备考2011高效学习方案英语高一册：unit 10 the world around us

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Unit 10　The world around us
(2009·合肥高三质检)目前，食品安全问题引起了人们的广泛关注。一些生产厂商为了降低成本追求利润，缺乏足够的安全措施，致使一些劣质或有害食品流入市场，对人们的健康产生极大的危害。请你就此事给一家英文报刊写封信，谈谈个人看法并呼吁整个社会关注此事。
要求：词数100左右。(不包括所给内容)
参考词汇：利润—profit; 安全措施—safety measures
Dear Sir，
I’m writing to talk about the problems of food safety nowadays.________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Yours truly，
Li Hua
[参考答案]
Dear_Sir，
I’m_writing_to_talk_about_the_problems_of_food_safety_nowadays. In order to reduce the cost and make more profits, some food companies don’t take necessary safety measures to guarantee the food quality. As a result, more and more low－quality food flows into the market, doing a lot of harm to consumers’ health.
In my opinion, food is essential to human beings. We can not live without proper food. If no notice were taken of food safety, the health of the whole nation would suffer. So I call on the whole society to take action and put an end to the low－quality food. Only in this way can we live a healthier life.
Yours_truly，
Li_Hua
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．______(n.)　包裹；包
　 (vt.) 包装
2．______(n.) 数量
3．______(vt.) 减少；缩减；简化
4．______(adj.) 共同的；普遍的
5．______(vt.) 投入于；献身
6．______(adj.) 最初的；原始的；独特的
7．______(n.) 尺寸；措施
　 (vt.) 测量；测试
8．______(n.) 领导；率领；致使
　 (vi.) 通向；导致
　 (adj.) 领头的；领先的
[答案]
1．package　2.amount　3.reduce　4.common
5．devote　6.original　7.measure　8.lead
Ⅱ.词汇拓展
1．environmental→______(n.)环境
2．respond→______(n.)回答，响应
3．harmful→______(反义词)→______(n. & v．)伤害
4．brief→______(adv.)简要地
5．valuable→______(n.)价值→______(反义词)
6．common→______(adv.)一般地，通常地
7．adapt→______(同义词)→______(n.)改编者，适应者→______(n.)适应，适合，改编
8．lead→______(n.)领导者，领导人→______(n.)领导
[答案]
1．environment　2.response　3.harmless; harm
4．briefly　5.value; invaluable　6.commonly
7．adjust; adaptor; adaptation　8.leader; leadership
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．throw ______ 扔掉
2．in the ______ 在自然环境下
3．set ______ 释放
4．______ present 现在，目前
5．devote...______... 献身于……；专心于……
6．______ a difference 有关系；有影响
7．adapt ______ 适应(新环境等)
8．______ measures 采取措施
9．lead ______ 导致某种结果
10．______ a result of 由于……的结果
11．die ______ 灭绝；逐渐消失
12．______ danger 在危险中；垂危
[答案]
1．away　2.wild　3.free　4.at　5.to　6.make
7．to　8.take　9.to　10.as　11.out　12.in
Ⅳ.重点句型
1．keep构成的句型
2．If...then...如果……那么……
3．主语＋be used to ……习惯于……
4．too much...太多的……
Ⅴ.重点语法
Review Direct and Indirect Speech(复习直接引语和间接引语)
Ⅰ.词汇聚焦
1．measure v. 测量；测度；n. 尺寸；措施
[思维拓展]
①measure the rope with a ruler用尺子量绳子
The room measures 10 meters across.房间宽10米。
②take measures (to do...)采取措施(做……)
make sth. to one’s measure
按照某人的尺寸做……
for good measure另外增添；外加
③measure up符合标准；合格
They found a stone ball in the cave, which ______ about 2 metres across.
A. measured　　　　　　 B. was measured
C. weighed D. was weighed
解析：该题谈论的是石球的直径而非重量，故应排除C、D两项。当measure表示“有……长(宽、高等)”时为不及物动词，不用于被动语态。
答案：A
2．latest adj. 最近的
[指点迷津]
①latest是late的最高级形式，“最近的；最新的”
the latest news最新消息
the latest fashion最新样式
②late
be late for迟到(adj.)
come late来迟(adv.)
late into the night到深夜(adv.)
