备考2011高效学习方案英语高三册：units 3～4 the land down under & green world

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Units 3～4　The land down under & Green world
(2009·南京期末)学校计划举行英语作文竞赛，主题为“We need Advice from Older Generations”。请根据下列要求写一篇作文：
你遇到了困难或问题，不知该怎么办。你去请教一位长辈，后来问题得到了解决。要求写清楚下面三点：
1．当时面临的困难或问题是什么？
2．你获得的指教是什么？
3．结果如何？
注意：
1．作文总词数为100左右；
2．不能在作文中出现所在学校的校名和本人姓名，否则本节判为零分。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
[参考答案]
We Need Advice From Older Generations
No one can deal with every problem they meet on their own. We need advice from others at times, especially from our older generations.
The other day, I went to my uncle. I had had a hard time deciding which subject to major in in the university. I’d like to choose English because of my strong desire of learning languages, while my parents wanted me to major in science. Having learned my trouble, my uncle advised me to talk with my parents frankly, presenting my real thoughts. I did so. My parents understood me and agreed to respect my final choice.
Remember: Go to your older generations for advice, and they will not disappoint you.
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．______(adj.)　　 　 　　中等的
2．______(vt.) 嚼碎；咀嚼；回味；深思
3．______(n.) 女子；雌性动植物
　(adj.) 女性的；雌的；母的
4．______(vt.) 改变；转变；改造
5．______(adj.) 多种多样的；不同的
6．______(vt.) 像；类似
7．______(vi. & vt.) 区别；辨别
8．______(n.) 报答；报酬
　(vt.) 给报酬；奖赏
9．______(vt.) 离开；遗弃
10．______(n.) 欲望；食欲；胃口
11．______(n.) 特权；特别待遇
12．______(n.) 步骤；程序；手续
[答案]
1．medium　2.chew　3.female　4.transform
5．diverse　6.resemble　7.distinguish　8.reward
9．abandon　10.appetite　11.privilege　12.procedure
Ⅱ.词汇拓展
1．mine→______(n.)矿工→______(n.)矿物质
2．female→______(n.反义词)男性
3．pronunciation→______(v.)发音；宣称
4．differ→______(adj.)→______(n.)差异
5．strengthen→______(n.)力量→______(adj.)强壮的
6．immigration→______(v.)→______(n.反义词)移民
7．criminal→______(n.)罪行；犯罪
8．latter→______(adj.反义词)前者的
9．output→______(n.反义词)输入
10．appearance→______(v.)出现，显露
11．technician→______(adj.)→______(n.)技术→______(n.)科学技术专家
12．accumulate→______(n.)堆积物
13．expense→______(adj.)昂贵的
14．calculate→______(n.)→______(n.)计算器
15．appoint→______(n.)任命；约见
16．promote→______(n.)促进；提升
17．identification→______(v.)确认
18．classify→______(n.)分类，种类
[答案]
1．miner; mineral　2.male　3.pronounce
4．different; difference　5.strength; strong
6．immigrate; emigration　7.crime
8．former　9.input　10.appear
11．technical; technology; technologist
12．accumulation　13.expensive
14．calculation; calculator　15.appointment
16．promotion　17.identify　18.classification
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．differ ______ sth. in... 在……方面与……不同
2．______ least 至少
3．stand ______ 代表
4．round ______ 使集合在一起
5．feed ______ 喂养，饲养
6．break ______ (指激烈事件)突然爆发
7．have an appetite ______ 渴望，对……有胃口
8．classify ______ 把……分成……
9．adapt ______ 适应
10．be involved ______ 与……有牵连，涉及
11．______ detail 详细地
12．name...______ 根据……命名
[答案]
1．from　2.at　3.for　4.up　5.on　6.out
7．for　8.into　9.to　10.in　11.in　12.after
Ⅳ.重点句型
1．Later, when the American War of Independence made it impossible for England to send prisoners to North America...
后来，美国独立战争使英国不能向北美输送囚犯……
2．Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals that cannot be found anywhere else in the world.
与其他大陆分离了上百万年，澳大利亚有世界上其他地方找不到的动植物。
3．Imagine you have a small garden plot, in which you can grow whatever you like.
设想你有一小块菜地，你可以在里面种植你喜欢的任何东西。
4．It was Darwin’s visit on the Beagle to the Galapagos Isles that gave him the key to his new theory.
达尔文乘坐“小猎犬”号去加拉帕戈斯群岛的活动使他获得了创建新理论的钥匙。
Ⅴ.重点语法
1．Review the Predicative(复习表语)
2．Review the Object(复习宾语)
Ⅰ.词汇聚焦
1．strengthen vt.加强，巩固 [反]weaken v．减弱，削弱
搭配：strengthen national defence巩固国防；strengthen unity加强团结
Hardship only strengthens his determination.
