B. when you arrived
C. that you’ve arrived D. when you’ve arrived
18. May the fourth is the day __________ we Chinese people will never forget.
A. which B. when C. on which D. about which
19. Is it in that factory __________ “Red Flag” cars are produced
A. in which B. where C. which D. that
20. He must be from Africa, __________ can be seen from his skin.
A. that B. as C. who D. what
21. He has two sons, __________ work as chemists.
A. two of whom
B. both of whom
C. both of which
D. all of whom
22. I, __________ your good friend, will try my best to help you out.
A. who is B. who am C. that is D. what is
23. I don’t like __________ you speak to her.
A. the way
B. the way in that
C. the way which
D. the way of which
24. The two things __________ they felt very proud are Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair.
A. about which B. of which C. in which D. for which
25. Do you know which hotel __________
A. she is staying B. she is staying in C. is she staying D. is she staying in
26. Who can think of a situation __________ this idiom can be used
A. which B. that C. where D. in that
27. The astronaut did many experiments in the spaceship, __________ much help for knowing space.
A. which we think it is
B. which we think are of
C. of which we think is
D. I think which is of
28. The great day we looked forward to __________ at last.
A. come
B. came
C. coming
D. comes
29. I like the second football match __________ was held last week.
A. which B. who C. that D. /
30. This is the very film I've long wished to see.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
31.The house the capitalist used to live in is now a nursery.
A. that B. where C. what D. when
32.The doctor did all to save the wounded boy.
A. what he could B. he could C. everything which he could D. for which he could do
33. you know, he is a famous musician.
A. As B. which C. That D.／
34.He is the only one of the three got the new idea.
A. who have B. whom have C. who has D. whose had
35.This is the baby tomorrow.
A. after whom I shall look B. whom I shall look after
C. whose I shall look after D. after whom I shall look after
36. These students will graduate from the university next summer, ____________ they will have
studied here for four years.
A. by then B. by that time C. by what time D. by which time
37. This is the house the window __________ faces the south.
A. of which B. which C. of it D. whose
38. It is five o’clock in the afternoon _________ they arrived at the hotel.
A. since B. before C. when D. that
39. In some countries, _________ is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all
people.
A. which B. what C. that D. one
40. ---- How about the games
---- Very interesting, and the ones _________ the young men competed were really exciting.
A. what B. for whom C. where D. in which
Ⅲ. 从A、B、C、D中找出错误的一项并改正:
1. It′ll be dark by the time you get to the river, so I′m afraid you′ll have to go back the same way
A B C
that you came.
D
2. When I first came to the supermarket, I worked in the department where sold cooked or prepared
A B C D
food.
3. I have read the novel twice which you are talking about it.
A B C D
4. I'd like to buy that new model recorder but which is too expensive for me at present.
A B C D
5. Marco Poio, who was a great Italian traveller, travelled all the way to China, where was then
A B C D
called Cathay.
Ⅳ. 用定语从句连接下列每对句子:
1.She was talking with a lady. Her son was ill.
2. He will always remember the years. He spent the years in the little village as a child.
3.The clothes have been cleaned. I'm wearing them.
4.He is sitting in a chair. It is broken.
5. Everyone likes to make friends with her. She is a person.
6. Can you tell me the reason You sold your new car for the reason.
7. That’s the hotel. We stayed there last year.
8. The bus was surrounded by an angry crow. Most of the bus was already full.
9. I’ll never forget the day. We worked together in London then.
10. You sent my sister a present. Thank you very much for it.
Keys:
Ⅰ. 历年高考试题:
1----5 DBDBB 6----10 DBCAB 11----15 ABBCA 16----18 BAD
Ⅱ. 强化训练题:
1----5 ADBAA 6----10 CCAAD 11----15 CDBCA 16----20 CCADB
21----25 BBABB 26----30 CBBCB 31----35 ABACB 36---40 DACBD
Ⅲ. 从A、B、C、D中找出错误的一项并改正:
1.D 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.C
Ⅳ. 用定语从句连接下列每对句子:
(略)主谓一致
主谓一致是高中英语中的一个重要语法项目。下面将这个问题分类向大家说明，以期同学们更好地掌握这一语法项目。
一、名词作主语时应注意以下问题:
1． 有的名词既可被看作一个整体，又可被看作这个整体中的成员。被看作整体时，其谓语动词应用单数形式。被看作这个整体中的成员时，其谓语动词应用复数形式。这类名词有：group，family，enemy，class，team，government，crew，crowd，audience，committee等。
2． 有些集体名词只能被看作复数。这类名词有：people，police, cattle等。
3． 有的名词单复数形式相同。这时，要根据具体的意义来确定其谓语动词的单复数形式。如：
There is a sheep under the tree. / Five sheep are eating grass on the hill.
4． 当一个名词短语表示时间、度量、距离、金额、书名等时，往往根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，其谓语用单数形式。
5． 不定代词each，every，no所修饰的名词被and或or 连接时，即使有多个并列的主语，仍看作是单数。
6． 主语由more than one或many a 修饰时，尽管从意义上表示的是复数，但其谓语动词仍用单数。
但是，“more＋复数名词＋than one”结构之后的谓语动词用复数形式。如：
More students than one have gone there before.
7． 有的名词表示的是由两个对称的部分构成的物品。如：trousers, glasses, shoes, gloves, shorts, scissors等，这类名词作主语时，谓语常用复数形式。但如果其前有a pair of，a kind of修饰时，则应被看作单数形式。
8． 如果名词被most of, all of, half of, the rest of等词语修饰时，谓语动词用单数还是复数取决于这些词语所修饰的是可数名词还是不可数名词，是单数还是复数，即谓语动词应与它们所修饰的词语保持一致。如：
Half of the population in this city are workers. / Half of the land has been developed.
9． 在倒装句中，谓语动词要与后面的主语保持一致。如：
On the wall hangs a picture. (a picture为主语)
二、由连词连接的名词或代词作主语时的主谓一致问题：
1． 由and，both ... and连接的两个词语作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。但是，如果and所连接的两个名词指的是同一个人或物，或者同一个概念时，谓语动词用单数。如： Bread and butter is his favourite food.
2．主语的后面有as well as，as much as，along with，with，like，rather than，together with，but，besides，including等词语所接的名词或代词时，谓语动词要与主语保持一致。如：
Tom as well as his parents is going to visit China.
3． 以or，either ... or，neither ... nor，not only ... but also等连接的两部分作主语时，谓语动词要与最近的那一个保持一致。如：
Either you or I am wrong. /Are either you or I wrong
三、代词作主语时的主谓一致问题：
1． 名词性物主代词作主语时，既可用作单数，也可用作复数。这要取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。如：
Your pen is old. Mine is new. / My books are expensive. Hers are cheap.
2． such用作指示代词时，应根据其所指的内容来决定其单复数。如：
Such is Albert Einstein, a simple man with a warm heart. (Such指Albert Einstein)
Such are his words spoken at the meeting. (Such指his words)
3． 疑问代词who，what，which用作主语时，其谓语动词可用作单数或者复数。这要取决于它所要表达的意思是单数还是复数。如：
1) —Who is to go there
—It’s Xiao Li.
2) —Who are talking over there
—Mary and Betty.
4． 不定代词any, either, neither, none, all, some等作主语时，视其在句中的意义，谓语动词可用作单数或复数。如： Now all has changed. / All are silent at the meeting.
四、分数、量词作主语时的主谓一致问题：
1． “分数或百分数 + (of) + 名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于其中的名词。如：
Two thirds of the population here are workers. / Two thirds of the land is covered by water.
2．被a lot of，half of，plenty of，a large quantity of等修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所修饰的名词。如：
Half of the food has been sent to that area. / Half of the students have seen the film.
3． quantity修饰名词时，谓语动词用单数还是复数形式取决于quantity是单数还是复数形式。如：
Large quantities of books / cloth are on sale. / A large quantity of books (rice) is on sale.
4． a year and a half作主语时，谓语动词用作单数，因为谓语动词与half接近（就近原则）；one and a half years作主语时，谓语动词用作复数，因为谓语动词与years接近。形容词副词高考链接
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. —Hi, Mark. How was the musical evening
—Excellent! Alex and Andy performed ______ and they won the first prize.
（安徽2008）
A. skillfully B. commonly
C. willingly D. nervously
2. After the long journey, the three of them went back home, ______. （北京2008）
A. hungry and tiredly B. hungry and tired
C. hungrily and tiredly D. hungrily and tired
3. In spite of repeated wrongs done to him, he looks ______ to people greeting him.（福建2008）
A. friendly B. lively
C. worried D. cold
4. In those days, our ______ concern was to provide people who were stopped by the snow storm with food and health care. （湖北2008）
A. normal B. constant
C. permanent D. primary
5. As he works in a remote area, he visits his parents only ______.（湖北2008）
A. occasionally B. anxiously
C. practically D. urgently
6. Last night Mr. Crook didn’t come back at the usual time. ______, he met some friends and stayed out until midnight. （湖南2008）
A. Meanwhile B. However
C. Instead D. Yet
7. Jack is late again. It is ______ of him to keep others waiting. （江西2008）
A. normal B. ordinary
C. common D. typical
8. You’re driving too fast. Can you drive ______ （2008全国卷I）
A. more slowly a bit B. slowly a bit more
C. a bit more slowly D. slowly more a bit
9. The weather was ______ cold that I didn’t like to leave my room.
（2008全国卷I）
A. really B. such C. too D. so
10. Ten years ago the population of our village was ______ that of theirs.
（陕西2008）
A. as twice large as B. twice as large as
C. twice as much as D. as twice much as
11. My brother is really ______. He often works in his office far into the night.
（天津2008）
A. open-minded B. hard-working
C. self-confident D. warm-hearted
12. Although badly hurt in the accident, the driver was ______ able to make a phone call. （四川2008）
A. still B. even C. also D. ever
Keys：
1-5 ABADA 6-10 CDCDB 11-12 BA英语的16种时态
英语共有十六种时态，其表现形式如下(以study为例)
　 一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时
现在 study
studies am studying
is studying
are studying have studied
has studied have been studying
has been studying
过去 studied was studying
were studying had studied had been studying
将来 shall study
will study shall be studying
will be studying shall have studied
will have studied shall have been studying
will have been studying
过去将来 should study
would study should be studying
would be studying should have studied
would have studied should have been studying
would have been studying
时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。
1. 一般现在时
英语时态分为16种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。
用法：A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。
B) 习惯用语。
C) 经常性、习惯性动作。
例：He always helps others. （他总是帮助别人。）
D) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意，如果前后文不是一般现在时，则无法保持 主句、从句时态一致。
E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动 、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词 ）可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用 。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。
例：The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.
（下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。）
How often does this shuttle bus run （这班车多久一趟？）
F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在（有时也用现在完成时）表示将来事 情。
例：When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.（等你完成这份报告的时候，我就已经等了将近3个小时了。）
2. 现在进行时(be doing)
用法：现在正在进行的动作。
3. 现在完成时(have done)
用法：A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。
例：I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.
A) didn't sell 　　B) sold 　　C) haven't sold 　　D) would sell
答案是C) haven't sold。
B) 表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。
例：Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
A) are to challenge 　　　　C) have been challenged
B) may be challenged 　　　D) are challenging
全句的意思是：“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物，但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战，并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物动词，在本句中应当是被动语态；其动作延续到今天，所以要用现在完成时态。可见答案是C) have been challenged。A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是主动语态，不可能是答案。B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态，但意思与全句内容不合，所以不对。
C) 表示发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词，如：arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。
例：John has broken his left leg.（约翰摔断了左腿。）
注意事项：A) 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于：现在完成时强调动作的动态，或受动态的影响，是动态的结果，对现在有影响；过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。
例：He worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实，他现在已经不在那家医院了。）
He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表示他从过去开始工作，一直工作到现在，现在仍在那家医院工作。）
B) 因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，有动态和延续性的特点，所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。
例：My sister has been married for 5 years.（过去分词做表语表示状态，可以延续）
My sister has married. Don't disturb her.（终端动词）
C) 在"this is the first/ second/ third…… time that……"句型里要求用完成时。
例：This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.（这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。）
D) 句型"It is/ has been……since"所使用的两种时态都正确。
例：It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.（从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。）
E) 在"no sooner than"、"hardly/ scarcely ……when"、"before"、"prior to"等句型中，主句要求完成时。
　例：I haven't met that professor prior to today.（以前我从未见过那位教授。）
4. 现在完成进行时(have been doing)
用法：表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。
例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.（到目前为止，我们一直在处理那个项目，已经花了一个多月时间了。）
注意事项：与现在完成时相比，现在完成进行时更强调：在从过去到现在的时间里，动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。
例：It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.
A) had leaked 　　　 B) is leaking
C) leaked 　　　　　D) has been leaking
从本题上下文看，这两个句子的意思是：“看来，这个管道漏油已有一段时间了，我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。”第二句表示将要采取的措施。第一句动作发生在第二句之前，并且延续到现在为止仍在继续。因此，空格中需用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。D) has been leaking是现在完成进行时，因此是本题的答案。有11%的考生误选了B) is leaking。由于本句有时间状语for some time，表示谓语动作延续，谓语不能用现在进行时，必须用和完成时有关的时态。有些考生误选了C) leaked或A) had leaked。是因为他们没有注意到本题第二句是一般将来时，所以第一句的谓语不能用过去时或过去完成时。
5. 一般过去时
用法：A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。
B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型，本身表示的 就是过去时。
例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.（老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上，看着其他的人，一坐就是数个小时，什么也不干，也不和任何人交谈。）
He used to visit his mother once a week.（他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。）
C) 有时可代替一般现在时，表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。
例：I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car （我想向您借车用一用，可以吗？）
Would you mind my sitting here （您介意我坐在这里吗？）
注意事项：A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用，因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系，应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。
B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别：你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例：used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都对。
Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示"过去常常或
过去曾经"，要求加动词原形；后者表示"习惯于"，要求加名词或动名词。
6. 过去完成时(had done)
用法：表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的：表示"过去的过去的动作或状态"。
Until then, his family _________ from him for six months.
A) didn't hear 　　C) hasn't heard 　　B) hasn't been hearing 　　D) hadn't heard
全句的意思是：“到那时为止，他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出，谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成，因此谓语要用过去完成时。答案是D)。其它选项中：A) didn't hear，因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态，所以不能与时间状语for six months连用。B) hasn't been hearing，现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作，与题意不符。C) hasn't heard，现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻，不能表示现在时间。
注意事项：“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来，而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。
例：There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.（刚才有人在我们的房间里，因为我们打开前门进来时，我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。）
分析：虽然时间状语是just now，似乎应该使用一般过去时，但是“在房间里”这个状态是在"开门"和"注意"这两个过去的动作之前就存在的，所以应该用过去完成时。
7. 过去将来时(would/ should do)
用法：表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。
例：I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.（我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。）
注意事项：由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的，所以其注意事项可以参考过去时和将来时的相关注意事项。
8. 过去进行时(was/ were doing)
用法：A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。
例：Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.（10分钟前，玛丽正在听轻音乐。）
B) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。
例：I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.（你敲前门时我正在洗头发。）。
注意事项：其它与将来时有关的事项请参见下面所讲的一般将来时
9. 一般将来时
用法：A) 基本结构是will / shall do。
　例：We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.（我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品，作为给她的生日礼物。）
B) 有些动词，如：arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等，用于一般进行时，并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用，可以表示将来时。
　例：My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.（我妈妈下周将来看我，并会呆到5月。）
C) 表示“打算去……，要……”时，可用be going to do。
例：This is just what I am going to say.（这正是我想说的。）
D) 表示“即将、正要”时，可用be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。
例：Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.（别担心，我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。）
E) "be to do"的5种用法：
a) 表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。
例：She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.（星期一你准会在实验室见到她。）
b) 该做或不该做的事情（语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to），表示一种命令、规劝性语气。
例：You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.（孩子们，你们必须 上床睡觉，不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。）
c) 能或不能发生的事情（接近can, may）
例：How am I to pay such a debt （我怎么可能还得起这么大的一笔债呢？）
d) 不可避免将要发生的事情，后来将要发生的事情。
例：I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience.
A. will be attended B. will be attended to
C. is attended D. is attended to
will be attended to关键的一点是：attend表示“处理，解决”时是不及物动词，必须与to连用。另外，从上下文看，事情显然尚未解决，所以应该用将来时的被动语态。答案是B。
e) 用于条件从句“如果……想，设想”（接近if ……want to,或if ……should）
例：Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____________ avoided.
A) is to be 　　B) can be 　　C) will be 　　D) has been
答案是A) is to be。全句的意思是：“如果要避免食品短缺，就必须作出更大努力来增加农业产量。”
F) 同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。
例：The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.（教练想要放弃这场比赛了，因为对方已经射进了7个球。）
例：I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.
A) in 　　B) to 　　C) at 　　D) on
答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定词组，意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是：“当他的信到的时候我正要打电话给他。”
注意事项：
在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词（immediately, the moment, directly）等引导的状语从句，一般用现在时代替将来时。强调延续性或动态时，可用完成时。
例：I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.（我希望到明年你回来的时候，他的身体已经好多了。）
10. 将来进行时(will be doing)
用法：强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。
例：Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.（别担心，你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。）
注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可参考"一般将来时"和"现在进行时"的有关注意事项。
11. 将来完成时(will have done)
用法：表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态，或是发生在某个将来时间，但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关，变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。
例： The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.
A) must have lasted 　　　　　 B) will have lasted
C) would last 　　　　　　　　D) has lasted
本题考核谓语动词的时态。全句的意思是：“会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。”句中by the time it ends表示动作要延续到将来某一时刻，因此要用将来完成时。答案是B) will have lasted。如果选A)，因为情态动词must后面接动词不定式的完成时形式表示对已经发生的事情的一种肯定推测，而本句的时间状语是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended，所以犯了时态不呼应的错误。Would虽可以表示推测或可能性，但would last不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作，所以C) would last错误。因为D) has lasted是现在完成时，表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作，所以也不正确。
注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和完成时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可以参考“一般将来时”和“现在完成时”的有关注意事项。
12)将来完成进行时：shall have been doing ，will have been doing
例：By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. （到下个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。）（被动语态）
13)过去完成进行时：had been doing
例：The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.（我回到家之前，我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。）（此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复进行。）（被动语态）
14) 过去将来进行时：should be doing , would be doing
例：The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.（政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。）（此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间，所以最好用将来进行时。）（此句为被动语态）
15) 过去将来完成时：should have done , would have done
例：I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.（我坚信到那年年底为止，那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。）（此句为被动语态）
16) 过去将来完成进行时：should have been doing , would have been doing
例：They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. （他们说到第二个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。）省略和倒装高考链接
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. We finished the run in less than half the time _____. (江西2008)
A. allowing B. to allow
C. allowed D. allows
2. —Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time (2008全国卷Ⅰ)
—Yes, since she _____ the Chinese Society.