③later稍后，随后
later on以后，后来(只作状语)(adv.)
twenty years later二十年后(用于过去时态)(adv.)
sooner or later迟早，总有一天(adv.)
See you later.一会儿见。(adv.)
④lately(＝recently)近来，最近(adv.)
⑤last最末的(地)；紧接前面的；刚过去的；最不可能的
the last lesson最后一课(adj.)
the last man to tell a lie最不可能说谎的人(adj.)
arrive last最后一个到达(adv.)
⑥latter后面的，末了(尾)的
the latter half of the year下半年(adj.)
the former 前者
the latter 后者(n.)
Of the two ______ pieces of news the ______ is more of interest than the former.
A. last; latest B. latest; later
C. latest; latter D. latter; last
解析：“最新的两则消息”应为the two latest pieces of news; “后者”须用the latter，对应“前者” the former，故正确答案为C。
答案：C
3．devote vt. 把(时间、精力等)贡献给……，致力于……
[思维拓展]
devote oneself(one’s life, one’s time, one’s energy) to sth./doing sth.(＝be devoted to sth./doing sth.)把生命(时间、精力等)投入到……，专心致志于……
devoted adj. 疼爱的，忠实的，喜欢的
[注]devote...to...(be devoted to...)中的to是介词，后接名词或v.－ing形式，不接不定式。
[指点迷津]
下列动词短语中的to都是介词：
look forward to盼望，pay attention to注意，lead to导致，通向， stick to坚持，object to反对，get down to着手做，be reduced to沦为，降为，look up to尊敬，point to指向，see to注意，处理，照料，turn to求助于
Her son, to whom she was so ______， went abroad ten years ago.
A. loved B. cared
C. Devoted D. affected
解析：be devoted to sb.＝love sb. devoted可用作表语和定语，表示“疼爱的，忠实的，喜欢的”，又如：a devoted friend忠实的朋友。本句中介词to已移至引导词whom前。
答案：C
4．dare vt. & v. aux 敢；胆敢
[指点迷津]
①dare可作实义动词，第三人称单数形式为dares；过去式和过去分词都是dared；现在分词形式daring；后接带to的不定式；用于疑问句、否定句时须用助动词do, does和did。如：
He dares to think and to act.他敢想敢干。
②dare可用作情态动词，“敢于”；无第三人称单数形式，其过去式为dared；多用于否定句、疑问句及条件状语从句中。如：
Dare you go out alone at night
你敢在晚上一个人出去吗？
I wonder how he ______ that to her mother.
A. dare to say B. dare saying
C. not dare say D. dared say
解析：此题考查dare作情态动词的用法；dare用作情态动词，后接动词原形，其过去式为dared；若用作实义动词，应有人称、时态的变化，且其后应接带to的不定式。
答案：D
5．common adj. 共同的；普遍的
[指点迷津]
①common普通的；常见的；强调经常发生，司空见惯，可修饰人或物。也可指共同的，共有的。
The two have nothing in common.
两者没有共同之处。
②ordinary强调等级和类属方面的普通、平常。指人时，表示既不显赫也不低贱；指物时，表示品质或质地属于一般水平。
His abilities were hardly above the ordinary.他的能力平常。(并不出色)
③usual通常的，惯常的，惯例的。强调依照常例来判断。
He wore his usual blue uniform.
他穿着他常穿的那套蓝制服。
These mistakes are very ______ among students, so we’re not surprised if you do wrong.
A. ordinary B. common
C. usual D. normal
解析：分析题意可知，此处表示“常见的，普遍的”意义，只有B项正确，而D项表示“正规的”，“(不出现意外的)正常的”。
答案：B
6．lead v. 领导；致使；通向 (led, led); adj. 领头的；领先的
[思维拓展]
带介词to的动词短语：
lead to (＝cause)导致，引起；通向
stick to坚持，粘住
look forward to盼望
devote oneself to献身于……
come close to即将
object to反对
pay attention to注意
be used to习惯于……
refer to参考；查阅
pay a visit to拜访
prefer...to...更喜欢……而不……
point to指向
tie...to将……系或绑到……
[指点迷津]
stick to坚持(对愿望、原则、决定、诺言、意见、理想或某种理论的坚持)
insist on坚持(坚持主张或坚决要求某事)
persist in坚持(含有固执己见的意思)
No matter what you say, I’ll ______ my own opinion.