逆境只会坚定他的决心。
[指点迷津]
strong adj.—strength n．—strengthen vt.
Competition, they believe, ______ the national character rather than corrupt it.
A. strengthen　　　　　 B. strong
C. strength D. force
解析：句意：他们认为竞争只会增强而不会削弱民族性格。strengthen“加强，巩固”；strong adj.“强大的”；strength n．“力气”；force v．“强迫”，n.“武力”。
答案：A
2．govern vt.①统治，治理，管理②支配，影响
Britain has a queen, but it is the prime minister and the cabinet who govern.
英国有女王，但执政的是首相和内阁。
扩展：governor n.
①地方长官，州长
②主管，理事
[指点迷津]
注意辨析：govern, rule
govern通常指在拥有相当的知识水平及判断力的前提下系统地、有组织地管理、治理；rule带有很强的独裁性，指武断地、专横地统治、控制。
The old man who ______ the village is elected by the villagers.
A. governs B. governor
C. government D. rule
解析：句意：对这个村子负责的那位老人是村民们自己选出来的。govern v．“统治”，比rule语气正式；governor“州长，统治者”；government“政府”。
答案：A
3．claim n. & vt.声称，断言；索赔，索取
lay claim to声称对……有权利
make a claim for (damages)要求赔偿(损失)
complaint and claims抗议与索赔
The government’s claim that war was necessary was clearly mistaken.
政府声称战争是必然的，这说法显然是错误的。
The earthquake claimed thousands of lives.
地震夺去了数千人的生命。
[指点迷津]
claim用作及物动词表示“(有权)要求得到，要求给予”时，后面常接名词作宾语，如：claim the protection of the law“要求得到法律的保护”；claim the land“要求得到土地”。claim表示“声称”时，后面可接不定式或that从句，如：She claimed to be the daughter of a famous politician./She claimed that she was the daughter of a famous politician.她声称她是一位著名政客的女儿。也可用it作形式主语。如：It is claimed that a cure for the disease have been discovered.据称已发现治疗此病的药物。
He ______ that he could finish the job without any help.
A. claimed B. required
C. demanded D. announced
解析：句意：他声称不需要任何帮助就可以完成工作。claim“宣称，声称”；require“要求”；demand指“(坚决，强硬地)要求”；announce指对大家感兴趣的事进行宣布，如国家大事、商品信息、生死病殆、开会新闻等。
答案：A
4．distinguish v．区别，辨别
搭配：distinguish between...and...＝distinguish...from...区别……与……
We should distinguish between major and minor work and not put the trivial above the important.
工作要分主次，不能轻重倒置。
[指点迷津]
tell the differences between...and...＝tell...from...区别……与……
It is important to ______ between the rules of grammar and the conventions of written language.
A. determine B. identify
C. explore D. distinguish
解析：句意：将语法规则与书面语传统区分开来是很重要的。distinguish“区别，区分”，常与from, between连用，如distinguish between right and wrong“辨别是非”；determine“决定，确定”；identify“认出，识别，鉴定(vt.)”； explore“探测，探索，研究”。
答案：D
5．accumulate vt.堆积，积累，积聚 vi.累积，聚积
Dust and dirt soon accumulate if a house is not cleaned regularly.
房屋不按时打扫，尘土很快就越积越多。
You may accumulate a fortune if you work hard.
努力工作你就可以积蓄一笔财产。
[指点迷津]
注意与accumulate的常用搭配：accumulated funds积累的资金；accumulate a library集成书库
I went to several libraries to ______ information about the scheme.
A. assemble B. collect
C. gather D. accumulate
解析：句意：我去了几家图书馆搜集有关这个计划的信息。collect指“收集，聚集”，在集中于某一点或组成的意义上可与gather互换，但指为某种目的而进行仔细，有选择地收集时只能用collect; assemble指为某种共同目的聚集在一起，统一行动，也可表示为特定的计划而行动；gather指把分布很广，很零散的东西聚在一起或人们走到一块，汇集成一群；accumulate“积累，积聚”。
答案：B
6．appoint vt.任命，委派；约定，确定，指定(时间、地点)
appointment n．[C]约会；委任的职位 [U]约定；委派，任命
We must appoint a time to meet again.
我们必须定个时间再见面。
They appointed White (to be) manager.
他们任命怀特为经理。
We should appoint people on their merits instead of by favoritism.
我们应当任人唯贤而不应任人唯亲。
[指点迷津]
注意appoint的搭配：appoint sb. as/to be“任命某人为……”；appoint sb. to do sth.“指定某人做某事”
Mr Black is a careful and experienced engineer, so he is often ______ to finish some challenging tasks.