A. has joined B. joins
C. had joined D. joined
3. —What are you reading, Tom
—I’m not really reading, just _____ the pages. (2008全国卷Ⅱ)
A. turning off B. turning around
C. turning over D. turning up
4. —Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday
—Yes. _____, I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city. (安徽2008)
A. If ever B. If busy
C. If anything D. If possible
5. —Who should be responsible for the accident
—The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order _____. (福建2008)
A. as told B. as are told
C. as telling D. as they told
6. Bill wasn’t happy about the delay of the report by Jason, and _____. (辽宁2008)
A. I was neither B. neither was I
C. I was either D. either was I
7. _____ you eat the correct foods _____ be able to keep fit and stay healthy.
(江苏2008)
A. Only if; will you B. Only if; you will
C. Unless; will you D. Unless; you will
8. Not until the motorbike looked almost new _____ repairing and cleaning it.
(陕西2008)
A. he stopped B. did he stop
C. stopped he D. he did stop
9. It was announced that only when the fire was under control _____ to return to their homes. (江西2008)
A. the residents would be permitted
B. had the residents been permitted
C. would the residents be permitted
D. the residents had been permitted
Keys:
1-9 CDCDA BABC动词、时态、语态专项训练二
1. I can guess you were in a hurry. You ＿＿ your sweater inside out.
A. had worn B. wore C. were wearing D. are wearing
2. — We ＿＿ that you would fix the TV set this week.
— I’m sorry. I ＿＿ to, but I’ve been too busy.
A. had expected； had intended B. are expecting； had intended
C. expect； intend D. expected； intend
3. He will stop showing off, if no notice ＿＿ of him.
A. is taken B. will be taken C. takes D. has taken
4. — It is said that another new car factory＿＿now.
— Yeah. It ＿＿one and a half years.
A. is building； takes B. is being built； will take
C. is built； will take D. is being built； takes
5. — I’m sorry, but I shouldn’t have been so rude to you.
— You ＿＿ your temper but that’s OK.
A. have lost B. had lost C. did lose D. were losing
6. — Why Tom, your shirt is so dirty!
— Mum, I ＿＿ my storeroom downstairs。
A. cleaned B. have worked C. was cleaning D. have been cleaning
7. They won’t buy new clothes because they＿＿money to buy a color TV set.
A. save B. are saving C. has saved D. were saving
8. Good heavens! There you are! We＿＿anxious about you, and we ＿＿you back throughout the night.
A. are； expect B. were； had expected
C. have been；were expecting D. are； were expecting
9. I’ve finally finished my paper and it ＿＿ me an entire month.
A. takes B. took C. was taken D. had taken
10. The traffic in our city is already good and it ＿＿even better.
A. gets B. got C. has got D. is getting
11. — Has Jack finished his homework yet
— I have no idea；he ＿＿it this morning.
A. was doing B. had been doing C. has done D. did
12. — I will come to attend your lecture at 10:00 tomorrow.
— I’m sorry, by then my lecture will have ended and I＿＿my guests in my office.
A. is being met B. will meet C. will be meeting D. will have met
13. — Alice came back home the day before yesterday.
— Really Where ＿＿
A. has she been B. had she been C. has she gone D. had she gone
14. John and I＿＿friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we＿＿ each other a couple of times before that.
A. had been； have met B. have been； have met
C. had been； had met D. have been； had met
15. I ＿＿ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year.
A. will play B. have played C. played D. play
16. I’ve won a holiday for two to Florida. I ＿＿ my mum.
A. take B. am taking C. have taken D. will have taken
17. — You haven’t said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it
— I’ m sorry I ＿＿ anything about it sooner. I certainly think it’s pretty on you.
A. wasn’t saying B. don’t say C. won’t say D. didn’t say
18. — Where ＿＿
— I got stuck in the heavy traffic. I ＿＿ here earlier.
A. did you go； had arrived B. have you been； would have been
C. were you； would come D. are you； was
19. I know Mr Brown；we ＿＿ to each other at an international conference.
A. are introduced B. have been introduced
C. were introduced D. had been introduced
20. —Where do you think＿＿he＿＿the computer
— Sorry. I have no idea.
A. has ； bought B.／ ； bought C. did ； buy D. had ； bought
21. — I＿＿to a party, but I’ve got nothing to wear.
— Why don’t you have a dress made for the party
A. was asked B. will ask C. have asked D. have been asked
22. I didn’t like Aunt Lucy, who＿＿without warning and bringing us presents.
A. always turned up B. has always turned up
C. was always turning up D. was always turned up
23. — What do you think of this kind of TV set, which ＿＿ in Shanghai
— Well, I don’t care such things.
A. was made B. is made C. has been made D. had been made
24. — Tom, did Mr. Li join you in your discussion
— No, he＿＿, but he happened to have fallen ill.
A. would like to B. will C. was to have D. was going to join
25. — Did he notice you enter the room
— I don’t think so. He＿＿to the radio with his eyes shut.
A. listened B. was listening C. has listened D. had listened
26. The plane ＿＿ at 7:00 p.m., so I have to be at the airport by 6:40 at the latest.
A. has left B. is to leave C. will have left D. leaves
27. The train ＿＿＿＿＿ at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about nine o’clock tonight.
A. went B. is going C. goes D. will be going
28. Look at this! I＿＿some magazines and＿＿this letter.
A. was looking through； found B. am looking through； find
C. looked through； had found D. had looked through； finding
29. — ＿＿you ＿＿ the editor at the airport
— No, he ＿＿ away before my arrival.
A. Have...met； has driven B. Had...met； was driven
C. Did...meet； had been driven D. Have...met； had driven
30. — Can you give me the right answer
— Sorry, I ＿＿.Would you repeat that question
A. hadn’t listened B. haven’t listened C. don’t listen D. wasn’t listening
31. I used to drink a lot of tea but these days I ＿＿coffee.
A. prefer B. preferred C. have preferred D. am preferring
32. — Was the driving pleasant when you went to Mexico last summer
— No, it ＿＿ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.
A. was raining B. had been raining C. would be raining D. rained
33. The vegetables didn’t taste very good. They＿＿too long.
A. had been cooked B. were cooked C. had cooked D. cooked
34. — Remember the first time we met, Jim
— Of course I do. You ＿＿ in the library.
A. were reading B. had read C. have read D. read
35. I want to buy that kind of cloth because I ＿＿ the cloth ＿＿ well.
A. have told； washes B. have been told； washes
C. was told； washed D. have been told； is washed
36. — What were you up to when your parents came in
— I＿＿for a while and＿＿some reading.
A. was playing； was going to do B. played； did
C. had played； was going to do D. had played； did
37. — Sorry, I forget to post the letter for you.
— Never mind, ＿＿ it myself tonight.
A. I’m going to post B. I’ve decided to post C. I’ll post D. I’d rather post
38. I should very much like to have gone to that party of theirs, but ＿＿.
A. I’m not invited B. I was not invited
C. I have not been invited D. I had not been invited
39. — Is Tom still smoking
— No. By next Saturday he ＿＿ for a whole month without smoking a single cigarette.
A. will go B. will have gone C. will have been D. has been going
40. All but one ＿＿ take part in the conference ＿＿ tomorrow.
A. is going to； that is to take place B. are going to； that is about to take place
C. are going to； that is to be taken place D. are going to； which is to be held
41. — Are you a visitor here
— That’s right. I＿＿round the world and now my dream of coming to China＿＿true.
A. have traveled； has come B. was traveling； had been come
C. am traveling； has come D. have traveled； has been come
42. — ＿＿ Betty this morning
— Not yet, but she is sure to be here before noon.
A. Have you seen B. Will you see C. Do you see D. Did you see
43. Jim talked for about half an hour yesterday. Never＿＿ him talk so much.
A. I heard B. did I hear C. I had heard D. had I heard
44. The children ＿＿very quiet；I wonder what they ＿＿up to.
A. were； are being B. are being；are C. are；do D. are being；do
45. — Look at the black clouds. It ＿＿ soon.
— Sure. If only we ＿＿out.
A. is raining； didn’t come B. is to rain； won’t start
C. will rain； haven’t started D. is going to rain； hadn’t come
46. He ＿＿articles for our wall-newspaper these three years, and he ＿＿about forty articles.
A. has been writing； has written B. has been writing； wrote
C. is writing； has been writing D. has written； has written
47. She ＿＿ to the office than she got down to writing the report.
A. has no sooner got B. had hardly got
C. no sooner got D. had no sooner got
48. When he was alive, the old scientist used to say that knowledge ＿＿from practice and he gained his experience by doing a lot of practical work.
A. was coming B. had come C. comes D. would come
49. In this experiment, they are woken up several times during the night, and asked to report what they＿＿.
A. had just been dreaming B. are just dreaming
C. have just been dreaming D. had just dreamt
50. — What’s the matter
— The shoes don’t fit properly. They＿＿＿＿my feet.
A. are hurting B. will hurt C. have hurt D. are hurt
1 ~ 20: DAABC DBCBD ACBDD BDBCB
21 ~ 40: DCBCB DDACD ABAAB CCBBD
41 ~ 50: CADBD ADCCA
动词时态、语态专练50题参考答案及简析
1.D。can guess 这一现在猜测是建立在眼前所见情景的基础上的，故用现在进行时。
2.A。expect, intend, want, wish, hope, plan 等动词的过去完成式可表示过去未曾实现的想法、愿望、打算等。
3.A。如主句用将来时，在时间、条件和让步状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来。又因if 从句是take notice of...的被动语态结构，故选A。
4.B。根据主语与build之间的被动关系和now， 可知要选现在进行时的被动语态；因工厂正在修建，花费一年半应指将来。
5.C。shouldn’ t have done 表示“过去本不应……”。You did lose your temper 是You lost your temper 的强调形式。
6.D。现在完成进行时表示从过去某时到现在一直在进行的动作。
7.B。句意为：他们（现在）不愿买新衣服，因为他们在攒钱买电视。由此可见，攒钱是现阶段正在进行的动作。
8.C。担心是从过去某时到说话时为止一直在进行的动作，用现在完成时；expect 是在过去某一段时间里（整个晚上）正在进行的动作，故用过去进行时。
9.B。论文已完成，花费一个月时间应指过去；某事花费某人多少时间用sth.takes sb.some time 结构。
10.D。交通现在已经好了，在此基础上正在变得更好。
11.A。题干没有构成“过去的过去”，不可选B。如选C、D则表示动作已完成，与have no idea相矛盾。过去进行时表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在进行的动作，不涉及结果，正好附合题干语境。
12.C。by then 是指将来的时间状语，排除A。再由句意可知，meet指的是到了十点钟时将正在进行的动作。
13.B。问句问的是前天回来之前去了哪儿，故用过去完成时。注意had gone表示人未回来，与第一句相矛盾。
14.D。for＋时间段表示从过去某时延续至今的动作或状态，用现在完成时；meet发生在got to know 这一过去动作之前，用过去完成时。
15.D。用一般现在时表示现在的特征或状态。
16.B。come, go, leave, arrive, take 等动词常用进行时表砂将来。
17.D。表示过去没有做某事应用去时。又因句子没有"过去正在进行 "之意，帮排除A。
18.B。问对方"去了哪里"，指的是从过去某时到现在为止的动作，用现在完成时；第二个空格是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气和主句，条件状语从句If I hadn’ t got stuck in the heavy traffic 被省略。
19.C。在一个国际会议上被介绍显然发生在过去。
20.B。此句为复杂特殊疑问句结构，即“疑问词＋do you think (believe, suppose, expect, imagine, say, consider, guess等）＋其它（陈述语序） ”。
21.D。由but 分句中的现在时和答语所提建议内容，可知应选现在完成时的被动语态。
22.C。 always, often, constantly, forever, all the time 等副词与现在（过去）进行时连用，表示某种反复发生的动作，往往带有厌恶、不满、责备或赞扬等意味。
23.B。这种电视产于上海是客观事实，故用一般现在时。
24.C。C项是was to have joined us in our discussion 的省略形式。was／were ＋ to have done表示原来计划、安排要做的事，而实际上并没有做。
25.B。当时他在听收音机。
26.D。表示按时刻表或日程安排要发生的事,应用一般现在时。
27.D。从句用的是一般现在时，故主句要用将来时。将来进行时表示在将来某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作。
28.A。Look at this!说明东西已找到。紧接着说是怎样找到的。
29.C。根据答语，问句中的meet是过去发生的动作，可排除A、D。但不能选B，因为没有构成“过去的过去”。答语中用过去完成时的被动语态表示在我到达（过去动作）之前他已被人用车接走。
30.D。“没听”发生在对方（过去）问问题时，故用过去进行时。
31.A。此题选A表示现在的特征或状态。prefer属表示心理状态的动词，不能用于进时。
32.B。表示在过去某一动作之前一直在进行，并有可能继续下去的动作，要用过去完成进行时。
33.A。cook发生在didn’ t taste very good 之前，且与主语之间有被动关系，故用过去完成时的被动语态。
34.A。read 发生在the first time we met之时, 故用过去进行时。
35.B。动词wash, lock, sell, wear, write read, open, shut, clean等动词的主语是物，且又表示主语的特征或状态时，要用主动形式表示被动意义。
36.C。play 在came in 之前已完成，而do some reading 的动作则即将开始。
37.C。will／shall ＋v.表示临时的决定，而be going to 表示已决定或安排要做的事。
38.B。would ／ should like ＋ to have done表示过去未曾实现的愿望，故“未受邀请”应用一般过去时的被动语态。
39.B。by 后跟将来的时间状语时，主句要用将来完成时。go without 意为“在缺……的情况下对付”。
40.D。all but one 主语是all，且all在此指人，故谓语动词用复数；take place 属不及物动词短语，无被动语态；be about to后面不能跟具体的时间状语。
41.C。由对话情景可知，“周游世界”是现在正在进行的动作，而“实现”是到说话时为止已完成的动作；come true不能用于被动语态。
42.A。询问到说话时为止一段时间内某动作是否发生，要用现在完成时。
43.D。hear 发生在talked这一过去动作之前；never是含有否定意义的副词，放在句首时，句子应用倒装语序。
44.B。be用于进行时可表示一个暂时的特点或表现。What they are up to相当于What they are doing。
45.D。根据目前迹象判断将要发生的动作用be going to；if only 意为“但愿”，其后的句子用虚拟语气。
46.A。由these three years可知应选现在完成进行时，表示“写”从过去一直延续至今，并有可能继续下去；“写了40 篇”用现在完成时，表示到现在为止已完成的动作。
47.D。no sooner...than和hardly(scarcely)...when 均表示“一……就……”，且主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
48.C。宾语从句表示的是客观事实。
49.C。dream是从过去某时开始一延续到are woken up...and asked to report...这一现在动作之前的动作，故用现在完成进行时。
50.A。由What’ s the matter 和don’ t fit 可知，hurt是现在正在进行的动作。主谓一致和反意疑问句高考链接
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. —Did you go to the show last night
—Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area _____ invited. (陕西2008)
A. were B. have been
C. has been D. was
2. —Have you heard the latest news
—No, what _____ (2007全国卷I)
A. is it B. is there
C. are they D. are those
3. We live day by day, but in the great things, the time of days and weeks _____ so small that a day is unimportant. (湖南2007)
A. is B. are
C. has been D. have been
4. Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where _____ yet. (浙江2007)
A. hasn’t been decided
B. haven’t decided
C. isn’t being decided
D. aren’t decided
5. A survey of the opinions of experts _____ that three hours of outdoor exercise a week _____ good for one’s health. (江西2007)
A. show; are B. shows; is
C. show; is D. shows; are
6. We forgot to bring our tickets, but please let us enter, _____ (2006全国卷II)
A. do you B. can we
C. will you D. shall we
7. There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended, _____ (上海2005）
A. wasn’t there B. was there
C. didn’t it D. did it
8. You didn’t use to like him much when we were at school, _____ (上海2008春)
A. were we B. weren’t we
C. did you D. didn’t you
Keys: 1-8 DAAAB CAC虚拟语气的几种特殊用法
1. 连词if 的省略
if 虚拟条件句中有should, had 或were时，if 可以省略，将should, had 或were放在句首。如：
Had I worked hard, I would have surely succeeded.
如果我当时努力学习的话，我当然会成功的。
Were she my daughter, I wouldn’t allow her to study abroad.
如果她是我的女儿，我就不让她出国学习了。
2． 混合虚拟语气
有时条件从句和结果主句所表示的时间不一致，这就要求主从句的时态根据实际的时间概念来确定。如：
If she had followed the doctor’s advice, she would be quite all right now.
如果当时她听医生的话，她现在就会好了。
3． 含蓄条件句
含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：
（1）介词（短语），主要有but for, without, in case of等。如：
But for your help, I couldn’t finish the work on time.
要不是你的帮助，我不可能按时完成工作。
Without electricity, there would not be modern industry.
没有电，就没有现代工业。
（2）通过上下文，句中往往有 otherwise, or等词。如：
I was very busy yesterday. Otherwise I would have come to see you.
我昨天很忙，要不然我就来看你了。
4. 不用if 引导的条件从句
非真实条件句中的条件从句除用if引导外，还可用as if, unless, in case, for fear， on condition等引导。如：
I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind.
我给你留个座，没准你会改变主意。
He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow.
如果明天能还回来，他就可以用这辆自行车。
5. 只保留从句的虚拟语气
这种从句常表示一种不可能实现的愿望，常用if only 引导。如：
If only I hadn’t wasted the time in high school.
我要是上中学时没有荒废时间就好了。
6. 表示“建议、命令、要求、坚决做”等的虚拟语气
表示“建议、命令、要求、坚决做”等动词的宾语从句常用“（should） + 动词原形”虚拟结构。表示“决定”、“主张”的动词主要有decide, insist, persist等；表示“要求”、“建议”、“命令”的动词主要有demand, desire, require, request, propose, suggest, command, order 等。如：
My parents advise I not watch TV too much.
我父母劝我不要看太多的电视。
The people present at the meeting all persisted that the river not be polluted again.
所有与会者都强烈坚持河流不能再被污染了。动词、时态、语态专项训练一
【专项训练】：
一、单项选择：
1、When I her in the hall, she was playing the piano.
A．see B．saw C．will see D．am seeing
2、I’ll go with you as soon as I my work.
A．will finish B．finished C．finish D．would finish
3、He will do better in English if he harder.
A．will work B．works C．working D．work
4、Since he came here last year, we happy.
A．are B．have been C．had been D．were
5、Peter the work in a week.
A．have finished B．finishes C．is finishing D．will finish
6、 open the window.
