高中语法
第八讲
状语从句的运用（二）
北京四中
张恩
Ⅰ.
条件状语从句
如果主句是将来时，条件状语从句用________________表示。
________相当于“if...not”，而且语气较强，一般不用于虚拟语气。
suppose/supposing
that,
provided/providing
(that)
意思是：_______。
as
(so)
long
as
_______,
on
condition
that
_______,
in
case
_______
only
if
_______
,if
only
_______；only
if引导_____条件句，用于句首，主语谓语_______。if
only一般引导____________句或感叹句。
练一练：填入合适的连接词。
_______the
weather
was
bad,
my
father
always
used
to
take
a
walk
in
the
evening.
_______
you
had
a
million
pounds
—how
would
you
spend
it
I
will
agree
to
go
____________
my
expenses
are
paid.
____________
it
doesn’t
rain,
we
can
play.
You
can
go
out
____________（条件是）you
wear
an
overcoat.
You’d
better
take
an
umbrella
______
it
rains.
_________
a
teacher
has
given
permission,
is
a
student
allowed
to
enter
this
room.
_______
he
had
come,
he
would
have
met
you.
II.
让步状语从句
连接词有:
_______
虽然，though虽然，
_______尽管，while尽管。
even
if/though_______/纵然/尽管，
疑问词+ever
（whoever...）=______
_______
+疑问词（no
matter
who…）意思是“_________谁……”，所以__________=no
matter
where，两者都引导状语从句，当时只有_________引导名词性从句。
whether…or______________。
as（_______;尽管）引导让步状语从句时，常放在作表语，状语或谓语的一部分的形容词，名词，副词或动词原形之______。如果是单数名词或形容词的最高级作表语，不用______。
练一练：根据汉语提示补全句子。
_____________(虽然他们缺乏)
official
support,
they
continue
their
struggle.
Though
he
is
old,
____________（但是）he
works
day
and
night.
_______(即使)
I
failed
again,
I
will
not
give
up
the
experiment.
___________(无论谁)
wants
to
speak
to
me
on
the
phone,
tell
them
I’m
busy.
________________(虽然你很壮),
you
cannot
lift
it.
_______________（虽然她是个孩子）,
she
knows
a
lot.
_______________（虽然我很想）stay,
I
really
must
go
home.
_______________（虽然你可以打电话）,
he
will
not
come.
_______________（无论下不下雨）,
we’re
playing
football
on
Sunday.
III.
目的状语从句
引导词：so
that/
___________
以便，________免得;以防，_______(that)/
lest惟恐;以免。从句中经常有_______动词。
练一练：根据汉语提示用从句补全句子。
She
got
up
early
this
morning
________________(为了她能赶上)
the
first
train.
They
started
early
________________(以便他们可以)
arrive
in
time.
They
stopped
at
Hangzhou
_______________（为了他们能够）go
around
West
Lake.
IV.
结果状语从句
引导词：so
that,
________,
________，意思是“（如此…）以致于”。
练一练：根据汉语提示补全句子。
He
spoke
________（那么快）_______
nobody
could
understand
what
he
was
saying.
He
made
______________（如此快的进步）_______
he
soon
began
to
write
articles
in
English.
V.
比较状语从句
比较状语从句多由_____(比),
_____(和…...一样),
not
as/____...as...(和......不一样),
the+比较级，the+_______(越…...越…...)引导。
练一练：把下面句子译成英语。
与参加聚会相比，她更喜欢阅读。
他们比他更喜欢这个女孩。
她跑得和男孩一样快。
你听英语越多，它就变得越容易。
你工作得越努力，取得的进步就越大。
VI.
方式状语从句
连接词：as
(__________)，________/
________
(好像;宛如)。
练一练：根据汉语提示补全句子。
Why
didn’t
you
catch
the
last
bus
_______________（像我告诉你的）
They
looked
at
me
____________________（好像我疯了）.
They
look
____________________（好像他们认识）each
other.
补充资料：so和such的区别：
1.
so和such都有“这/那样”的意思，但so多修饰形容词，such修饰名词。
He
spoke
so
fast
that
nobody
could
understand
what
he
was
saying.
He
made
such
rapid
progress
that
he
soon
began
to
write
articles
in
English.
2.
so有时可以代替such修饰可数名词单数，但要注意不定冠词a（an）的位置。
He
told
us
such
a
(funny
)
story
that
we
all
laughed.
=He
told
us
so
funny
a
story
that
we
all
laughed.
3.
如果名词是由“many，much，little（少），few”修饰时，一般用so。
There
is
so
little
time
left
that
I
have
to
tell
you
about
it
later.
但是：This
is
such
a
little
sheep
that
we
all
like
it.
(little
小)语法精讲
--
被动语态
北京四中
孙玲
被
动
语
态
I.
被动语态的概念
1.
英语中有两种语态：______语态和______语态。
2.
主动语态表示主语是动作的_____。
例如：Many
people
speak
Chinese.
3.
被动语态表示主语是动作的_____。
例如：上句可变为________________________
II.
被动语态的各种时态
1.
一般现在时：
2.
一般过去时：
3.
一般将来时：
4.
现在进行时：
5.
过去进行时：
6.
现在完成时：
7.
现在完成进行时：
8.
过去完成时：
边讲边练：翻译句子
1.
全世界越来越多的人讲汉语。
Chinese
by
more
and
more
people
in
the
world.
2.
1949年中华人民共和国成立。
People’s
Republic
of
China
in
1949.
3.明天将对这个问题进行讨论。
The
problem
tomorrow.
4.
纸张一直被认为是中国最重要的发明之一。
Paper
as
one
of
the
most
important
inventions
in
China.
5.我的自行车正在修理。
My
bike
repaired.
6.我到了图书馆时,那本书已经借出去了。
The
book
when
I
got
to
the
library.
III.
主动变被动
1.
一般规律
(1).
All
the
people
laughed
at
him.
He
by
all
the
people.
(2).
They
make
the
bikes
in
the
factory.
The
bikes
by
them
in
the
factory.
(3).
They
sold
out
the
tickets.
The
tickets
规则：
（1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的______。
（2）把谓语变成被动结构（be＋过去分词）
（3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后做_____，将主格改为_____。
2.
含有情态动词的被动语态
由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成
We
can
repair
this
watch
in
two
days.
This
watch
_________
in
two
days.
They
should
do
it
at
once.
It
_____________
at
once.
I
have
to
finish
it.
It
_____________________.
3.
含有双宾语的主动语态变被动语态(give,
lend,
pass,
cook,
buy,
sing)
主动语态:主语
+
谓语动词
+
间接、直接宾语
+
其他
被动语态:间接宾语
+
be
+
过去分词
+
直接宾语
+
其他(比较常用)或:直接宾语
+
be
+
过去分词
+
介词(for
/
to)
+
间接宾语
+
其他
My
sister
passed
me
salt
during
lunch.
→
I
was
passed
salt
during
lunch
(by
my
sister).
→
Salt
_____________
me
during
lunch
(by
my
sister).
4.
带有复合宾语的主动语态变为被动语态
把宾语变为被动语态的主语,原来的宾语补足语不动。
His
teacher
found
him
a
very
good
pupil.
→
He
was
found
a
very
good
pupil
by
his
teacher.
5.
let,
make,
see,
hear变被动
在主动句中,
let,
make,
see,
hear等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to,但在被动句中,则要保留to
Linda’s
parents
make
her
practice
the
piano
every
Sunday.
→
Linda
______________
practice
the
piano
every
Sunday.
6.
“动词+介词”,“动词+副词”等短语变被动语态
切记介词或副词不能丢！
She
looks
after
her
grandmother.
→
Her
grandmother
____________
(by
her).
IV.
主动表被动
1).
want,
require,
need,
deserve
后接动名词的主动形式表被动。
My
watch
needs
repairing.
若用被动则用不定式My
watch
needs
to
be
repaired.
2)
be
worth
doing
=
be
worthy
to
be
done
The
movie
is
worth
watching.
3).
表示物品特性等的词。
carry,
cut,
drive,
iron,
keep,
lock,
open,
pick,
read,
sell,
shut,
tear,
wash,
wear,
write
肉容易切。Meat
cuts
easily.
他的小说畅销。
His
novel
sells
well.
这车很容易开。
_________________________
你的笔写起来很滑。
_________________________
4).
某些“be+形容词+to
do”结构中的不定式
The
box
is
heavy
to
carry.
5).
不定式作定语
I
have
a
lot
of
homework
to
do.
V.
无被动
1）不及物动词
（除了一些加上介词如look
after）
判断正误：
The
price
has
been
risen.
The
price
has
risen.
The
accident
was
happened
last
week.
The
accident
happened
last
week.
2)
系动词无被动
appear,
be,
become,
fall,
feel,
get,
grow,
keep,
look,
remain,
seem,
smell,
sound,
stay,
taste,
turn
1)
It
sounds
good.
2)
The
steel
feels
cold.
3)
Good
medicine
______
bitter
to
the
mouth.
4)
In
warm
weather
fruit
and
meat
don’t
______
long.
5)
Much
remains
to
be
done.
练习
The
palace
caught
fires
three
times
in
the
last
century,
and
little
of
the
original
building
______now.
A.
remains
B.
is
remained
C.
is
remaining
D.
has
been
remained
The
flowers
were
so
lovely
that
they
____
in
no
time.
A.
sold
B.
had
been
sold
C.
were
sold
D.
would
sell
4)
带同源宾语,
反身代词，相互代词的及物动词die,
death,
dream,
live,
life
She
dreamed
a
bad
dream
last
night.
★
特殊用法
1.
If
you
go
there
alone
after
dark
you
might
get
_____.
A.
attacked
and
robbed
B.
attacking
and
robbing
C.
to
attack
and
rob
D.
to
be
attacked
and
robbed
2.
How
can
you
make
yourself
____
if
you
cannot
express
yourself
clearly.
A.
understand
B.
understood
C.
to
understand
D.
understanding
---
How
about
your
journey
to
Mount
Emei
---
Everything
was
wonderful
except
that
our
car
_____
twice
on
the
way
.
A.
slowed
down
B.
broke
down
C.
got
down
D.
put
down
---
I’m
still
working
on
my
project.
---
Oh,
you’ll
miss
the
deadline.
Time
is
______.
A.
running
out B.
going
out
C.
giving
out
D.
losing
out
What
he
told
us
______
in
a
small
village
in
China.
A
.
was
taken
place
B
.
was
happened
C.
took
place
D
.
has
been
taken
place
1.
In
the
last
few
years
thousands
of
films
_____
all
over
the
world.
A.
have
produced
B.
have
been
produced
C.
are
producing
D.
are
being
produced
2.
In
the
near
future,
more
advances
in
the
robot
technology
__________
by
scientists.
A.
are
making
B.
are
made
C.
will
make
D.
will
be
made
3.
As
a
result
of
the
serious
flood,
two-thirds
of
the
buildings
in
the
area___________.
A.
need
repairing
B.
needs
to
repair
C.
needs
repairing
D.
need
to
repair
4.
It
is
reported
that
many
new
houses
____
at
present
in
the
disaster
area.
A.
are
being
built
B.
were
being
built
C.
was
being
built
D.
is
being
built
5.
On
hearing
the
news
of
the
accident
in
the
coal
mine,
she
_______
pale.
A.
got
B.
changed
C.
went
D.
appeared
6.
His
first
book
_______
next
month
is
based
on
a
true
story.
A.
published
B.
to
be
published
C.
to
publish
D.
being
published高中语法
主谓一致
北京四中
张恩
Ⅰ.主谓一致的原则：
_______上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。一般来说，_______名词与可数名词单数用动词_______。
_______上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数一致。
就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于_______它的词语。
英语中，谓语动词的形式应与主语的_______和_____保持一致。一般根据句子的_______就能判定，但有的则要看_______的意思，及强调的内容。
Ⅱ.
常用的易混的几种情况：
主语是______名词,动名词,
______或______时,谓语动词用______数。但如主语是两个或以上的______的动作就用复数谓语动词。
and连接的两个作主语的单数名词指_________或物时,用单数动词。而由and连接的两个或更多的主语前有each，_____，________，_____时用_____数动词。
根据提示完成句子。
____________（吸烟是）not
a
good
habit.
__________________（幸福地生活需要）a
lot
of
things.
__________________（我所说的是）true.
________________________（吸烟与饮酒是）two
bad
habits.
_________________（她何时、如何完成工作的）____
really
interesting.
________________(她如何遇到他的)
and
when
she
married
him
______
important
to
me.
__________________（那位歌手兼词作者）______
dead.
_________________（这种科技）_____（play）an
important
part
in
China.
______________（每个男孩和女孩）in
the
class
_____（工作）very
hard.
________________（每一分、每一秒都是）valuable
to
us
senior
students.
主语后跟有with，______，
__________，
______，
__________，______，______等短语时，不算主语成分，谓语动词要和______一致。
由some，______，______，______构成的复合代词和each，______，______，one，
______，______，______，______作主语时,谓语动词用______数。
both，______，______，________，________及________作主语时，用______数。
根据所给动词的正确形式填空：
Jack
with
his
family
______
(want)
to
go
to
China.
He,
as
well
as
you,
______
(be)
very
honest.
Her
brother,
together
with
his
wife
and
children,
_______
(kill)
in
the
accident.
I,
along
with
my
200
students,
______
(be)
interested
in
the
movie.
Each
of
you______
(be)
cleverer
than
me.
______
(be)
anybody
here
all，______，____，_____，more和______代替单数名词，谓语动词用______数；代替复数名词，就用_____数动词。同理适用于______，______以及the______作主语时。
就近原则：由___，_________，_________，____________连接的两个或以上主语时，动词和______的主语一致。______句型也属此类。
若主语是“________”，“______”，“______”，“______”，“______”等时用______数谓语动词。
用be动词的适当形式填空：
Most
of
the
apple
______
bad.
Most
of
the
apples
______
bad.
None
of
this
money
____
yours.
None
of
the
people
here
_____
teachers.
20%
(of
the
students)
______
going
to
the
movie
to
enjoy
the
hit.
60%
(of
the
human
body)
______water.
There
____/____
a
book
and
two
pens/
two
pens
and
a
book
in
the
bag.
You
or
he
____
wrong.
____
you
or
he
wrong
Neither
my
brother
nor
his
friends
______
over
18
years
old.
Not
only
the
basketball
players
but
also
the
coach
_______very
nervous.
Two
weeks
____
enough
for
me
to
finish
it.
Five
thousand
dollars____
too
much.
Ten
kilometers____
too
long
for
me
to
run.
______
(人民)，______，______
(牛群)等常用______动词。有一些集合名词，表示______就用单数动词，表示其中的______就用______数谓语。如：family，______，______，______，______。
有些形容词加上______，用来表示一类人，谓语为______数。
像trousers,
______,
______,
______,
______等作主语时,谓语动词用______数；但带有a
______
of,
a
______of,
a
______
of,
a
series
of等单位词，则由这些单位词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。
但以-s结尾的词并______都是复数：
用be的适当形式填空。
Traffic
police
_____
always
very
busy,
especially
at
the
busy
streets.
