介词
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课件33张PPT。介词的分类与语法功能
介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、
代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等）
构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。
常见的介词宾语：名词、代词、动名词、从句、
介词分为：简单介词，如at、in、for等；
合成介词，如within、inside、onto…
短语介词，如according to、out of、
because of、by means of、
双重介词，如from behind / above / under、
分词介词，如considering、including、
主要介词区别: 表示时间的at, in, on In:表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用
介词in
On:在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on ;
用于描述性的时间: On a cold night
At:表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。
They set out _____ a Monday morning.
They got home _____ noon.
They usually played basketball ____ the evening, and
that game was held____ a warm evening.ononatin地点介词at、on、in
at ：在较小的场所，
In：1）在较大的场所; 2）表示在某物内部
On：在……的 表面上。 He lives _____ 55 Park street.
There is a book _____ the table.
There is an interesting article ___ the newspaper./
He dug a hole ____ the wall.onatinin表示地理位置的in, on, to：
若A地属于B地，用in;
A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接用on；
A地位于B地的外面无边缘的衔接有to。
Japan lies ____ the east of China.
Fujian lies ___ the southeast of China. Canada lies ____ the north of the USA.
China faces the Pacific ____ the east.
Ningbo is a city _____ the coast. The island lies ____ the coast of China.(相隔一定距离) ontoinononoff与名词所有格连用表示地点，也用 at。如：
_____ my sister’s 在我姐姐家
_____ the doctor’s 在医务室
atat
___ the tree (多指树外之物)
___the tree (多指树本身之物) 在树上
inon在某些搭配中，三者的区别与英国英语和美国英语有关：
in the street (英) / on the street (美) 在街上
in the road (英) / on the road (美) 在路上
in the team (英) / on the team (美) 在这个队
at the weekend (英) / on the weekend (美) 在周末
at weekends (英) / on weekends (美) 在周末
表示时间的since和from：
since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。
from表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系。
一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。
I hope to do morning exercises _____ today.
We have not seen each other ______ 1995.
Since then, she ______________ as a teacher here.
From then on, she ______ as a teacher here.fromsincehas workedworkedtill、until
①till (until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连
用一般用在否定句中。如：
He waited for me till twelve o’clock.
He didn’t get up till (until) 10 a.m.
但注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。如： Not until 10 a.m. did he get up.他等到我12点.
他直到10点才起床in、after、later
①in + 一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，
与一般将来时连用；
但表示“在……之内”时，用于各种时态。 ②after + 一段时间表示：“在过去一段时间之后”，用于一般过去时；
+一点时间时，用于各种时态。
The doctor will be with us ____ six minutes.
We will meet again ____ two weeks. He received her letter _____four weeks.
He will receiver her letter _____ 2 o’clock.
另外，in + 一段时间 + ’s + time 与 within + 一段时间的用法如下： in a week’s time = in a week They will arrive in three days’ time.(与将来时连用) in=withininafterafterAcross / through
Across表示从一端至另一端横跨’横渡;
在物体表面上的通过，与on有关
through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。与in 有关；
表示透过,通过带洞的物体.
It took them 6 weeks to walk ______ the great desert.. I walked ________ the forest / the crowd.
The moonlight went ___________ the window.
He studied the sky ___________ the telescope.
He swam __________ the river within 5 minutes.acrossacrossthroughthroughthroughA little boat is now ______ the bridge. The sun sinks ______ the horizon(地平线) The window is well ______ the tree. The earth lay __________ a blanket of snow.
She spread a cloth ______ the table.表示“在……的上面” 的on, over，above:
On:在物体表面上,相接触的.反义词:beneath
over表示“正上方; 还可表示“越过””覆盖”. 反义词是under
above只表示“在上方”但不一定在“正上方”。反义词是 below
还可表示温度、水位等“高于”
There is a bridge ______ the river
Our plane flew _______ the clouds.
There is a picture ____ the wall.overaboveunderbelowaboveonoverbeneathThis problem is above me.
这个问题我无能为力。
He may think himself above others.
他也许自以为高人一等。below与under
都可表示“低于”，under 主要表示垂直在下的正下方，
而 below 则不一定表示正下方(可以是正下方或非正下方)
Look in the cupboard ________________ the sink.
到洗碗池下面的柜子里找一找。
The climbers stopped 300 meters ________ the
top of the mountain.
登山队员们在离山顶 300 米处停了下来。
换句话说，表示正下方，两者都可用；不表示正下方，
则通常用below。
below [under]belowbelow与under
2. 两者均可表示数量方面的“少于”，但在现代英语中，
以用 under 为多见。如：
There were _______ forty people at the meeting.
参加会议的人不足 40 人。
注：在现代英语中，below 表示“少于”，主要用于表示
温度、高度以及有纵向标准可比的情况。如：
This place is _______ sea level. 此地在海平面以下。
The temperature is two degrees _______ zero.
温度是零下 2 度。
underbelowbelowbelow与under
3. 表示职位、级别等关系时，用 under 表直接关系，
用 below 表非直接关系。比较：
Mr A is ________ Mr B. A 先生是 B 先生的部下。
Mr A is ________ Mr B. A 先生比 B 先生职位低。
underbelowBeyond
表示位置“在……的那一边；在更远处”。
Beyond the river stood a power station．
过了这条河就是一个发电站。
表示范围、水平、限度、能力等“超出；为……所不能及”。
Your work is beyond all praise．
你的作品叫人赞扬不尽。
What you said was beyond his understanding 。
固定搭配
beyond doubt 无容置疑，确实地
beyond control 无法控制
beyond comparison 无以伦比
Beyond belief:难以置信表示方式、手段、工具的介词 with , in, by:
With:表示用具体的工具, 或用身体的某部位
In:使用语言、材料、声音;具体的确交通工具等
By: 表泛指的交通工具方式、或其它手段; 通过做…(by doing…)
____ telephone (radio),
但___ the phone/the radio/___ TV(电讯器材)，
____ hand 但 _____ one’s hands
____ bus (road) /car/by bike
但____ the red bus, ____ my car , ___ his bike , ____foot _____ a pen / pencil但 ____ ink / pencil
He killed the dog ____ a stone _____ hitting it.
