中考阅读技能指导之-概括文段主旨(To get the main idea)

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中考阅读技能指导之——概括文段主旨(To get the main idea)
★ 一篇文章或一段话都有一个中心思想，文章或段落中的句子就是围绕着这个中心思想而展开的。这类题就是主旨题。阅读中善于抓中心思想，不仅有助于理解，而且有助于提高阅读速度。所以，在做阅读中每篇文章都要有意识地问自己：文章的主旨是什么？
★ 主旨大意类题目的常见设问方式
1．The main idea／key point of this passage is that _____ ．
2．The passage is mainly about _____ ．
3．The best title／headline for this passage is _____ ．
4．The topic／subject discussed in this passage is _____ ．
5．From the passage we can learn／conclude that _____ ．
...
★ 获取段落的主旨和大意最有效的办法是找出主题句
1）主题句位于段首，还有些主题句是通过设问,以及对它的回答提出的。
例1：All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物链)。Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears.
例2：Do you know why snakes stick out their tongues They use their tongues to pick up smells and to feel things. The snake’s tongue is not a stinger as many people think. The snake is just touching and smelling with it.
2）主题句位于段末
例：We use water for drinking. We also use it for washing ourselves, our clothes, and our dishes. The plants and animals we use as food need water to grow. Water is very important to people.
有些段落有明显的引出细节的信息词，常见的信息词有for example，an example of，the most important example，first，second，next，then，last，finally，to begin with，also，besides that等。通过上述信息词，我们可以断定主题句应在它们之前。
3）首尾呼应
4）主题句位于段落中间
主题句偶尔也出现在段落的中间，但不一定就在正中间。有时第一句并非主题句，而是承上启下的过渡句。在这种情况下，第二句便成了主题句。此外，主题句也可能是段落的倒数第二句。
5）主题句隐含在段意之中
A.注意作者有意识反复强调的观点，这些观点通常是主旨。
B.有些段落没有明显的主题旬，其中心思想包含在各个句子中，这就要求读者依据已知的细节，归纳出段落的中心思想。
例：Some people walk or run many miles each day. Others swim or do bodybuilding exercises at a specific time in the morning or evening. Large numbers of people keep themselves fit by playing on an amateur sports team.
★ 标题的选择
1） 概括主要内容的题目当然应该以整体性的答案为准，但是在做标题类的题目时，应该以体裁的不同而有所区别：
A议论文的标题应该是文章的中心论点；21世纪教育网
B记叙文的标题应该是文章的中心事件；21世纪教育网
C说明文的标题应该是文章的中心事物和它的主要特点；
D新闻的标题就是该新闻最开始的新闻事件。21ww
2）标题的选择原则
A概括性原则：要求标题应在最大程度上覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主题要旨。
B针对性原则：针对性原则要求标题不能太过于概括和泛泛，而是要直接指向文章的主要特点。即标题的外延既不能太大也不能太小，要量体裁衣，大小适度。21世纪教育网
C醒目性原则：标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面，故标题往往比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，目的是为了吸引读者的注意力，唤起读者对文章阅读的兴趣。21世纪
强化练习：
燕山一摸D篇
A woman was saved from certain death yesterday when she fell from the balcony（阳台） of her apartment in Central London. She was caught by the man who lives in the apartment below hers.
The woman, Barbara Hanley, lives on the 11th floor of Regents Towers, an apartment block overlooking Regents Park. Her neighbor, Alan Anderson, a record producer who works at Curved Sound studios, happened to be working at home.
“I suddenly heard this woman shouting,” he said. “At first I was a bit put out, because I was listening to some backing tracks I had recorded with a new band last week and I needed absolute silence. Then it suddenly occurred to me that whoever was making the noise was right outside my window. And I live on the 10th floor!"
He ran through the French windows of his living room onto the balcony. At that very moment, Ms Hanley lost her hold on the balcony above and fell. Mr. Anderson leapt forward and caught her, managing to pull her onto his balcony. She thereby avoided plunging to the ground which would almost certainly have led to her death.
“She was hysterical for a few minutes,” said Mr. Anderson. “When she calmed down, she was able to explain what had happened.”
Ms Hanley works in the lizard house at London Zoo and recently brought home a Montane chameleon(美洲变色蜥蜴), which was due to take up residency at the zoo. The chameleon’s cage at the zoo wasn’t ready, so she had agreed to look after the lizard at home for a few days. Unfortunately, it had escaped from its cage and climbed to the top of a plant on her balcony. She had climbed onto her balcony to take it back, but tripped and grabbed the edge（边缘） of the balcony with her fingertips as she fell.