His
family
_____
poor
and
couldn’t
afford
the
tuition.
My
family_____
going
on
a
trip
this
summer.
The
sick
here
_____
very
well
cared
for.
This
pair
of
scissors
_____
made
in
Hangzhou.
Mathematics
_____
the
science
of
numbers.
综合练习：把下面的句子译成汉语。
《战争与和平》（
“War
and
Peace”）是我读过的最好的书。
除我以外没有人是学生了。
两个学生都没有通过考试。
几个朋友应邀来参加聚会。
或者他或者你不得不说出实情。
我们中其余的人都热爱自由胜过世界上其它任何东西。
文章的其他部分需要重写。
现在公众逐渐了解了整个报道。
他的蓝裤子已经穿破了。
在圣诞节英国人喜欢和家人在一起。高中语法
第十讲
非谓语动词之动词-ing形式
北京四中
张恩
Ⅰ.
动词-ing的形式：
以write为例，写出-ing形式的变化形式：
一般式的主动语态：___________
一般式的被动语态：____________
完成式的主动语态：___________
完成式的被动语态：_____________
Ⅱ.
动词-ing形式的基本用法：
1.
作主语：如果其结构较长，可用______作形式主语，而将作主语的-ing形式后置。
2.
作表语。
3.
作宾语：
-ing形式可作及物动词、短语动词、或______的宾语，形容词
______,
______等的宾语，另外还用于结构“do+
限定词(my,
some,
any,
the
等)+
-ing”，表示“做……事”之意，例如：_______________(购物)。
动词–ing
作宾语，如有补足语，用
it
作为________，而将-ing
后置。
加-ing作宾语的动词常见的有：_______________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
注意既可加-ing形式，也可用不定式的动词的区别。
用所给单词的正确形式填空，并说明每组小题选择答案的原因：
We
are
beginning/starting
_______
(work)
hard.
They
got
up,
beginning/starting
_______
(study).
He
hates
_______
(talk)
with
strangers.
I
love
_______
(show)
you
around
our
school.
After
eating
two
burgers,
he
went
on
_______
(talk)
about
his
experience
in
Norway.
Although
it
has
been
two
hours,
he
is
still
going
on
_______
(talk)
about
his
life.
The
movie
is
on.
Please
stop
_______
(make)
any
sound.
He
didn’t
want
to
stop
_______
(move)
back
to
China.
I
remember
_______
(send)
the
email.
I
don’t
know
why
he
still
hasn’t
got
it.
Remember
_______
(write)
every
detail
on
your
paper
so
that
nothing
can
be
missed.
I
am
terribly
sorry
to
have
forgotten
_______
(send)
the
email.
I
forgot
_____
(send)
the
email.
=I
forgot
whether
I
sent
the
email
or
not.
He
totally
forgot
that
he
_______
(send)
the
email.
Please
don’t
cry.
I
didn’t
mean
_______
(hurt)
you.
Price
of
daily
food
is
going
up,
which
means
_______
(pay)
more
money.
I
regret
_______
(inform)
you
that
you
failed
in
the
exam.
Now
she
has
already
regretted
_______
(marry)
that
rich
man
who
was
as
old
as
her
father.
He
has
been
trying
_______
(lose)
some
weight
but
in
vain.
He
tried
_______
(call)
him
but
no
one
answered.
He
is
afraid
_______
(go)
back
home
because
he
is
afraid
of
_______
(punish)
by
his
parents.
(补充：dislike在传统语法中多接-ing形式作宾语)
4.
作定语：
-ing
作定语时，被-ing所修饰的名词就是该-ing的_________。
-ing
作定语时，其动作和句子谓语动词所表示的动作是_______进行的，如果不是同时进行的，_______用-ing作定语，要用_________。
5.
作宾语补足语：
-ing作宾语补足语时，句中的______是这个-ing的逻辑主语，可带有这种复合宾语的动词有
see,
watch,
hear,
observe,
feel,
find,
have,
keep
等。
练一练：
Do
you
know
the
man
__________________
(站在门口的)
The
girl
_______________________
(昨天在那里写信的)
can
speak
English
very
well.
We
can
see
steam
______
(正在升起)
from
the
wet
clothes.
6.
作状语：
-ing形式一般可作______状语、______状语、______或______状语。
分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加
when
或
while
练一练：用所给词的适当形式填空并说明-ing所作的句子成分。
______
(see)
Tom,
I
couldn’t
help
thinking
of
his
brother
who
lost
his
life
in
the
train
accident.
When
______
(cross)
street,
you
cannot
be
too
careful.
______
(be)
ill,
he
didn’t
go
to
school
yesterday.
Mary
stood
at
the
school
gate
______
(wait)
for
Betty.
Ⅲ.
-ing
的其他常用形式的用法：
主动语态-ing完成式表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词表示的动作______，句中的______是它的逻辑主语，且是它表示的动作的______。多作时间或原因状语。
被动语态
-ing
一般式表示的动作是个___________中的______动作，和句中谓语表示的动作______发生。多作定语或状语。
被动语态
-ing
完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作_____，一般作状语。
在-ing前加_____代词或名词_______即构成
-ing
的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为
-ing
的__________。这种结构在句中可作_____语、_____语或_____语。在口语中，这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的_____，名词的所有格常用名词的_____代替。
练一练：用-ing形式完成句子。
The
truck
_________
(正在修理的)
there
is
ours.
____________
(已被领着看过)
the
lab,
we
were
taken
to
see
the
library.
______________
(回复了信件后),
she
went
on
to
read
an
English
novel.
____________(你吸烟喝酒)
too
much
will
do
harm
to
your
health.
She
insisted
on
____________(Peter去)
there
first.
Ⅳ.
-ing
形式与动词不定式的区别：
1.
作主语、表语、宾语时：一般说来，表示一个比较______或______的动作时多用
-ing
形式。表示一个具体______的动作时，多用不定式。
2.
作定语时：-ing形式的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词___
___
发生，而不定式的动作多发生在谓语动词的动作之______。
3.
作宾语补足语时：不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之______；在
see,
watch,
hear,
feel
等后，-ing
形式作宾补时，表示______听到或看到动作的结束；而不带to的不定式作宾补时，表示听到或看到了动作的结束。
4.
作状语时：-ing形式常作状语表示时间、______、______或______情况，而不定式一般式在句中作状语时，一般是作______或______状语。
练一练：
She
likes
______
(play)
the
piano,
but
she
doesn't
want
______
(play)
it
today.
The
girl
______
(write)
a
letter
there
can
speak
English
very
well.
I
have
three
letters
______
(write).
I
have
told
them
______
(come)
again
tomorrow.
I
hear
her
______
(sing)
in
the
room.
(正在唱)
I
hear
her
______
(sing)
in
the
room.
(唱了)
Not
_______
(receive)
his
letter,
I
wrote
to
him
again.
I
looked
into
the
window
______
(see)
what
was
going
on
inside.高中语法
第六讲
定语从句（二）
北京四中
张恩
Ⅰ.
关系代词whose：
当先行词在从句中做_______的时候，连接词用_______。这时，先行词可以是_______，也可以是_______，表示“先行词的”。
练一练：补全句子。
Do
you
know
anyone
______
______
______
___
______（家在新疆的）
Jack
______
______
___
______
______（头发很长的）wants
to
be
a
singer.
The
building
______
______
______
______
(窗户被打破的)
is
my
school.
Ⅱ.
关系副词where，when和why
先行词在定语从句中作地点状语时,连接词用_______，而且先行词通常是_______,
_______,
_______,
_______等。
先行词在定语从句中作时间状语时,连接词是_______,而且先行词通常是_______,_______,
_______,
_______等。
先行词在定语从句中作原因状语时,连接词用_______，而且先行词通常是_______。
但要注意，连接词的选择不能只看先行词的内容，最关键的就是看先行词______________。
练一练：填入所需的连接词。
We
will
start
at
the
point
_______
we
stopped.
Put
it
at
the
place
_______
you
have
found
it.
He
was
born
in
the
year
_______
the
earthquake
took
place.
July
is
the
month
_______
the
weather
is
usually
the
hottest.
Please
let
me
know
of
the
day
_______
you
will
arrive
in
Beijing.
The
reason
_______
he
changed
his
mind
is
not
clear.
March
22
is
the
day
_______
I
was
born.
March
22
is
the
day
_______
I
will
never
forget.
I
saw
them
in
the
park
_______
a
lot
of
people
were
singing.
I
saw
them
in
the
park
_______
was
built
10
years
ago.
Would
you
please
tell
me
the
reason
_______
you
are
late
again
for
work
Would
you
please
tell
me
the
reason
_______
at
least
sounds
true
this
time
Ⅲ.
限制性和非限制性定语从句
如果一个句子去掉定语从句后，主句的意思不是所要表明的意思，那么这个定语从句就是____________定语从句。
____________定语从句就是不用限制先行词的定语从句。译成汉语时，主句和从句可以_______翻译，互不影响。最大的特点就是先行词后有_______隔开。
非限制性定语从句的连接词代表先行词在从句中作主语或宾语时，可以用_______,
_______或_______，不用_______，也_______省略；作定语时用_______；作时间状语时用_______，地点状语时用_______。
（Key：who，whom，which，that，不能；whose；when，where。）
练一练：填入所需的连接词。
She
is
good
at
speaking
French,
_______
she
learned
at
school.
This
book
was
written
by
Jack,
_______
was
here
a
moment
ago.
I
have
some
friends,
some
of
_______
are
teachers.
Their
teacher
is
a
Japanese,
_______
wife
is
a
Chinese.
My
sister,
_______
is
a
nurse,
got
married
last
month.
China
has
hundreds
of
islands,
the
largest
of
_______
is
Taiwan.
She
is
going
to
Shanghai,
_______
she
was
born.
We
will
go
home
next
week,
_______
we
won’t
be
so
busy.
Ⅳ.
连接词as引导定语从句的情况：
当先行词在从句中做_______或_______时，同时先行词又被_______、_______或_______修饰时。
非限制性定语从句除了可修饰_______外,
还可修饰前面整个_______。
在非限定性定语从句中，as和which都可代表整个主句，相当于and
this或and
that。as多放在_______，which在_______。as可译成 ______。
练一练：填入所需的连接词。
They
invited
me
to
their
party,
_______
is
very
kind
of
them.
A
student
killed
his
English
teacher,
_______
frightened
me
very
much.
Such
people
_______
you
said
are
not
good.
Let’s
discuss
only
such
questions_______
are
interesting
to
all
of
us.
I
have
the
same
trouble
_______
you
have.
He
is
so
good
a
teacher
_______
I
like
very
much.
Those
are
so
difficult
the
questions
_______
he
asked.
_______
we
know,
smoking
is
harmful
to
one’s
health.
Smoking
is
harmful
to
one’s
health,
_______
is
known
to
all.
综合练习：
The
little
boy
_______
father
is
a
lawyer
is
very
clever.
The
city
_______
we
spent
our
holidays
is
very
beautiful.
The
building
_______
windows
are
broken
is
my
school.
Do
you
see
any
reason
_______
he
refused
to
help .
I
was
late
for
school
again,
_______
made
my
teacher
very
angry.
She
looked
fine
at
the
time
_______
I
saw
her.
I
feel
just
the
same
_______
you
do.
She
had
eight
children,
three
of
_______
became
soldiers.
（Key：1
whose,
2
where,
3
whose,
4
why,
5
which,
6
when,
7
as,
8
whom）语法精讲
——非谓语动词之v-ing
请根据提示将题目补充完整
I.
V-ing的形式
主动
被动
一般式
writing
being
written
完成式
having
written
having
been
written
否定式
not
writing
II.
现在分词的使用
定语
1.
This
is
really
an
（exhaust）day
to
all
of
us!
2.
More
and
more
（develope）
countries
established
partnership
with
developed
countries.
3.
The
man
（sit）by
the
window
is
our
teacher.
4.
The
plans
（be）discussed
by
many
managers
now
will
be
carried
out
next
month.
表语
1.
The
film
is
.(move)
宾补：
用于:
see,
hear,
watch,
let,
get,
have,
keep,
find等动词。
1.
I
saw
him
(come)
last
night.
2.
I
heard
him
(sing)a
song
in
the
classroom.
3.
We
have
the
fire
(burn)
all
day.
4.
The
baby
watched
his
dad
(shave)
his
face
.
with
短语
1.
He
soon
fell
asleep
with
the
light
still
burning.
2.
The
day
was
bright,
with
a
fresh
breeze
blowing.
3.
We
went
into
a
large
waiting
room
with
a
large
fan
spinning
overhead.
状语表时间、原因、方式和伴随
1.
Looking
out
of
the
window,
I
saw
a
woman
（walk）in
the
street.
2.
(be)a
teacher,
I
must
work
hard.
3.
She
stood
there,
(wait)for
a
bus.
分词和连词一起的省略式
When,
while,
though,
although,
if,
unless,
as
if,
as
though,
even
if,
even
though
1.
When
(check)
the
writing,
I
found
there
are
many
mistakes
in
it.
2.
The
baby
cried,
as
if
(
know)
the
sad
news
already.
3.
While
(stay
)in
Beijing,
he
came
to
see
me
twice.
4.
Though
(
rain
)heavily,
it
cleared
up
very
soon.
独立主格
It
(be
)Sunday,
we
have
no
school.
The
order
(give),
we
start
the
work.
Time
(permit),
we’ll
stay
longer.
把下列句子用非谓语动词的方式表达出来
1.I
was
glad
when
I
heard
the
news.
2.
I
saw
a
child
who
was
wearing
very
thick
glasses.
3.
As
I
hadn't
received
an
answer
from
him,
I
wrote
again.
4.
If
weather
permits,
we
are
going
to
work
outside.
III.
动名词的使用
作主语
1.
（work）
is
good
exercise.
2.
(fight)
broke
out
between
the
South
and
the
North.
按照所给句式翻译句子：
It's
no
good
(no
use,
fun,
a
waste
of
time)
doing…
在昏暗的灯光读书不好。
在这坐着干等是没有用的。
②
There
is
no
use/point/fun
in
doing
sth.
在这坐着干等是没有用的。
但:There
is
no
need/hope/possibility
to
do
sth.
作宾语
1.
The
doctor
advised
(take)
exercise.
2.
I
am
sorry
I
missed
（see）
you
while
in
Beijing.
3.
He
insisted
on
(go)
there
on
his
own.
4.
I
feel
like
resting
for
a
while
before
(start
)
another
project.
特别注意带to的词组
She
is
addicted
to
(
try)
everything
new.
I
have
got
used
to
(have)a
shower
every
morning.语法精讲
——虚拟语气（下）
法则三：wish后的宾语从句
根据汉语翻译句子：
我希望我能年轻十岁。
我希望我是知道如何开车的。
我希望昨天晚上我去看那场足球比赛了。
4.他希望你能去看望他。
5.我希望男孩子们能安静下来。
补全句子
1.
I
wish
I
_____a
bird.
