Unit 6 Design grammar同步学案

【本讲教育信息】
一. 教学内容：
Unit 6 of Module Ⅱ Design Period Four Grammar

Ⅰ. 【本课教学目标与重点】
理解和掌握定语从句的基本概念、结构功能和用法。
培养学生运用所学知识解决问题的能力。

Ⅱ. 【定语从句】
（一）关于定语从句的概念
1、定语从句：是修饰一个名词或代词的从句。定语从句必须包含先行词和关系词两个部分。
2、先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词，先行词由一个名词或代词担当。
3、关系词：是指连接先行词和定语从句并且在定语从句中做一定成分的词，既包括关系代词，又包括关系副词。关系代词：that， which， who， whom， whose， as 。关系副词：where， when ，why。

（二）用法归纳：
关系代词that, which, who, whom, as的用法：
1. 必须在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
2. 作引导词的功能。
3. 关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语。
关系副词when, where, why 的用法：
在定语从句中作状语。因此要区别该用关系代词还是关系副词，要看它在从句中所作的成分。
定语从句一般放在被修饰的词后面
1. He who/that gains time gains all.
2. The years teach much which/that the days never know.
3. Does Faye Wong still love the singer whose name is Nicolas
4. Do you know that guy whom my girl is talking to
5. Almost everyone knows the reason why he is wanted.
6. It was October 23rd when my nephew was born.
7. Paradise is the place where people can live in happiness all the time.
找正确的关系词的方法：
如何去确定用哪个关系词呢？根据关系词的作用：（1）连接先行词和定语从句（2）在定语从句中作一定成分，这两点可以帮助快速而有效的查到应该用的关系词。我们一般用“瞻前顾后”法，瞻前：先看先行词是人还是物。顾后：看关系词在后面的定语从句中所做的成分。