A．Will you please B．Please will you
C．You please D．Please
7、These books in the library for a long time.
A．have kept B．had kept
C．have been kept D．were kept
8、Many sheep eating grass.
A．is B．are C．was
9、 I come here tonight No, you needn’t.
A．May B．Can C．Must D．Shall
10、The Green family London for nearly two years.
They all miss their hometown very much.
A．left B．will leave
C．have left D．have been away from
11、Her grandparents for ten years.
A．died B．have died
C．were dead D．have been dead
12、You’d better to see the doctor.
A．to go B．go C．went D．going
13、My father enjoys to light music.
A．listens B．to listen C．listening D．listened
14、When you the museum
A．would visit B．did visit
C．have visit D．had visited
15、He told them on with the work.
A．to go B．going
C．go D．went
二、用动词的适当形式填空：
1、I’ll give the book to him as soon as he back(come).
2、 the baby crying yet (stop)
3、I don’t know whether Mother me to Beijing next month.(take)
4、She on her coat and went out. (put)
5、 “What are they doing ” “They ready for the sports meeting.” (get)
6、The boy asked his mother him go and play basketball.(let)
7、I’m sorry to keep you for a long time. (wait)
8、It (take) him half an hour (finish) his homework yesterday.
9、If it an interesting film, we’ll see it tomorrow. (be)
10、They usually (do) their homework after supper.
11、Listen! Who (sing) in the next room now
12、 (be) your parents in Shanghai last year
13、Mr. Yu (teach) us maths since 1982.
14、They will have a trip (旅行) to the Great Wall if it (not rain) tomorrow.
15、Li Ming often (listen) to the radio in the morning.
16、Tan： “Father, may I go out and play football ”
Father： “ you (do) your homework ”
17、All the people in the town are glad (hear) that a famous musician(音乐家)
give a concert（音乐会）this Saturday evening.
18、Our teacher told us if it (not snow) we would visit the Science Museum the next day.
19、They often (play) football in the afternoon.
20、What’re you doing Dad
I (mend) the radio.
21、Let’s (carry) the boxes to the house.
22、Yesterday she (want) very much to see the film, but she couldn’t (get) a ticket.
23、I (write) to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.
24、Mike (visit) several places since he came to Beijing.
25、He (write) four letters to his wife every month.
26、Don’t make any noise, Grandma (sleep).
27、His aunt (do) some cooking when he came in .
28、When they (reach) the station, the train had already left.
29、There (be) a meeting next Monday.
30、We (know) each other since our boyhood. (少年时代)
31、Sometimes my father (come) back home late.
32、They (have) an English evening next week.
33、I’m very glad (hear) that.
34、Wei Fang isn’t here. She (go) to the reading-room.
35、The story (happen) long ago.
36、They (visit) the History Museum last week.
37、Zhang Hong (make) many friends since she came to Paris.
38、She (go) to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening.
39、Stay here, bag. Don’t go out. It (rain) now.
40、Li Ping (write) a composition every week.
41、The scientist (give) us a talk yesterday.
42、My parents (live) in Beijing since 1949.
43、Look! The young worker (show) the students around the factory now.
44、They (build) a new bridge over the river next year.
45、The students (clean) their classroom tomorrow.
46、My father is very busy. He often (come) home late.
47、Our teacher (join) the party twenty years ago.
48、The boys (have) a basketball match now. Let’s (go) and (watch).
49、She (work) in this factory for ten years.
50、 “What makes you (think) I’m a farmer ” the Frenchman asked.
51、It’s not easy (catch) fish with your hands only.
52、Have you finished (read) this book
53、It (snow) hard now. You’d better (stay) at home.
54、It takes him half an hour (go) to work by bus.
55、Hurry up or we (be) late for class.
56、Li Ping usually (watch) TV after supper.
57、I don’t know how (answer) this question.
58、 “ you (hear) from your uncle recently ”
59、 “Yes, I just (get) a letter from him.”
60、Why not (go) there on foot
61、I don’t think that it (rain) tomorrow.
62、Will you please (come) here on time next time.
63、Yesterday my mother told me (not play) with fire. It’s dangerous.
64、He kept me (wait) for him for a long time.
65、Did you see him (wash) when you got to his home
66、They want to go there on foot. So Lucy . (do)
67、Stop (play). It’s time for class.
68、It makes me (feel) thirsty.
69、It’s time (go) to bed.
70、Tell him (come) here on time.
71、I’d like you (meet) my parents.
72、Would you like (visit) the Summer Palace with me
73、Go on (work). We still have time.
74、They are busy (clean) their classroom.
75、The windows of our lab (clean) once a week.
三、完形填空
Mozart and an Old Performer
One day Mozart (莫扎特)saw an old blind street performer (卖艺人) playing the violin in the street corner 1 a hat in front of him .He found out the old man was 2 one of his compositions (作品).The old man played for 3 ,but still nobody put any money into his hat. Mozart asked the old man, “Do you often play compositions by Mozart ” “Yes, 4 ,”answered the old man. “Now, everybody knows Mozart and likes his music.” “Do you 5 a living by playing the violin ” The old man said he 6 Mozart took over the violin from the old man and began to play.
He played so well 7 all the passer-by stopped to listen the wonderful music and soon the old man felt very 8 that the man could play so well. He asked Mozart, “Who are you, sir ” “Your colleague (同行) , a poor 9 like you.” Then Mozart gave the 10 back to the old man and went away.
1、A．on B．by C．with D．to
2、A．writing B．playing C．reading D．listening
3、A．sometime B．sometimes C．some time D．some times
4、A．you B．it is C．Mr. D．sir
5、A．make B．buy C．give D．take
6、A．certainly B．did C．yes D．sorry
7、A．which B．how C．that D．what
8、A．happy B．worried C．disappointed D．surprised
9、A．musician B．artist C．scientist D．writer
10、A．money B．violin C．food D．hat

【答案】：
一、
1、B 2、C 3、B 4、B 5、D
6、D 7、C 8、B 9、C 10、D
11、D 12、B 13、C 14、B 15、A
二、
1、comes 2、Has, stopped 3、will take
4、put 5、are getting 6、to let
7、waiting 8、took, to finish 9、is
10、do 11、is singing 12、Were
13、has taught 14、doesn’t rain 15、listens
16、Have, done 17、to hear, will 18、didn’t snow
19、play 20、am mending 21、carry
22、wanted, get 23、will write 24、has visited
25、writes 26、is sleeping 27、was doing
28、reached 29、will be 30、have known
31、comes 32、will have 33、to hear
34、has gone 35、happened 36、visited
37、has made 38、will go 39、is raining
40、writes 41、gave 42、have lived
43、is showing 44、will build 45、will clean
46、comes 47、joined 48、are having, go, watch
49、has worked 50、think 51、to catch
52、reading 53、is snowing, stay 54、to go
55、will be 56、watches 57、to answer
58、Have, heard 59、have, got 60、go
61、will rain 62、come 63、not to play
64、waiting 65、washing 66、does
67、playing 68、feel 69、to go
70、to come 71、to meet 72、to visit
73、working 74、cleaning 75、are cleaned
三、
1、C 2、B 3、C 4、D 5、A
6、B 7、C 8、D 9、A 10、B
名词性从句高考链接
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. The last time we had great fun was _____ we were visiting the Water Park.
(天津2008)
A. where B. how C. when D. why
2. The news _____ our athletes won another gold medal was reported in yesterday’s newspaper. (上海2008春)
A. which B. whether C. what D. that
3. The companies are working together to create _____ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. (北京2008)
A. which B. that C. what D. who
4. _____ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing. (福建2008)
A. It B. What C. As D. Which
5. _____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. (山东2008)
A. It B. This C. What D. As
6. _____ matters most in learning English is enough practice. (2007全国卷II)
A. What B. Why C. Where D. Which
7. The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make _____ it is. (天津2007)
A. what B. which C. how D. where
8. It is none of your business _____ other people think about you. Believe yourself. (福建2007)
A. how B. what C. which D. when
9. Why not try your luck downtown, Bob That’s _____ the best jobs are. (浙江2007)
A. where B. what C. when D. why
10. The traditional view is _____ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (上海2007)
A. when B. why 　 C. whether D. that
11. You can only be sure of _____ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _____ you might get in the future. (安徽2007)
A. that; what 　 B. what; 不填
C. which; that D. 不填; that
12. _____ parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children. (陕西2007)
A. That B. Which C. What D. As
13. There is much chance _____ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race. (天津2006)
A. that B. which C. until D. if
14. One advantage of playing the guitar is _____ it can give you a great deal of pleasure. (上海2006)
A. how B. why C. that D. when
15. We haven’t settled the question of _____ it is necessary for him to study abroad. (江苏2006)
A. if B. where C. whether D. that
16. Please remind me _____ he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off. (2006全国卷I)
A. where B. when C. how D. what
17. —What did your parents think about your decision
—They always let me do _____ I think I should. (2006全国卷II)
A. when B. that C. how D. what
18. —Could you do me a favor
—It depends on _____ it is. (北京2006)
A. which B. whichever
C. what D. whatever
19. _____ makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.
(辽宁2006)
A. What B. Who
C. Whatever D. Whoever
20. With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased _____ he was a man of action. (湖南2006)
A. which B. that C. what D. whether
21. Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class _____ he had to meet his uncle at the airport. (重庆2006)
A. why B. that C. where D. because
22. Engines are to machines _____ hearts are to animals. (山东2006)
A. as B. that C. what D. which
23. _____ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.
(山东2006)
A. No matter what B. No matter which
C. Whatever D. Whichever
24. A warm thought suddenly came to me _____ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday. (安徽2006)
A. if B. when
C. that D. which
25. These shoes look very good. I wonder _____. (上海2006春)
A. how much cost they are
B. how much do they cost
C. how much they cost
D. how much are they cost
26. The poor young man is ready to accept _____ help he can get. (2005全国卷II)
A. whichever B. however
C. whatever D. whenever
27. _____ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account. (上海2005)
A. What is required B. What requires
C. It is required D. It requires
28. The old lady’s hand shook frequently. She explained to her doctor _____ this shaking had begun half a year before, and _____, only because of this, she had been forced to give up her job. (重庆2005)
A. when; how 　　 B. how; when 　　
C. how; how D. why; why
29. The shopkeeper did not want to sell for _____ he thought was not enough.
(山东2005)
A. where B. how C. what D. which
30. Danby left word with my secretary _____ he would call again in the afternoon. (浙江2005)
A. who B. that C. as D. which
Keys:
1-10 CDCBC AABAD 11-20 BCACC BDCAB
21-30 BCDCC　CCCCB情态动词高考链接
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. John promised his doctor he ______ not smoke, and he has never smoked ever since. （北京2008）
A. might B. should
C. could D. would
2. It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it ______ be rather cold sometimes. （福建2008）
A. must B. can
C. should D. would
3. You don’t have to know the name of the author to find a book. You ______ find the book by the title. （湖南2008）
A. must B. need C. can D. would
4. What a pity! Considering his ability and experience, he _______ better.
（江西2008）
A. need have done B. must have done
C. can have done D. might have done
5. Liza ______ well not want to go on the trip — she hates traveling.
（2008全国卷II）
A. will B. can C. must D. may
6. —What sort of house do you want to have Something big （陕西2008）
—Well, it ______ be big — that’s not important.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t
C. can’t D. won’t
7. Although this ______ sound like a simple task, great care is needed. （四川2008）
A. must B. may C. shall D. should
8. —I can’t find my purse anywhere.
—You ______ have lost it while shopping. （重庆2008）
A. may B. can C. should D. would
9. She ______ have left school, for her bike is still here.（天津2008）
A. can’t B. wouldn’t
C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
10. They ______ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise they’d never have been able to afford to go. （山东2007）
A. have got B. got
C. had got D. get
11. ______ he had not hurt his leg, John would have won the race. (2007全国卷II)
A. If B. Since C. Though D. When
12. —Guess what! I have got A for my term paper.
—Great! You ______ read widely and put a lot of work into it. (上海2007)
A. must B. should
C. must have D. should have
13. —How’s your tour around the North Lake Is it beautiful
—It ______ be, but it is now heavily polluted. (2007全国卷I)
A. will B. would C. should D. must
14. My MP4 player isn’t in my bag. Where ______ I have put it (福建2007)
A. can B. must C. should D. would
15. I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I ______ have driven her there. (陕西2007)
A. could B. must C. might D. should
Keys：1-5 DBCDD 6-10 BBAAB
11-15 ACCAD动词、时态、语态专项训练三
精练一
1、Unfortunately, when I dropped in, Doctor Li for Beijing to join in the fight against SARS, so we only had time for a few words.
A、just left B、has just left C、is just leaving D、was just leaving
2、----If the traffic hadn’t been so heavy, I could have been back by 6 o’clock.
----What a pity! Tina here to see you.
A、is B、was C、would be D、has been
3、He me that he here for twenty years by this year.
A、told; will teach B、tells; will have been teaching
C、told; had taught D、told; would have been teaching
4、Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People to ask how I am going to spend the money.
A、phone B、will phone C、were phoning D、are phoning
5、This is one of the oldest temples in China .It the 9th century.
A、is dated from B、is dated back to C、was dated from D、dates back to
6、The new trend of the flowing army of migrant workers the attention of lawmakers and government advisers who in Beijing for their annual sessions this week.
A、caught; is gathering B、catch; have gathered
C、are catching; are gathered D、has caught; are gathering
7、The fact he didn’t recognize me means that I a lot in the past few years.
A、that; changed B、which; had changed
C、when; changed D、that; have changed
8、Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, in the clothing industry.
A、is working B、works C、work D、worked
9、----Mom, the door .My keys are locked in it again.
----You it! I told you always to carry your keys with you.
A、won’t open; have asked for B、won’t be opened
C、asked for D、can’t open; are asking for
10、Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didn’t want her parents to know what she .
A、has done B、had done C、was doing D、is doing
11、----Why didn’t you turn up at the meeting
----I for a long—distance call from my cousin in England.
A、waited B、had waited C、was waiting D、have been waiting
12、Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which the Pacific, and we met no storms.
A、was called B、is called C、had been called D、has been called
13、----We that you would fix the radio this Tuesday.
----I’m awfully sorry, sir. I to do so, but you see, I’ve been too busy.
A、had expected; had meant B、expect; want
C、expected; intend D、am expecting; have intended
14、The TV play isn’t interesting enough .
A、to watch B、to watch it C、to be watched D、watching
15、----Let’s see if the baseball game has started yet.
----Started It must be clear who by now.
A、is winning B、wins C、has won D、would win
16、----Are you still busy
----Yes, I my work, and it won’t take long.
A、just finish B、am just finishing C、have just finished D、am just going to finish
1-----5DBDDD 6-----10DDCCC 11----16CBAAAB
精练二
1、----Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
----I am tired. I the living room all day.
A、painted B、had painted C、have been painting D、have painted
2、The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics by 2006.
A、has been completed B、has completed
C、will have been completed D、will have completed
3、 he will return to his native land.
A、It is long before that B、It is before long that
C、It won’t be long before D、It will be before long that
4、His wife to catch the first train but she was too late.
A、hoping B、had hoped C、has hoped D、would hope
5、Tom said he to her,but he yet.
A、will write;didn’t B、has written;hasn’t
C、was going to write;wasn’t D、would write;hasn’t
6、Millions of pounds’worth of damage by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.
A、has been caused B、had been caused C、will be caused D、will have been caused
7、----What are you going to do this afternoon
----I am going to the cinema with some friends.The film quite early,so we to the bookstore after that.
A、finished;are going B、finished;go C、finishes;are going D、finishes;go
8、With more forests being destroyed,huge quantities of good earth each year.
A、is washing away B、is being washed away
C、are washing away D、are being washed away
9、----What’s wrong with your leg
----I got injured in a car accident.
----I suppose you too fast.
A、were driving B、had driven C、had been driving D、have driven
10、----Alice,why didn’t you come yesterday
----I ,but I had an unexpected visitor.
A、had B、would C、was going to D、did
11、----Hello!Fancy meeting you here!
----Hi,Elizabeth.I how to spend the morning—until I saw you.
A、was just wondering B、have wandered
C、am just wondering D、had been wondered
12、----Does Liu Hua serve in the army
----No,but he in the army for three years.
A、served B、has served C、is serving D、would serve
13、----This returned Chinese scholar has become one of the top experts in this field.
----Yes,I know him very well.He in Africa with animals for eight years.
A、has worked B、had worked C、worked D、has been working
14、The naughty boy!He where he leaves his things.
A、always forgets B、will always forget
C、is always forgetting D、has always forgotten
15、The girl is very shy,and never speaks until to.
A、spoken B、speaking C、speak D、be spoken
1-----5CCBBD 6-----10ACDAC 11-----15AACCA
精练三
1、The price ,but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A、went down B、will go down C、has gone down D、was going down
2、----What’s wrong with your coat
----Just now when I wanted to get off the bus,the man next to me on it.
A、sat B、had sat C、had been sitting D、was sitting
3、The country life he was used to greatly since 1992.
A、change B、has changed C、changing D、have changed
4、I don’t really work here;I until the new secretary arrives.
A、just help out B、have just helped out
C、am just helping out D、will just help out
5、Experts think we won’t have clean water to drink unless something soon,but much remains about environment protection.
A、would be done;doing B、is done;to be done
C、will be done;to do D、is done;to do
6、Although he has lived with us for years,he us much impression.
A、hadn’t left B、didn’t leave C、doesn’t leave D、hasn’t left
7、----Do you kown our town at all
----No.This is the first time I here.
A、was B、have been C、came D、am coming
8、Rainforests and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.
A、being cut B、are cut C、to be cut D、are being cut
9、----I suppose Jack is late again.
----You it!
A、are guessing B、will guess C、guess D、have guessed
10、----Have you brought the camera
----Oh,my poor memory!I before leaving home.
A、mentioned B、had been mentioned
C、have been mentioned D、have mentioned
11、----Come on,Peter,I want to show you something.
----Oh,how nice of you!I you to bring me a gift.
A、never think;are going B、never thought;were going
C、didn’t think;were going D、hadn’t thought;were going
12、It’s said that he because of his killing an old man.
A、has been held a prisoner B、has been taken a prisoner
C、was held prisoner D、was in prisoner
13、The discussion alive when an interesting topic was brought in.
A、was coming B、had come C、has come D、came
14、Now that she is out of a job,Lucy going back to school,but she hasn’t decided yet.
A、had considered B、has been considering C、considered D、is going to consider
15、According to the art dealer,the painting to go for at least a million dollars.
A、is expected B、expects C、expected D、is expecting
1-----5CDBCB 6-----10CBDDB 11-----15BCDBA
精练四
1、Listen to the two girls by the window.What language
A、did they speak B、were they speaking
C、are they speaking D、have they been speaking
2、----Hurry up!Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
----Oh!I thought they without me.