(我希望我是一只小鸟.)
2.
I
wish/wished
I
____________(
eat
)
so
much
watermelon.
3.
The
party
was
terrible,
I
wish
I
______________
(never
go
)
to
it.
4.I
wish
it
___________(
rain)
tomorrow.
特殊用法四：
“suggest”类的宾语从句用(should)+原形动词。
根据图片提示，试着写出“suggest”类词语
D:
，
I:
,
S:
suggest,
C:
O:
R:
,
,
A:
,
P:
,
试着按下面分类写出“suggest”类词语
一个坚持：insist
两个命令：
,
三个建议：
,
suggest,
五个要求：
,
,
，
,
根据所给汉语补全句子：
1.
He
ordered
that
the
students
(should)
(洗衣服)
every
week
by
themselves.
2.
The
doctor
suggested
that
she
(should)
（做手术）
at
once.
3.
My
suggestion
is
that
we
(should)
（立即离开）.
4.
I
make
a
proposal
that
we
(should)
(举行会议)
next
week.
5.
I
insist
we(should)
(明天离开).
注意：
当insist为“坚持已发生或存在的事实”，suggest为“暗示、表明”时，要用陈述语气，即实际时态。
翻译下面的句子。
他坚持我是错的。
她脸上的表情暗示了她知道这个秘密。
法则五:用于as
if,
as
though,
even
if,
even
though引导的状语从句中,
形式与wish的宾语从句的谓语动词相同.
根据所给汉语补全句子：
She
looked
after
the
orphan
as
if
（他是自己的孩子）.
They
were
talking
as
if
（他们是朋友很多年了）.
I
didn’t
know
this
Picasso
exhibit
was
closed,
but
I
wouldn’t
have
been
able
to
come
even
if
（我知道）.
法则六：主语从句中,
表示人对事情的评判
A.
It
is
necessary
(important,
natural…)
that
…
(should)
do
B.
It
is
a
pity
(
a
shame,
no
wonder
…)
that…
(should
)
do
(Should
表示
“应该,
竟然”)
将下面句子翻译成英文：
It
was
natural
that
she
(should)
think
so.
2.
It
is
a
great
pity
that
he
should
be
so
careless.
3.
It
is
desired
that
we
should
get
everything
ready
by
tonight.
4.
It
is
strange
that
he
should
have
said
so.
法则七：两个句式。
句式一：It
is
time
that
---
did/should
句式二：would
rather
+
did
根据提示补全句子：
1.
It
is
high
time
that
we
（召开会议来讨论这个问题）.
2.
It’s
high
time
that
you
should
(go).
3.
I
had
rather
she
（tell）me
tomorrow
than
today.
法则八：特殊句型
根据提示补全句子：
1.
Suppose/Supposing
it
(be)
fine
tomorrow,
would
you
go
climbing
the
mountain
with
us
2.
（要不是因为你的帮助）,
we
would
not
have
achieved
so
much
in
our
work.
3.
（要不是因为那个英明的决策）,
we
could
not
be
living
a
happy
life.高中语法
第五讲
定语从句（一）
北京四中
张恩
Ⅰ.什么是定语从句？
在句子中作______的______即定语从句，被定语从句修饰的词叫做_______，引起定语从句的连接词叫_________，如：_______,
whom,
which,
_______等。这些连接词的先行词在______中担任一个成分,
如______,
______
或表语。
练一练：
1.
Those
students
who
study
in
this
school
are
good
at
football.
A
B
2.
There
are
still
much
homework
which
we
must
finish.
C
D
上面两个句子中_____、_____是先行词，_____、_____是关系代词，即连接词。句1中B代表A在定语从句中作________，而D代表C在定语从句中作________。
Ⅱ.
who，whom，that，which的用法:
who和whom代表______,
当先行词在从句中作主语时用______,作宾语的时候用______。
which代表______，先行词在从句中作______或______时，用which。
______可代表事物,
也可代表人,
当先行词在从句中作______,______或______时都可用它连接。
练一练：填入合适的关系代词并说出代表先行词在从句中作什么成分。
1.
The
girl
_____
is
singing
is
my
best
friend.
His
father
_____
works
as
a
doctor
is
very
interesting.
I
have
to
find
the
boy
_____
I
saw
yesterday.
They
had
a
radio
_____
could
send
out
messages.
He
told
us
a
story
_____
made
everyone
cry.
Where
is
the
car
_____
you
bought
last
month
He
did
a
lot
of
work
_____
was
very
good
to
us.
They
live
in
a
house
_____
was
built
in
1600.
Do
you
have
anything
_____
you
don’t
need
This
is
the
date
_____
we
should
remember
forever.
People
_____
have
not
learned
English
cannot
talk
to
them.
Who
is
the
man
_____
is
sitting
by
her
side
She
is
the
girl
_____
you
saw
at
school.
Who
is
the
man
_____
you
were
talking
to
Ⅲ.
必须要用that来作为连接词的情况。
1、看先行词是什么。当先行词是all,
________
,
nothing,
everything,
______,
much,
______,
few
,
the
one等_________时；当先行词______________时。
2、看先行词被什么修饰。当先行词被______或______修饰时；当先行词被______,
any,
_____,
no
,
_____,
very,
______,
next,
one
of等词所修饰时。
3、以______开头的疑问句中。
※
绝对不能用that作为连接词的情况。
1、在
_________
定语从句中；
2、从句中的______提到连接词之______的时候。
练一练：填入合适的关系代词并说出理由。
I
mean
the
one
______
was
bought
yesterday.
All
______
I
want
is
peace
and
quiet.
The
writer
and
his
novel
______
you’ve
just
talked
about
are
really
well
known.
The
first
lesson
______they
learn
is
the
most
difficult
of
all.
He
took
the
money
away
without
______
they
couldn’t
live.
The
only
thing
______
we
could
do
was
to
wait.
Look
at
the
girl
and
her
dog
______
are
crossing
the
street.
The
sun
heats
the
earth,
______
is
very
important
to
us.
You
can
take
any
seat
______
is
free.
Which
is
the
car
______
killed
the
old
lady
IV.
省略还是不省略
1.
当先行词在从句中做______的时候，连接词可以省略。
2.
在下面两种情况下，当先行词在从句中做宾语时，连接词也不能省略。
在________定语从句中。
从句的_____提到连接词_____的时候。
练一练：哪一个关系代词可以省略？
I
am
still
looking
for
the
book
about
which
they
talked
yesterday.
He
would
give
me
the
book
which/that
he
bought
yesterday
in
the
shop.
They
came
from
Beijing,
which
I
love
very
much.
I
hated
those
people
whom/that
I
met
in
the
party.
They
were
so
rude.
Do
you
know
the
girl
who/that
came
here
yesterday
综合翻译：
这正是我感兴趣的那本书。
在这个世界没有什么会让他害怕的。
这时我曾经读过的最有趣的书。
他做了能挽救这个病人的每一件事。
参考答案：
Ⅱ.1、2、11填that/who，而3、13填that/whom；9只用that连接；其余填which/that。12、14因为用who提问，用that最好，以免重复。
Ⅲ.除了5、8小题填which外，其余都填that。
Ⅳ.
2、4。
综合翻译：
This
is
the
very
book
that
I’m
interested
in.
There’s
nothing
in
the
world
that
can
frighten
him.
This
is
the
most
interesting
book
that
I’ve
ever
read.
He
did
everything
that
he
could
to
save
the
patient. 高中语法
第二讲
高中英语时态牢固掌握（二）
北京四中
张恩
I.
一般过去时
1.
叙述过去的______动作。
2.
叙述过去__________做的事情。
练一练：
I
______
(see)
him
yesterday
in
the
park.
He
told
me
that
he
______
(plan)
to
go
abroad.
He
______
(take)
me
to
the
movies
twice
a
week
when
I
was
young.
When
she
heard
the
strange
sound,
she
______
(get)
up
to
check.
提示：如果不规则动词的过去式（如：see-saw）、过去分词没有记住，一定要背哟！
II.
过去进行时和过去完成时
1.
过去进行时指的是在________________________的动作。
2.
如果强调一个动作发生在另一个_____的动作______就要用过去完成时，即过去的过去。
练一练：
I
__________
(take)
a
shower
when
you
called
me.
—He
took
a
picture
of
you
just
now.
—Oh,
really.
I
____________
(not
look).
She
didn’t
go
to
bed
until
she
____________
(finish)
the
homework.
I
____________
(not
have)
anything
valuable
before
I
came
here.
III.
一般将来时
1.
表示________发生的动作。
2.
____________表示在说话之前主语自己已经决定的计划,表示临时的决定或打算要用___________。
3.
____________表示说话者根据现在的现象“预测”不久即将发生的事情。
4.
而____________表示客观肯定要发生的事。
练一练：
How
long
_____
you
__________
(stay)
there
Look
at
the
black
clouds.
It_______________
(rain).
The
work
__________
(会是)
more
difficult
than
we
expected.
—I
heard
John
was
ill
in
bed.
—Oh,
I
__________
(not
know)
that.
I
__________
(visit)
him
this
afternoon
to
see
whether
he
is
better.
Everyone
_____
(die)
sooner
or
later.
IV.
将来完成时和将来进行时
1.
句子中有by后接将来时间，通常用____________.
2.
当表示将来一直进行的一个动作或将来某事正进行的动作时用______________。
练一练：
You
______________
(reach)
Hong
Kong
by
this
time
tomorrow.
By
the
end
of
this
year
I
______________
(save)
10,000
yuan.
The
work
______________
(last)
five
years
by
April
of
next
year.
I
______________
(miss)
you
when
I
leave
for
Australia.
V.
过去将来时
表示过去常常做某事用____________。used
to
do表示过去常常做某事，但是现在_____________。
练一练：
When
I
was
young,
my
father
___________(常常带)
me
to
the
park
on
Sundays.
He
________
(会来)
to
my
home
without
telling
us
when
he
was
in
Beijing.
She
________
call
me
when
she
had
trouble,
but
now
she
doesn’t
after
she
got
married.
(A.
used
to
B.
would)
综合练习：翻译句子。
他在街上看见我就转过身去。
到去年底，汤姆已经独自写完了至少10首歌。
他长大后打算做医生。
看他的脸，我猜他要哭了。
我过去很瘦，但是现在不那么瘦了。
我父亲在世时会坐在门口等我。
参考答案：
He
turned
around
when
he
saw
me
in
the
street.
By
the
end
of
last
year,
Tom
had
written
at
least
10
songs
by
himself.
He
is
going
to
be
a
doctor
when
he
grows
up.
Look
at
his
face.
I
guess
he
is
going
to
cry.
I
used
to
be
very
thin
but
now
I
am
not
that
thin.
My
father
would
sit
at
the
gate,
waiting
for
me
when
he
lived.高中语法
构词法
北京四中
张恩
Ⅰ.英语的构词法:
有：_____法,
_____法,
_____法,
_____法,
_____法,
_____法。
Ⅱ.
转化法
判断黑体词在此句中的词性，想想它还常用作什么词性。
Let’s
go
out
for
a
walk.
He
is
a
man
of
strong
build.
Let’s
have
a
swim.
Last
night
I
had
a
terrible
dream.
Did
you
book
a
seat
on
the
plane
Please
hand
me
the
book.
She
nursed
her
husband
back
to
health.
We
lunched
together.
We
will
try
our
best
to
better
our
living
conditions.
Murder
will
out.
You
should
be
dressed
in
black
at
the
funeral.
Ⅲ.
派生法
在词根上加______或______构成一个新词叫派生法。前缀一般改变单词的______；后缀一般改变______，而不常引起词义的变化。
常用的否定意义的前缀有____,
___,
___,
___,
____,
____,
____,
____。
这些前缀的意义是：a-(多构成_______),
anti-
(______),
auto-
(___),
co-
(____),
en-
(____),
inter-
(____),
re-
(____),
sub-
(___),
tele-
(____)
常用的名词后缀有：-ence，-(e)r/
-or
(__________),
-ese
(_____)，
-ess
(_____)，-ian
(_____)，-ist
(_______)，
-ment
(_____)，
-ness
(_____)，-tion(____
_____)
，-ful
(_____)。
常用的动词后缀有-(e)n
(多用于_____词之后)，-fy
(__________)，-ize
(__________)
。
常用的形容词后缀有：-al，-able
(_______的)，-(a)n(________的)，-en
(多用于_____的名词后)，-ern
(_____的)，-ese(_____的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，_____
(表示否定)，_____
(像……的)，-ly，-_____，-some，_____
(表示天气)。
常用的副词后缀有：_____，_____
构成数词的后缀有：_____
(十几)，_____
(几十)，_____
(构成序数词)。
根据提示写出英语单词，注意加了什么前缀或后缀。
appear
→
________
消失
correct
→
________不正确的
lead
→
________
领错
stop
→
________
不停
______单独的
______防毒气的
______自动图表
______合作
______使高兴
______互联网
______再用
______地铁
______电话
differ→
________区别
write→
________作家
Japan→
________日本人
act→
________女演员
music→
________音乐家
mouth→
________一口
wide
→
________加宽
beauty
→
________美化
pure
→
________提纯
real
→
________意识到
organ
→
________组织
nature→
________自然的
reason→
________有道理的
gold→
________金的
east→
________东方的
child→
________孩子气的
snow→
________雪的
angry→________生气地
east→________向东
four→________
四十→________第四十
Ⅳ.
合成法
写出下面的合成词，想想它的构成方式。
________
周末
_______
黎明
________书法
________止痛药
________总编辑
_______母狼
________打字机
________阅览室
________飞鱼
________绅士
________爆发
_______
雪白的
_______讲英语的
______面对面的
_______人造的
________单行的
________两岁的
________五层的
________透明的
_______高级的
_______高尚的
_______浅蓝色的
_______相貌好看的
_______常青的
_______勤劳的
_______著名的
________提供快餐服务的
________下坡的
________梦游
________粉刷
________推翻
________匆忙地
________到处
________尽管如此
________事先
________永远
________在……里面
________在……之内
Ⅴ.截短法(缩略法)
写出所给词的原词：
________
→
phone
________→
plane
________→
bus
________→
maths
________→
co-op
________→
exam
________→
kilo
________→
lab
________
→
taxi
________
→
flu
________→
fridge
________
→
script
Ⅵ.混合法(混成法)
写出所给词原来的表示法及汉语释义
________________
→
newscast________
________________
→
telecast________
________________
→
smog________
________________
→
heliport
________
VII.
.首尾字母缩略法
写出所给词原来的表示法及汉语释义
__________________→
VIP
_________
_________
→
TV
_________
___________________
→TOEFL
_________高中语法
第十三讲
省略与it的用法
北京四中
张恩
省略---省去了什么？
I.
三个情况：
当一个句子中有两个或更多相同的词、短语出现时，其中的第一个须_____，其余的往往_____，以避免重复、使句子简练。如：时间、地点、方式、让步、条件状语从句中的主语与_____的主语一致并含有_____时，往往将该状语从句中的_____和____一同省略。如：
He
hurt
himself
while
(he
was)
playing
basketball.