A. lead to B. insist on
C. carry out D. stick to
解析：A“导致，通向”，意思不对。B“坚持”，表示坚持主张或坚决要求做某事。C“执行，实施”。D“坚持”，一般指对意见、原则等的坚持。
答案：D
7．respond v. 回答；响应
[思维拓展]
He responded to my suggestion with a laugh/by laughing.他对我的提议的反应是大笑。
②respond to＋名词/代词，“(病)有好转；有反应”。
The disease failed to respond to drugs.药物对这种病没有作用。
Ⅱ.短语突破
1．at present现在；目前
[思维拓展]
at present (＝now; at the present time)目前
for the present (＝for the time being)眼下，暂时
presently (＝soon)不久
in the present case在目前的情况下
be present at (be absent from)出席(缺席)
the present chairman现任主席
the people present出席的(在场的)人们
present sb. with sth.将某物赠给某人
All the people ______ at the party were his supporters.
A. present B. thankful
C. interested D. important
解析：present意为“出席的；在场的”，作后置定语。
答案：A
2．set free释放
[思维拓展]
set vt. 放，安置，竖，立；vi. 落下(尤指日月)；n. 套，幅
set sb. free (＝free sb.)使某人获得自由，释放某人
set out to do (＝set about doing)着手做
set an example to sb.(＝set sb. an example)
为某人树立榜样
set out/off (for some place)动身去……
set up立/竖/建起来
be set in...以……为背景
set fire to...(＝set...on fire)放火烧
Those armymen rebelled and ______ a so－called “country” of their own.
A. set about B. set up
C. put up D. held up
解析：set about“开始”，set up“建立”，put up“搭建”(无抽象含义)，hold up“举起，阻滞”。四个选项只有set up可表示“建立(一个组织、国家)”。
答案：B
3．When farmers cut down trees, tigers can no longer hide and hunt.农民把树砍伐后，老虎就无处藏身和寻食了。
no longer 不再
[思维拓展]
①no longer“不再”，在句中一般置于助动词或连系动词之后，实义动词之前，也可用not...any longer。
He no longer works here.＝He doesn’t work here any longer.他不在此工作了。
②no more和no longer都表示“不再”，但往往用no more表示“(数量)不再增加”，而用no longer表示“(时间或动作)不再延续”。
There is no more money.没有钱了。
He won’t come to see me any more.
他再也不来看我了。
4．throw away扔掉
[思维拓展]
throw away扔掉
throw...at...向着……扔……
throw sb. sth.(＝throw sth. to sb.)把……扔给……
throw open猛然打开……
throw a glance of看一眼……
throw on/off匆匆穿上/脱下
throw sb. into prison把某人关进监狱
throw doubt on对……产生怀疑
What a pity! He ______ the only chance of success.
A. threw away B. put down
C. gave in D. broke off
解析：throw away“扔掉；坐失(良机等)”；put down“写下，记下；平息”；give in“屈服，投降”；break off“折断”。根据句意“他失去了最后的成功机会，真遗憾！”，答案应为throw away。
答案：A
5．Steve Jones is an environmental expert who tries to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered.斯蒂夫·琼斯是个环保专家，致力于保护动物免于濒危。
keep...from doing...阻止……做……
[思维拓展]
stop sb. (from) doing sth.
阻止某人做某事(from可省)
prevent sb. (from) doing sth.
阻止某人做某事(from可省)
keep sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做某事(from不省)
keep sb. doing sth.使某人一直做某事
[注]在被动语态中，from一般不省略。
When asked why he was absent from yesterday’s meeting, he said he had been ______ coming by the storm.