She then began to scream as loudly as she could, but it was three o’clock in the afternoon, and the building was, as usual at that time of day, almost empty. It was completely by chance that Mr. Anderson had chosen to work at home and saved her when she fell.
60. Which one is the best title for this passage
A. Saved From Certain Death
B. Good Neighbor
C. A Record Producer
D. Chameleon Escape
房山一摸C篇
“Sesame(芝麻) Street” has been called “ the longest street in the world”. That is because the television program by that name can now be seen in so many parts of the world.
That program became one of American’s exports soon after it went on the air in New York in 1969.In the United States more than six million children watch the program regularly. The viewers include more than half of the nation's children before school age. Although some educators object to certain elements in the program, parents praise it highly. Many teachers also consider it a great help, though some teachers find that problems happen when the first graders who have learned from “Sesame Street” are in the same class with children who have not watched the program.
The program uses songs, stories, jokes and pictures to give children a basic understanding of numbers, letters and human relationships. Tests have shown that children who watch it five times a week learn more than those who seldom watch it. In the United States the program is shown at different times during the week in order to increase the number of children who can watch it regularly.
Why has “Sesame Street” been so much more successful than other children’s shows Many reasons have been suggested. People mention the educational theories of its creators, the support by the government and private businesses, and the skillful use of a variety of TV tricks. Perhaps an important reason is that mothers watch “Sesame Street” along with their children. This is partly because famous adult stars often appear on “Sesame Street”. But the best reason for the success of the program may be that it makes every child watching it feel able to learn. The child finds himself learning and he wants to learn more.
54. The passage mainly tells us about _________.
A. one of the longest streets in the world.
B. how often “Sesame Street” is shown on TV
C. the differences between children in learning
D. one of the most popular programs in the U.S.
房山D篇
Too often we complain about others not listening, pretending that we ourselves can’t make any mistakes, yet in our hearts we know that many of the mistakes we make come about because we haven’t listened carefully enough. We get things wrong because we haven’t quite understood what someone meant when they were talking to us. Anyone who has ever taken the minutes of a long meeting will know how hard it is to remember---despite the benefit of notes---exactly what everyone said. But success depends on getting things right---and that means listening.
Listening is not the same thing as hearing; it is not an effort actively. It demands attention and concentration. It may mean guessing the speaker for additional information or for further explanation --- it is always better to ask than to continue regardless and get things wrong. However, if you allow your mind to think something else carelessly (freely), even for a few minutes, you’ll miss what the speaker is saying------ probably at the very moment when he or she is saying something very critical or the key things. And not having heard, you won’t know you’ve missed anything until it’s too late.
The most common bad habit we have is to start thinking of what we are going to say about the subject long before the other speaker has finished. We then stop listening. Even worse, this often adds rudeness to less attention, as once you have decided what to say there is a fair chance you will interrupt to say it. Good listeners don’t interrupt. In fact it is often worth explaining the main idea of what you have just been told before going on to make your own points. Nobody is hurt by this and it shows that you have listened well.
Above all be patient and accept that many people are not very good communicators. It’s helpful to remember that the ways people move and position while they are speaking can reveal or express a great deal about what they are saying. It is also important that you should put yourself in the other person’s place, both intellectually and emotionally; it will help you to understand what they are getting at and form a reaction. But don’t be too clever. Faced with a know-all, many people keep quiet because they see no point in continuing.
57. Which is the best title for this passage
A. Don’t be too clever B. Be a good listener.
C. Don’t miss anything critical D. Think of the speaker
58. In the last paragraph, “…… what they are getting at ……” means________ .
A. what they want to show B. what they want to get
C. what they want to fight D. what they want to achieve
59. What is the writer’s opinion
A. If you want to be a good listener, you should be very clever and emotional.
B. Speakers won’t continue talking when their listeners explain what they’ve heard.
C. It’s hard to be a good listener because listening tests you on your intelligence.
D. If you don’t want to get things wrong, it’s important to be a good listener,
60. What is the lesson we can learn from this passage
A. Don’t complain about others not listening while talking with them.
B. Don’t get anything wrong if you miss what the speaker is saying.
C. Think carefully of what you’re going to say before the speaker finishes.
D. Listening inattentively may cost you the loss of your success.
通州一摸C篇
How long would it take you to read a dictionary
Do you like reading Do you have trouble finding a novel(小说) that takes your interest What do you think of following Ammon Shea’s example and starting reading a dictionary
Mr Shea owns over 1,000 dictionaries and he likes to read them for fun. He recently
spent a year reading all 20 different kind of dictionaries. The dictionary contains(包括) more than 20,000 pages and over 59 million words. As he read from A to Z, he noted down interesting words in a notebook. This includes(包括) words such as happify, meaning to make someone happy, and tripudiate which means to dance, skip or leap for joy. Mr Shea also kept a diary about his experience which has been turned into a best-selling book.