有些成分的省略是出于语法上的原因，如：
I
walked
(for)
ten
miles.
有些是出于习惯用法，尤其是在口语中。如，在问句中be常常省略，有时连主语一起省略，例如Why
not 为什么不？
II.
如何做到正确的省略？
1.
动词不定式中的省略
在动词see,
watch,
notice,
observe
,
look
at,
make,
have,
hear,
listen
to,
feel等后的不定式作________，要省略to。
在...do
nothing
but
/
except
do
...的结构中，在介词_____或_____后作宾语的不定式的_____要省略。
在__________和had
better后不定式的to要省略。
几个不定式并列时，第____、____个不定式的不定式符号要省略。
在expect,
forge,
like,
want,
wish,
try，have,
need,
used,
ought,
be
able,
be
going
等后接的不定式时，to后的__________常省略。
练一练：填入适当形式。
—Would
you
like
to
go
with
me
—I’d
_________
(愿意去).
Yesterday,
I
saw
them
______
(dance)
in
the
room.
I
have
nothing
to
do
but
______
(stay)
here.
I
have
no
choice
but
______
(stay)
here.
He
would
rather
______
(die)
than
______(tell)
them
the
truth.
Ⅱ、从句中的省略
在if
,
as
if,
while,
when,
where,
although,
unless,
whether等引起的状语从句中可以省略主谓部分。
在if引起的从句中如有_____,
_____,
_____等并倒装时,省略if。
在_____和_____、_____放在句首表示前面的事情适用于另一个人时。
_____引起的宾语从句和关系代词_____,
_____,
_____等在定语从句中作宾语可以省略。
练一练：用省略形式完成句子。
Please
come
again,
___________(如果可能的话).
Fill
in
the
proper
articles
_______________(必要的地方).
____________(如果我是你),
I
would
not
do
it.
_____________(如果知道)
your
telephone
number,
I
would
have
given
you
a
phone
call.
We
have
finished
our
homework.
_________________
(他们也完成了).
不可忽视的it
I.
it的用法
1.
有实际意思的it：
代替前面提到的_________本身，而_____代替同类中的一个。
代表_____、_____、_____或者温度。
表示无法辨别性别的_____或者_____。
指的是_______________的事情。
2.
引导强调句。
3.
作形式_____或形式_____，代替后面出现的_____、动名词或_____。
II.
20种常见的it的句型。
基本的强调句型；It
is+_______部分+_____/
who+
其它
划掉it
is/
was和that/who，还是一个完整无缺的句子，即强调句。
It
is
____
_____+被强调的部分+
that…
（直到……才）
It
is
clear
(obvious,
true,
possible,
certain)
that….
It
is
important
(
__________,
right,
________,
_________…)
that…
因主句中的形容词，that后的从句中要用虚拟语气（should+动词原形，should
可省）。
It
is
_____
(_____,
learned…)
that…
（据说/据报道/据悉……）
练一练：根据汉语提示完成句子。
_______________
(是在街上)
I
met
her
father.
________________(直到她摘下)
her
dark
glasses
that
I
realized
she
was
a
film
star.
____________(很明显)
that
he’s
round
and
tall
like
a
tree.
____________(很重要)that
we
(should)
learn
English
well.
__________(据说)
he
has
come
to
Beijing.
6.
It
is
suggested
(ordered…)
that…据建议；有命令……
从句要用_____：should+动词原形，should可以省略。
7.
It
is
a
pity
(a
shame…)
that
…
从句常用虚拟语气：_______________，_____
可省略，表示出乎意料，常译为“_____”。
8.
It
is
time
(about
time,
high
time)
that…是（正是）……的时候……
从句应该用虚拟语气：常用_______态表示虚拟，有时也用___________，should_____省。
9.
It
is
the
first
(second,
…)
time
that…是第一（二,…）次……
该句型不用虚拟语气，而用_____时态。主句的谓语动词的时态是一般现在时，从句用__________时；如果是一般过去时，从句则用__________时态。that可省去；it有时用this替换。
10.
It
is
…since…
主句中是______作表语，经常是现在时和完成时，从句常是____
______。如果主句是一般过去时，从句则用__________。
练一练：根据括号中的提示完成句子。
______________(已经五年了)
since
his
father
died.
___________（据建议）that
the
meeting
____________(put
off).
___________(真遗憾)
that
such
a
thing
happen
in
your
class.
It
is
time
that
children
_________/_______（上床睡觉）.
11.
It
is+
时间+when…
当……的时候，是……
12.
It
be…before…
……之后才……，没过……就……
it指时间，主句常是一般将来时或过去时，主句表语多是long/not
long/
3
days等一段时间
13.
It
happens
(seems,
looks,
appears)
that…
it
是形式主语，that
引导的是主语从句。
14.
It
takes
sb…to
do
sth.
做……要花费某人……
不定式是真正的主语，it是形式主语，直接宾语是时间。
15．It
is
no
good
(use)
doing
sth.
真正主语是动名词短语，表语是
no
good
(not
any
good),
no
use
(not
any
use
)。
16.
It
doesn’t
matter
whether…不论（是否）……没关系……
17．It
is
kind
(of
sb)
to
do
sth.
不定式的逻辑主语是由of引出。此句型可改为sb.
is
kind
to
do
sth。用于此句型的形容词有______________________________________
___________________________________________________________
18.
It
is
necessary
(for
sb)
to
do
sth
如果不定式的逻辑主语是由for
引出的，常见的形容词有：_______
___________________________________________________________
19.
It
looks
(seems)
as
if
…
看起来好像……
it
无意义。如果与事实不相符，则用虚拟语气。
20.
We
think
it
important
to
learn
a
foreign
language.
it作形式宾语。为了记忆方便我们可称该句型为“7123结构”
7指主句中的常用的动词：____________________________________.
1指的是______it；2指的是宾补的两种形式：______和______
3指的是真正宾语的三种形式：______，______或____________。
练一练：根据汉语提示完成句子。
____________(五点了)
when
he
came
here.
____________（三天之后）before
he
went
to
Beijing.
_____________
(碰巧)
that
he
met
his
teacher
in
the
street.
________(花了)thousands
of
people
many
years
to
build
the
Great
Wall.
__________（没有好处）learning
English
without
speaking
English.
________________（没有关系）whether
they
are
old.
____________（很重要）______
her
to
come
to
the
party.
It
seemed
_________________（好像他在撒谎）.
We
think
___________（我们的责任）to
clean
our
classroom
every
day.
Xiao
Li
______
_______
________
(感觉重要)
learning
English
well.高中语法
第一讲
高中英语时态牢固掌握（一）
北京四中
张恩
英语中有_______种时态，分为现在、过去、将来、过去将来四个时间，和一般、进行、完成及完成进行四个形式。
I.
一般现在时的用法：
1.
表示_______或_______的动作。
2.
_______的特征或状态。
3.
_______
(注意是“_______”不是“_______”)。
4.
代替____________，但只限于少数动词，如_____________________
__________________________________________等(再举几例吧)。
5.
在_______或_______从句中常用一般现在时表示将来,即“主将从现”。
练一练：用所给词的适当形式填空。
As
soon
as
he
_______
(earn)
any
money,
he
spends
it.
The
moon
_______
(move)
around
the
earth.
What
time
_______
the
train
_______
(leave)
for
Shanghai
Once
the
rain
_______
(stop),
we
will
leave.
II.现在进行时
1.
表示______________的动作
2.
表示”逐渐”、“越来越……”等含义，一般不和时间状语连用,这些词包括:
get,
______________________________________________。
3.
现在进行时还可以表示一种_______或者_______的语气。如：
You
are
always
talking
in
class.
4.
下面的动词不用现在进行时：
没有延续性的词，如die；
表示内心感觉、态度情感的词，如love；
系动词，如seem。
练一练：用所给词的适当形式填空。
She
________
(grow)
to
be
more
like
her
mother.
She
________
often
________
(cry)
every
time
she
meets
some
problem.
After
two
months
in
hospital,
he
finally
________
(die).
III.现在完成时
1.
叙述________________的事情或________________,
对现在造成一定的________。
2.
叙述从过去开始一直________到________的情况,
常接表示“一段时间”的词，如最常见的________、________等。
3.
还可以用在表示________或________的状语从句中,
表示将来某时已经完成的动作。
4.
试着写出三种用完成时的that从句。
This/That/It
________________________________
This/That/It
________________________________
This/That/It
________________________________
练一练：用所给词的适当形式填空。
I
________
(not
see)
him
for
a
long
time.
The
old
man
________
(have)
the
stamp
since
he
was
a
child.
I
will
go
to
the
movies
as
soon
as
I
________
(finish)
my
homework.
This
is
the
first
time
I
________
(hear)
him
say
“thank
you”.
It
is
one
of
the
most
interesting
book
I
________
ever
________
(read).
IV.现在完成进行时
1.
表示过去开始________延续到现在或离现在不远的时间。多用________
动词。
2.
也可以表示________的动作，如I
have
been
knocking.
I
don’t
think
there’s
anyone
in.
3.
表示“刚才”、“近来”发生的动作。
现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：
1.
现在完成时强调动作的________，完成进行时可能表示________。
2.
完成进行时更强调动作_____________。
3.
完成进行时一般不能与________等数字连用。
4.
现在_____________带有较为强烈的感彩。
练一练：用所给词的适当形式填空。
I
____________
(read)
the
novel.
It’s
really
interesting.
I
____________
(read)
the
novel
all
the
morning.
I
____________
(read)
this
book
several
times.
I
____________
(wait)
for
you
for
a
long
time.
Why
are
you
late
综合练习：
把下列句子译成汉语。
1.
他总是说得太多，做得太少。
2.
这是我这一生中真正喜欢的唯一一次聚会。
3.
看看你做了什么！
4.
你一直在做什么？
5.
我的手很脏，我刚才一直在油漆这道门。
6.
他已经3年不吸烟了。
参考答案：
He
is
talking
too
much
and
doing
too
little.
This
is
the
only
party
that
I
have
ever
really
enjoyed
in
my
life.
Look
what
you
have
done.
What
have
you
been
doing
all
this
time
My
hands
are
dirty.
I’ve
been
painting
the
door.
It
is
3
years
since
he
smoked.高中语法
名词性从句（二）
北京四中
张恩
Ⅰ.
宾语从句
宾语从句的连接词小结：
1.
连接代词或副词，如：______,
______，______，_______(是否2)
2.
名词+关系代词”型，如：______，______，______
3.
that：可省略；动词______，______，______等动词后的宾语从句的谓语动词如果是______意思，只将think等词否定；在有复合宾语的句子中,
that从句常移到后面,
前面用______作为形式宾语。
根据提示完成句子。
Please
show
me
_______________________(我怎样能让她高兴).
Have
you
decided
__________________（你将带谁）to
Australia
I
am
wondering
_____________________（这件连衣裙是否太短）.
The
singer
still
worries
about
__________________（她该住在哪里）.
I
will
tell
you
_______________（我所知道的）.
I
plan
to
read
____________（无论哪一本书）you
recommend.
She
walked
up
to
____________（我站的地方）.
They
explained
to
us
_______________（他们不想）to
make
us
angry.
翻译句子。
我不知道谁做了所有的扫除。
她仍然想知道她什么时候会离校。
价格取决于你要买多少。
无论你需要什么，我们会提供给你。
他父亲不满意他做过的事。
我认为你打不过我。
我（当时）认为她会来这事是不可能的。
根据提示用动词的适当形式填空。
I
only
knew
he
__________（在学习）in
a
western
country,
but
I
didn’t
know
what
country
he
_______（be）in.
He
told
me
that
he
_______（tell）Mary
about
the
meeting
already.
The
teacher
told
the
students
that
light
_______（travel）faster
than
sound.
Ⅱ.
表语从句
表语从句及连接词小结：
可接表语从句的______动词有be，_____，_____，_____，______等。
连接词小结：1.
从属连词_______（是否），as，__________（好像2）；
2._______（因为），_______（为什么）；3.
连接代词和副词，如：_______，_______，_______（无论谁），_______（无论什么）等。4.
that
根据提示完成句子：
China
is
no
longer
______________（过去是的样子了）30
years
ago.
The
question
remains
_____________________（是否他们能）help
us.
He
looked
_______（正如）he
had
looked
ten
years
before.
It
sounds
______________（好像有人在）knocking
at
the
door.
That’s
_____________________（因为他过去不理解）me.
That’s
__________________（她为什么生我的气了）.
The
problem
is
______________（我们能让谁）to
replace
her.
The
trouble
is
_____________________（我丢了他的地址）.
Ⅲ.
同位语从句
1.
同位语从句常用在_______,
_______,
_______,
_______,
_______,
_______,
_______,
_______等词后面，用_____或连接代词、副词引导，表示“是否”时只用_______引导。
2.
在某些名词(如_______,
wish,
_______,
_______等)后面的同位语从句常用_______语气。
而这些表示“_______、主张、决定、_______”等名词作主语，其后所接的_______从句也用虚拟语气；这些词的动词形式所接的_______从句，也常用虚拟语气。
3.
同位语从句说明所修饰名词的__________，与被修饰词常可划______；而定语从句是_______所修饰名词的，将所修饰的词与其他类似东西_________。引导词what,
how,
if,
whatever 不引导_______从句。that引导同位语从句时，_______句子成分，而引导定语从句时，要充当定语从句的_______或_______。
翻译句子。
我不知道他们在那架飞机上。
他留了口信说他会给我买张去那场摇滚音乐会（rock
concert）的票。
我们要放一个月假的消息是不真实的。
他是否会来这事有点疑问。
我们没在调查(investigate)他是否可靠(trustworthy)这个问题。
你知道什么时候开始吗？
他怎样做的是个问题。
采用(adopt)新规则的建议是主席提出的。
我的劝告是他应该戒烟。
他建议我们应该好好利用在这里的每一分钟。
分析下面句子，并填空。
We
are
glad
at
the
news
that
he
will
come.
We
are
glad
at
the
news
that
he
told
us.
I have no idea when they will come.
I’ll never forget the days when I
lived
there.
句1含_________从句，表示“消息”的_______；句2含_________从句，that是从句的_______；句3含_________从句，when的意思是“_______”；句4含_________从句，when是从句的_______。语法精讲——直接引语和间接引语
一、直接引语和间接引语的定义：
引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出别人的原话，被引用的句子
__________；一是用自己的话报导别人的话，被报导的部分叫做________。
二、直接引语变间接引语需要注意的几点：
各种句式变换;
从句_______变化;
人称变化;_________、地点副词、少数
动词和__________的变化。
1）各种句式变换
1.直接引语是陈述句时
间接引语为that引导的宾语从句（口语中that可以省略），主句的引述动
词主要有say
,tell,
repeat,
explain,
think等。
如：He
said,
“I’m
very
busy.”
He
said
(that)
he
was
very
busy.
注意：如果直接引语是表示___________时，变为间接引语，一般现在时
不改为一般过去时。如：The
teacher
said,
“The
earth
goes
round
the
sun.”