A、went B、are going C、have gone D、had gone
3、He was hoping to go abroad but his parents that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.
A、were deciding B、have decided C、decided D、will decide
4、We plan to reach the North Pole in mid-July,and by then we for six weeks.
A、are walking B、have been walking
C、will be walking D、will have been walking
5、She a secretary for five years,but now she is a manager of a big store.
A、is B、was C、had been D、has been
6、No one this building without the permission of the police.
A、is leaving B、is to leave C、has left D、will be leaving
7、His method should be popularized;it practical.
A、proves B、is proved C、has been proved D、proved
8、It long before China on the moon.
A、will not be;will land B、is;will land C、will not be;lands D、is;lands
9、----She didn’t take the medicine last night,did she
---- .
A、No,but I wish she wouldn’t B、No,but I wish she had
C、Yes,but I wish she did D、Yes,but I wish she wouldn’t
10、----What about the books
----Books of this kind well.
A、sell B、sells C、are sold D、is sold
11、When he came back to life,the young man found himself in a small house and everything he .
A、lay;had been stolen B、lay;was stolen
C、lying;had stolen D、lying;had been stolen
12、----Why,John ,have you changed your home phone number
----No.But I with my uncle’s family this week.
A、have been staying B、have stayed C、am staying D、stay
13、I should very much like to have gone to that party of theirs,but .
A、I’m not invited B、I have not been invited
C、I was not invited D、I will not be invited
14、----I’ve bought a box of chocolates for our daughter.
----Oh!how good a dad!But she doesn’t like sweet things, that
A、don’t you kown B、haven’t you known
C、didn’t you know D、hadn’t you known
15、I would be sitting in a comfortable office now if I more energies to my study instead of being crazy about going online at college.
A、devoted B、would have devoted C、were to devote D、had devoted
1-----5CDBDB 6-----10BACBA 11-----15CCCCD主语
名词、代词、数词、不定式、动词的ing形式、从句等可作句子的主语。
名词或名词短语作主语
Some young people can't settle down to their own business．
有些年轻人不能专心于自己的工作。
Weather in our coastal city is nice and cool in summer．
夏天我们海滨城市的天气很凉爽。
代词作主语
This is all I want．Nothing else．
这就是我想要的全部。没别的。
Who teaches you folk music 谁教你们民间音乐
She has already left China for Chile．
她已离开中国到智利去了。
数词作主语
Three is enough for each of us．
三个对于我们每个人来说就足够了。
Four and five makes nine． Have you worked it out，Jeff
四加五等于九。你算出来了吗，杰夫
名词化形容词和名词化分词作主语
The sick and the old need our help．
病人和老人需要我们的帮助。
The wounded should be sent to hospital at once．
受伤人员应立即送往医院。
动词不定式或不定式短语作主语
To become a nurse is my wish．成为护士是我的心愿。
动词的-ing形式作主语
Remembering so many new words is really hard work．
记住这么多新单词真是件苦差事。
从句作主语
作主语的从句称为主语从句，可由that，whether，wh-词等引导。
That he forgot to tell me the time for the meeting caused lots of trouble．他忘了告诉我开会的时间，这给我带来了很多麻烦。
What we can't get seems better than what we have．我们得不到的东西似乎比我们拥有的东西好。
有时介词短语、副词或其短语位于主语位置是倒装结构。
Between six and seven in the morning is the time I go jogging．
早晨六点至七点是我慢跑的时间。
Nearby is a good place for camping．附近是宿营的好地方。
考题：
_______ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement．
A. The president will attend B，The president to attend
C. The president attended D．The president's attending
D．本题考查动名词复合结构作主语。动名词复合结构作主语，须用名词的所有格，然后加动名词，其余选择均构不成合理句子结构。
After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth，______ our astronauts desire to do is walk in space．
A．where B．what C．that D．how
B. 本题考查主语从句。首先排除C，因为主语从句中缺成分，that是不充当成分的；其次排除A、D因为where与how在从句中只能充当状语成分，而本句中缺do的宾语；what引导的是主语从句，并在主语从句中充当及物动词do的宾语。时态语态高考链接
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. —Did you watch the basketball match yesterday
—Yes, I did. You know, my brother ______ in the match. （安徽2008）
A. is playing B. was playing
C. has played D. had played
2. I like these English songs and they ______ many times on the radio.（安徽2008）
A. taught B. have taught
C. are taught D. have been taught
3. —Have you read a book called Waiting for Anya
—Who ______ it （北京2008）
A. writes B. has written
C. wrote D. had written
4. The hotel wasn’t particularly good, but I ______ in many worse hotels.
（北京2008）
A. was staying B. stayed
C. would stay D. had stayed
5. No decision ______ about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed. （北京2008）
A. will be made B. is made
C. is being made D. has been made
6. So far this year we ______ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.
（福建2008）
A. saw B. see
C. had seen D. have seen
7. I called Hannah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through. Her brother ______ on the phone all the time! （湖南2008）
A. was talking
B. has been talking
C. has talked D. talked
8. —Do you have any problems if you ______ this job
—Well, I’m thinking about the salary ... （湖南2008）
A. offer B. will offer
C. are offered D. will be offered
9. —Do you think we should accept that offer
—Yes, we should, for we ______ such bad luck up till now, and time ______ out. （江西2008）
A. have had; is running
B. had; is running
C. have; has been run
D. have had; has been run
10. —Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time
—Yes, since she ______ the Chinese Society. （2008全国卷I）
A. has joined B. joins
C. had joined D. joined
11. The wet weather will continue tomorrow when a cold front ______ to arrive. （2008全国卷I）
A. is expected B. is expecting
C. expects
D. will be expected
12. If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it ______ all day. （2008全国卷II）
A. rained B. rains
C. has rained D. is raining
13. If their marketing plans succeed, they ______ their sales by 20 percent.
（2008全国卷II）
A. will increase
B. have been increasing
C. have increased
D. would be increasing
14. The moment I got home, I found I ______ my jacket on the playground.
（陕西2008）
A. had left B. left
C. have left D. was leaving
15. Though we don’t know what was discussed, yet we can feel the topic ______. （陕西2008）
A. had changed B. will change
C. was changed
D. has been changed
Keys：1-5 BDCDA 6-10 DACAD
11-15 AAAAD语法复习---宾语补语
[重点难点]：1 什么词或词组可以做宾补。
2 如何应用宾语补语。
[知识梳理]：
句型：Verb + object + complement
所谓宾补，就是宾语之后的一个词、词组、或从句对宾语提供更完善的信息作为补充，所以叫做宾补。要找出宾补，首先要找出宾语。如：
We made him our monitor.
The leader made him director of Pompeii dig.
可以充当宾补的词、词组有哪些呢？
1. A noun or noun phrases can be used as an object complement.（名词）
They called him Professor Wang.
I lend him a comic book/ an old bike.
2. An adjective or adjective phrases can be used as object complement.（形容词）
Drive sb crazy
The teacher asked us to leave the door open.
We find this advertisement very interesting and useful.
3. A to-infinitive or a bare infinitive can be used as an object complement （不定式）
Teachers must forbid middle school students to smoke.
We consider him to be an honest boy.
We believe him to be right.
Mother asked him to throw away the rubbish.
Why did you make him stay in the classroom a bit late
The Maths teacher had him do the exercises again.
Don’t let things happen again.
Let’s have a party tonight.
Let them set off at once.
4. A Preposition or a Prepositional phrase can be used as an object complement （介词及其短语）
When we wake up in the morning, we find ourselves on the bed.
5. An adverb can be used as an object complement （副词）
I opened the door to let him in.
You can turn the radio on. He had his new shoes on.
Bring him in Hand your exercises in
6. v-ed or v-ing phrase can be used as an object complement （分词）
The teacher kept the girl waiting for her.
7. as 短语can be used as an object complement
We regard him as a hero. Consider …… as Treat ……as
8. 从句 we’re making our school what your school look like.
9. 特殊 We’re having a class, with a light on.
注意：宾补的数要与宾语保持一致。
She made Tom her assistant.
She made Tom and Mary her assistants.
1. His parents expect him to be a doctor （ 当医生）.
2. On his arrival, he found a group of pioneers with flowers in their hands welcoming him. (手拿鲜花欢迎他).
3. You’d better leave the window open during the day. (开着)
4. We consider him to be an honest boy. (是位诚实的孩子).
5. They all call the machine a robot (机器人).
6.Why did you have lights on all night(亮着)
[好题精练]
1. Don’t leave the water ____ while you brush your teeth. (天津2004)
A. run B. running
C. being run D. to run
2. He looked around and caught a man ___ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
A. put B. to be putting
C. to put D. putting
3. Laws that punish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get parents _______. (重庆 2004)
A. worried B. to worry
C. worrying D. worry
4. The teacher asked us _____ so much noise. (北京2003)
A. don’t make B. not make
C. not making D. not to make
5. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered ____ clear warnings before firing any shots. (上海2003)
A. to issue B. being issued
C. to have issued D. to be issued
6.－Good morning. Can I help you －I'd like to have this package __ ,Madame.
A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed
7. Father will not __us to use his recorders.
A. have B. let
C .agree D. allow
8. John was made __the truck for a week as punishment.
A .to wash B. washing
C. wash D. to be washing
9. The missing boys were last seen __ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing
C. play D. to play
10. Paul doesn't have to be made __ .He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn
C .learned D. learning
11. Seeing the sun __ above the surface of the sea, we let out a shout of joy.
A. to rise B. to raise C. rising D .raising
12. I was disappointed to find his suggestions __ .
A been turned down B. turned down
C. to be turned down D. to turn down
13. The patient was warned ____oily food after the operation.
A. to eat to B. eating not C .not to eat D not eating
14. The speaker raised her voice but still couldn’t make herself _______.
A. hear B. hearing C. to hear D. heard
15. If you go to Xi’an, you’ll find the palaces there more magnificent than commonly _________.
A. supposing B. to suppose
C. supposed D. suppose
16. It’s so cold today, we must keep the fire ________.
A. to burn B. burning
C. burn D. burnt
17. The mother was asked ________ let her children ________ TV every evening;
A. not to; watch B. not to; to watch
C. not; watch D. not; watching
18. They didn’t observe her _______ in and go upstairs.
A. come B. came
C. to come D. coming
19. How about the two of us ____ a walk down the garden (MET93 17)
A. to take B. take
C. taking D. to be taking
20. I have had my bike , and I’m going to have somebody my radio tomorrow.
A. repair; to repair
B. repairing; to be repaired
C. repaired; repair
D. to repair; repairing
参考答案：
1—5 B DADA 6—10 D D AAB 11—15 C BCDC 16 ---20 B A ACC浅谈“表语”
在英语中, 表语位于连系动词之后，与连系动词一起构成复合谓语，用来说明主语的性质、特征、身份或状态等。 名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词 鄄ing形式、过去分词和从句都可以充当表语。掌握表语的用法需要注意的几点是：
1. “主语+be+of+抽象名词（importance, use, value, help, interest等）”表示主语的特性，相当于形容词important, useful, valuable, helpful, interesting等作表语；“主语+be+of+age, size, height, length, color等名词”表示主语的年龄、大小、高度、长度、颜色等特征时, 往往可以省略介词of。如：
The dictionary is of great use to beginners of English.
这本字典对英语初学者来说很有用处。
They were （of） the same age. 他们同岁。
2. 动词不定式作表语往往对主语起解释说明作用。若主语部分含有动词do（does, did）时，后面的不定式可以省略不定式符号to。如：
My answer to his threat was to hit him on the nose.
我对他的威胁的回答是照他鼻子上给了一拳。
What they wanted to do was (to) win the game.
他们想做的事就是赢得这场比赛。　　
3． 一般来说，动词 鄄ing形式转化来的形容词作表语表示“令人……的”，而过去分词形式转化来的形容词作表语表示“感到……的”。如：
I find the situation is very worrying.
我觉得形势很令人担忧。
When he gets excited, he starts talking really fast.
当他兴奋的时候，他的语速就开始变得很快。
4. 从句作表语
（1）连词that, because和whether可引导表语从句，但在从句中不作任何成分。如：
The trouble is that I have lost his address.
麻烦的是我把他的地址丢了。
—This photograph doesn’t look like you.
这张照片看起来不像你。
—That’s because it isn’t me—it’s my sister.
那是因为那不是我，那是我姐姐。
The point is whether we should lend him the money.
关键是我们是否应该把钱借给他。
（2）连接代词who, which, whom, what以及连接副词when, where, how, why等可引导表语从句。如：
The question is who is responsible for what has happened.
问题是发生了这事该谁负责。
This is where they once lived.
这就是他们曾经住过的地方。
（3） as if/as though也可引导表语从句，但从句中是否需用虚拟语气，要根据事实作出判断。如：
It looked as if it was going to rain.
看起来天要下雨了。
They looked as if they were twins, for they looked so much like each other.
这两人看上去就像一对孪生兄弟，因为他们彼此长得太像了。反意疑问句
使用反意疑问句时，注意把握以下几点：
一、反意疑问句部分的助动词：
反意疑问句的助动词要与陈述句部分的助动词保持一致。通常情况下，容易作出正确的判断。但要注意掌握以下较为复杂的情况：
1． 陈述句的谓语动词为have to时，反意疑问句部分用助动词do构成疑问句。如：
They had to stay there, didn’t they
2． 陈述句的谓语动词含有used to时，反意疑问句可用usedn’t 或didn’t作助动词。如：
She used to come and help you, usedn’t / didn’t she
3． 陈述句含有情态动词ought to时，反意疑问句部分用ought作助动词。如：
She ought to come, oughtn’t she
4． 当陈述句部分有实义动词dare和need时，反意疑问句部分用do作助动词；如果need和dare是情态动词时，则反意疑问句部分仍用这两个词作助动词。如：
They don’t dare to come, do they / They dare not come, dare they
5． 陈述句有情态动词must时：
1) must be表示“推测”时，反意疑问句部分用be的适当形式作助动词。如：
She must be a student, isn’t she
2) must表示“必须”时，后面用needn’t作助动词。如：
They must hand in their papers today, needn’t they
3) mustn’t表示“禁止”，则反意疑问句部分仍用must作助动词。如：
The children mustn’t play in the street, must they
4) 陈述句的谓语部分是“must have+过去分词”时，如果这个结构带有一个表示过去的时间状语，则反意疑问句用did作助动词；如果没有表示过去的时间状语，则反意疑问句部分用have作助动词。如：
They must have finished their work yesterday, didn’t they / They must have finished their work, haven’t they
二、 反意疑问句用肯定式还是否定式：
1． 陈述句部分的谓语是由带“否定”前缀的词构成时，这个句子仍被看作肯定句，后面的反意疑问句部分用否定式。如：
He is unfit for his office, isn’t he
2． 如果陈述句部分含有表示否定或半否定意义的词语如not，no，never，little，seldom，hardly，few，nowhere，nothing等时，这个句子被看成否定句，那么反意疑问句用肯定式。如：
He never comes to school so late, does he
三、反意疑问句的主语：一般来说，反意疑问句部分的主语要与前面的陈述句部分的主语保持一致。但需注意下面几点：
1． 如果陈述句的主语是表示人的不定代词如anyone, someone, no one, everybody, nobody, somebody等时，反意疑问句的主语可用he，也可用they。如：
Everybody knows that, don’t they / doesn’t he
2． 陈述句部分的主语是表示物的不定代词如anything, nothing, something, everything等时，反意疑问句的主语用it。如:
Nothing happened, did it
3． 如果陈述句部分的主语是非谓语形式或主语从句时，反意疑问句的主语用it。如：
Doing more exercise is good for health, isn’t it
That he missed the exam made his parents worried, didn’t it
四、反意疑问句是主从复合句或感叹句时，反意疑问句的构成：
1． 如果陈述句部分是I think / believe / suppose等时，反意疑问句应与其宾语从句保持一致。如：
I don’t think he is right, is he 但：You don’t think he is right, do you
2． 如果陈述句部分是一个主从复合句，反意疑问句应与主句保持一致。如：
If it rains tomorrow, the sports meet will be put off, won’t it
3． 陈述句部分是并列句时，反意疑问句与后一个分句保持一致。如：
I bought you a ticket yesterday, and you went to see the film with me, didn’t you
4． 陈述句部分是一个感叹句时，反意疑问句通常用否定式，助动词一般用动词be。如：
Ｗhat a cold day, isn’t it!
5． 祈使句的反意疑问句通常用will作助动词。如：
Don’t go out, will you 形容词和副词
形容词、副词的位置
1. 多个形容词修饰名词
其顺序为：限定词（冠词、指示代词、人称代词、数词等） + 描绘性形容词 + 大小、长短、高低 + 形状 + 年龄、新旧 + 颜色 + 国籍、地区、出处 + 材料性质 + 用途、类别 + 名词中心词。如:
a charming big round new black French wooden writing desk
a beautiful small round old yellow French wooden reading room
[高考真题1]
The _______ house smells as if it hasn’t been lived in for years. （江苏2004）
A. little white wooden B. little wooden white
C. white wooden little D. wooden white little
（注：标红部分为最佳选项。下同。）
[高考真题2]
This _______ girl is Linda’s cousin. （北京2005）
A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty
C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish
2. enough修饰名词时可前置或后置，但修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置。
[高考真题]
Although she did not know Boston well, she made her way _______ to the Home Circle Building. （湖南2006）
A. easy enough B. enough easy C. easily enough D. enough easily
形容词、副词
词义辨析
1. 在特定的语境中选择一个恰当的形容词或副词
[高考真题1]
Although the country has had political independence for over a century, ______ it needs the support of its neighbors. （上海2007春）
A. naturally B. economically
C. especially D. luckily
[高考真题2]
The study surveyed 500 families and found the main ______ problem people suffered was tiredness, followed by loneliness and anxiety. （上海2007春）
A. domestic B. public
C. psychological D. biological
2. 词形相近的形容词或副词的辨析
[高考真题1]
This magazine is very ______ with young people, who like its content and style. （湖北2007）
A. familiar B. popular C. similar D. particular
[高考真题2]
It’s not socially ______ for parents to leave children unattended at that age.（山东2007）
A. accessible B. adorable
C. adaptable D. acceptable
3. 词义相近的形容词或副词的辨析
[高考真题1]
A new ______ bus service to Tianjin Airport started to operate two months ago. （天津2007）
A. normal B. usual
C. regular D. common
[高考真题2]
The final score of the basketball match was 93-94. We were only ______ beaten. （天津2007）
A. nearly B. slightly
C. narrowly D. lightly
形容词、副词的比较等级
1. 比较级的修饰语
比较级前可用a bit, a little, rather, much, far, a lot, a great deal, any, still, even等修饰。
[高考真题]
After two years’ research, we now have a _______ better understanding of the disease. （2007全国卷II）
A. very B. far C. fairly D. quite
2. 隐含比较级
有时句子中并不出现than，但是从上下文中我们可以看出其暗含的比较意味。
[高考真题1]
There is an old proverb, “Love me, love my dog.” But there is _______ wisdom in this: “Love me, love my book.” （湖南2007）
A. some B. much C. more D. most
[高考真题2]
The melon the Smiths served at dinner would have tasted _______ if it had been put in the fridge for a little while. （江西2007）
A. good B. better C. best D. well
3. 比较级表示最高级
最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。如：
★Mike is more intelligent than any other student in his class.