Why did he do this
He says it was fun: “I’ve always enjoyed reading dictionaries, they are far more interesting than people give them credit for (给他们的赞扬). I’m not against big words or fancy or obscure words, but I should use them because they should also be used,” he said.
In fact, as a result of reading so many words, Mr Shea often forgot his everyday vocabulary. He wrote, “My head was so full of words that I often had trouble forming simple sentences.”
Mr Shea is not alone in his love of reading dictionaries. Elaine Higgleton, a representative of Collins Coluild dictionaries, said that thousands of crossword and Scrabble fans (拼字游戏迷) read dictionaries for fun and to improve their game. Ms Higgleton did however note that, “It’s probable not the best way to learn English, and you’d learn more than you need.”
It is not known how many of the 59 million words Mr Shea has remembered but he has certainly made history with his hobby.
57. What is probably the best title for the passage
A. How do you think of reading dictionaries
B. Reading dictionaries and improving games
C. For your interest, read a dictionary!
D. Why not try to read a dictionary
密云一摸D篇
Everyone knows hand-washing is important. But a new study shows how washing your hands often, and at the right time, can have an effect on your family’s risk(危险) for getting sick. Most studies on hand-washing focus on medical and food service workers. But washing hands at home as a way to stop viruses（病毒） from spreading. Several studies show hands are the single most important way for all types of infections. Even though most people know to wash their hands after using the toilet.
Researchers found 83 percent of virus was on the surface of bathroom, living room and kitchen. Another study found that at homes where salmonella(沙门氏菌) cases had been found, the bacteria remained there for three weeks. That’s why people should pay attention to cleaning such surfaces regularly and always wash hands after touching them. In one study, a volunteer touched a door handle that had been with a virus. He then shook hands with other volunteers, and further tests showed he had spread the virus to six people.
The study authors note that time of hand-washing is the key. It’s obvious to wash hands after using the toilet, before eating or handling food. Other important times for hand-washing are after cleaning up a pet, or after touching garbage cans, cleaning clothes, dish rags that may have come into contact with raw food.
It may be hard to believe that something as simple as regular hand-washing can make a difference in your family’s health, considering what happened in Hong Kong during the 2003 outbreak of SARS, a severe kind of disease. The outbreak caused the public pay more attention to their basic hygiene(卫生) habits, including regular hand-washing. Not only was the SARS stopped, but other cases of illnesses, including the flu, stopped.
58. What is the main idea of the article
A. Why may hand-washing be your best medicine
B. Why the viruses spread so quickly
C. What is the most important time of washing hands
D. What can you do to stop yourself from being ill
59. In the last paragraph, the writer uses the example of SARS to show_______.
A. hands-washing plays an important part in fighting SARS
B. hands-washing can improve your health quickly
C. hands-washing can cure many kinds of disease
D. hands-washing is paid special attention
60. From the text we can infer that_______.
A. people didn’t know it’s important to wash hands
B. the virus will die quickly after spreading
C. some pets may carry some kinds of virus
D. the virus will stay under the surface
大兴一摸D篇
If you're a busy man, then lunch time may be the only time you have to train and keep a healthy body. That is, if you aren't the type to work out early in the morning or after work, like most people. A one-hour lunch break is more than enough time to carry out an proper workout routine(程序), but when you need to make use of time to really get to the gym, eat lunch and change, then a one-hour workout becomes a 20-minute workout. Just follow this simple lunchtime workout plan and you'll be able to have a healthy body and still have time to do the things you enjoy before and after work.
Remember that this workout routine is not made for advanced(高级的) trainers but for keeping a healthy and good-looking body. Make sure you eat some healthy food at least 60 minutes before your lunch break, and eat your full meal right after your workout. Your Cardiovascular（心血管） and lower body workout time should include a- half- hour daily walk, which can easily be done outdoors. Simply put on your favorite shoes and go for a walk around the houses whatever weather it can be. Another good choice is walking up and down your office building staircase. Stair-climbing will work your leg muscles(肌肉) and increase your heart rate(心率) at the same time. A 30-minute walking five times a week is enough to work your whole lower body and cardiovascular system（系统）. To do more good to your health, try to increase your pace(步速) weekly. Set paces and gradually increase your distances. For example, go around the houses six times instead of five in a 30minutes, or climb the staircase 10 times instead of 9. If possible, change your cardiovascular training: use the staircase one day, and walk around the block on other days.