A. appreciated B. approached
C. appointed D. agreed
解析：appreciate“感激，欣赏”；approach“走近，接近”；agree“同意”。句意：布莱克先生既细心又有经验，所以他经常被委任去完成一些具有挑战性的任务。
答案：C
7．promote vt.①促进，增进，发扬②提升，提拔③宣传，推销(商品等)
promotion n．促进；提升
搭配：promote growth/prosperity/understanding促进增长/繁荣/了解；be/get promoted得到提升，获得晋升；be promoted from...to...从……升级为……；promote one’s product促销商品
The President’s visit has greatly promoted mutual understanding between the two countries.
总统的来访大大地增进了两国间的相互了解。
After this win, the team was promoted to the First Division.
赢了这场比赛，这支球队升级为甲级队。
[指点迷津]
注意辨析：promote, raise, increase
这几个词都可以表示“增加，促进”。promote表示“促进，增进(友谊、理解等)”，可指鼓励或帮助某事物取得成功；raise表示“举起，升起，使提高”，为日常用语，既可以表示具体事物，也可用于抽象事物，如：raise one’s interest表示“提高某人的兴趣”；increase表示“增多，增加”，侧重于数量的增加。
The company ______ the rock group’s new record by playing it often on the radio.
A. promised B. promoted
C. progressed D. proceeded
解析：句意：公司在电台反复播放摇滚乐队新唱片以进行促销。promote“促进，促销”；proceed“继续进行(前进)”；promise“许诺”；progress“取得进步”。
答案：B
8．classify vt.使集合；聚集；归类
classification n．分类，分级
搭配：classify...as...把……归类为……；classify things by/according to...根据……把事物归类；classify books by subjects按学科将图书分类
In the post－office mail is classified according to the places where it is to go.
在邮局，根据邮件的目的地对邮件进行分类。
[指点迷津]
注意与sort的区分：
classify将动物、植物、书籍、文学作品、语言等按照类别区分，以便处理(classify poems as epic, lyric, and dramatic把诗歌分为史诗、抒情诗和戏剧诗)；sort指把东西按类摆放、整理(They sorted the apples according to size.他们按大小拣选苹果。)，常与介词out连用，sort out表示“挑出，拣出”。
Children in school are ______ into grades, according to how much they know.
A. listed B. classified
C. catalogued D. combination
解析：句意：根据孩子们懂得的多少，他们在学校被分为不同的年级。classify“将……分类，分班”等；list指“将物或人等一一列出”；catalogue主要指将商品或图书等按照某种顺序较完整地编目；combination是名词，不符合句子要求。
答案：B
Ⅱ.短语突破
[指点迷津]
feed on常用于动物，live on常用于人。
There they got married and ______ their young.
A. brought B. fed
C. raised D. rose
解析：feed意为“喂”，指一具体动作；bring sb. up“抚养某人成人”；raise也可作“抚养”讲。
答案：C
The teacher gathered/rounded up the children.
老师让孩子们聚在一起。
[指点迷津]
round up后常接人或动物，而collect后常接某物作宾语。
The cowboy ______ the cattle that ______ eating the grass here and there.
A. drove up; was
B. picked up; were
C. rounded up; was
D. rounded up; were
解析：句意：放牛娃将在各处吃草的牛赶到了一块，所以第一个空应用round up，句中的round为动词。cattle作主语，谓语常用复数；drive指“把(牛、羊等)赶走”。The farmer rounded up the sheep on the grass land.农民把草地上的羊赶到了一处。
答案：D
The September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States have produced serious consequences.
“9.11”美国受到恐怖分子袭击，造成了严重的后果。
[指点迷津]
consequence指随之而发生的结果，后果；result指最后的结果，与cause(原因)相对。in consequence与as result, in consequence of与as a result of的意义相近，用法相同。
The fastest these animals can run is about 65kph and ______ their hunting methods have to be very efficient indeed.
A. at any rate B. at this rate
C. in the end D. in consequence
解析：句意：这些动物最快能以每小时65公里的速度奔跑，因此他们的狩猎方法必须非常有效。in consequence“因此，结果”；at any rate“无论如何，至少”；at this rate“照这样速度，照这样下去”；in the end“最后，终于”。
答案：D
Give me all the details of the accident—tell me what happened in detail.
给我说说事故发生的详情，详细告诉我发生了什么事。
He refused to go into details about his plan.
他不肯详细叙述计划的细节。
Knowing something as a whole is far from knowing all its ______.
A. instance B. character
C. items D. details
解析：句意：整体上了解某个事物远非指了解它的各个细节。detail“细节，详情”；instance“实例，例证”；item“条款，项目”。
答案：D
[指点迷津]
表示“时间流逝”只能用go by，而不能用pass by。
The old man was directly sent to hospital when he ______ from heart stroke.