→The
teacher
said
that
the
earth
goes
round
the
sun.
2.
直接引语是疑问句时
间接引语为__________：主句的谓语动词say
改为_____,或改为wonder,
do
not
know,
want
to
know,
be
not
sure,
be
puzzled等。
（1）
一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为______________引导的宾语从句。如：
She
said,
“Do
you
often
come
here
to
read
newspapers
”
→She
asked
me
if
(whether)
I
often
went
there
to
read
newspapers.
Have
a
try：Direct→Indirect
Speech
1.
Lily:
Can
a
kangaroo
jump
higher
than
the
Empire
State
Building
Jim:
Yes,
because
the
Empire
State
Building
can't
jump!
________________________________________________________
2.
Susan:
Aren't
you
wearing
your
wedding
ring
on
the
wrong
finger
Jane:
Yes
I
am,
I
married
the
wrong
woman.
________________________________________________________
（2）
选择疑问句变为__________________宾语从句。如：
I
asked
him,
“Will
you
stay
at
home
or
go
to
a
film
tonight ”
→
I
asked
him
whether
he
would
stay
at
home
or
go
to
a
film
that
night.
Have
a
try：Direct→Indirect
Speech
A
very
drunk
man
comes
out
of
the
bar
and
sees
another
very
drunk
man.
He
looks
up
in
the
sky
and
says,
"Is
that
the
sun
or
the
moon "
The
other
drunk
man
answers,
"I
don't
know.
I'm
a
stranger
here
myself."
The
first
drunk
man
asked
___________________________________________
________________________________________
（3）特殊疑问句变为who/what/when等疑问词引导的宾语从句,注意使用
_________________
如：
George
said,
“When
will
you
get
back
from
Shanghai,
Mike ”
→
George
asked
when
Mike
would
get
back
from
Shanghai.
Have
a
try：Direct→Indirect
Speech
1.
Lynn:
Where
do
you
find
giant
snails
Lucy:
On
the
ends
of
their
fingers.
Lynn
asked
____________________________________________
2.
Lynn
:
Why
is
"U"
the
happiest
letter
Lucy:
Because
it
is
in
the
middle
of
"fun".
Lynn
asked
________________________________________
(4).直接引语是祈使句时：祈使句变为间接引语的规律
一改（_______________）二变（呼语为宾语）三加（___________）
四去（please）
1.said/said
to要变成
begged/advised/asked/told/ordered/warned等可跟不
定式作宾补的动词。2.呼语变宾语，please要去掉.3._______开头的祈使句
。
Have
a
try:
Multiple
choices
1.
The
man
said
to
me,
“Please
send
for
a
doctor
now
!”
The
man
____
me
____
for
a
doctor
____.
A.
ordered…to
send…then
B.
told
…send…now
C.
asked…to
send…then
D.
asked…send…now
2.
The
mother
said,
“Be
friendly
to
others
,
son.”
The
mother
______
friendly
to
others.
A.
asked
her
son
be
B.
ordered
her
son
to
be
C.
told
her
son
be
D.
told
her
son
to
be
(5).直接引语是感叹句时
间接引语为what
或how
引导，也可以用that
引导。如：
She
said,
"What
a
lovely
day
it
is
!”
→She
said
/exclaimed
what
a
lovely
day
it
was
.
She
said
that
it
was
a
lovely
day.
补充：除了say,
间接引语谓语动词可根据语义选择其它动词。
“I
did
it.”
He
admitted
that
he
had
done
it.
“He
was
rude
to
me.”
She
complained
he’d
been
rude
to
her.
“You
are
late.”
He
whispered
that
I
was
late.
“I
can
speak
six
languages.”
He
boasted
he
could
speak
six
languages.
2）从句时态变化：如主句谓语动词为过去时，则间接引语中的动词应变
为______________。（完成下表）
一般现在时
一般过去时
现在进行时
一般将来时
现在完成时
一般过去时
过去完成时
以下情况从句动词形式无需变化：
________
2、虚拟语气
“If
I
had
the
instruction
manual,
I
would
know
what
to
do,”
said
Tom.
→Tom
said
that
if
he
had
the
instruction
manual
he
would
know
what
to
do.
3.
某些情态动词，如_______,
might,
could,
had
better,
used
to
“We
used
to
work
in
the
same
department,”
Paul
said.
→Paul
said
that
they
used
to
work
in
the
same
department.
4.
_______________
Dick
said,
“he
was
repairing
his
computer
at
nine
o’clock
last
night.”
→Dick
said
he
was
repairing
his
computer
at
nine
o’clock
the
night
before.
如主句_________________________，则间接引语中的动词仍保持
直接引语的原来时态。
He
says,
“I’m
one
of
the
top
students
in
my
school.”
→He
says
he’s
one
of
the
top
students
in
his
school.
3）人称变化：
请记住下面的顺口溜：“一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新”
如：He
often
says
“
I
shall
tell
you
about
them.”
→He
often
says
he
shall
tell
me
about
them.
4）指示代词、地点副词和少数动词（完成表格）
直
接
间
接
直接
间接
this
these
here
come
bring
now
three
years
ago
last
week/
year
this
year
next
week/
year
today
yesterday
tomorrow
直接引语变间接引语的基本规则：
直接引语改间接引语
“过四关”
去掉引号后，事实上是一个含宾语从句的主从复合句（祈使句除外）。
主语+谓语+引导词（that/
whether,
if/
wh-）+作宾语的句子
1.
引导词（判断句子类别，选择引导词：that/
whether,
if
/特殊疑问词）
2.
语序（陈述语序；注意人称变化：Ⅰ主Ⅱ宾Ⅲ不变）
3.
时态
(主句（过去时）+从句（相应的过去时）
主句（现在/将来时）+从句（不变）
注意：无需变化的特殊情况（真理、虚拟、部分情态动词、过去进行）
4.
细节
（指示代词、地点副词、少数动词和时间状语）高中语法
第四讲
动词的语态—被动也有理
北京四中
张恩
Ⅰ.
什么是被动语态？
英语有_____语态和______语态。原来的宾语变成主语，句子就变成了______语态。如：The
machine
was
repaired.
被动语态的构成：
__________________，时态由______表现。
在下列情况下通常使用被动语态:
________或______说出动作的执行者。
强调动作的______者。
动作的执行者不是人而是______的事物。
修辞的需要，为了使句子更加简练、匀称。
为了表示委婉或礼貌，避免提及动作______者或__________。
新闻报道中为了体现新闻的客观性。
有些动词习惯上常用被动语态。
练一练：根据汉语提示完成句子。
After
war,
everything
_________________(已经被毁坏)。
If
you
break
the
school
rules,
________________(会受罚)。
Xiao
Li
__________
(当选为)
monitor
of
the
class.
Many
accidents
______________(引起)
by
careless
driving.
____________(告诉你)
many
times
not
to
make
the
same
mistake.
The
school
____________
(situate)
in
the
suburbs.
Ⅱ.
如何把主动语态变成被动语态
“主谓宾”结构：宾语变____语。
“主谓宾宾”结构：常把指人的宾语转化成______，有时也可将指物的宾语转成主语。用直接宾语（多表物）作被动语态的主语时，通常要在间接宾语（人）前加上适当的_______(如to,
for,
of等)。
主谓宾补结构：宾语转成主语，宾语补足语也随之变为______补足语。有些______动词和______动词,
如make,
see,
hear,
watch,
notice,
observe,
listen
to等，在主动结构中跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，变为被动结构时，不定式应________。
含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，由“_______________”构成。
含有“be
going
to
do和
be
to
do
结构的谓语动词，变成被动语态时，分别用“__________________”和“____________”。
练一练：根据汉语提示用被动语态完成句子。
The
plan
____________（将讨论）at
the
meeting.
He
____________（买）a
computer
by
his
father
last
week.
A
computer
_________（买）_____
him
by
his
father
last
week.
He
_________(听见)
_________say
good-bye
to
his
friends.
Such
a
sentence
__________________（不该用）here.
This
new
film
_________（将上映）on
TV
next
week.
含有宾语从句的主动句变被动句，通常用______作为被动句的______主语，宾语从句保留不变。
带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时为了简练，还可把从句的主语变为被动句的_______，从句的谓语部分还可以变为________短语。
有些________动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，相当于及物动词，用被动语态时，不要遗漏________的________。
一些动词如fill或cover等，变成被动语态时，要用______，不用by。
练一练：把下面句子变成被动句。
They
said
that
he
had
gone
abroad
to
study
English.
We
haven’t
decided
when
we
should
go
camping.
Father
expected
that
I
should
become
an
engineer.
They
have
put
off
the
meeting
till
next
Saturday.
Smoke
filled
the
meeting
room.
A
cloth
covered
the
table.
Ⅲ.
不能变为被动语态的结构
某些表示______的及物动词，如have,
______（拥有）,
cost,
lack（_____）,
fit,
fail,
last（______）等作谓语时。
及物动词have表示“______”、“______”、“明白”、“知道”等意思时。
get，take表示“______”、“知道”，owe表示“______”，cost表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思时。
宾语是______代词、______代词或具有类似相互代词的关系时。
宾语起状语作用，表示______、______、______或程度时。
宾语是______宾语时。
宾语是动词______或动词的______形式时。
enter,
leave,
reach的宾语是_______、国家机关等时。
谓语是不可拆开的短语动词，如__________(发生),
lose
heart,
_______
___（属于）,
__________（由......组成）,
change
colour等时。
练一练：把下面句子译成英语。
大厅可以容纳2000人。
想喝杯茶吗？
你明白我的意思吗？
他昨天一个会议缺席（absent
oneself）了。
这个箱子重20公斤。
她做了个甜美的梦。
他已经决定去国外学习了。
她离开进了大厅。
这本书是我的。
Ⅳ.
一些表示被动含义的主动形式：
The
movie
is
worth
________（watch）.
Your
clothes
need
________
(wash).
The
cloth
________
(feel)
very
soft.
The
knife
________
(cut)
well.语法精讲-定语从句
北京四中
孙玲
定语从句基本规则
1.做题原则:
１.找_______
２.看_______在______中做什么成分。
2.介词后不能用
that
指物，而应用______；
不能用who
指人,而应用_____.
3.
______不用于非限制性定语从句。
4.
关系代词如果指代的是整个主句，应用_________
5.
关系代词+介词=_________
I.
定语从句关联词
1.
关系代词________________________________________(六个)
作用：1）把主句和从句连接起来；
2）在从句中代替它前面的先行词；
3）在从句中充当句子成分。
i.
that
和
which
1.
在定语从句中必须用that的情况
1）当先行词是不定代词much,
little,
something,
everything,
anything,
nothing,
none,
the
one时
你还有什么为自己辩解的吗？
Do
you
have
anything
that
you
want
to
say
for
yourself
2)
当先行词前面被the
only,
the
very,
any,
few,
little,
no,
all等词修饰时，如1.
Because
of
my
poor
memory,
all
___
you
told
me
has
been
forgotten.
A.
that
B.
which
C.
what
D.
as
2.
This
is
the
very
letter
____
came
last
night.
A.
who
B.
which
C.
that
D.
as
3)
当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词前面有形容词最高级修饰时，如
This
is
the
best
that
has
been
used
against
pollution.
4).
当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时，如：
The
train
is
the
last
that
will
go
to
Suzhou.
5).
当先行词既有人又有物时
Do
you
know
the
persons
and
things
that
they
are
talking
about
6)
当主句的主语是which
或
who时
Which
is
the
bike
that
you
lost
7).
有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which,
另外一个宜用that,
如They
secretly
built
up
a
small
factory,
which
produced
things
that
could
cause
pollution.
8)
当先行词在主句中做表语，而关系代词在从句中也做表语时，
Shanghai
is
no
longer
the
city
that
it
used
to
be.
2.
在定语从句中
必须用which的情况
1).
在非限定性定语从句中，只用which,
不用that
Dorothy
was
always
speaking
highly
of
her
role
in
the
play,
________,
of
course
,
made
the
others
unhappy.
A.
who
B.
which
C.
this
D.
what
2).
当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which,
不用that
The
invention
______
she
spent
2
years
will
do good
to
the
world.
A.
which B.
that C.
on
which D.
when
边讲边练
1.
Is
there
anything
____
you
don’t
understand
about
the
problem
2.
He
was
late
for
the
opening
ceremony,
____
was
very
surprising
to
me.
3.
关系代词who/whom/whose
1).
在定语从句中作主语用_____,
____
省略
2).
在定语从句中作宾语用_____,
____
省略
3).
在定语从句中作定语用_____,
____
省略
表示某人的whose
=
of
whom
表示某物的whose
=
of
which
This
is
the
house
whose
window
broke
last
night.
=
This
is
the
house,
the
window
of
which
broke
last
night.
=
This
is
the
house,
of
which
the
window
broke
last
night.
边讲边练
用关系代词who,
whom,
that或whose填空
1.
Lu
Xun,
____
real
name
was
Zhou
Shuren,
wrote
many
political
novels
and
essays.
2.
The
man
____
you
met
just
now
is
my
old
friend.
3.
The
man
____
is
walking
on
the
playground
is
my
old
friend.
4.
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
1).
介词放在关系代词前，关系代词只能用which或whom,关系代词不能省略。
Is
this
the
house
in
which
Shakespeare
was
born
In
the
dark
street,
there
wasn’t
a
single
person
to
whom
she
could
turn
for
help.
2).
在限定性定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句末尾时，可用that/which(物),
that/whom/who（指人）作介词的宾语，且关系代词可以省略。
This
is
the
hero
that/who/whom
we
are
proud
of.
This
is
the
pen
that/which
I
wrote
the
letter
with.
5.
关系副词
when,
where,
why,
how
I
still
remember
the
day
when
I
first
came
to
Beijing.
They
have
reached
the
point
where
they
have
to
separate
with
each
other.
Do
you
know
the
reason
why
he
is
absent
That’s
the
way
how
I
learn
English.
6.
关系代词和关系副词区别
when
=
in,
at,
during
+
which
where
=
in,
at,
on,
under
+
which
why
=
for
+
which
how
=
in
+
which
1.
Do
you
remember
those
days
___
we
spent
along
the
seashore
very
happily
A.
when
B.
where
C.\
D.
who
2.
Don’t
forget
the
day
____
you
entered
Beijing
No.
4
High
School.
A.
that
B.
when
C.
at
which
D.
where
3.
After
living
in
Paris
for
40
years
he
returned
to
the
small
town
____
he
grew
up
as
a
child.
A.
which
B.
where
C.
that
D.
when
边讲边练
用that,
when,
why,
where,
which填空
1.
I
want
to
know
the
date
___
you
were
born.
1.
I
want
to
know
the
date
when
you
were
born.
2.
I
have
remembered
the
name
____
I
forgot
just
now.
2.
I
have
remembered
the
name
which/that
I
forgot
just
now.
3.
Do
you
know
the
reason
___
he
is
absent
today
4.
That
is
the
reason
____
I
want
to
know.
II.
限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句区别
限定性：对先行词起修饰限制作用
非限定性：对先行词起补充说明作用，先行词与定语从句有逗号隔开.