（三）用法详细讲解：
1、由关系代词引导的定语从句
a. that 在从句中可作主语或宾语，指人或物。
A plane is a machine that can fly. (作主语，指物)
Who is the man that is working over there (作主语，指人)
b. which 在从句中可作主语或宾语，指物。
This is the bike which I bought yesterday. ( 作宾语，指物，可省略)
c. who 在从句中作主语，指人。
The boy who is standing under the tree is called Jim.(作主语，指人)
d. whom在从句中作宾语，指人，在口语中可用who 代替。
Do you know the person whom we met at the gate just now
e. whose 在从句中作定语，指人。
This is Mr. Wang, whose wife works in a big hospital. ( 作定语，指人)
f. as 在从句中作主语或宾语。（如先行词被such 或the same 修饰，多用as 引导定语从句。）We won’t use such students as you recommend.
2、由关系副词引导的定语从句
a. when 在从句中作状语，指时间。
I’ll never forget the day when I joined the army.
b. where 在从句中作状语，指地点。
This is the house where we lived last year.
c. why 在从句中作状语，指原因。
I don’t know the reason why they didn’t come to the party.
3、正确使用that 和which
1）that 指物，有时也可以指人，which 指物，不能指人。which可以引导非限制性定语从句，也可以放在介词后面，that 则不能。例如：
Who is the man that is reading the newspaper (正)
Who is the man which is reading the newspaper （误）
The room in which she lives is a large one.（正）
The room in that she lives is a large one.（误）
2）先行词前面有形容词最高级，序数词next, last, very, any, little, no 等修饰时，用that 不用which引导定语从句。例如：
This is the best film that I have seen.（正）
This is the best film which I have seen.（误）
3）先行词是all, much, little, none等时，用that而不用which引导定语从句。例如：
That’s all that I want to say.（正）
That’s all which want to say.（误）
4）先行词是不定代词something, anything, anything, everything时，一般用that而不用which引导定语从句。例如：
Is there anything that you want in this shop （正）
Is there anything which you want in this shop （误）
注：当something表示具体的事物，重要的东西，重要的人物等确定意义时，它是名词，关系代词用that 或which均可。例如：
There was the mysterious something which/that they had worked so hard to find: radium.
5）先行词是人和物时，要用that 而不用which/who引导定语从句。例如：
He talked about some writers and books that were unknown to us all. （正）
He talked about some writers and books which/who were unknown to us all.（误）
6）先行词本身是that 时，一般用which引导定语从句。例如：
The predicate is that which is said of the subject.
7）在who开头的疑问句中，若还要用关系代词引导定语从句时，用that引导定语从句。
Who is the girl that is singing in the hall
8）当关系词后面有插入语时用which引导定语从句。例如：
Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help to improve your English.
4、在定语从句中只能用that的情况
1）先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much等不定代词。
2）先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等词修饰。
3）先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last 等词修饰。
4）先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。
5）当先行词表示人和物时。
e.g.
1）We should do all that is useful to the people.
2）You can take any seat that is free.
3）This is the last place that I want to visit.
4）This is the best novel that I have ever read.
5）We talked about the things and persons that we were interested in.
5、在定语从句中关系代词只能用which 的情况
1）当关系代词前使用介词时。
2）用在非限定性定语从句中
3）先行词本身是that时
4）有两个定语从句，其中一个用了that, 另一个宜用which
e.g.
1）This is the train on which we went to Tianjin.
2）Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.
3）The predicate is that which is said of the subject.
4）At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the time on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.
6、as作关系代词的用法
1）关系代词常出现在the same…as, such…as, so…as, as…as 等结构中
This is not such a book as I expected.
I live in the same building as he (lives in).
Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.
★the same…that…和the same…as…的区别
I have bought the same watch as you have.
我买了一块和你一样的手表。（我的手表和你的手表很像，但不是同一块。）
This is the same watch that I lost. 这就是我丢的那块手表。（这手表和我丢的手表是同一块）
2）as引导非限制性定语从句，指代逗号前的整个句子（即先行词），可置于句首或句末。
This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.
Mary was late for school, as often happened.
As is known to all, the earth is round.
★as 指代一句话和which 指代一句话的用法区别
as 的这种用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中如：
as has been said before 如上所述
as may be imagined 正如可以想象出来的那样
as is well known 众所周知
as was expected 正如预料的那样
as has been already pointed out 正如已经指出的那样
as we all can see 正如我们都会看到的那样
which则不需要，例如： The man died last night, which is a lie.
as 替代一句话既可放句首也可放句末，而which只能放句末。
7、用关系代词还是关系副词
先行词是表时间、地点、原因的名词，引导定语从句是用关系副词还是用关系代词，关键在于关系词在从句中充当的成分。如果充当状语，就用关系副词引导定语从句；如果充当主语或宾语，则用关系代词。
例如：
This is the school where Mr Cheng works.
This is the school that Mr Cheng set up ten years ago.
I will never forget the day when I joined the Party.
I will never forget the day that I spent with Mr Isaak.
That was the reason that he gave me yesterday.
That was the reason why he gave me a note yesterday.
注：1）关系副词一般可以改为“介词+which”。
The reason why/for which I didn’t come this morning is that it rained hard.
October, 1st 1949 was the day when/on which the Peoples Republic of China was founded.
This was the city where /in which he was taken away by the enemy.
注：2）why 不能引导非限制性定语从句。
注：3）关系代词that 有一种特殊的用法。that在限制性定语从句中可以作状语，表示时间、地点、原因和方式，代替when , where, why,或“介词+which”。
We will never forget the year that (= when) SARS broke out in China.
That is the place that (=where) the health workers fought against SARS.
This was the reason that (=why) there were over 2000 SARS cases in Beijing.
That was the way that (=in which) we fought against SARS.
注：4）from where中的where 为关系代词。
He stood near the north window, from where he could see the whole garden.
He climbed up to the top of the temple, from where he could see nothing but trees.
8、定语从句的难题分析
1）It is the young man _______ looked for _______ caught the murderer.
A. that …who B. that …they
C . they …that D they…which
分析：答案是C。本题考查了定语从句和强调句式。强调句式的结构是“It is + 强调部分 + that/who….”。they looked for前省略了关系代词that,因为先行词the young man 在从句中做looked for的宾语。强调句为It is the young man who/that caught the murderer.本句意思是“是那个他们寻找的年轻人抓住了杀人犯”。
2）Is this factory _______ we visited last year
A. where B in which C the one D at which
分析：做这题首先要明白一个概念。被定语从句修饰的名词前一般都有the，因为它已被限定。所以此题还原成陈述句应该是This factory is______ we visited last year. 而不是This is factory ______ we visited last year.知道这一点后做题容易了，不能选A, B, D。因为句子没有先行词。所以答案是C。从句前省略了关系代词that/which。题目如改为Is this the factory ________we visited last year 空格处应该用which 或 that。
3）The book, the cover _______ is broken, is not mine.
A. of it B for C whose D of which
分析：答案是D。先行词the book 代入从句应该是 the cover of the book is broken.相当于whose cover。
4）This is Mr. Smith, _____ I think has something interesting to tell you.
A. who B whom C. that D. \
分析：此题同学们容易错选B，认为先行词Mr. Smith作think 的宾语。I think , you think, do you think 等表明某人观点的短语是插入语。插入语的特点是去掉后不影响句子的表达。所以做题时遇到插入语，先去掉，This is Mr. Smith, _______ has something interesting to tell you。很容易得到答案A.
5）Who _______ has seen the TV film doesn’t admire it
A. that B who C which D as
分析：先行词是who，是指人，可为了避免重复，不用who，而用能指代人的that。答案是A。
6）You can never imagine what great trouble I have had ________ the patient who received a serious wound.
A. treat B. to treat C treating D treated
分析：迷惑的答案是D，同学们容易根据had确定用过去分词。而做好这题，关键是知道句型have trouble(difficult) doing sth. 做某事有困难。定语从句部分是I have had (great trouble)treating the patient.而patient 后又有一个定语从句。答案是C。
7）This is the last time _________ I shall give you a lesson.
A. when B that C which D in which
分析：答案是B。这里的time不指时间，而是次数。所以用that引导。
8）I don’t like the way ________ you laugh at her.
A . that B on which C which D as
分析：此题先行词是the way，用……方式的短语是in this way。所以定语从句应该是in which you laugh at her。但习惯上也可说that you laugh at her。或者什么也不用you laugh at her。答案是 A。