★Nothing is easier than this.
★He had never spent a more worrying day.
[高考真题]
Your story is perfect; I’ve never heard _______ before. （2006全国卷II）
A. the better one B. the best one
C. a better one D. a good one
4. 原级比较
在肯定句中用as ... as；在否定句或疑问句中用as ... as或so ... as。常见的结构有：
★as + 形容词或副词原级 + as
★as + 形容词 + a + 单数名词 + as。如：
This is as good a book as that one.
注意：倍数 + as + 形容词或副词原级 + as = 倍数 + the +名词（如size, length, width, depth） + of。如：
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
= This bridge is three times the length of that one. [高考真题]
Nowadays the roles of husband and wife are not as _______ defined as before, especially when both partners work and earn money for the family. （上海2007春）
A. clear B. clearer
C. clearly D. more clearly
5. 注意区分以下易混淆的结构
★more ... than ... 与其说是……，不如说是……
★no more than = only 只不过，仅仅。言其少。
★not more than = at most不多于，至少。指事实。
★no better than 和……一样不好
★not better than 不比……更好
★no less than = as much as多达
★no fewer than = as many as多达
[高考真题]
Though he started late, Mr. Guo played the piano as well as, if _______, Miss Liu.（陕西2007）
A. not better than B. not better
C. no better than D. no better状语从句专练
1. After the war，a new school building was put up ________ there had once been a theatre.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
2. ____ he took part in the competition, he won a second prize.
A. For the first time B. At a time C. At one time D. The first time
3. I would appreciate it _______ you call back this afternoon for the doctor’s appointment.
A. until B. if C. when D. that
4. I had just started back for the house to change my clothes _____ I heard the voices.
A. as B. after C. while D. when
5. The class went on with the story _____ they had left it before the holiday.
A. where B. which C. in which D. when
6. The company has a free long-distance telephone number _____ customers may call with any questions they have about its products.
A. although B. as C. even if D. so that
7. --- Is Mr. Smith in the office
--- Yes，________ he is in charge of the office，he must be there.
A. since B. however C. whether D. for
8. Someone called me up in the middle of the night，but they hung up ________ I could answer the phone.
A. as B. since C. until D. before
9. --- Don’t look down upon Bob. He has his own advantages.
--- Oh, yes. ________ others are weak, he is strong.
A. If B. When C. Where D. Though
10. The day must be breaking, _____ the birds have begun singing.
A. because B. as C. for D. since
11. John may phone tonight. I don’t want to go out ________ he phones.
A. as long as B. in order to C. in case D. so that
12. ____others say, the expert is sure that his theory is correct
A. No matter B. It doesn’t matter C. Whatever D. What
13. Many places are flooded by heavy rainfalls, so they can’t walk _______ they like these days.
A. when B. whenever C. where D. wherever
14. His father began to work ______ his childhood.
A. since B. before C. as early as D. while
15. The roof fell _____ he had time to dash into the room to save his baby.
A. before B. as C. after D. until
16. --- The thread of my kite broke and it flew away.
--- I had told you it would easily break ________it was the weakest
A. when B. where C. unless D. since
17. The crowd started cheering ______ he rose to speak.
A. as B. since C. till D. where
18. I had worked here ______ you came here. But I shall leave for England ______.
A. before long, before long B. before long; long before
C. long before, before long D. long before; long before
19. Scientists say it may be five or ten years _____ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.
A. since B. before C. after D. when
20. ___ the Internet is bringing the distance between people, it may also be breaking some homes or will cause other family problems.
A. When B. If C. As D. While
21. Though he is in his sixties, ______ he works as hard as a young man
A. yet B. but C. and D. and yet
22. The two girls look ____ much alike ____ no one can tell them apart.
A. so, that B. so, and C. as, that D. such, that
23. John shut everybody out of the kitchen _________ he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.
　 A. which　　 B. when　　 C. so that　　 D. as if
24. Beijing is larger than ____ city in Africa
A. any B. other C. each D. any other
25. We must hurry up ________ catch the last train.
A. that B. so that to C. in order that D. in order to
26. No matter________ hard it may be，I will carry it out.
A. what B. whatever C. how D. however
27. ________ you may do，you must do it well.
A. Which B. Whenever C. Whatever D. When
28. --- Are you thinking about going to New York for the holiday
--- No. But if I ________ the time，I would definitely go.
A. have B. had C. have had D. would have
29. ________ you are so weak，you’d better stay at home.
A. Since B. For C. Because D. Though
30. English and French are taught here. You can choose ________ you like.
A. no matter which B. whichever C. which D. whatever
31. I saw Mr. Smith last Sunday. We had not seen each other ________ I left London.
A. as B. before C. since D. till
32. I’ll be back before you ________.
A. will leave B. will have left C. leave D. would leave
33. The problem won’t be settled until we ________ a chance to discuss it thoroughly.
A. have had B. will have C. will have had D. would have
34. If you ________ this experiment，you will understand the theory better.
A. will be doing B. have done C. will have done D. would do
35. They went on working ________ it was late at night.
A. even if B. as if C. however D. as though
36. I hurried ________ I wouldn’t be late for class.
A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless
37. ________ you talk to someone or write a message，you show your skills to others.
A. At times B. Some time C. By the time D. Every time
38. Although he is considered a great writer，________.
A. however his works are not widely read B. but his works are not widely read
C. his works are not widely read D. still his works are not widely read
39. We should finish the important job，________.
A. long it takes however B. it takes however long
C. long however it takes D. however long it takes
40. ________ comes to the party will receive a gift.
A. No matter who B. Who C. Which one D. Whoever
41. She is willing to help you, ________ busy she is.
A. what B. how C. however D. whatever
42. No matter ________ hard it may be，I’ll carry it out.
A. what B. whatever C. how D. however
43. Why do you want to find a new job ________ you’ve got such a good one already
A. that B. where C. which D. when
44.________he is, he will be thinking of you.
A. Wherever B. Where C. Now that D. As soon as
45. You should make it a rule to leave things ________ you can find them again.
A. when B. where C. then D. there
46. He got excited at the news，________ I was calm.
A. when B. while C. because D. after
47. --- Shall Brown come and play computer games
--- No，________ he has finished his homework.
A. when B. if C. unless D. once
48. Hardly had he arrived in Hongkong ________ she rang me up.
A. when B. than C. that D. and
49. ________ they heard the shout for help，they rushed out.
A. Immediately B. The moment C. The while D. All the above
50. ________，he never seems able to do the work beautifully.
A. Try as he may B. as he tries C. Try as does he D. As he does try
51. If ________，I would have gone with him.
A. had he told me B. he had told me C. he has told me D. he would tell me
52. --- Alice is moving to her new apartment next Saturday.
--- I would be glad to help her，________ need some help.
A. should she B. if she will C. if she D. if she might
53. We will never give in ________ they might do or say about our plan.
A. no matter how B. how C. whatever D. although
54. I wonder if I ________ time. If I ________ time，I’ll go with you.
A. have；have B. will have；will have
C. have；will have D. will have；have
55. By the time you ________ back，the supper ________ ready.
A. will get；will B. get；was C. get；will be D. will get；is
56. ________ I live，I will never give in to the enemy.
A. As far as B. As long as C. As well as D. As soon as
57. I really wonder ________ he has posted me many packages ________ we worked together.
A. how；after B. why；when C. when；before D. why；since
58. Please pronounce the word ________ I did.
A. by the way B. the way C. the moment D. like
59. I was about to leave my house ________ the phone rang.
A. while B. when C. as D. after
60. I had cut the meat into pieces ________ Mother started cooking.
A. when B. as soon as C. after D. while
Keys:
1~20: BDBDA DADCC CCDDA BACBD
21~40: AACAD CCBAB CCABA BDCDD
41~60: CCDAB BCADA BACDC BDBBA
PAGE
1短语面面观
give 短语集锦
[观察] 阅读下列句子，注意划线短语的意思，并在a-f中找出与之对应的英语释义。
1. His accent gives him away as a southerner.
2. The flower gives off a sweet perfume.
3. Her patience finally gave out.
4. The teacher gave out the papers.
5. They gave up without a fight.
6. She’s a brave player and she never gives in.
a. to send out sth.
b. to come to an end; be exhausted
c. to abandon an attempt to do sth.
d. to allow oneself to be defeated or overcome
e. to distribute or hand out sth.
f. to reveal sb. / sth. intentionally or unintentionally
[总结] give sth. / sb. away 泄漏（机密），暴露（自己的情况）； give off 散发出；give out 消耗尽, 散发；give up 放弃； give in 屈服。
[小试] 用give away, give out, give up和give in的适当形式填空。
1. The radiator _______ a lot of heat now.
2. She _______ top secrets to the enemy last night.
3. I decide to _______ smoking.
4. The enemies were forced to _______.
Key: 1. f 2. a 3. b 4. e 5. c 6. d
“附加”attach
● attach sth. to sth. 表示“把……附加、系上或缚在……上” 。如：
　　He attached a label to each piece of luggage.
他把每件行李都贴上标签。
● attach to sb. / sth. 表示“（使）与……有联系，与……有关联”。如：
It was just an accident and no blame attaches to either of you.
这只是一个意外，你俩一点责任也没有。
● attach importance / value / weight, etc. to sth. 表示“认为……有重要性/价值/分量等”。如：
　　We should attach primary importance to the development of economy.
　　我们应把经济发展放在首要位置。
● be attached to表示 “（变得）喜欢，依恋，对……有感情”。如：
　　I am much attached to my family.
　　我对我的家很依恋。
　　be attached to 还表示“附属于”。如：
　 This middle school is attached to a normal college.
　　这所中学附属于一所师范院校。
● attach oneself to sb. / sth. 表示“依附某人，参加某事”。如：
　　He attached himself to the group of mountain climbers.
　　 他参加了那个登山队。
[小试] 翻译下列句子。
1. The hospital is attached to that university.
2. A young man attached himself to me at the party and I couldn’t get rid of him.
3. 在年底前你将一直属于这一部门。
4. 我们已变得十分留恋这所房子，舍不得搬家。
Key:
1. 这家医院附属于那所大学。
2. 在聚会上有个年轻人总缠着我，我简直无法摆脱他。
3. You’ll be attached to this apartment until the end of the year.
4. We’ve grown very attached to this house and wouldn’t move.名词冠词高考链接
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. To save some of the human languages before they are forgotten, the students in our school started a discussion “Save Our ______”.（安徽2008）
A. Sky B. Life
C. Arts D. Voices
2. What’s the ______ of having a public open space where you can’t eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while （福建2008）
A. sense B. matter
C. case D. opinion
3. The young man made a ______ to his parents that he would try to earn his own living after graduation. （湖北2008）
A. prediction B. promise C. plan D. contribution
4. The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly ______.
（湖北2008）
A. atmosphere B. state
C. situation D. phenomenon
5. —Shall we go out for a walk
—Sorry. This is not the right ______ to invite me. I am too tired to walk.
（江西2008）
A. moment B. situation
C. place D. chance
6. Have you heard ______ news？The price of ______ petrol is going up again!
（湖南2008）
A. the; the B. 不填; the
C. the; 不填 D. 不填; 不填
7. —I am so sorry to have come late for the meeting.
—It is not your fault. With ______ rush-
-hour traffic and ______ heavy rain, it is no wonder you were late.
（江西2008）
A. a; a B. the; the
C. 不填; 不填 D. 不填; a
8. It’s not ______ good idea to drive for four hours without ______ break.
（2008全国卷II）
A. a; a B. the; a
C. the; the D. a; the
9. In many places in China, ______ bicycle is still ______ popular means of transportation. （重庆2008）
A. a; the B. 不填; a
C. the; a D. the; the
10. In the United States, there is always ______ flow of people to areas of ______ country where more jobs can be found. （四川2008）
A. a; the B. the; a
C. the; the D. a; a
Keys：
1-5 DABAA 6-10 CBACA状语从句高考链接
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. We had to wait half an hour _____ we had already booked a table. (辽宁2007)
A. since B. although
C. until D. before
2. You will be successful in the interview _____ you have confidence.(福建2007)
A. before B. once C. until D. though
3. The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time _____ we meet them again. (安徽2007)
A. after B. before C. since D. when
4. I’d like to study law at university _____ my cousin prefers geography. (四川2007)
A. though B. as C. while D. for
5. —_____ when has the country been open to international trade (陕西2007)
—1978, I suppose.
A. Since B. In C. From D. After
6. There were some chairs left over _____ everyone had sat down. (四川2008)
A. when B. until C. that D. where
7. Nancy enjoyed herself so much _____ she visited her friends in Sydney last year. (福建2008)
A. that B. which C. when D. where
8. _____ the Internet is of great help, I don’t think it’s a good idea to spend too much time on it. (湖南2008)
A. If B. While C. Because D. As
9. A small car is big enough for a family of three _____ you need more space for baggage.（2008全国卷Ⅱ）
A. once B. because C. if D. unless
10. We’ll have a picnic in the park this Sunday _____ it rains or it’s very cold.
(天津2008)
A. since B. if C. unless D. until
Keys: 1-10 BBBCA ACBDC代 词
在高考单选题中，代词一直是一个重要的考点。它看似简单，其实不易，复习时，我们要在把握各类代词的基本用法的基础上，重点掌握以下几组代词的用法区别：
1. a few, few; a little, little
few和a few修饰可数名词，little和a little修饰不可数名词；few和little表示否定意义，a few和a little表示肯定意义。如：
He has made a lot of films, but few good ones.（北京2007）
Please give me a little water.
2. all, none; both, neither, either; each
all, none表示三者或三者以上，all表示全部肯定，none表示全部否定；both, neither, either都表示两者，both表示两者全部肯定，neither表示两者全部否定，either表示两者中任何一个；each表示两者或两者以上的每一个。如：
—What do you think of the performance today
—Great! None but a musical genius could perform so successfully. （江西2007）
Last week, only two people came to look at the house, neither of whom wanted to buy it. （安徽2007）
It is reported that two schools, both of which are being built in my hometown, will open next year.（四川2007）
You may drop in or just give me a call. Either will do. （安徽2006）
Each member of the team is given a particular job to do.
All children should be taught to swim.
3. one, it, that表替代
one 用于替代单数可数名词，指与该名词同类的另一个个体；it用来替代前面所提到的同一个个体；that用来代替前面出现过的单数可数名词或不可数名词，它通常只替代物而不替代人，且that后常有一个后置定语修饰。如：
—There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow it
—No, I’d rather buy one in the bookstore. （陕西2007）
Little joy can equal that of a surprising ending when you read stories. （四川2007）定语从句专项训练40题
1.____ have plenty of money will help their friend.
A. Those who B. He who C. That who D. You who
2.This is the longest train _____ I have ever seen.
A. which B. that C. what D. whom
3.____ we all know, swimming is a very good sport.
A. Which B. That C. As D. Who
4.I shall never forget those years _____ I lived in the farm ____ you visited last week.
A. when, where B. which, which C. when , which D. which , where
5.The radio set ___ last week has gone wrong.
A.I bought it B. which I bought it C.I bought D. what I bought
6.He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of ____ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
A. these B. them C. that D. which
7.The day will come _____ the people all over the world will win liberation.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
8.Mr. Herpin is one of the foreign experts who ____ in China.
A. works B. is working C. are working D. has been working
9.They talked for about an hour of things and persons ____ they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
10.My glasses, ____ I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.
A. which B. with which C. without which D. that
11.He is a man of great experience, _____ much can be learned.
A. who B. from him C. from whom D. whom
12.A harvester is a machine ____ we harvest crops or a person ____ is harvesting.
A. which , who B. that , that C. with which , who D./, that
13.I have bought the same dress ____ she is wearing.
A. as B. that C. which D. what
14.In the police station I saw the man from ___ room the thief had stolen the TV set.
A. whom B. which C. that D. whose
15.This is the very reason we all know.
A. why B. that C. for which D. what
16.Please put the letter _____ he can easily find it.
A. in which B. where C. the place where D. in the place
17.The house ______ there is a big tree was built more than 1000 years ago.
A. which B. that C. in the front of which D. in front of which
18.Antarctic, ____ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round.
A. which B. where C. that D. about which
19.The reason ____ I was away from school is ____ I was ill yesterday.
A. that, that B. why, why C. why, that D. that, why
20.It was a meeting ______ importance I didn’t realize at that time.
A. which B. of which C. that D. whose
21. This is the store we visited the famous shop assistants.
A. where B. there C. that D. which
22.They have decided to stay at home, ____ , I think , ___ a wise choice.
A. which , are B. which , is C. that , are D. that , is
23.All the apples ___ fell down were eaten by the pigs.
A. those B. that C. which D. what
24.Did you see the man ____
A.I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now C. whom I nodded to him D. whom I nodded to just now
25.I, ___ your good friend, will try my best to help you.
A. who is B. who am C. that is D. what is
26.---How do you like the book
---It’s quite different from ____ I read last month.
A. that B. which C. the one what D. the one
27.Is oxygen the only gas ____ helps fire burn
A. that B./ C. which D. it
28. I’ll tell you ___ he told me last week.
A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all that
29.In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person _____ she could turn for help.
A. to whom B who C. from whom D. that
30.Willma won three Olympic gold medals in track, _____ made her mother very happy.
A. it B. that C. which D. this
31.She heard a terrible noise, ____brought her heart into her mouth.
A. it B. which C. this D. that
32.His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ____ family was poor.
A. of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose
33.The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
34.After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town ___ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
35.I shall never forget those years ____ I lived in the country with the farmers.