After your 30-minute lower-body exercise, you can begin your upper body workout by doing a few basic exercises. Find a clean space on the floor (big enough to fit your entire body) and carry out the following trained pushup(俯卧撑) workout to tighten your whole upper body. Check out the pushup routine to keep you fit on your lunch break.
60. From the passage we can draw a conclusion that______.
A. workout routine takes up too much time
B. lunch-break workout had better be done in a gym
C. your whole body can be worked out well in your office building
D. a busy man can only have a healthy body by working out during lunch break
平谷一摸C篇
The Olympics are some of the most exciting sports events in the world. But there is another Olympics about which you may not have heard. This is the Special Olympics, for people with mental disabilities(残疾).
People with mental disabilities learn more slowly than other people. Sometimes they have trouble controlling the actions of their arms and legs. For years, many people thought that mentally disabled people could not take part in sports, but they were wrong.
The first Special Olympic Games were held in Chicago in 1968. One thousand people competed in many events. Since then Special Olympic programs have been organized in all 50 states and more than 150 countries. Today more than a million people take part in the Special Olympics.
Mentally disabled persons over the age of eight may take part in the Special Olympics. These people may also have physical disabilities. People have run in races using crutches or walkers. A young girl entered the long jump event with an artificial leg. A blind runner raced around the track with the help of his coach’s voice. A deaf basketball team planned their plays using sign language.
Winning is wonderful for people who may never have had much success. But training for and entering the Special Olympics is also important. The participants(选手) become more confident. They learn how to concentrate in order to play well. Then they use that concentration in school or improve their schoolwork. Like anyone else they feel great when they prove they can do something well.
56. The writer mainly tells us _____________ in the fourth paragraph.
A. how physical disabilities play in the Special Olympics.
B. how a young girl played in the long jump event
C. how we can help physical disabilities in sports
D. how old a disabled person can take part in the Special Olympics.
57. What does the underlined word “concentrate” mean
A. Make preparation. B. Work hard. C. Pay special attention. D. Catch up.
平谷一摸D篇
After 14 days and more than 19,000 miles, American Steve Fossett has finally made hot-air ballooning history. On his sixth attempt(尝试), and after surviving a fire which nearly force him to stop his attempt, Fossett has become the first person to fly a ballon alone around the world.
Fossett reached 117 degrees longitude(经度), the line from which he had begun two weeks earlier, during the night, and his life-long dream came true. Speaking by satellite telephone from the Australian desert, Fossett said all the hard work had been worth it: ‘ Finally, after six flights, I’ve succeeded! And it’s a very satisfying feeling!’
Once he had crossed the finishing line, Fossett continued across Australia until daylight allowed him to find a safe place to land. But strong winds then forced the balloon to stay in the air a while longer. ‘Balloon landings are always difficult,’ said Joe Ritchie, Fossett’s mission controller, ‘but at last Steve landed safely, early on Thursday morning.’
Besides ballooning, Fossett holds world records in sailing and flying planes. He has also swum the English Channnel and driven in the Le Mans 24-hour car race. With his balloon adventure behind him, Fossett is already planning his next trip. He wants to fly an altitude of 18 kilometres. But his mission controller,Joe Ritchie said: ‘I’m going to have a serious talk with Steve about this. It frightens me, to be honest.”
59. From the underlined sentences in the last paragraph we can infer _________.
A. Ritchie will stop Fossett. B. Ritchie is a serious man.
C. Ritchie is not as brave as Fossett. D. Fossett’s next trip is more dangerous.
60. Which of the follwing can be the title of the text
A. Happy Landing B. A Man For Challenges
C. No Attempt, No Success D. Practice Makes Perfect
延庆一摸D篇
I used to live in Kobe in Japan. On my way home on the bus every evening I used to look for an old man who often played his saxophone (萨克斯管) near the river. He always looked upriver towards the mountains and he always looked so happy. I couldn’t hear his music because the windows were closed on the bus I imagined it to be loud and clear. I wanted to be like that man.
One night I went to Himeji, a city not far from Kobe. As I walked with my family along the river I saw a statue（雕像）. It was a young man who looked just like me. He was wearing a cap and smiling. Around his neck was a leather strap（皮带）and in his hands was a saxophone. He was lifting the saxophone to his lips and he was just about to play. My family walked on up the river towards the castle but I stayed there by the statue dreaming of playing a saxophone on TV.