He
returned
home
safe
and
sound
after
a
fierce
battle,
____
was
unexpected.
A.
which
B.
where
C.
that
D.
it
III.
先行词对定语从句中的动词的制约
1).
one
of
+
复数名词+关系代词+动词复数
He
is
one
of
the
teachers
who
know
French
in
our
school.
2)
the
only
one
of
+
复数名词+关系代词+动词单数
He
is
the
only
one
of
the
teachers
who
knows
French
in
our
school.
3)
not
the
only
one
of
…
=
one
of…
Tom
isn’t
the
only
one
of
the
boys
who
have
passed
the
exam.
=
Tom
is
one
of
the
boys
who
have
passed
the
exam.
4).
I,
who
am
your
friend,
will
help
you
certainly.
5).
He
has
passed
the
college
entrance
exam,
which
makes
his
parents
quite
happy.高中语法
第十二讲
倒装句——究竟怎么倒？
北京四中
张恩
Ⅰ.
英语句子的句式
英语的常见句式是“_______部分+_______部分”，这是自然语序，如果改变这样的主谓顺序，就是_______语序，如there
be句型。
Ⅱ.
倒装句分三种不同的形式：
1.
部分倒装
部分倒装即把_______放在主语之前，与一般疑问句的形式相同。
如：I
love
you
_____
I
love
you，She
will
go
back
_______
she
go
back。
在这些否定副词或短语放在句首时：
含有_____的短语：at
no
time,
in
no
way,
in
no
case,
no
longer…
含有_____的短语：not
often,
not
frequently,
not
until,
not
only…
否定副词：_______,
rarely,
scarcely,
_______,
never
before,
never
again,
_______,
_______,
_______,
_______…nor,
nor,
neither…
练一练：根据汉语提示完成句子。
Not
__________
(我经常看见)
him
here.
Not
until
the
midnight
_____________(雨才停).
Not
only
___________
(他写)
songs,
but
also
he
sang
them.
Never
in
my
life
______
I
______
(看过)
such
a
good
movie.
Little
______
he
______（知道）that
he
had
made
a
big
mistake.
2）only放在句首，同时后面加上______时。
但是：放在句首的only如果修饰______，后面的句子就______。
3）so放在句首，后面加的是表示______的词时。
4）由so引起的表示前面所说情况__________________的肯定句中。但如果是______上一句的意思,
尽管用so开头也______倒装。
练一练：根据汉语提示完成句子。
Only
in
China
__________________（你能找到）this
kind
of
food.
Only
when
he
graduated
_____________（他知道）how
good
his
teacher
was.
_________________
he（如此地成功）that
he
became
the
most
popular
singer.
My
parents
will
travel
around
the
world.
So
_________________（我两个哥哥也是）.
—You
must
go
to
bed
now.
—So
_________（我确实必须）,
and
so
_________（你也一样）.
2.
完全倒装
完全倒装的形式是将______________放在主语前面。
在there引导的句子中。
由there,
_____或now引导,
谓语动词是_____或_____的句子。
以介词短语作为__________放在句首时,
应采用完全倒装。
在描写一个情景时,
有时为了使景象更生动,我们把_____,
in,
_____,
down,
_____等状语放在主语前。
在完全倒装里，如果主语是________，就_____倒装，直接用陈述语序。
练一练：用倒装句把下面句子译成英语。
过去那儿有幢房子。
最后一班车走了。
现在轮到你了。
树下正坐着个年轻人。
从窗外飘来一股难闻的味。
我前面是那美丽的湖水。
一只老虎从灌木丛中冲出来。
他冲出来。
3.
特殊形式倒装
省略了if的虚拟语气：在虚拟的if条件句中如果有_______,
_______或者_______，就可以倒装。倒装的形式是把_______去掉，把_______,
_______或_______放在句首。
如果连词_______的意思是though或者although的时候就必须要倒装。形式是把_______的词放句首，再写_______，最后写剩下的部分。
练一练：根据汉语提示用倒装句完成句子。
______________（如果你遇见）him,
tell
him
that
I
am
fine.
______________
(如果他在这儿),
he
would
help
us.
_______________（如果我知道）you
were
coming,
I
would
have
stayed
at
home.
_______________(虽然他是尖子生),
he
cannot
finish
everything
himself.
________________
(虽然她年轻),
she
is
already
the
manager
of
this
company.
________________
(虽然他跑得快),
he
didn’t
escape
from
those
people.
________________
(虽然他可能努力了),
he
will
fail
sooner
or
later.
参考答案：
2.
完全倒装
There
used
to
be
a
house.
There
goes
the
last
bus.
Now
comes
your
turn.
Under
a
tree
was
sitting
a
young
man.
Through
the
window
came
in
the
terrible
smell.
In
front
of
me
lay
the
beautiful
lake.
Out
rushed
a
tiger
from
the
bushes.
Out
he
rushed.语法精讲
——it
用法
作代词
1、代替指示代词this，that。
---
What’s
this？---
It’s
a
pen.
---
Whose
hat
is
that
---
It’s
Mary’s
2、表示时间、日期、季节、天气、光线明暗、温度、距离、环境等。
1.
What
time
is
it
–
It’s
five
o’clock.
2.
It
rains
a
lot
in
summer.
3.
It
was
snowing
when
the
accident
happened.
4.
It’s
two
hours’
drive
to
the
beach
from
my
home.
3、指代身份不明的人或物；指代有生命但不能或不必区分
性别的人或动物。
1.
---
Who’s
that
---
It’s
me.
Open
the
door,
please.
2.
There
was
a
knock
at
the
door.
“Who
is
it ”
Mrs.
Smith
asked.
3.
She
has
a
baby,
and
she
loves
it.
4.
The
robber
tried
to
run
away
from
the
police,
but
it
is
impossible.
作引导词
1、形式主语,代替由不定式,动名词或从句表示的真正主语。
1)
代替由不定式表示的真正主语
使用It
is
+
adj.
/
n.
+for/of
sb.
to
do
sth.，翻译句子：
在公共场所大声讲话是不礼貌的。
It
is
important
(necessary,
possible,
impossible,
easy,
hard,
difficult…)
for
sb.
to
do
sth.
It
is
nice
(cruel,
kind,
rude,
wise,
stupid,
clever,
foolish,
polite…)
of
sb.
to
do
sth.
2）可代替动名词表示的真正主语。
It’s
no
use
crying
over
spilt
milk.
It’s
no
good
taking
in
much
fat
and
sugar.
It’s
no
fun
watching
the
same
movie
for
a
second
time.
3）代替主语从句
It’s
a
pity
that
I
didn’t
think
of
it
earlier.
It
is
a
well-known
fact
that
smoking
can
cause
cancer.
It
is
well
known
to
all
that
the
earth
is
round.
注意以下各种固定句型：
It
seems
(ed)
/
appears
(ed)
seemed
that
...
It
(so)
happened
that
...
It
turns
(ed)
out
that...
It
occurred
to
sb.
that
...
It
is
said
/
reported
/
believed
/
hoped
/
well
known
/
suggested
...
that...
作形式宾语
1）代替不定式作为形式宾语。
主语
+
v.
+
it+
宾补
+
to
do
sth.
常用动词：
feel,
think,
consider,
regard,
suppose,
find,
believe,
count,
declare,
guess,
imagine,
take…for
granted等。
1.
We
consider
it
our
duty
to
support
good
leaders.
2.
I
think
it
best
to
get
along
well
with
people
around
you.
3.
The
new
method
makes
it
possible
to
complete
the
task
faster.
2）代替动名词或动名词短语成为句子的形式宾语。
1.
I
do
not
consider
it
worthwhile
spending
too
much
time
on
telephone
conversation.
2.
She
found
it
troublesome
having
to
go
through
all
the
pages
of
the
thick
book.
3）代替从句
1.
Didn’t
I
make
it
clear
to
you
that
I
was
not
coming
2.
Joan
had
often
heard
it
said
that
Marley
had
no
money.
构成强调句
It
is
/
was
+
被强调部分（主语，宾语，状语）+
that
(who
/
whom)
+
句子的其余部分。
使用强调句式，根据提示完成下面的句子：
1.
（在2003年）I
graduated
from
the
university.
2.
（在天黑前）he
realized
it
was
too
late
to
return
home.
3.
(在那个村庄)we
used
to
live
in
that
the
accident
happened
4.
（在哪）the
road
accident
happened
yesterday
5.
It
is
how
you
behave
in
difficulties
that
show
what
you
are
really
like.
It,
one,
that的区别
one
作代词
1.替代由可数名词所表示的一类人或事,即泛指中的强调。
I
hope
there
are
enough
glasses
for
each
guest
to
have
one.
2)
---Who
can
lend
me
a
Chinese-English
dictionary
---I
have
one.
2.替代特指的同一类人或事物的可数名词时,前面必须加上限定词
(如a,
the,
this,
that等)、物主代词或形容词加以修饰.
If
you
don’t
like
this
blue
coat,
you
can
buy
a
black
one.
I
don’t
want
the
book
on
the
shelf,
I
want
this
one
on
the
desk.
3.
one的复数形式ones作替代词时,只可替代同一类人或事物的复数名词,前面必须有限定词。
使用哦one或ones,根据提示补全句子：
1)
Mr.
Zhang
gave
the
textbooks
to
the
pupils
.
(除了那些已经有了书的)
2)
I
don’t
want
to
buy
these
small
pears;
.（我想要一些大点的）
3)
She
wants
to
buy
some
new
clothes
and
.
.（扔掉了一些旧的）
that作代词
替代前面提到的事物,可数/不可数皆可。
代替可数名词可以用the
one替换.
1)
The
population
of
China
is
larger
than
that
of
Japan.
2)
The
head
teacher
in
your
class
is
younger
and
more
active
than
that
in
theirs.
2、that在并列分句中,可以替代前面某一个名词或整个句子内容,
可用it替换.
1)She
heard
a
terrible
noise,
and
that
brought
her
heart
into
her
mouth.
2)
They
said
they
had
discussed
the
problem,
and
that
was
impossible.
3.that在定语从句中,可作关系代词,代替某个先行词(人或物)。
1)
The
lady
that
came
to
our
class
is
from
Australia.
2)
A
clock
is
a
machine
that
tells
people
the
time.
4.that的复数形式为those,只可替代可数名词复数,
在句中
相当于the
ones。
1)
The
nights
there
in
summer
are
shorter
than
those
in
winter.
2)
The
students
who
do
best
in
the
exam
are
not
always
those
with
the
best
brains.
另：注意下列句型用there,
不用it
1.There
is
evidence
that…
显然……
2.
There
is
no
point
doing
sth.
3.
There
is
no
sense
doing
sth.
4.
There
is
something
wrong
with…
5.
There
is
no
doubt
that…
毋庸置疑
6.
There
is
no
need
for
doing
sth.
/to
do
sth.
7.
There
is
no
denying…
无可否认……
8.
There
is
no
hurry
about…
无需慌张……
9.
There
is
no
difficulty
in
doing
sth.
……方面没困难。
10.
There
is
no
lack
of
…
有很多的，不缺乏的
11.
There
is
no
possibility/probability
that
/of…
没可能
12.
There
is
no
room
for…
没有……的余地
13.
There
is
no
sense
in
…
……是无意义的
14.
There
is
no
sign
of
…
没有……迹象
15.
There
is
no
saying
that………难以断言
16.
There
is
a
slim
hope
of
…
有……微小的希望
17.
There
is
some
difficulty
in
doing
sth.
做某事有困难
18.
There
is
some
trouble
in
doing
sth.
做某事有麻烦
19.
There
appears
to
be…
似乎有……
20.
There
seems
to
be…
好像有……
21.
There
used
to
be…
（过去）常常有；原来这儿有高中语法
第十一讲
非谓语动词—过去分词
北京四中
张恩
Ⅰ.
什么是过去分词？
基本形式是“动词原形+____
”，但也有特殊。如：buy
________。
过去分词的作用：谓语中，用于______时或______语态；在非谓语中，表示两种意思：_______和_______。
练一练：完成句子，并体会动词-ing形式和过去分词与所修饰词的关系。
China
is
a
__________
(热爱和平的)
country.
He
spent
a
lot
of
money
on
a
pair
of
German
__________
(手工制作的)
shoes.
His
new
girlfriend
is
a
__________
(好看的)
one.
The
couple
finally
decided
on
the
house
with
a
__________
(漆成绿色的)
door.
She
doesn’t
want
to
marry
a
lazy
man.
She
prefers
a
__________
(工作努力的)
person.
Although
he
has
never
been
to
a
college,
he
behaves
like
a
__________
(受过很好教育的)
man.
Ⅱ.
过去分词的基本用法：
过去分词在句中也可用作_______、_______、_______或_______等成分，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的______者。
1.
作定语：
被修饰的词是由some/
any/
no/
every构成的______代词或______代词those等时，虽然一个单一分词作定语，也要放在被修饰词之____。
及物动词的过去分词作定语时可改为动词为______形式的定语从句。部分不及物动词的过去分词可改为动词为______式或表示______的定语从句。
练一练：
We
need
more
__________
(有资格的)
teachers.
The
girl
_____________
(穿着红衣服的)
is
my
daughter.
Is
there
_____________
(任何没有解决的事)
a
_________
team
a
team
which
_________
(被击败的)
_________
workers
workers
who
_________
(退休的)
_________
time
time
which
_________
(失去的)
2.
作表语：多表示主语所处的一种状态。
做定语和做表语时，现在分词和过去分词的区别：
这两组词的意思是：
interest
(v.)
_________
interesting_________,
interested_________
fall
_________
falling_________,
fallen
_________
练一练：选词填空。
We
all
got
very
_________(感兴趣)
in
the
news.（interesting，interested）
That
person
is
a
very
_________
(有趣的)
man.
（interesting，interested）
He
gave
me
a
_______
(吓人的)
look.
（frightening，frightened）
The_______（恐惧的）look
on
his
face
suggested
his
ignorance
of
the
matter.
（frightening，frightened）
We
are
all
_______
about
the
_______
news.
（exciting，excited）
It
is
dangerous
to
stand
too
close
to
the
_______
tree.
（falling，fallen）
The
police
are
searching
for
the
_______
prisoners.
（escaping，escaped）
3.
作宾语的补足语：
能接过去分词作宾补的三类动词：表示______或心理状态的动词，如：____,_________________________________________等；表示“____”意义的使役动词。如：_____,
_____,
_____,
_____,
_____等；表示“希望”、“要求”意义的动词。如：like,
_____,
_____,
_____,
_____等。
过去分词作宾补表示_____关系，所表示的动作一般和宾语有逻辑上的_____关系，其动作_____于谓语动作发生。
使役动词have后的过去分词作宾补：过去分词表示的动作由______完成；过去分词表示的动作是由句中的主语所______的。
练一练：
I
heard
__________________
(唱这首歌)
in
English.
He
found
his
hometown
greatly
__________
(变了).
I’ll
have
________________
(理发)
tomorrow.