A. that B. when C. which D./
36. I don’t like the way you speak to her.
A. / B. in that C. which D. of which
37. Is there any other reader wants to renew his book
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
38. I’d like to buy the same bike you are riding.
A. that B. that C. as D. like
39. He has two sons, are soldiers.
A. both of them B. neither of which C. neither of whom D. both of whom
40. Is this book you want to borrow from the library
A. that B. which C. the one D. /
答案: 1—5 ABCCC 6—10 DDCBC 11---15 CCADB 16---20 BDDCD
21---25 ABBDB 26---30 DADAC 31---35 BDBBB 36---40 AACDC数词
对数词的考查在高考题中虽不是重点，但也会涉及到。其命题点主要包括：
1. 基数词在another后或more的前面。如：
The school’s music group will be giving a big show tomorrow night and two more
（= another two） on the weekend. （安徽2007）
2. hundred, thousand, million, billion, dozen, score等前有具体数字或several，a few等修饰时，一般不用复数；在表示不确切数目时，可用复数。如：
Several million people in the world are using this brand of toothpaste every day.
She went to the bookstore and bought dozens of books. （北京2006）
3. “分数、百分数 + of + 名词 / 代词”作主语时，谓语动词的数与后面的名词或代词保持一致。如：
Two-thirds of her spare time is spent on housework.
80 percent of the houses were damaged in the big earthquake.被动语态“五注意”
动词的被动语态在语法中起着举足轻重的作用，也是历年高考考查的重点。在学习时我们应注意以下几点：
一、掌握被动语态的时态
动词的被动语态是由动词be加上过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。如：
Breakfast is provided in our hotel from 7 to 9 o’clock on weekdays.
（一般现在时的被动语态）
We haven’t moved into the new house because the rooms are being painted.
（现在进行时的被动语态）
The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather.
（一般将来时的被动语态）
Two big towers were being built there at that time.
（过去进行时的被动语态）
My hometown was liberated in 1949 and now it has been turned into a beautiful city.（一般过去时的被动语态）
The doctor has already been sent for.（现在完成时的被动语态）
When firefighters arrived, the big fire had been put out.
（过去完成时的被动语态）
二、注意短语动词的被动语态
有不少短语动词相当于及物动词，所以这些短语动词亦有被动语态。如：
Many interesting experiments are carried out in our laboratory.
He is often made fun of for this by his classmates.
有些由“动词 + 名词 + 介词”构成的短语动词，变成被动语态时可以将其中的名词变为被动语态的主语。如：
Good use is made of the library.（主动句是：They make good use of the library.）
三、不及物动词没有被动语态
常见的不及物动词有： appear, arrive, belong, come, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, take place, occur等。如：
The train arrived at the station 20 minutes late.
Something unexpected occurred.
The film festival takes place in October.
四、有些动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义
这类动词是一些表示主语特征、性质的不及物动词，如： sell, wash, wear, shut, open, read, write, cut, end, begin等；连系动词look, feel, taste, smell, sound等，也可用主动形式表示被动意义，但后要接形容词作表语，不能接副词。如：
The door won’t shut.
The cloth washes well.
The flowers smell sweet.
The food tastes nice.
五、某些系表结构中的形容词是由过去分词转化而来，虽然形式上是被动的，但描述的却是一种状态。常见的这类形容词有： interested, lost, dressed, surprised, engaged等。如：
He was dressed in a police uniform at that time.
The girl was lost in the forest.
My uncle has been engaged in the study of medicine for 20 years.英语小考点归纳三
浅谈独立主格结构的用法
我们在讲到分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时分词短语带有自己的主语。（它们之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系），这个逻辑上的主语一般是由名词担任，在分词短语之前，我们称这为独立主格。
独立主格在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件和方式、伴随。
今天是星期天，你不必去上学。
原因从句：
Because it is Sunday, you needn't go to school.
主语 主语
It being Sunday, you needn't go to school. ( O)
分词 逻辑上的主语
（It being Sunday 构成独立格结构在句子中作原因状语）
Being Sunday, you needn't go to school. (×)
(因分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，所以句子错误。)
官员们都到齐了，宣布开会。
分词表示
All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open.
分词逻辑上的主语
时间状语从句：
After (when) all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open.
天气允许的话，我们去颐和园。
分词表示：
Weather permitting ,We'll go to the Summer Palace.
分词逻辑上的主语
条件状语从句：
If weather permits , we'll go to the Summer Palace.
All the work done, you can have a rest.
分词逻辑上的主语
=All the work is done and you can have a rest.
所有的工作都完成了，你们可以休息了。
注意 分词做独立主格有时前面可以加with或without
The park is beautiful with all the trees putting on a tender green.
树叶都绿了，使得公园很漂亮。
英语：高考英语听力要求及对策
听，是人们进行语言交际活动的最基本形式，也是人们进行语言交际的重要手段。在当今的信息社会，听的素质变得日益重要。听力的培养是英语教学中的一个重要的环节，而听力测试成为高考的题型应该说也将是大势所趋。　　
　　●五个简单的对话只听一遍，并分别回答后面提出的一个问题。
　　●听几个较长的对话两遍，并回答后面提出的几个问题。
　　●听一段短文并回答几个问题。听力材料中涉及的知识面很广，包括语音知识(语音、语调等)；语言知识(词汇、短语、句型、语法)；日常交际用语；文化背景知识等等。对考生的能力要求也很多，有听辨能力；听写能力；交际英语运用能力；语篇理解能力；语篇理解包括理解各种信息、谈话者之间的关系、谈话者的意图、观点等等。
　　●提高自身的语音、语调
　　要想听懂别人说话，自己能准确地读出单词是基础。在记单词时不能只记它的拼写而忽略发音。平时要大声朗读单词，让自己能听清楚自己的发音。在朗读句子时要注意语调、连读、重读、弱读等。另外，提高语速也很关键。只有自己说话流利，才能对别人的对话做出快速的反应。所以，平时就要多跟着录音模仿外国人的语音、语调，从而培养出属于自己的地道的语音、语调。
　　●排除知识性障碍
　　英语无论在词组、句型还是语法上都与汉语有着不同的特点。英语语言的表达丰富，一词多义也很普遍。句子的时态、语气、语态经常决定说话人的意图。有这样一则对话：W?Some friends and I are going swimming this afternoon. How would you like to come along﹖M?If only I didn’t have to work today.
　　这里的if only引导虚拟语气，表示他很希望来但苦于要工作。如果听者不熟悉if only这个句型，就很难对说话人的态度做出快速的反应。
　　因此，日常生活中的情景(问候、告别、问路、看病、购物)中会出现的词汇、习惯语都要练习得很熟练。
　　●提高阅读理解能力
　　听力测试中有很多题目不仅仅要求学生能从所听到的材料中找到准确的信息，还要求学生对说话人的意图、态度、语篇的大意做出判断。如给所听到的短文加标题，就需要考生对所听到的内容进行记忆，并加以分析、判断，才能得出结论。
　　●了解文化背景知识
　　语言是文化的载体。缺乏对说英语的国家的文化背景、历史知识、风土人情、宗教信仰、礼仪等方面知识的了解，会对听力理解产生一定的障碍。
　　比如考生对有些国家过的感恩节的了解远不如对圣诞节的了解，那么在听一篇很长的有关感恩节文章时，对于它是否固定在每年的某一天，以及为什么人们要在那天吃南瓜、火鸡等细节的理解就会发生偏差。
　　●重视解题技巧
　　听力过程是一个较复杂的心理活动过程。有些学生在做听力时有不良习惯，或有心理障碍，遇到听不懂的地方就烦躁不安，这明显影响听的效果。因此，考生在做听力的过程中要注意以下几点：
　　保持良好的精神和心理状态
　　听力测试要求考生在听的时候要全神贯注、沉着冷静。考生要树立信心，增强克服困难的勇气。
　　快速浏览问题和选项
　　在听每个对话前，快速阅读题目和所提供的三个选项，预测内容，根据疑问词等关键词确定要重点听的内容，最后根据所听内容做出正确选择。
　　有一道题目为“What time is it now﹖”那么考生就要注意对话中提到的时间half past eleven by my watch,但如果考生马上就选答案还为时过早，因为对话后又提到”My watch is 3 minutes slow”。那么根据这两条信息，考生才可以得出结论，时间应是11点33分。
　　注重对文章整体内容的理解
　　要抓文章的主旨大意，切忌因一个生词或一个难句而忽视其它的内容。如果是理解细节，那就要求考生注意对关键句的理解，毕竟很长的对话和文章许多内容都和答题无关。
　　边听边记
　　为确保听力无误，要养成边听边记的习惯。该记的内容有电话号码、时间、年龄、价格等。记录时要速记、简写，如用阿拉伯数字，人名、地名用第一个字母。
　　果断答题
　　在做第一项听力题时，因为录音只放一遍，答题要果断、快速，即使没把握，也应快速作答，或干脆搁置一边，千万不能影响到听后面的内容。后面长的对话和文章，也应在听第一遍时就初步做出选择，听第二遍时在加以确认。这样，答题时才能做到高效率，最后才能取得满意的成绩。
英语学习六大策略英语学习困难重重,方法不对,往往事倍功半。许多同学都希望能找到摆脱这种困境的方法。我认为学生英语学习者应具备的六大策略是:树立自信、思维差异、文化概念、对照对比、文体意识和词伙关系,希望通过下文的讲解能给在英语学习中遇到困难的同学有所启迪。
　　首先,在英语学习的过程中要树立自信。为什么要把“树立自信”作为第一个策略呢 因为我发现许多中国学生从初一到大学学了那么多年英语,但是实际上却根本不敢开口讲英语。这就是对自己没有信心。一些接触过中国留学生的英国专家指出,中国留学生的语音、语调可以说是"perfect",只是表达能力很糟糕。事实上,中国的高中毕业生所具备的词汇量就足以让他们自由地表达自己了。有这样两个数据,相信可以令同学们增强信心:英国的BBC曾经公布过这样一个数字,说一个英国农民一辈子常用词汇不到1,000个,但是他日常生活中所要表达的东西和一个感情丰富的伟大诗人是没有什么不同的。如果你觉得这个说服力还不够,就再给你一个数据:美国之音有一个特别英语节目,叫做"Voice of America Special English program。"这个节目的一大特点就是它基本上 仅用1,500基本词汇来表达国际舞台上所发生的任何一件事情,而且非常准确、及时。而我们普通的中国学生在高中毕业的时候词汇量就已经达到1,800个左右了,所以说只要对自己充满自信,用英语表达自己的意思根本不成问题。我在2000年10月的《大学生》杂志上看到过这样一篇文章,叫做《你开口,就成功》,是讲善于表达自己的意思在大学生毕业求职时的重要性的。我由此联想到了中国学生的英语学习。事实往往就是如此:“你开口,就成功”。因此,做任何事情,首先要对自己充满自信。
　　第二个和第二个策略是“思维差异”和“文化概念”。所谓“思维差异”,是指以英语为母语的人在思维方式上与我们中国人的差异。比如说,许多同学在读《中国日报》(China Daily)和《21世纪报》(The 21st Century)的时候感觉很轻松,而在看外刊的时候,即使是对中文报刊里也有的同一件事的报道,读起来都会觉得很吃力,这是由思维方式的不同所造成的。我们中国人的思维习惯是由浅入深,到最后再说重点。有一位美国汉学家把中国人的这种思维方式称为“画龙点睛”。而外国尤其是美国人的思维方式一般是比较直接的。这就是中国学生在读《中国日报》和《21世纪报》时感到很轻松的原因:尽管它们也是用英文写的,但是阅读时经常能让人感觉到思维方式是中国式的,用林语堂先生的话来说,就是“血和肉是英语,但是骨架子是中文。”这种“思维差异”需要在平时的阅读中不断地感受、体会,积累英语中对各类事件的描绘和阐述方式,才能在自己的表达中运用自如。
　　那么什么是“文化概念”呢 中国学生一般认为,学英语就要学好语音、语调、语法和词汇。所以有很多同学曾经问我：“老师,我的语音、语调perfect(完美的),我的语法accurate(精确的),我的词汇量huge(巨大的)。我的英语可以算是优秀了吗？”事实上,即使是词汇量非常大,语音、语调、语法都没有问题,也并不能表明这个人的英语水平高。英语学习还要加上一个元素一一文化。所以有一些同学在课堂上表现很优秀,但是到了真和老外沟通的时候,却"quite at a loss"(不知所措),这是由文化背景的差异造成的。下面我举两个例子。比如说我给同学们讲了两个半小时的课,就会有同学说：“老师,您辛苦了!”在中国文化中,人们会认为这个学生很懂事,很体贴人。而作为老师也会感到很欣慰,因为自己的付出有来自学生的问候和关心作为回报。但是,如果讲课的是一位美国教授,下课后有学生对他说：“老师,您辛苦了!”他会认为这是对他智商的一种侮辱(an insult of his intelligence)。他会想：“难道我一个堂堂的教授连两个半小时的课都讲不了吗？”他会觉得你是在怀疑他的能力.是在讽刺他、侮辱他、打击他。那么在英语中这种问候应该怎么表达呢 应该说"Did you enjoy your class ""Did you have a good time "再举一个例子:假如你是一家公司的翻译,陪同老板去机场迎接来自美国的"businessman",你的老板对客人说：“您一路上辛苦了!”如果你是一个合格、称职的翻译,你就应该说"Did you have a good night "或"Did you have a good flight "这样,中文与英文从“文化概念”上来讲才是对等的。如果你说"You must be very tired"或"You must be exhausted"(你一定辛苦了;你一定精疲力尽了),客人会觉得自己的身体是不是很差、很虚弱,人家才这样问自己,这会使他对自己失去信心。所以说,这种文化上的错误比语言上的错误还要厉害,语言上的错误只要不影响表达,是可以忍受的,但是文化是一种“载体”,是一种“情感”,文化上的错误会给对方造成伤害,对说话者来说也是一种损失。
　　下面我再以到朋友家拜访的全过程为例,给大家讲一下“文化概念”这个英语学习中应注意的策略。首先,你来到朋友家里。假如你是第一次去或是和这个朋友不太熟悉的话,中国的主人就会说:“欢迎!欢迎!”客人会笑一笑,点点头。如果把这个过程翻译成英语,那些认为学英语只需要学语音、语调、语法、词汇的同学就会翻译成"Welcome! Welcome!"；假如这个朋友和你很熟悉,一进门的时候,按照中国人的习惯,主人就会说:"So! You have come."(啊!你来了。)客人回答:"Yes, I have."(是的,我来了。)无论是说"Welcome!"还是说"So! You have come.""或"Yes, I have."都是典型的中国场景中的说法,在英语中是不合适的。英国人决不会在自己家里对客人说"Welcome! Welcome!"他们说的是"Come right in!" "Come on in!",或"Come in ,please!,",而客人只需要说"Thank you!"就可以了。
　　进门以后,主人会说:"Let me have your coat."(让我帮你把衣服挂起来吧。)中国客人多半会客气地说:"No,no.I will hang it up myself."(不用,不用,我自己来吧。)这样说在英语中也是不合适的。你只需说"Thank you!"就可以了。
　　在向客厅走的过程中,主人一般会说"We are so happy to have you with us here today."(我们非常高兴你今天到这里来。)中国人就会说:"Thank you! Thank you!"(谢谢,谢谢!)然后主人又说:"Do make yourself at home, please."(请随意,请随便一点,不要客气),中国人就会说"No.No.No.(没关系的,没关系的。)这又是典型的中文场景。在英语中不能这样说。当主人说"We are so happy to have you with us here today"时,客人的回答应该是"Thank you for asking me over."(谢谢你邀请我过来。)主人说"Do make yourself at home, please"(请一定随意),你应该说"Yes, I will"(我会的。)或"All right.I feel quite at home"(好的,我已经感觉像在自己家里一样了。)
　　进入客厅后,主人会说:“请坐!”(Sit down, please.)把你让到沙发上去,但是中国人一般不会去坐,而是说:"No,no.I win sit here."(不用客气,不用客气。我坐这里。)然后找一个比较糟糕的地方,一把比较破、比较矮的椅子坐下去。当主人说"Do sit over here on the sofa"(请一定坐过来,坐到沙发上去)的时候,中国人会说:"No,I will sit here. This chair is perfectly all right."(不了,我坐这儿吧。这把椅子挺好的。)这样说实际上是不合适的。如果主人指定要你坐在哪儿,你就应该坐过去。如果没有指定,那么你就看哪儿舒服就坐哪儿,可以随意,否则是很不礼貌的。
　　聊完天以后,你发现时间很晚了,但却不知道如何告别,很着急。最后才鼓起勇气说:"I must be going now!"这会使老外感到很奇怪,他会说:"can you stay a bit longer "(你能不能再呆一会儿 )然后你说:"No,I must be going now, really."(真的,我得走了。)这时外国人就没办法了,他会说:"If you must,then you must."(如果你真的要走的话,你就走吧。)这是中国人的说法。正确的做法是你在走之前发出一个信号,比如说一句这样的话: "Thank you very much for everything."只要这样说,主人就知道你准备离开了,这是一种非常间接的意思表示。千万不要一下子站起来就说:"I must be off now.Bye!"这会让人家觉得莫名其妙。到了要走的时候,你会发现有一种失落感。在中国,你去作客,主客之间的相互道别通常都像拉锯一样。一个说：“你不要客气了,你不要再送我了。”另一个说：“我再送你几步路吧!没关系,我再送你一下。”如果直接把它翻译成英语应该怎么说 你会说:"There's no need to see me off." "Don't walk my further with me."这两句话语音、语调、语法都没有问题,用的词汇也不错,但是从文化的角度来讲是一个失误。外国人送客的时候不会送了一程又一程的,只会站在门口说:"Bye,drop in again."对此中国人不习惯,所以会有失落感。但也有特殊情况,如果你们的话题还没有聊完,可能他还真的要送你,送到你停车的地方或是你要坐车的地方。这时候他会说:"Thanks for coming to see me.,,(谢谢你来看我。)你应该回答:"I have wanted to for a long time."(我一直就想来。)或"I have had a very wonderful evening." "We have had a very wonderful talk."或"I enjoyed our talk very much."你这样说,主人就会说:"Bye! Drop in again whenever you can."(只要有可能,你什么时候再过来吧。)然后你说"Bye!"就可以了。