Two weeks later it was my birthday. Imagine my joy when I opened my present from my parents and found that it was a saxophone! I put it to my lips to play, but it wouldn’t make a sound. Then Dad told me to read the instruction book to find out what to do. After about 15 minutes the saxophone was ready to play. I raised it slowly to my lips as my family watched. But still there was no sound. I blew and blew but I couldn’t get the saxophone to play. I was almost crying when suddenly the saxophone made the most beautiful sound—loud and clear like I imagined the music of the man by the river in Kobe. I blew again, I moved my fingers on the saxophone and I made more sounds. Some of them were loud and clear but many of them weren’t. I was happy because I was playing very interesting sounds. But I wasn’t playing music yet.
Then came the lessons. Night after night, week after week my teacher made me practice. Slowly I started to improve and at last there came the magic day when I started to play music. Now I’m in the TV studio with my saxophone strapped to my neck and my cap on my head. I’m waiting to be called to the stage to play my first ever saxophone solo on TV. I’m thinking of the man by the river in Kobe and the statue smiling at me in Himeiji. I’m a happy man.
59. The underlined word “magic” shows that the writer .
A. was very excited B. was very surprised
C. learnt to play music easily D. didn’t know how to play music
60. What’s probably the best title for this passage
A. The magic day. B. My birthday present.
C. The statue and his saxophone. D. The old man and my saxophone.
顺义一摸C篇
Tibet is among the most popular places for Chinese tourists. The number of travelers of Tibet has grown by 10% every year for a few years. Since July 1, 2006, when the first train ran 1956 kilometers from Xining to Lhasa, more and more people have been going to Tibet.
The train stops at several famous places along the way, such as Qinghai Lake, Kunlun Mountain, and the Potala Palace. Passengers can also enjoy many activities during the journey, like Tibetan dancing and Karaoke.
On the train, passengers can have tea, eggs and noodles for breakfast, and fried chicken and green vegetables for lunch and dinner. Unlike most Chinese trains which have open – hole toilets, this one has special toilets which can collect the waste. There is also a special rubbish system (系统) in the train that keeps the environment clean. All the windows on the train can protect people from the bright sunlight. TV and electrical sockets (插座) for computers and mobile phones can be found on the train.
Because there isn’t much oxygen there, trains will have oxygen masks (氧气罩) for those who need them. It makes passengers feel more comfortable when they have enough oxygen on the famous “roof of the world”. There are also doctors on the train to make sure that all of the travelers are safe.
55．The underlined word “them” in the last paragraph refers to .
A．oxygen masks B．doctors C．oxygen D．passengers
56．What’s the best title of the passage
A．Tibet – roof of the world B．Magic train to magic Tibet
C．Beautiful views in Tibet D．A comfortable trip to Tibet
顺义一摸D篇
Have you thought of coming to the USA as much as I have thought of coming to China It seems that no matter what else might happen in the world, people wish to know other people. From an American’s standpoint, I will tell you that most of us are very happy that your country has been allowed into the WTO. We are also happy that you successfully hosted the 2008 Olympics. Between the two of these things I believe that China shall become one of the greatest places around the world to do business and visit with.
I know that some of you might have a very dramatic(夸张的) view of the way America is. So you know, we are a society of people that are run by and governed by money. People who are elected to office in our country are done so because they have the money to pay for a campaign (竞选运动). I think no matter where a person lives in the world, they wish for the same things. If you think you can come over here and make something of yourself, you are right. I believe I can come to your country and make something of myself, too.
We are all the same around the world, you see. Some of us are made to lead, while others of us are made to follow. Here in the United States we could not live the way we do if there were not those of us who do the work that is needed at the bottom of the ladder. Just as in China, we have those who must be the street cleaners, the bakers, the farmers, and all the other jobs that must be done. Like China also, most of us wish we were someplace further up the ladder; maybe a manager of a big company, maybe a famous doctor or actor. The streets are not paved with gold in the United States. It does take hard work to make it.
I would like to tell you all that we do not carry any prejudice towards you. Your people and your culture are much respected throughout the United States. You are known as an intelligent and resourceful (机智的) people. I hope someday that our country will be open enough that travel between them will be like travel between the United States and Europe.
57. We can learn from the passage that the writer is a(n) ______.
A. Chinese B. American C. Englishman D. German
58. No matter where people live in the world, they hope to ______.
A. visit others B. be famous C. be successful in life D. be loved by others
60. What’s the meaning of the word “prejudice” in the passage
A. 偏见 B. 赞美 C. 讽刺 D. 宽容
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