I
would
like
______________
(这个事解决)
at
once.
He
had
________________
(钱被偷了).
4.
作状语：
过去分词短语作状语时，表示_____和_____，在句子中一般可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果等。
一般来说，动词不定式、-ing形式或过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须是它前面的__________，如果没有，就是_____的_____。
有一些非谓语动词短语已经游离出来，成为单独的短语，在句子中作状语。如：exactly
speaking,准确地说。建议牢记这些短语。
练一练：
_____
(tell)
that
his
mother
was
ill,
Li
Lei
hurried
home
quickly.
__________
(satisfy)
with
what
he
did,
the
teacher
praised
him
in
class.
_____
(give)
a
few
minutes,
I’ll
finish
it.
_____
(explain)
a
hundred
times,
he
still
can’t
understand
it.
He
fell
off
a
tall
tree,
his
leg
_____
(break).
_____
(see)
the
earth
from
the
moon,
the
astronauts
felt
very
excited.
_____
(talk)
of
math,
he
became
excited.
综合练习：
We
are
going
to
talk
about
the
problem
_____
(discuss)
at
the
last
meeting.
Jennifer
looked
_____
(disappoint)
at
the
news.
After
all
these
years’
struggle
in
business,
his
heart
feels
_____
(tire).
He
got
his
tooth
_____
(pull)
out
yesterday.
_____
(see)
from
the
moon,
the
earth
looks
green.
_____
(judge)
by
his
accent,
he
is
from
Hunan.语法精讲
——虚拟语气（上）
虚拟语气：
一种特殊的动词形式(verb
structure)，用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实
(fact)，而只是一种假设(hypothesis
)、愿望(wish)、建议(suggestion)
或怀疑（doubt）等等。
注意：
主句should
通常用于第一人称,
would
可用于任何人称,
根据需要
可用情态动词could,
might等代替。
be在条件从句中永远是were。
请根据句意将句子补充完整：
1.
(如果我是你),
I
would
study
much
harder.
2.
（如果你要是早来几分钟的话）,
you
would
have
met
her.
3.
（如果要是我明天去的话）,
I
would
do
it
in
my
way.
4.
（要不是下雨）,
we
should
go
for
a
picnic.
5.
（要不是他叫我）,
I
would
have
overslept
this
morning.
翻译句子：
1.如果没有空气的话，天空就是黑的。
2.
如果我们当时有足够钱的话，当时就买了。
3.
万一你要摔倒的话，你就会受伤的。
4.
如果我当时有时间的话，我就会陪她去的。
5.
如果我是你，我就不会回电话。
条件从句中的were，had,
should可放句首，成为倒装句。请将下面句子变为倒装句
：
1.
If
you
were
handsome,
I
would
marry
you.
2.If
he
should
come
tomorrow,
I
would
give
it
to
him.
3.
If
it
were
to
snow,
I
would
not
go
.
4.
If
he
had
come
yesterday,
you
would
have
seen
him.
将下面句子变为正常语序：
1.
Were
I
you,
I
would
do
the
same.
2.Had
you
come
yesterday,
you
would
have
met
him.
3.
Should
there
be
a
flood,
what
could
we
do
4.
Were
he
to
come,
I
might
go
with
him.
5.
Had
you
got
up
earlier,
you
would
have
caught
the
train.
虚拟语气
法则二：千变万化的表现形式。
含蓄虚拟
1.
I
was
very
tired.
Otherwise,
I
would
have
gone
to
the
party
with
you
last
night.
2.
Life
without
any
friends
or
family
would
be
lonely
for
me.
3.
If
only
we
had
done
as
we
were
told.
4.
If
only
I
had
known
the
answer
before
the
test.
5.
But
for
the
rain,
we
should
have
had
a
pleasant
journey.
混合虚拟
1.
If
I
had
eaten
breakfast
several
hours
ago,
I
would
not
be
hungry
now.
2.
If
I
were
you,
I
would
have
gone
to
the
theatre.
3.
If
you
hadn’t
helped
me,
I
would
be
still
working
now.
分裂虚拟
；在这种句型中，虚拟语气通常省略条件句，只保留主句，
后面在加上真实的情况．
1.
He
would
gain
weight
but
he
doesn’t
eat
much.
2.
I
would
go
to
visit
them
but
I
don’t
think
they
are
anxious
to
see
me.
3.
I
would
have
invited
her
to
the
party
but
I
didn’t
know
her
well.
翻译：
1.如果他当时听我的话,
现在就不会遇到麻烦了。
2.如果过去天气好一些，现在庄稼还会长得更好。
3.
假如他昨天告诉我,
我现在就知道该怎么办了。
4.
要不是下暴雨，我们早到了。
5.没有我老师的帮助，我当时就会失败。
6.我当时很忙，不然就跟你一起去了。
7.早该给你写信的，但我生病了。高中语法
第七讲
状语从句的运用（一）
北京四中
张恩
Ⅰ.什么是状语从句？
从句在整个句子中的成分是状语，这个从句就是状语从句，分时间、地点、原因、______、______、______、结果、______和比较状语从句。
Ⅱ.
时间状语从句
1.
when,
as,
while
when引导时间状语从句，从句的动词既可以是_______动词，也可以是_______动词；可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作__________，或从句的动作发生在主句的_______。
when还可表示just
then
(_______，_______)的意思，此时其所引导的从句只放在主句之后。
as引出的时间状语从句，其动作是_______的，而且侧重表示主句和从句的动作_______发生，经常译成“一边......，
______......”。
while表示“_______”或“_______”，引出的从句的动作是_______的，且侧重表示主句和从句的动作_______发生。
while还可用作并列连词，连接一个表示_______的并列分句。
练一练：填入所缺的连词。
______
you
apply
for
a
job,
you
must
present
your
credentials.
We
were
about
to
start
______
it
began
to
rain.
______
the
students
walked
to
their
dormitories,
they
sang
happily.
______
the
teacher
paraphrased
the
text
in
English，the
students
listened
attentively
and
took
notes.
Mary
was
dressed
in
blue
______
Jane
was
dressed
in
red.
2.
whenever,
every
time,
each
time
这组连词或词组意思是_________，___________。
3.
since,
ever
since
since(_________),
ever
since(_________;_________)，引导的从句通常用_________，主句中的谓语动词通常用_________。
4.
before,
after
二词意为：before
_________；after
_________。
练一练：
_______
_______
（每次）I
met
her,
she
______
_______
（听）to
the
music.
We
_______
_______
_______
（从未遇见）since
we
_________（毕业）from
the
college.
It
_______（是）six
years
since
we
_______（分开）.
I
_________（写）my
dissertation
before
my
supervisor
went
abroad.
After
the
boy
_________（完成）his
homework,
he
played
football
with
his
friends.
5.
till,
until
until比较正式，可用于_______，而till一般_______
用于句首；
主句的谓语动词是_______动词，常用肯定式表示“直到......为止”。
主句的谓语动词是非延续性动词，就常用_______表示“直到......才”或“在...
...之前（不）”，可用_______替换。
练一练：译成英语。
他会留在学校直到完成他的哲学博士课程(Ph.
D
course)。
我完成作业了才能与你一起去。
6.
as
soon
as,
immediately,
directly,
once,
the
minute/moment
(that)
etc.
这些词或短语引导的从句都表示______的动作一发生，_______的动作随即就发生，常译为“___________”。
练一练：完成句子。
______
______
______
we
______
______（一到家），the
telephone
rang.
I
recognized
her_________
______
______
______（我一看见她立刻）.
______
______
______（一旦你明白）this
rule,
you’ll
have
no
further
difficulty.
I
want
to
see
her
______
______
______
______（她到那一刻）.
7.
no
sooner...
than,
hardly(scarcely)...
when
这两个结构引导的从句也表示“一......就”,“____________”的含义。
这两个句型只用于_________:
主句中的动词一般用__________时，从句用______。
no
sooner,
hardly位于句首时，主句的谓语要______。
练一练：完成句子。
No
sooner
_______
_______
_______
（刚到）home
______he
was
asked
to
start
on
another
journey.
Hardly
_______
_______
_______
（刚到）the
airport
______
the
plane
took
off.
Ⅲ.地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词有:
______,
_________
(无论哪里，在任何地方),
__________
(每一......地方，到处),
____________（任何地方）。
练一练：用合适的连词填空。
________
there
is
a
will,
there
is
a
way.
You
can
go
____________
you
like
these
days.
____________
they
went,
they
were
warmly
welcomed.
Ⅳ.原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句的连词有:because,
______,
______,
_________,
seeing
that,
_________
(that),in
that等。
练一练：用合适的连词填空。
I
didn’t
go
abroad
with
her
________
I
couldn’t
afford
it.
_______
traveling
by
air
is
much
faster,
they
decided
to
take
a
plane.
It
must
have
rained
last
night,
_______
the
ground
is
wet.
_______
_______you’ve
passed
your
test,
you
can
drive
on
your
own.
______
he’s
only
been
learning
English
for
a
year,
he
speaks
it
very
well.
I’m
in
a
slightly
awkward
position,
_______
he’s
not
arriving
until
10th.高中语法
第
讲
情态动词
北京四中
张恩
I.
写出你知道的情态动词：
__________________________________________________________
II.
shall和should
1.
shall在纯表示将来的陈述句中只用于________。
2.
shall在问句中______________________
时候用于第一、三人称。
3.
shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人的_______、_______、_______、_______等。
4.
shall的过去时是_______.
______表示主语的义务或责任。
5.
______表示很大的可能性，常译为“____________”。
6.
用在that从句中，动词DISCO和RAP代表：___________________
____________________________________________________________
7.
表示”本应做”却没做，用_____________，其否定句表示“不该做”却做了。
注意：must，have
to，should的区别
______是说者根据主观意识甚至好恶要求主语“必须”如何,
是______或______的劝告。
______是说者根据客观事实,
或转述他人的指令或劝告而陈述主语”不得不”如何,说者并未掺入丝毫主观的意见。
____________是说者根据良知,理性,见识______主语”应该”如何,是属于劝告的范畴。
练一练：
填入所缺的情态动词，并试着说说理由。
Henry
is
waiting
outside.
______
he
come
in
Tell
Jerry
that
he
______
get
a
gift
if
he
is
nice.
He
asked
me
whether
I
______
be
free
tonight.
You
______
(not)
eat
between
meals,
for
it
will
make
you
fat.
She
demanded
that
he
______
leave
her
room
at
once.
You
______
have
invited
me
to
the
party
yesterday.
I
had
expected
you
to.
“I
______
study
harder.
There
is
little
time
left
before
the
examination,”
said
my
friend
Jack.
III.
can/could
1.
在有其他助动词时表示“能力”，应用__________。
2.
指过去某时设法做成了某事，应用__________，不用could。
3.
若指现在或未来有某才能,但说话者认为几乎没条件做某事,
通常用_______。
4.
二短语的意思：can
but/only
________
cannot
help
but
__________
练一练：
The
baby
_____________
(将能够)
push
the
door
open.
Though
the
fire
spread
quickly,
we
_____________
(能够)
escape.
I
_______
have
a
really
good
time
if
I
had
an
apartment
of
my
own.
I
___________
(最多不过)
lose
the
money.
I
___________
(不得不)
admire
your
decision.
IV.
would及其短语
1.
would表示的是____________，但是would只表示动作.
若是像be,
live,
have等表示状态或情况的动词只能用________。
2.
写出含有would的三个句型：__________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
练一练：
Sometimes
she
________
(过去常)
bring
me
little
presents
without
saying
why.
There
_________
(过去有)
a
tree
in
front
of
that
building.
She
would
rather
________
(保持)
single
than
________（嫁）somebody
she
hates.
I’d
prefer
________
(开始)
today
rather
than
________（等）till
tomorrow.
I’d
rather
you
________
(支付)
cash
instead
of
check.
V.
表示推测的情态动词：
1.
肯定推测:
______
(一定)；______，_______
（可能）
__________________（一定做过了某事）
____/______________（可能做过了某事）
2.
否定推测:
________（不可能)
__________________________（不可能做过某事）
练一练
选择填空：
He
_____
be
the
new
teacher.
He
went
to
our
classroom
with
a
book.
She
_____
be
his
daughter.
She
is
too
old.
They
______
the
9:15
train,
for
they
left
the
hotel
at
9:20.
A.
must
B.
can
C.
must
have
done
D.
mustn’t
have
done
E.
cannot
have
done
VI.
need和dare
1.
作情态动词，常用于______和______句。
2.
作实意动词，注意在否定句、疑问句中要加助动词______；后接动词时要加______. 3.
need
doing
意思是_________,
doing这里表示被动。
练一练：
You
don’t
need
______
(tell)
Susan.
She
knows
it.
Need
I
______
(tell)
you
where
you
are
—
No,
you
needn’t.
She
needs
______（have）an
ID
card.
He
dares
______
(do)
anything,
but
this
time
he
dare
not
______
(do).
He
will
never
dare
______
(come)
again.
VII.
ought
to=__________
练一练
翻译下面句子：
你不应该抽那么多烟。____________________________________________
他们昨天不该去那里。____________________________________________语法精讲
——省略
I.省略
状语从句的省略：在when,
while,
as,
until,
once,
if,
unless,
though,
although,
as
if,
as
though,
even
if,
even
though等词连接的状语从句中，经常把
和
省略。
请将下面的状语从句改成省略句：
When
I
am
in
trouble,
I
always
turn
to
her
for
help.
Errors,
if
any,
should
be
corrected.?
Wood
gives
much
smoke
while
wood
is
burning.
I
won’t
go
even
if
I
was
invited.
when
(或if,
where,
wherever,
whenever)
+
possible/
necessary,
是省略了
。?
请将所给句子改成省略句：
Answer
these
questions,
if
it
is
possible
without
referring
to
the
book.
When
it
is
necessary,
you
can
help
us
to
do
something.
定语从句中的省略
请将下面的定语从句改成省略句：
1.
Is
this
the
reason
that
he
explained
at
the
meeting
for
his
carelessness
in
his
work
2.
Tom
whom
you
saw
yesterday
fell
ill.
This
is
the
first
time
that
he
had
trouble
with
the
boss.
4.
He
wants
to
find
a
good
place
that
we
can
have
a
picnic
during
the
“golden
week
”holiday
.
5.
I
don’t
like
the
way
in
which
you
laugh
at
her.
宾语从句中的省略
请将所给句子补充完整：
1.
I
know
that
an
NBA
star
will
come
to
our
city
but
I
don’t
know
when.
2.
He
wants
to
move
abroad
but
his
parents
wonder
why.
简单句的省略
判断下列省略方式是否正确：
1．—
Can
Emily
do
this
work
—I
(don’t)
think/suppose
so.
（
）
2.
I
don’t
hope
so.
（
）
3.
I
am
afraid
so./not.
（
）
4.
I
hope
so/not.
（
）
动词不定式省略
请将所给句子改成省略句：
1.
Nothing
can
stop
the
boy
from
playing
video
games
when
he
wants
to
play
video.
2.