【模拟试题】
一、定语从句单选练习：
1. ____ have plenty of money will help their friend.
A. Those who B. He who C. That who D. You who
2. This is the longest train _____ I have ever seen.
A. which B. that C. what D. whom
3. ___ we all know, swimming is a very good sport.
A. Which B. That C. As D. Who
4. I shall never forget those years _____ I lived in the farm ____ you visited last week.
A. when, where B. which, which C. when, which D. which, where
5. The radio set ___ last week has gone wrong.
A.I bought it B. which I bought it C.I bought D. what I bought
6. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of ____ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
A. these B. them C. that D. which
7. The day will come _____ the people all over the world will win liberation.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
8. Mr. Herpin is one of the foreign experts who ____ in China.
A. works B. is working C. are working D. has been working
9. They talked for about an hour of things and persons ____ they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
10. My glasses, ____ I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.
A. which B. with which C. without which D. that
11. He is a man of great experience, _____ much can be learned.
A. who B. from him C. from whom D. whom
12. A harvester is a machine ____ we harvest crops or a person ____ is harvesting.
A. which, who B. that, that C. with which, who D. /, that
13. I have bought the same dress ____ she is wearing.
A. as B. that C. which D. what
14. In the police station I saw the man from ___ room the thief had stolen the TV set.
A. whom B. which C. that D. whose
15. Chapin, _____ money was now no problem, start a new film company with his friends.
A. whose B. which C. for whom D. who
16. Please put the letter _____ he can easily find it.
A. in which B. where C. the place where D. in the place
17. The house ______ there is a big tree was built more than 1000 years ago.
A. which B. that C. in the front of which D. in front of which
18. Antarctic, ____ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round.
A. which B. where C. that D. about which
19. The reason ____ I was away from school is ____ I was ill yesterday.
A. that, that B. why, why C. why, that D. that, why
20. It was a meeting ______ importance I didn’t realize at that time.
A. which B. of which C. that D. whose

二、定语从句改错(有错就改)
1. The book that I borrowed it from the library is well written.
2. The house stood at the place which the roads meet.
3. Did you see the young man whom was chosen the League secretary
4. We shall visit the university where my father teaches there.
5. The person whom you want to see comes.
6. Can you think of anyone who’s house is on a pile of rocks
7. The day which I was to start arrived at last.
8. I have known the reason which she is so worried.
9. This is the girl who practice playing the piano everyday.
10. The watch which her mother gave it to her works very well.
11. This is the shop which keep open till eleven at night.
12. Is she the girl who her grandfather was a Red Army man
13. The worker who repaired our house live next door to Li Hula’s.
14. The girl studies music plays the violin very well.
15. The house in where we live is very large.
16. The street which lead us to the Beijing Station is wide and long.
17. Do you know the driver whom caused the traffic accident where a man was killed
18. Has she returned you the novel that you lent it to her last Friday
19. This is the one hundredth letter which she has received from that boy.
20. This is the woman to who my mother talked just now.

【试题答案】
一、ABCCC DDCBC CCADC BDDCD
二、
1. 去掉it 2. which——where
3. whom——who 4. 去掉there
5. come——came/has come 6. who’s——whose
7. which——when 8. which——why
9. practice——practices 10. 去掉it
11. keep——keeps 12. who her——whose
13. live——lives 14. studies——who studies
15. where——which 16. lead——leads
17. whom——who 18. 去掉it
19. which——that 20. who——whom