A. passed away B. passed off
C. passed out D. passed down
解析：句意：老人因心脏病发作而失去知觉时，被直接送进医院。pass away“去世，逝世”；pass off“消失”；pass out“失去知觉，昏倒”；pass down“传给”。
答案：C
Ⅲ.句型归纳
1．It was not until the 1990s that the Australian government came to realise the importance of passing laws to strengthen the rights of the “first Australians”．直到20世纪90年代，澳大利亚政府才意识到通过法律来加强“第一批澳大利亚人”权力的重要性。
[指点迷津]
本句为not until的强调句。it引导的强调句是用来对句中某一成分加以强调，其结构为：“It is(或was)＋强调部分＋that(或who)．..”，如果被强调的主语是“人”，则可用who或that，如果被强调的部分是其他成分则必须用that。强调主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要与被强调的部分一致(即：与原主语一致)。如：
It was not until 10 o’clock that I went to bed yesterday.昨天直到10点我才上床睡觉。
It was in the street that I met John yesterday.我昨天在街上遇见了约翰。
It is I who (或that) am your true friend.我才是你真正的朋友。
It was only with the help of the local guide ______.
A. was the mountain climber rescued
B. that the mountain climber was rescued
C. when the mountain climber was rescued
D. then the mountain climber was rescued
解析：这是一个强调句，被强调部分是only with the help of the local guide，要用连词that连接。
答案：B
2．Born into a life of privilege, Joseph Banks was the son of a wealthy family.出生在一个有特别待遇的家庭，约瑟夫·班克斯是一个富人家的孩子。
bear—bore—born出生；此句中born为过去分词作状语。
[思维拓展]
born adj. 天生的，生来的
a born poet天生的诗人
Born a free man, he was now in chains.他生来是一个自由人，如今却戴上了镣铐。
______ time, he’ll make a first－class tennis player.
A. Having given B. To give
C. Giving D. Given
解析：Given time作条件状语，相当于条件状语从句If he was given time，如果给他时间，他会成为一流的网球运动员。
答案：D
3．Joseph Banks, at the age of 25, had to supply about ￡10,000 of his own money to equip the expedition.约瑟夫·班克斯25岁时，不得不亲自提供大约一万英镑去资助他的探险队。
[思维拓展]
①supply vt. 供应；提供；n. 供应，供给
The water supply here is good.这儿供水情况良好。
②provide sb. with sth.＝provide sth. for sb.向某人提供某物
The trees provide us with shade.(The trees provide shade for us.)树木为我们提供树荫。
They’ve ______ us ￡150,000 for the house. Shall we take it
A. provided B. supplied
C. shown D. offered
解析：provide和supply意为“提供”；show为“展示；给人看”；offer sb. some money for sth.意为“向某人开价多少钱买某物”，故offer合题意。
答案：D
4．What were the dangers and challenges explorers in the past faced while discovering and exploring the world’s continents？在过去，探险者们在探索世界大陆方面，面对的危险和挑战是什么？
[思维拓展]
while discovering...相当于while they were discovering...，省略了they were。
在时间、条件和让步状语从句中，若从句的主语与主句的主语一致，且从句谓语中含有be时，则从句的主语和be可一起省去。
Be careful when (you are) crossing the street.穿过马路时要小心。
I won’t attend the party unless (I am) invited.除非被邀请，否则我将不会出席这次宴会。
Though having failed several times, they never lost heart.尽管失败了好几次，但他们决没有失去信心。
When ______ by the police, he said that he remembered ______ at the party, but not ______.
A. asking; to arrive; leaving
B. asked; to arrive; to leave
C. asked; arriving; leaving
D. being asked; arriving; to leave
解析：考查非谓语动词，全句意为：当警察问他时，他说他记得到了聚会但不记得离开。根据前面When asked by the police可知，指记着所做过的事情，都用动词的－ing形式。
答案：C
5．Two－thirds of the country is dry or desert.国家的三分之二是干旱或沙漠地区。
[思维拓展]
分数的表达法
分子用基数词，分母用序数词，若分子大于1时，表示分母的序数词需加s，先读分子，后读分母，若分数前面有整数，整数与分数间用and连接。
[指点迷津]
“分数/百分数＋of＋名词”短语作主语时，谓语动词常与of后面的名词保持数的一致。
More than 70 percent of the surface is covered with water.多于70%的表面被水覆盖。
Two thirds of the apples went bad.
三分之二的苹果都坏了。
______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are
C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are
解析：本题中主语land为单数，谓语动词应用单数，故排除B、D； 中分子大于1，分母fifth应用复数。
答案：C
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