—
Would
you
like
to
come
to
dinner
tonight
—I'd
like
to
come
to
dinner
tonight.
3.
The
boy
wanted
to
ride
his
bicycle
in
the
street,
but
his
mother
told
him
not
to
ride
his
bicycle
in
the
street.
虚词的省略
请写出所给句子省略的部分：He
came
to
the
classroom,
book
in
hand.
并列句的省略是省略
和
，而保留
和
或补足语等成分，另外一种情况是省略后一个分句的主语。
请写出所给句子省略的部分：
1.
Some
books
are
to
be
tasted,
others
to
be
swallowed,
and
some
few
to
be
chewed
and
digested.
2.
He
came
into
the
classroom,
sat
down
and
began
to
read.
if引导的虚拟条件句的省略
在if引导的虚拟条件句中含有had,
were,
should时，可以把had,
were,
should放在
且省略
。
请将所给句子改成省略句形式：
If
I
were
at
school
again,
I
would
study
harder.
If
you
had
come
earlier,
you
would
catch
the
bus.
If
it
should
rain
tomorrow,
we
would
not
go
climbing.
И.反义疑问句
请将所给反义疑问句补充完整
Nobody
can
swim,
You
will
never
guess
the
right
answer,
You
are
unsatisfied
with
what
you’ve
got,
Don’t
be
late,
Let’s
go
shopping,
I
don’t
think
he
will
come
tomorrow,
She
believes
that
I
did
it,
？
He
must
be
a
doctor,
You
must
have
studied
English,
高中语法
第九讲
非谓语动词—动词不定式
北京四中
张恩
1.
什么是动词不定式？
主动态
被动态
一般式
to
write
__________
完成式
__________
to
have
been
written
进行式
__________
/
_________式
to
have
been
writing
/
2.
不定式的时态和语态
一般说来，不定式_____式表示的动作有时与限定(谓语)动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在限定动词表示的动作之____。如：
不定式进行式表示动作_________，通常与限定动词表示的动作同时发生。
不定式完成式表示的动作发生在限定动词表示的动作之____。
不定式的逻辑主语是不定式表示的动作的承受者时，一般要用_______。
但不定式做后置定语或状语时，和前面的名词构成动宾结构，常见到to
do表示_______含义。如：The
water
is
too
hot
to
drink.
练一练：
They
invited
us
_______
(go)
there
this
summer.
I
happened
_______
(go)
that
way
too.
I
am
sorry
___________
(give)
you
so
much
trouble.
=I
am
sorry
that
I
have
given
you
so
much
trouble.
All
the
work
requires
____________
(complete)
next
week.
3.
不定式的句法功能
1）
作主语：为了保持句子平衡，常以先行词_____作形式主语，而把_______短语置于谓语动词之后。
2）
作表语：不定式作be
的表语与表示将来“be+不定式
”结构的区别：前者不定式的__________不是句子的主语，而后者不定式的逻辑主语_____句子的主语。
练一练：根据汉语提示完成句子。
____________
（与他交谈）is
a
great
pleasure.
It
______________________________（听到你的声音真好）.
The
problem
is
_________
(找到)
a
solution.
You
____________
(将要擦)
the
windows.
3）作宾语：
注意接不定式作宾语的动词：__________________________________
___________________________________________________________
如果作宾语的不定式有自己的补语，须用先行词____作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语不定式______。
除了介词_____,
______外，不定式一般不能作_____的宾语，此时当句子中有实义动词____时，____可能省略。但“_____词+不定式”结构可作介词的宾语。
练一练：根据汉语提示完成句子。
Tom
refused
___________（讲话）on
the
radio
for
$1000
a
minute.
I
consider
__________________（不去更好）.
They
found
__________________（不可能使）everything
ready
in
time.
In
winter
a
cold-blooded
animal
has
no
choice
____________________
(除了躺下睡觉).
There
was
nothing
left
to
do
but
_________
(擦)
the
windows.
4)
作宾语补足语：常用于下列动词后：____________________________
____________________________________________________________
5)
作定语：
不定式作定语时，被修饰的名词或代词可以是不定式的逻辑______、逻辑______或说明所修饰的名词或代词的______。
如不定式所修饰的名词是time,
place或way,不定式后多省略______。
作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，而不定式动作是主语做的,
不定式用______。
6)作状语：
多作目的状语，如：They
ran
over
to
welcome
the
students.
作结果状语：常表示一种事先____________的情况或结果或用于______
______结构，enough
to
do等结构。
作原因状语：表明造成主语_____变化的原因。
作表语_____的状语:
修饰形容词的不定式用_____形式。
7）作同位语及独立成分。
练一练：
My
doctor
advised
me
_______
(去)
the
park
for
a
change
of
air.
He
had
no
money
and
no
place
_______
(住).
You
will
go
to
the
post
office
Have
you
anything
_______
(要寄的)
I
want
to
go
to
the
post
office.
Have
you
anything
_______
(要寄的)
What
have
I
said
_______（让）you
so
angry
（_______状语）
We
jumped
with
joy
_______（听见）the
news.
（_______状语）
4.
不定式省去to的情况
当两个或两个以上的不定式并列时，第一个不定式带to
，后面的不定式往往把____省去。但如果是在_____的场合，则不可以省去to.
在_____动词see,
_____,
feel,
_____,
notice,
_____,
listen
to,
look
at和使役动词_____,
_____,
_____的复合宾语中，不定式须省去to；但如果变为_____语态，则原来作宾语补足语的不定式_______。
练一练：
I
wished
_______
（完成）my
work
and
_______（get）away.
It
is
better
_______（笑）than
_______（哭）.
The
boy
was
seen
_______（偷）some
money.高中语法
名词性从句（一）
北京四中
张恩
Ⅰ.
什么是名词性从句？
根据提示完成句子，并说出是什么从句。
__________
(有关系的)
is
not
winning
but
participating.
I
don’t
know ____________________________（为什么他总找我茬）.
My
hometown
is
no
longer ____________________（十年前的样子了）.
He
expressed
his
hope __________________________（他会再来成都）.
Ⅱ.
主语从句
主语从句的引导词小结：
1.
what表示“_________
(东西)”，相当于_______加_____从句；
2.
–ever类，如__________；
3.
that引导主语从句,通常用__________
来代替；
4.
连接代词、连接副词，如_______________。
5.
__________（是否）；
根据提示完成句子。
________________________
（我们正谈的事情）
is
nothing
valuable.
__________________（她<过去>做了无论什么）is
wrong.
__________________（我真正想要的）is
to
have
a
good
rest.
__________________（无论谁有）another
name
raise
your
hand.
________________________（她什么时候会回来）is
still
a
question.
________________________（他是否会参加）the
play
is
unclear.
__________________（很可能不）he
can
win
the
lottery.
_______________________（他们把文件放在哪里了）
troubled
the
spy.
翻译句子。
无论她（过去）做了什么，她都错了。
无论谁考试及格了会得到50元钱。
无论谁考试及格了，我都会给他50元钱。
谁考试及格了还不清楚。
他不见了，这使他父母很担心。
他仍活着，这是非常让人吃惊的事。（surprise
n.）
他去不去日本取决于她自己。
分析句子总结只用whether表示“是否”的5种情况：(答案见后页尾)
Whether
he
will
come
here
still
needs
talking
about.
________________
I
am
not
sure
whether
or
not
he
will
come
here
next
week.
____________
Please
tell
us
your
decision
whether
you
will
stay
here.
____________
They
are
still
talking
about
whether
they
should
leave.
____________
Would
you
please
tell
me
whether
to
leave
or
stay
__________________
Ⅲ.
宾语从句
写出直接引语变间接引语时下面时间状语的变化：
1.
now
→
__________
2.
today
→
__________
3.
tonight
→
____________
4.
yesterday
→__________________
5.
this
month
→
____________
6.
last
week
→__________________
7.
three
years
ago
→
three
years
______
8.
tomorrow
→______________
9.
next
year
→______
next
year
直接引语变间接引语时人称变化的口诀是______________________。
根据提示用间接引语完成句子。
He
said
that
he
________________________（今天想动身leave）.
He
said
that
she
________________________（昨天离开了）.
She
said
that
she
________________________（明天会告诉我）.
He
said
that
he________________________（今天下午打算去看她）
They
said
that
they
________________________（在街上见过他）.
用间接引语翻译句子。
他对我说那是个秘密。
他说他喜欢唱歌，而且想成为歌手。
他问我是不是生病了。
他问她什么时候动身。
他说：“不要再迟到了。”
他说：“明天早点来。”
他警告我小心观看。
直接引语变间接引语时的注意事项：
1.
引导第一个宾语从句的_____有时可以省略，但引导第二个宾语从句的that通常________，以免误解。
2.
改为宾语从句的间接引语要用________词序。
3. 直接引语为祈使句时变为间接引语，用_____________sb
___
do
sth进行转换，若祈使句为否定式，则用________________
do
sth。
4.
直接引语变间接引语时，一般现在时经常变成_______________，一般过去时经常变成________________；其他时态也多变成相应的________时态。
根据提示用动词的适当形式填空：
Anne
said
that
she
______________（不想）
to
set
down
a
series
of
facts
in
a
diary.
Tom
said
that
she
__________（还没有收到来信）from
Jordan
since
May.
Zhou
Lan
said
that
she
________________（会做）it
after
class.
The
boy
said
that
he
______________（正用）the
knife.
The teacher said the earth ____________（移动）around the sun.
（Key:
1.
引导主语从句；2.
与or
not连用；3/4.
介词和名词后；5.
与不定式连用。）语法精讲——过去分词
过去分词的定义：动词的-ed分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。
基础篇：动词三形变化
原形
过去式
过去分词
deal
_______
________
hide
________
_________
lend
________
_________
rise
_________
_________
stick
_________
_________
tear
_________
__________
weave
_________
__________
现在分词与过去分词的区别:
现在分词：_____，_____
过去分词：_____，_____
实战篇：用分词的正确形式填空
1.
He
saw
his
friend ______ (go) out
with
Sue.
2.
The
bus
crashed
into
the
blue
car
______
(drive)
down
the
hill.
3.
Peter
hurt
his
leg
______
(do) karate.
4.
The
umbrella
______
(find) at
the
bus
stop
belongs
to
John
Smith.
5.
The
people
______
(dance) in
the
street
are
all
very
friendly.
6.
I
heard
my
mother _____ (talk) on
the
phone.
7.
My
uncle
always
has
his
car
____ (wash).
8.
We
stood
_____
(wait) for
the
taxi.
9.
_____
(look) down
from
the
tower,
we
saw
many
people
walking
in
the
streets.
10.
The
people
drove
off
in
a
_____
(steal) car.
11.Have you
ever
_________(be)
abroad
before
12.
She
hates
________________(interrupt).
三、过去分词的语法作用： 过去分词一方面具有_____的性质，另一方面也相当于一个_____或_____，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和_____语。
1、过去分词作表语，主要表示动作的完成和_____，或者是主语的_____，此时相当于一个形容词。
（1）Cleaning
women
in
big
cities
usually
get
________by
the
hour.
A.
pay
B.
paying
C.
paid
D.
to
pay
解析：C考查分词作表语的用法。“to
pay
sb.
by
the
hour”
计时给某人报酬。此题被动结构作表语。类似的有：get
burnt,
get
hurt
,
get
wounded.
(2)
As
soon
as
he
entered
the
city,
he
____.
A.
was
losing
B.
got
losing
C.
grew
lost
D.
got
lost
(3)
What
he
has
done
is
really
____.Now
his
parents
are
_____
him.
A.
disappointing;
disappointed
at
B.
disappointing;
disappointed
about
C.
disappointing;
disappointed
with
D.
disappointed;
disappointing
by
(4)
The
rooms
are
____,
so
you
can’t
move
in.
A.
painted
B.
painting
C.
being
painted
D.
to
be
painted
参考答案：1——4
CDCC
2、过去分词作定语：单个过去分词作定语,
通常_____置，具有被动和完成的意义。过去分词短语作定语：通常____置，其作用相当于定语_____，如
a
letter
written
in
pencil=
a
letter
________
________
________
in
pencil
the
book
_________
by
Jack=
the
book
which
was
borrowed
by
Jack
基础篇Fill
the
blanks
with
proper
words.
1.
the __________
(未受雇佣的) workers
2.
the __________
(依时刻表运行的) train
3.
the
__________
(广告中的) product
4.
the
__________
(掩埋的) treasure
5.
the
__________
(受伤的) passenger
6.
the
__________
(被偷的) money
7.We
lived
in
the
house
__________________
(我舅舅们修建的).
8.Any
medicine
________(服用)
without
the
advice
of
a
doctor
can
cause
trouble.
9.
The
computer
centre
_________________
(开办)
last
week
is
popular
with
the
students
.
10.
Most
of
the
people
___________________(被邀请参加宴会的)
were
famous
scientists.
参考答案：7
built
by
my
uncles
8
taken
9
opened/started
10
invited
to
the
party
3、过去分词做状语：过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样，也可以表示_____、
_____、_____、_____、方式或_____情况等。一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是_____的主语。
基础篇Fill
the
blanks
with
proper
words.
1.
_______(出生)
into
a
peasant
family,
he
only
had
two
years’
schooling.
2._________(比较)
to
many
women,
she
was
very
fortunate.
3.
Unless_______（改变）the
law
will
make
the
life
difficult
for
farmers
4.___________（筋疲力尽的）by
the
journey,
he
soon
fell
asleep.
4、过去分词作补足语：过去分词可以在see,
hear,
notice,
watch,
find,
get,
have,
feel,
make,
leave,
keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语，用作宾语补语。
实战篇：
（1）The
murderer
was
brought
in
,
with
his
hands
_____
behinds
his
back
.
A
.being
tied
B
.having
tied
C
.to
be
tied
D
.tied
（2）I
can
hardly
imagine
Peter
____
across
the
Atlantic
Ocean
in
five
days.
A.
sail
B.
sailing
C.
to
sail
D.
to
have
sailed
（3）The
next
morning
she
found
the
man
____
in
bed,
dead.
A.
lying
B.
lie
C.
lay
D.
laying
（4）Mrs.
White
was
glad
to
see
the
nurse
____
after
her
son
and
her
daughter
and
was
also
pleased
to
see
children
well
____
care
of
in
the
nursery.
A.
looked
;
taken
B.
looking
;
taken
C.
looked
;
took
D.
looking
;
taking
综合篇：
英译汉：过去分词构成的合成词
badly-paid
workers
_________________________
a
well-dressed
man
_________________________
a
simply-furnished
room
_________________________
half-finished
products
______________________________
2）把下列句子用非谓语动词的方式表达出来
1.
I
was
glad
when
I
heard
the
news.
2.
My
idea
is
that
we
should
go
there
on
our
bikes.
3.
I
saw
a
child
who
was
wearing
very
thick
glasses.
4.
As
I
hadn't
received
an
answer
from
him,
I
wrote
again.
5.
Since
this
book
is
written
in
easy
English,
it
will
be
useful
to
beginners.
6.
If
weather
permits,
we
are
going
to
work
outside.