　　通过这个过程的学习,我们可以发现除了语音、语调和语法外,文化的差异也是很大的。即使把字面上的意思完全翻译了过去,但是文化上不对等,也是不行的。所以说,要学习一种语言,首先意味着要学习这种语言所承载的文化。
　　前面从学生自己的心态和对思维、文化的整体把握上谈了学习英语的策略,那么中国学生在学习英语的时候,有没有一些可以遵循的具体策略呢 当然有。这就是我下面要说的几点：“对照对比”、“文体意识”和“词伙关系”。首先谈一下“对照对比"。对于大学生来说,他们学习英语和小孩子学习英语有本质的不同。小孩子学习语言靠模仿,有什么就学什么,接触到什么就说什么。而大学生作为成年人,能够进行逻辑思辨,能够进行对照和对比。能够在对照和对比中学习一种外语,是我们成年人最大的优势。我们本身已经有了汉语基础,那么在学习英语的时候就可以在对照对比中进行:英语中跟我们汉语相同的地方,停下来思考一下;跟我们汉语不同的地方,更要停下来仔细琢磨一下。
　　很多同学学英语只停留在理解的阶段,到了表达的时候一一说和写的时候就不行了。为什么会这样呢 实际上,四级作文要求100个单词,六级作文要求120个单词,而考研作文也是2001年刚增加到200个单词的。那么为什么这么简单的要求对于大学生们来说却显得那么艰难呢 按理说,如果教学方法和学习方法正确的话,即便是一个高中毕业生,完成四、六级和考研作文应该都不成问题。
　　那么问题在哪里呢 我们举个例子来说明。比方说“浓咖啡”用英语应该怎么说 可能有的中国学生会说成"powerful coffee,"或是"strong coffee",但英语中说的是"black coffee";再比方说“强硬政策”的等值英文说法应该是"tough policy",但有许多中国学生会说成"strong policy":要翻译“在校园里”这个词组,许多同学都会用介词"in",但是英语中说的却是"on campus"……实际上这些正确的表达法中国学生都是见过的,那为什么还会出现错误呢 就是因为在看的时候没有停留,没有进行对照和对比,没有思考和强化记忆。再比如说,中国传统的文化是一种农业文化,而牛在其中占有重要地位,所以我们说一个人说大话、夸口的时候说他“吹牛”。那么“吹牛”翻译成英语应该怎么说呢 应该是"talk horse"(吹马)。英国文化是一种“马”的文化,我们说“吹牛”,他们却说“吹马”。当看到这个短语的时候,你就应该注意:首先,它用的是“马”,而不是“牛”;其次,在"horse"这个可数名词前面,既没有定冠词,也没有不定冠词,这是英语中的一种习惯用法。如果你在这个地方仔细思考了,那么在表达的时候就不会出现错误了。再举个例子,我们把亚洲最发达的四个国家和地区称为“亚洲四小龙”,那么“亚洲四小龙”在英语中怎么说呢 有的同学把它翻译成"the four dragons of Asia"。假如在20年前西方人看到这个词,会"frightened"(感到很害怕)。这是由我们前面说过的文化背景差异所造成的。在西方文化中,“龙”是一种带有迷信、宗教色彩的东西,甚至是带有消极意义的东西。虽然最近十几年里,随着改革开放的进行,中国在国际舞台上逐渐树立起自己的形象,西方社会逐渐了解了中国的“龙”文化,开始知道中国人是以“龙”作为自己的图腾的,但是对于普通老百姓来说仍然不能接受"dragon"的这种"positive"(正面的)形象。在英语里,“亚洲四小龙”的正确说法是"the four tigers of Asia",(亚洲的四只老虎)。其实这个说法中国学生在读《中国日报》、《21世纪报》的时候一定都见过,而且当时也看懂了。之所以在表达的时候出现错误,问题还是出在读的时候没有思考,没有进行对照和对比。
　　刚才讲的是中、英两种语言在词汇运用方面的对比,那么从句子和语法的角度来讲,这两种语言应该怎样进行对照、对比呢 从句子和语法方面来讲,汉语和英语是两种完全不同的语言。汉语是一种“意合”语言.各个概念之间是靠意义连接起来的;而英语是一种“形合”语言,每一句话都强调语言形式的标志和标记。所以在学习过程中要依靠“对照对比”来了解这两种语言的差异,从而达到真正掌握英语的目的。举个例子:中国学生在用英语写作文时最常犯的一个错误就是用逗号来连接两个句子。比方说：“他经常不打招呼就用我的东西,这是非常不礼貌的。”这两个句子是用逗号连接的,有的同学把它翻译成英语的时候就写成了"She always borrows my things without asking me, It is very impolite."用逗号连接两个英文句子显然是错误的。把逗号改为句号是一种纠正方法,但是如果想保留这个句子中的逗号应该怎么说呢 "She always borrows my things without asking me, which I consider is very impolite.",即把后面那个句子变成一个非限制性定语从句,用"which"来指代前面的现象,这时,这个逗号就用对了。而在中文里是可以一个逗号逗到底的,有时甚至一个段落只用一个句号,中间都是逗号。所以说,英语是非常重视语言的形式的。另外,中文在表达时讲究通过重复词汇来加强意义、增强表达效果,比如说“我疯狂地爱上了她,她也疯狂地爱上了我”这个句子在中文里是没有任何错误的。但是如果翻译成英语"I fell madly in love with her and she fell madly in love with m",就绝对是一种失败的表达方式。英语在这种句法结构中是讲究省略的,应该说"I fell madly in love with her and she with me"。中文里常见的意义重复在英语里是不允许的。所以,如果能够始终在对照对比中学习,英语水平的提高就不是什么困难的事情了。
　　那么“文体意识”和“词伙关系”这两种策略,它们分别是指什么呢？我在前面说过，学习一门语言就意味着学习一种文化，你学这门语言的最终目的是为了交流，是为了能使用它，而不仅仅是应付考试。所以学语言不能只学语言规则，还要学交际的规则，说话的规则，也就是"speaking rules"，还要有“文体意识”。什么是“文体意识”？用我们中国的一句俗话来说就是“见人说人话，见鬼说鬼话”，就是要根据不同对象来确定自己的表达方式。比如说，我对于学生来说是老师，对于妻子来说是丈夫，对于孩子来说是父亲，对于父母来说是儿子，而对于学校里的老师们来说又是同事。在这些不同的人面前,我有不同的身份,也就应该用不同的语言和方式与他们交流。我们在说汉语时为了适应不同的说话对象都会自然地调整自己,学习英语也要注意这种“文体意识",否则,即使你说话没有语言上的错误,人家也会觉得你的话不得体。比如说,我到别人家里去作客,屋子里很热,如果我和主人不很熟悉,我就不会说"Please open the window"! （嘿！把窗户打开）,因为这样会让人觉得我没有修养。我会说:"It's very hot m here",主人听了就会把窗户或门打开。使用的语言不一样,但是目的和功能是一样的。我在英国的时候,经常有意识地到公共场合去"overhear others"。因为外国人不会没事天天来陪你练英语的,只有自己制造环境才行。有一次在公园里散步,我发现英国的夫妻吵架比较注意"manners",比较讲绅士风度。如果是中国的夫妻吵架一定是"very noisy",而英国夫妻吵架则调子很低沉,不会影响到别人。再比如说大人让小孩穿上鞋子该怎么说 可能中国学生会毫不犹豫地说:"Please put on your shoes",但是英国人只说"shoes on",很简单。而英国人说谢谢时也不像我们总是用"Thank you",他们经常说的是"Cheers"。在餐馆里面吃饭,伙计端了东西给你,会对你说"Cheers",在英国就是"Thank you"。英语的句子是永远掌握不完的.只有自己不断地去观察和体会,看看自己所接触的听力和阅读材料中,人物处在一个什么样的场合中,他是怎样说话的,并且把它记住。这样,你在表达的时候才能做到既准确,又得体。
　　那么,“词伙关系”又是什么意思呢 所谓“词伙关系”(word partnership),是指一种记忆词汇的技巧。很多同学背单词时只是背词汇表,背的时候很熟练,往往看了上一个就知道下一个是什么了。但是到了需要表达的时候,这些词汇却往往用不上,写出来的文章词汇贫乏,缺乏感染力。那么“词伙关系”就是教你如何记住并学会使用单词的技巧。在背单词的时候,不要孤立地背一个词,而是要把它放在句子中,看它与其他词之间的“伙伴关系”。在读文章的时候要注意哪些形容词和名词相搭配,哪些动词和副词相搭配,哪些动词和介词相搭配。有些中国学生背了无数个形容词,但是在写作的时候就只会用"important"、"great"、"good"和"bad"这么几个,在强调的时候也只会用"very"。像 "extremely"、 "completely"、 "totally"、 "dramatically" 这些词,却不会用。原因就是在学英语的时候没有细心观察这些词应该用在什么地方。比如说“激烈的竞争”,可以说"intense competition 、fierce competition 、growing competition",但是有些中国学生在说和写的时候却只会用"great competition"。再比如说,“巨大的变化”,有些中国学生一定会写成"great change",而英语中的说法是"dramatic change"、"change dramatically"。所以,在学习英语的时候一定要记住“词伙关系”，也就是一个词和食周围的词的关系,就好像观察周围哪个人和哪个人经常在一起一样,只有这样你的文章写出来才会漂亮。有一位著名的语言学家说过一句话:你说的英语必须是听人家这样说过的东西,你写的英语必须是自己读到过的东西。这样,你的英语才是地道的。否则你的英语始终是中国味很浓。
　　刚才我们谈到了英语学习中的六大策略:树立自信、思维差异、文化概念、对照对比、文体意识和词伙关系。把这六大策略有效地运用到英语学习的实践中,可以达到事半功倍的效果。但是,无论学习什么,只有策略和技巧是不够的,还必须有刻苦学习的恒心和毅力。最后,祝愿在英语学习的道路上求索的同学们终有所成。
浅谈高中英语学习高中英语有六本书，知识的难度是螺旋式上升的，知识点有很大部分是重复的。针对这种情况，如果我们的学习态度是"突击式"的，或抱有"三天打鱼两天晒网"的心理，很有可能到最后根本抓不住重点；如果我们的学习方法是"狗熊掰玉米"式的，很有可能
到最后是竹篮打水一场空。因此我认为，对于英语学习我们应具备持之以恒的学习态度，掌握"滚雪球"式的学习方法。
　　我曾经遇到这种情况：有的同学刻苦学习英语一个月，在最近的一次考试中成绩提高仍不大，可是他没有气馁，又继续坚持了一个多月，考试成绩有了明显提高，可见真的是"贵在坚持"。然而我们一天两天放松对英语学习的要求，后果可能不明显，但一旦这种后果暴露在分数上，我们的水平已经下降很多，再补回来可能需要加倍的时间和力气。
　　做到持之以恒不仅要有锲而不舍的精神，更要依赖于一套良好的监督和规范机制，实际上要用到那句话："君子性非异也，善假于物也"。这所谓的监督和规范机制就是上面提到的"立足于课内知识的循环、积累；重视新鲜血液的不断输入"。我认为这两方面是相辅相成，相互影响，相互促进的。在学校里，我们有老师对我们的学习进行监督规范，有课本和练习册为我们查缺补漏，我们会不时接触到新的单词和语法，再通过一遍一遍的应用熟悉它，可以说我们每天都在夯实地基，强化基础。在这个过程中我们应该运用"滚雪球"式的学习方法。
　　首先我们要明确哪些东西是已经掌握的，哪些是没有掌握的，哪些是需要重温加深记忆的，哪些是需要更新的，所谓"博学而日参省乎己，则知明而行无过矣"。其次，对于要记忆的东西应该先理解，再总结归纳，记忆的时候最好能够多次大声朗读，最终达到脱口而出的效果。举个例子，我们以前学过allow sb. to do sth和allow doing sth..随后我们又学过permit有这种用法，总结一下,allow、permit、forbid、Advise都可以有两种用法。同样，如果对于suggest和consider这类词，不理解它的意思，只记忆consider doing和consider sb. to do , suggest doing和suggest+从句(主语+shold+v), suggest+n那也就分不清"认为"与"考虑"，"建议"与"表明"的区别，更容易记混。对于另外一些知识点最好能借用工具书加以把握。我认为，一本权威的双解词典，一本权威的语法书应该是常置于案头的。最后，应该切实把笔记本利用起来，使所学的知识都有据可查，但知识不应该是停留在笔头上的，而应是记忆在脑子里的，就好像书是越学越薄的，笔记也是越记越薄的。不一定每个知识点都要有系统的记录，只要在相应的地方能够找到即可。
　　至于"课外的新鲜血液的输入"，它对于我们的影响是潜移默化的。英语是我们的第二语言，我们需要通过它与外国朋友沟通，了解他们的文化、社会生活、人文和自然景观，掌握先进的知识和技术。我们会听别人说过，一个英国的经典笑话逗得一群英国绅士笑得前仰后合，可是给一个外国人听却不觉得有一丁点可笑，这其中也许有语言翻译的误差，但也不能不承认我们不了解外国人的思维，如果我们能够通过适当扩展阅读范围，加大阅读量来了解外国社会，来提高自己的语言感悟力，扩展词汇量，增强语感，又何乐而不为呢？现在出版了各式各样的英语课外书籍，报刊杂志，我认为选择一本适合自己的书来进行长时间的学习绝对会使我们受益匪浅。
　　首先，书的内容应是丰富多彩的，使自己感兴趣的，也就是说如果把它译成中文自己都不喜欢看，那最好不要选它，其次，它最好是期刊或报刊性质的。如果配有广播或录音带等更好，这样我们就可以跟随一定的进度，每天按部就班的学下去，有利于我们持之以恒。再次，单词量不宜太大，最好能做到当天掌握。实际上如果能够做到坚持收听英文广播和新闻，对于听力是有很大帮助的。我个人认为，《空中英语教室》大大提高了我的英语水平，它不仅帮助我扩充词汇量，锻练我的听说能力，最重要的是，它时刻使我保持对英语的新鲜感。另外，为了适应高考对于阅读量的高要求，保持定期、定量、定难度的课外阅读，已不仅成了培养语感和阅读能力的需要，也适应了高考的需要。我相信，其它的英语读物也一定各有所长，只要利用得当，一定会取得殊途同归的效果。
英语学习的“五大误区”
许多英语成绩很低落的人，总是急切地想走条捷径。于是，他们就热衷于寻找提高英语学习成绩的秘诀。其实成绩差，方法不当才是最根本的原因。而方法不当，主要是因为思想认识 上的错误。通常来说，有如下五种，即英语学习的“五大误区”。
一、因怕犯错误而不敢开口。
学低，但学习的信心和勇气一点都不能少。要提高学习成绩，就要多开口，就要敢于犯错误。语言水平提高的过程，就是不断犯错误的过程。学英语，简单地说，就是学说话。不开口显然不会犯错误，但永远也就没有进步的可能。有句很著名的话说：“畏惧错误就等于毁灭进步！”这话对语言的学习班来说是颇有哲理的。
二、阅读训练时，阅读测试正确率低是因为读速太快。
如果读完一篇材料后进行阅读测试，发现阅读的正确率的上升，就断然决定降低读速，这是不科学的。其一是因为不符合阅读训练的真正目的，二是阅读正确率还与许多其他的因素有关，如文章难等。换句话说，在这种情况下，读速再慢慢已与正确率的高低关系不大了。
相反地，为了提高阅读水平，就必须进行广泛而大量的阅读，这样做的前提就是要进行快速阅读。
三、背会了单词就等于能正确地拼写。
把单词公在一个个字母背熟并不能代表可以正确地拼写出来。在单词的记忆中，要把读音、拼写和用法融为一体，同步进行，也就是我们常说的“眼口手脑并用”。同时，为了加强记忆最好将之应用到句子里面。
四、背熟了语法规则，考试成绩提高就会有望。
受这种思想的支配，平日学习中就会常常大量背语法，具体进行语言实践时，也总是死抠语法，最终导致考试成绩一直不理想。这样做与现行的考纲或语言的发展趋势背道而驰，同时也忽视了语言的实践性和综合性。
五、“书面表达”写不出来，是因为单词记得少。
面对具体的书面表达题无从下笔或写不出来，就错误的认为是单词记得少，那就试着直接阅读别人的短文或参考文，看能有多少单词是自己不知道、没记住的，想念一定会有新的认识。另一方面，即使把与文章有关的所有单词都能写出来，然而却难以找到一人完整的句子，那么在 NMET 书面表达满分 30 分的情况 下，根据评分标准这种档次最多也超不过 3 分。事实上，不断培养和加强语感，树立句子运用意识是尤为重要的。
总之，学英语要想取得进步，就要大量地运用于实践，走出“五大误区”，定会找到成功之路的。
不能改为被动语态的主动句
英语中的语态分为主动语态和被 . 主动语态的句子如果是及物动词加宾语的结构时，基本上可以改为被动形式来表达。但并非所有这样的句子都有能改。下面就是几种无相应被动语态的主动句。
一、句中的谓语是表状态的不及物动词： become 、 contain 、 cost 、 fit 、 have 、 hold 、 lack 、 lack 、 last 、 resemble 、 suffice 、 suit 等时。
如： The hall cam hold 5 ， 00 people.
The food will last us week or so.
He resembles his father.
二、当反身代词、相互代作宾语或宾语有物主代词修饰而物主动词与主语所指的是同一人或物时。
如： He is okd enough to dress himself.
We should helpp each other.
一、 动名词短语或不定式短语作宾语时。
如： She enjoys reqding novels.
Have you decided to go there
二、 某些不及物用词用作及物动词而带同源宾语时。
如 :My grandpa lived a hard life in the old adys.
She slept a sornd sleep last night.
He smiled a hearty smile.
Her brother died a glorious death.
五、表“离开”、“到达意义的动词接处所名词作宾语时。
如： Professor Wang reached Beijing last week.
He left school two years ago.
When he was 20 he led his hometown.
六、 it 用作形式宾语，后面又接一个 that-clause 作同位语时。
如： You maydepend on it that hell be here before long.
She insisted on it that she was honest.
Ill answer for it that Ill return the money soon.
七、有些动词后面接一名词而构成固定的词组时。
如： He made faces to make us laugh.
You should never lose heart.
八、有些动词带一抽象名词作宾语而构成短语时。
如： She takes great pride in her clever son.
九、有些不及物动词用作及物动词时。
如： She uan her eyes over the list.
He stood the bottles on the table.
The farmer walked the horse to and from
.
一、Nothing is + ~~~er than to + V
Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V
例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.
没有比接受教育更重要的事。
二、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道…)
例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.
全世界都知道树木对我们是不可缺乏的。
三、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫无疑问的…)
例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.
毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。
四、An advantage of ~~~is that + 句子 （…的优点是…）
例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution.
使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。
五、The reason why + 句子~~~ is that + 句子（…的原因是…）
例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.
The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。
六、 So + 形容词 +be + 主词 + that +句子（如此…以致于…）
例句：So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.
时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。
七、Adj + as + Subject (主词) + be，S + V~~~（虽然…）
例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.
｛by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不｝
虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。
八、The + ~er + S + V,~~~the +~er + S + V~~~
The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈…愈…）
例句：The more books we read, the more learned we become.
我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。
九、On no account can we +V ~~~（我们绝对不能…）
例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.
我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。
On no account should we follow blindly.
我们决不应当盲从。
十、It is time + S + 过去式（该是…的时候了）
例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.
该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。
十一、Those who ~~~（…的人…）
例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.
违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。
十二、There is no one but~~~（没有人不…）
例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.