A. stopped from B. prevented
C. kept D. stopped
解析：在stop/prevent...from doing sth.固定结构中，from可以省略，但在被动语态中，from一般不省略。
答案：A
6．as a result of作为……的结果
[思维拓展]
as a/the result of...(＝because of...)(＝owing/thanks to...)由于……的原因(后接原因)
without result毫无结果；徒劳
result from...因……而引起；是产生……的原因
result in (＝cause)导致；致使
Rose was wild with joy ______ the result of the examination.
A. to B. at
C. by D. as
解析：受思维定势的影响，该题易错选为D。be wild with joy at...“因……而欣喜若狂”，at在某些形容词后表示原因。
答案：B
7．die out 灭绝；逐渐消失
[思维拓展]
die out (家族、观念等)灭绝，消失；(物种)灭绝
Many old customs are dying out.
很多古老的习俗正在消失。
die away(声音、风、光线等)逐渐消失，渐弱
It’s getting dark and the wind died away.
天渐渐黑了，风也小了。
die down减势；(情绪)平静下来
The excitement died down.兴奋的情绪平静了下来。
die off一个接一个地死去
As he got older, his relatives all died off.
随着他年纪的增长，他的亲戚都相继去世了。
As the air is being polluted, many kinds of wild animals are ______.
A. died B. dying down
C. dying out D. death
解析：die为不及物动词，不能用被动语态，排除A项；death为名词，“死亡”不合题意；根据题意应为“灭绝”。
答案：C
Ⅲ.句型归纳
1．..., we may be able to take measures before it is too late. ……我们就能够及时采取措施。
[指点迷津]
before引导的状语从句常常意为“在……之前；还没来得及；……之后，才……”。如：
Before she could move, she heard a great noise, which grew to a terrible roar.她还没来得及跑，就听到一个巨大的声音逐渐变成可怕的轰鸣声。(还没来得及)
However, before she could think twice, the water was upon her.然而，她还没来得及再考虑，水已经到了她跟前。(还没来得及)
Three weeks went by before she realized her mistakes.三周过去了，她才意识到自己的错误。(……之后，才……)
It was not long before the whole country rose up and drove the enemy out of their country.不久以后，整个国家就起义，把敌人赶出了他们的国土。(It wasn’t long before...不久就……)
The American Civil War lasted four years ______ the North won in the end.
A. after B. before
C. when D. then
解析：本题考查连词用法。句意：美国南北战争持续了四年，北方才最终取得胜利。
答案：B
Scientists say it may be five or six years ______ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.
A. since B. after
C. before D. when
解析：句意为“科学家说这种药要再过五、六年才有可能在病人身上实验”。考查before作为“……之后，才……”的用法。
答案：C
2．“...but we don’t always do as we say，” Steve says as he takes us on a tour of Green Park in Birmingham.“……但我们并非总是言行一致的”。史蒂夫带领我们参观伯明翰的绿色公园时说。
句中两个as都是连词，第一个意为“如……；像……”；第二个as意为“当……的时候”。
[指点迷津]
①as conj. 引导状语从句
a．引导时间状语从句，与while相近，强调主从句谓语动词的动作同时发生，或某事一发生，另一事立即发生。
b．引导原因状语从句，与because相近，“由于，因为”，指大家共知的原因。
c．引导方式状语从句，“如，像”。
d．引导让步状语从句，“尽管；虽然；即使”。形容词、副词、动词原形等位于as之前，为倒装句。
e．引导比较状语从句，用于as...as结构中。
f．as...as possible＝as...as one can/could尽可能地……。
②as prep. 作为，如同；像……
She spoke of me as her dearest friend.
她谈起我如同她最亲密的朋友似的。
③as relative pron. 引导定语从句
Such ideas as he hits on are worthless.
像他那偶然想起的主意是无用的。
As you know, this is also part of our work.
如你所知，这也是我们工作的一部分。
④固定短语
as a whole总体上
as to关于
as usual像往常那样
as above如上
as well也、又、和
as it is事实上
as follows如下
leave...as it is照原样
as for就……而言
as a result (of)结果
______ has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month.
A. That B. As
C. It D. What
解析：正如宣布的那样，下月我们将进行期末考试。此处为非限制性定语从句的考查。四个选项中，只有as可以引导非限制性定语从句。
答案：B
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