没有人不渴望上大学。
十三、That is the reason why~~~（那就是…的原因）
例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don’t like it.
夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。
十四、For the past + 时间，S +现在完成式…（过去…年来，…一直…）
例句：For the past tow years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.
过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。
十五、Be based on （以…为基础）
例句：The progress of the society is based on harmony.
社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。
十六、Spare no effort to + V（不遗余力的）
We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.
我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。
十七、bring home to + 人 + 事（让…明白…事）
例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard.
我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。
十八、be closely realated to ~~（与…息息相关）
例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.
做运动与健康息息相关。
十九、Get into the habit of + Ving
= make it a rule to + V （养成…的习惯）
例句：We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.
我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。
二十、Due to / Owing to /Thanks to + N / Ving, ~~~（因为…）
例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.
因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。定语从句
定语从句是每年高考中必考的语法项目之一，而引导定语从句的词通常是历年来考查的重点。对于定语从句的引导词，应该重点把握以下要点：
一、只能用that引导定语从句的情况：
1．先行词是everything, nothing, anything, all, much, many, a lot, few, little, none等时。如：
He was so hungry that he ate up everything that was put in front of him.
He saw much that was bad.
There is little that I can do for you.
2． 先行词被序数词或the last修饰时。如：
He is the first student that I got to know in this school.
This will be the last thing that I will do.
3．先行词被最高级修饰或先行词本身就是最高级时。如：
This is the most interesting film that I have seen this year.
This book is the most expensive that I have bought so far.
4． 先行词被all, every, some, next, any, no, many, much, the only, the very等修饰时。如：
He is the very man that I am after.
5． 一些以who, which开头的句子，为了避免重复，也要用that作关系代词。如：
Which is the book that you have just paid for
Who is the person that you are looking for
6． 先行词既指人也指物时。如：
We talked about the things and persons that we still remembered.
7． the way用作先行词时，引导词用that或in which，也可省略，但不能用which。 如：
This is the only way（that / in which） you can work out this problem.
8. 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(只限于限定性定语从句)。如：
Mr. Smith still talks like the man that he was ten years ago.
二、只能用which引导定语从句的情况：
1． 在引导非限定性定语从句，且which指代前面的整个句子时。这一用法是高考的一个热点。如：
Mary failed in the examination, which worried her mother a lot.
2．在介词的后面只能用关系代词which来指代前面表示物的名词。如：
I bought a lot of books yesterday, most of which are in English.
三、as和which引导非限定性定语从句的区别：
1． 从句意上讲，as引导的非限定性定语从句通常表示“正如……，正像……的那样”；而which引导非限定性定语从句时指代前面整个句子的内容。如：
Taiwan is part of China, as is known to all.
China is making rapid progress, as everybody can see.
Mary didn’t pass the driving test, which made her very sad.
2． 从位置上讲，as引导的非限定性定语从句可以放在句子的前面、后面，甚至可放在这个句子的中间。因为，实质上，as引导的非限定性定语从句是一个插入语，用来对一个句子进行附加说明。故它在句中的位置比较灵活；而which引导的非限定性定语从句只能放在先行词的后面。如：
As is mentioned above, our school still calls for many skilled teachers.
He is late again, as is often the case.
Many people, as you know, are learning foreign languages.
He changed his mind, which made me very angry.
3． 从搭配上讲，as引导的非限定性定语从句中的谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词。如：see, hear, know, expect, guess, hope, remember等；而which引导的非限定性定语从句中的谓语动词则没有这样的特点。如：
The weather turned out fine, as we had expected.
She was very fond of speaking French, which indeed she spoke well.
四、“介词+关系代词”结构：
“介词+关系代词”也是历年来各省市高考的一个热点。对于这个结构应重点把握如下几点：
1． 关于“名词+of which / whom”结构。这种结构表示一种所属关系，在名词的前面通常有定冠词修饰。这个结构常常可以转化为“whose+名词”结构。如：
The house, the gate of which faces south, belongs to the Smiths. ＝ The house, whose gate faces south, belongs to the Smiths.
Mr. Smith, the house of whom was robbed, reported it to the police. ＝ Mr. Smith, whose house was robbed, reported it to the police.
2． 关于“数词+of which / whom”结构（数词还可以被some, many, most, each等不定代词替换）。在这个结构中，介词of表示一种部分与全体的关系。这时，其中的数词可以后置，放在关系代词which或whom的后面，构成“of which /whom+数词”的结构。这时的介词of不可换成其他任何介词。如：
The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. ＝ The buses，of which most were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd．
I met some foreigners yesterday, two of whom are from the US. = I met some foreigners yesterday, of whom two are from the US.
3． 关于“介词+关系代词”结构。非限定性定语从句的关系代词前如果带有一个介词时，关系代词只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)。如：
Mr. Green, for whom money is not a problem now, still lives a simple life.
They arrived at a small town, from which it is only a short way to Shanghai.
且which和whose还可修饰一个名词，作这个名词的定语。如：
He got to the station at five yesterday afternoon, by which time the trains to Beijing had all left.
This is Mr. Brown, by whose car I came to New York.
五、当表示时间、地点、原因、方式的名词作先行词时，不能一概用关系副词when, where, why或“介词+which / whom”引导定语从句。若引导词在定语从句中作状语，应用关系副词或“介词＋which / whom”引导定语从句；若引导词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语，则应用关系代词引导定语从句。试比较下面的句子：
1) I’ll never forget the days (that / which) I spent with my teacher.
(that / which在定语从句中作宾语)
2) I’ll never forget the days when (=on which) I joined the army.
(when在定语从句中作时间状语)
1) This is the reason which he gave me for doing it.
(which在定语从句中作宾语)
2) Do you know the reason why he came late
(why在定语从句中作原因状语)
1) You can see the way in which his mind works when he reads his books.
(in which在定语从句中作方式状语)
2) Is there any way that can be found to solve the problem
(that在定语从句中作主语)
1) It is the house that was built two years ago.
(that在定语从句中作主语)
2) It is the house where I was born.
(where在定语从句中作状语)
六、定语从句与强调句型的区别：
定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词在所引导的从句中作某种成分，而强调句中的that或 who在句中不作任何成分。
七、定语从句与同位语从句的区别：
引导定语从句的that在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语或表语时可以省略，而引导同位语从句的that在句中不作任何成分，也不能省略。如：
This is the suggestion (that) he put forward.（定语从句）
He gave me a suggestion that we should start at 5 o’clock. （同位语从句）
八、 几个特殊先行词后的定语从句：
1. reason为先行词时, 若引导词在从句中作状语，则用why引导，若引导词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，则用that或which引导。如：
Do you know the reason why he didn’t attend the meeting （why在从句中作状语）
This is the reason that / which he gave. (that / which在从句中作宾语)
2. situation, occasion, point 在定语从句中作先行词，且引导词在从句中作状语时，则关系副词用where 或in which。如:
We may be trapped in such a situation where we have no one to turn to. (where在从句中作状语)
九、特殊定语从句。
下面的定语从句，是一些特殊例子，还有些是与其他句式的对比，一定要熟记。
1. He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.
2. It may rain, in which case the match will be put off.
3. Is this place the one that we visited
Is this the place that we visited
4. He is one of the boys who play the piano very well.
He is the only one of the boys who plays the piano very well.
5. Mr. White has three sons, all of whom are doctors.
Mr. White has three sons, and all of them are doctors.
6. This is so touching a story as I have read three times.
This is so touching a story that I have read it three times.
7. As is known to us, Bell invented the telephone.
It is known to us that Bell invented the telephone.
8. Five visitors invited by him came as I expected.
More visitors invited by him came than I expected.动词高考链接
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. —Are you happy with your new computer
—No, it is ______ me a lot of trouble. （安徽2008）
A. showing B. leaving
C. giving D. sparing
2. Don’t be so discouraged. If you _______ such feelings, you will do better next time.（安徽2008）
A. carry on B. get back
C. break down D. put away
3. ______ a moment and I will go to your rescue. （福建2008）
A. Go on B. Hold on
C. Move on D. Carry on
4. Though having lived abroad for years, many Chinese still ______ the traditional customs. （湖北2008）
A. perform B. possess
C. observe D. support
5. As nobody here knows what is wrong with the machine, we must send for an engineer to ______ the problem. （湖北2008）
A. handle B. raise C. face D. present
6. The teacher stressed again that the students should not ______ any important details while retelling the story. （湖北2008）
A. bring out B. let out
C. leave out D. make out
7. In modern times, people have to learn to ______ all kinds of pressure although they are leading a comfortable life. （湖北2008）
A. keep with B. stay with
C. meet with D. live with
8. The present situation is very complex, so I think it will take me some time to ______ its reality.（湖北2008）
A. make up B. figure out
C. look through D. put off
9. I ______ it as a basic principle of the company that suppliers of raw materials should be given a fair price for their products. （江西2008）
A. make B. look C. take D. think
10. If a person has not had enough sleep, his actions will give him ______ during the day. （江西2008）
A. away B. up C. in D. back
11. The performance ______ nearly three hours, but few people left the theatre early.（2008全国卷I）
A. covered B. reached C. played D. lasted
12. After studying in a medical college for five years, Jane ______ her job as a doctor in the countryside.（2008全国卷I）
A. set out B. took over
C. took up D. set up
13. —What are you reading, Tom
—I’m not really reading, just ______ the pages.（2008全国卷II）
A. turning off B. turning around
C. turning over D. turning up
14. Her shoes ______ her dress; they look very well together.（天津2008）
A. suit B. fit
C. compare D. match
15. Little Johnny felt the bag, curious to know what it ______.（2008全国卷II）
A. collected B. contained
C. loaded D. saved
16. It’s going to rain. Xiao Feng, will you please help me ______ the clothes on the line （陕西2008）
A. get off B. get back
C. get in D. get on
17. You have to ______ a choice. Are you going to leave the job or stay
（四川2008）
A. decide B. get C. do D. make
18. The meal over, the managers went back to the meeting room to ______ their discussion.
（天津2008）
A. put away B. take down
C. look over D. carry on
Keys： 1-5 CDBCA 6-10 CDBCA 11-15 DCCDB
16-18 CDD非谓语动词
作状语
1. 作目的状语只能用不定式
不定式作状语表示目的时前面可用in order或so as以示强调, 也可将不定式或in order加不定式置于句首（so as较少置于句首）。如：
To ensure the safety of gas, the government has checked the city’s gas supply system thoroughly. (上海2007春)
2． 不定式和动词-ing形式作结果状语
不定式表结果，其动作发生在谓语动词之后，往往表示未曾预料到的或令人不快的结果，不定式前常加only。另外，还可用于too ... to ..., enough to ..., so / such ... as to等结构中。动词-ing形式表示的结果，是伴随谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果（同时发生），谓语动词与动词-ing形式表示的动作是因果关系。如：
He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left. (广东 2005)
Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, reaching a record US$57.65 a barrel on April 4. (山东 2005)
3. 在表示时间、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况时，通常要用动词-ing形式或过去分词，不用不定式。
句子主语与动词-ing形式在逻辑上是主动关系，句子主语与过去分词在逻辑上是被动关系。如：
Faced with a bill for $10,000, John has taken an extra job. (陕西2006)
Don’t sit there doing e and help me with this table. (湖北2006)
注意：
（1）作方式或伴随状语时常用过去分词，习惯上不用动词-ing形式的被动式。如：
Many parents were walking about the zoo, followed by their children.
（2）表示时间、条件、让步等时，动词-ing形式或过去分词前可加连词。如：
The flowers his friend gave him will die unless watered every day. (四川2007)
4. 作原因状语
表示原因时，动词-ing形式和过去分词通常放在句首，也可放在句末，多用逗号隔开；不定式短语多用于表示情绪的动词、形容词之后。如：
I’m sorry to have troubled you so much.
Driven by a greater demand for vegetables, farmers have built more green houses. (浙江2007)
5. 与not连用
与否定词not连用时多用动词-ing形式，通常不用过去分词和不定式。
Not being tested, all the products will have to lose their market.
非谓语动词的独立主格结构
英语中常用独立主格结构表达复杂信息，独立主格结构的逻辑主语与主句的主语是不一致的，它独立存在。“名词或代词 + 非谓语动词”构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。
一、不定式构成的独立主格结构
不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态，在句中常作原因状语，偶尔作条件状语。
Lots of homework to do, I have to stay home all day.
由于有很多的家庭作业需要做，我只好一整天呆在家里。
So many children to look after, the mother has to quit her job.
有这么多的孩子需要照顾，这位母亲只好辞了工作。
二、动词-ing形式构成的独立主格结构
动词-ing形式在句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，否则就是不正确的。如果动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，就应用动词-ing形式的独立主格结构，在句中常作时间状语、方式状语、伴随状语、原因状语和条件状语。
（1）表示时间
The audience having seated themselves, the concert began.
（= After the audience had seated themselves ...）
观众坐好之后，音乐会开始了。
（2）表示方式或伴随
The coward was backing, his face being deathly pale, toward another room.
(= The coward was backing ... room while his face was ...)
那个胆小鬼脸色煞白向另一个房间退去。
（3）表示原因
The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
(= As the guide led the way ...)
有向导领路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。
（4）表示条件
Weather permitting, we will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
(= If weather permits ...)
如果天气允许的话，我们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
三、过去分词构成的独立主格结构
过去分词构成的独立主格结构是由“逻辑主语 + 过去分词”构成，在句中作时间状语、伴随状语、原因状语、条件状语等。
（1）表示时间
The task completed, we had a global traveling.
(= The task having been completed ... = After the task was completed ...)
完成任务后，我们进行了一次环球旅行。
（2）表示方式或伴随
When in trouble, Sadie would sit alone, head bent.
(= ... Sadie would sit alone and her head was bent.)
塞迪遇到麻烦时，总是低着头独自坐着。
（3）表示原因
Thousands of eyes fixed upon her, Nora felt on edge.
（= As thousands of eyes were fixed upon her ...）
上千只眼睛看着她，诺拉感到紧张。
Many funny pictures included in this book, a great many children love reading it.
(= As many funny pictures were included in this book ...)
这本书包括很多有趣的图片，所以很多孩子喜欢阅读。
（4）表示条件
The book written in simple English, it will be more popular.
(= If the book is written in simple English ...)
如果这本书用简易英语写的话，将会更受欢迎。
More time and money given, we can finish the work in advance.
(= If more time and money are given ...)
如果给予更多的时间和金钱，我们就能提前完成这项工作。明辨时态
一、 一般过去时与现在完成时
1. 一般过去时常表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在无任何联系；现在完成时则表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或表示动作或状态从过去一直延续到现在。如：
He has lived in China for ten years.
（含义是：他可能还住在中国，也可能刚刚离开中国。）
He lived in China for ten years.
（含义是：他现在已不在中国。）
2. 与一般过去时连用的时间状语指过去而不涉及现在；而现在完成时则不能和确定的过去时间状语连用，但可以和一些不确定的时间状语连用，如：already, yet, just, often, in the past few years, before, recently等。如：
—Have you found that letter yet
—Yes, I found it when I tidied my drawer.
3. 现在完成时还可以和包括“现在”在内的时间状语连用，如：now, today, this morning, so far, up to now等；而一般过去时则不可以。如：
The rain has stopped now.
I have got up very early this morning.
（说话时仍是上午，this morning是现在的时间。）
二、表示将来时间的多种结构辨析
▲ be going to do sth. 表示打算、准备、计划、安排要做某事。如：
He is going to be a doctor when he grows up.
—Tom, you didn’t come to the party last night
—I was going to, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.
(2007 全国卷II)
（划线部分的完整形式为：was going to come to the party。）
▲ will 表示的时间可远些，而且也不确定，可单纯表示意愿，并且指没有事先考虑或计划好的事。如：
—Did you tell Julia about the result
—Oh, no, I forgot. I will call her now. (2005 全国卷II)
▲ be + 动词-ing结构主要表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，常用于表示位置转移的动词，如： go, come, leave, start, arrive等，也可用于其它动态动词。如：
—Are you still busy
—Yes, I am just finishing my work, and it won’t take long. (浙江 2005)
▲ 一般现在时表示将来时间，常见于条件状语和时间状语从句中，也可指按照时间表或既定日程一定会发生的将来事态。如：
—What would you do if it rains tomorrow
—We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready. (2005 全国卷 I)
▲ be about to do sth. 表示行为马上要发生，不与表示将来的时间状语连用。
▲ be to do sth. 表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作，有时可以与be going to交替使用。
三、一般过去时与过去进行时
1. 一般过去时表示过去完成的动作或存在的状态；过去进行时强调某动作在过去某一时间或时间段内正在进行。如：
—Ouch! You hurt me!
—I am sorry. But I didn’t mean any harm. I was trying to drive a rat out.
(江西2007)
2. 一般过去时和过去进行时在句中可同时出现，前者表示短暂的重要动作，后者为前者提供背景、起铺垫作用。如：
When you phoned I was chatting with my foreign teacher.
四、现在完成时与过去完成时
1. 现在完成时是以现在这个时刻作衡量标准，而过去完成时是以过去某个时间作衡量标准。
2． 如果句子的时间状语是already, yet, recently, in the past three years, since then, for three years等，用现在完成时；如果时间状语是by the end of last year, when 从句，before 从句等，用过去完成时。如：
The unemployment rate in this district has fallen from 6% to 5% in the past two years. (上海2007春)
I had been there little more than a week when I set to work with the scientist.
(陕西2007)定语从句高考链接
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ______ they can be controlled on purpose.(重庆2007)
A. with which B. to which
C. of which D. for which
2. It is reported that two schools, ______ are being built in my hometown, will open next year. (四川2007)
A. they both B. which both
C. both of them D. both of which
3. Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases ______ beginners of English fail to use the language properly. (陕西2007)
A. which B. as C. why D. where
4. —Where did you get to know her
—It was on the farm ______ we worked. (山东2007)
A. that B. there C. which D. where
5. Some pre-school children go to a day care center, ______ they learn simple games and songs. (2007全国卷I)
A. then B. there C. while D. where
6. Villagers here depend on the fishing industry, ______ there won’t be much work. (上海2008春)
A. where B. that
C. by which D. without which
7. All the neighbors admire this family, ______ the parents are treating their child like a friend.(安徽2008)
A. why B. where
C. which D. that
8. By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, ______ appeared a rare rainbow soon. (福建2008)
A. of which B. on which
C. from which D. above which
9. Occasions are quite rare ______ I have the time to spend a day with my kids.
（山东2008）
A. who B. which
C. why D. when
10. The man pulled out a gold watch, ______ were made of small diamonds.
(陕西2008)
A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of
C. which the hands of D. the hands of which
Keys: 1-10 BDDDD DBDDD