The novel was written ____ easy English.
另外：by means of 用……方法， by way of 经由，取道于byononbywithbyininonwithinwithbyin表示“除……之外”的几组常用介绍比较:
①besides :除……以外，（还有）。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。 ②except:除去，除……之外（不再有）。 ③except for:除了……（对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明）
后接名词、代词或what从句 ④except that …: 除了……一点以外。Who else went to the cinema ________ Shaw. It was too late to see a film, and _______, I was tired. We all went _______ John. He was very clever _____________ carelessness. He has not changed _____________ he is wearing
dark glasses.besidesbesidesexceptexcept forexcept thatbut与except 表示“除了……以外”时可通用，但注意以下三点：
①前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。 All but one are here. Nobody but I likes making model ships.
②后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。 He has nothing to do but wait.（前有do,后省to）
③but与一些固定结构连用。 have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，
can not but do sth.不得不,
can not help but do sth.不得不……，
but for … 如不是……between与among.
Between:指两者之间。
有时虽然是三个以上的人或东西，如强调的是两两
相互间关系，适宜用between
Among: 表示三者以上之间; 与最高级连用(=one of)
Switzerland lies ______ France, Germany, Austria and Italy. It’s a secret _______ you and me.
She was busy ________ working and looking after the baby.
He was happy to be ________ friends again. London is _________the largest cities.
They don’t know the difference ________ wheat, oats and
barley.betweenbetweenbetweenbetweenamongamong表示”随着…” As(连词)/ with(介词) 意义接近的介词和连词:______ time went on, his theory proved to be correct.
______ time going on, …表示”在…期间” During(介词)/ while(连词)I’ll visit many places ________ my stay in Paris.
________ I stay in Paris. AsWithduringwhile表”虽然””尽管”的though (连词) / in spite of (despite)介词
_______ it rained hard, he went on working outside.
________________ the heavy rain, he …
表示”以防万一”的in case(介词)/ in case of(连词)
We might as well take an umbrella _______ it rains.
__________ the rain.ThoughDespite/in spite ofin casein case of表示”像…”的as(连词), like(介词)：
We must learn English _____ Marx did.
Then I made faces and jumped ______ a monkey.
Tom has the same shirt _____ mine.
Let me speak to you ___ a father.
（ as作“作为”、“以……地位或身份”解:
事实是父亲）；
aslikeasas要求接to的名词有：key、answer, road,
visit、trip, entrance、
introduction、note
assistance,等
“to”为介词的短语:
Be used to …Look forward to…Pay attention to
Be devoted to…Be addicted to…Be accustomed to
Adapt to…Adjust to…Lead to…Stick to…
Contribute to
…形似现在分词的边缘介词: concerning(关于，就……来说)： We had several discussions concerning the matter.
considering(鉴于，就……而论)： Considering his age, he writes quite well.
regarding(关于)，此词为正式用语，常用于商业信函中。 Yesterday, we had a spirited discussion regarding the
future of the reform. 关于这事，我们已讨论好几次了。以他的年龄来看，他写得相当不错。昨天，我们就改革的前途进行了一番热烈的讨论。 形似分词的边缘介词: respecting(关于，至于)： I‘m at a loss respecting his whereabouts.
wanting(没有)： Wanting courage, victory is impossible.
Including…(包括)
We are six in all including Xiaoming.
given(考虑到)： Given the present conditions, I think she's done rather well. 关于他的下落，我一无所知。 没有勇气，就不可能取得胜利。考虑到目前的条件，我认为她做得相当不错了。介词的省略:
①表示时间的介词on、at 、in的省略。
在next、last、yesterday、tomorrow、each、
one、any、every、all等词之前，可以省略
last weekend、that day等。
②介词for在以all开头的名词短语前，要省略。
I stayed with her all he morning
③某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略。 Nothing can prevent me (from) doing the job. She spent nearly two hours (in) translating it.“---How long have you been an actor?”
“---_______ 1995, when I graduated from college.”
A. After????B. In C. From????D. Since When did you become an actor?”
“_______ 1995, when I graduated from college.”
A. After???????? B. In C. From????????D. Since “How long will you work on the farm?”
“____ the end of next year.”
In???????B. By C. At??????D. Since“When did you leave the farm?”
“____ the end of last year.”
A. In??????????? B. By C. At?????? D. SinceIn those days, we had no phones, so we have to
keep in touch _____ writing often.
with??????????B. of C. on????????????D. by
We’ve talked a lot ___ films. How ___ television now?
of, with????????????? B. with, towards
C. about, about? D. for, about So far, several ships have been reported missing
_______ the coast of Bermuda Island.
off????????????B. along C. on??????????? D. around
The lift in that tall building went wrong and got
trapped _____ floors. People in it had no way
to get out.
A. in ?B. between C. among ? D. on _____ their inexperience, they’ve done a good job.
Given?????? B. Supposed
C. Considered????D. Concluded
They promise that the work will all be finished __
next week.
A. until????????????? B. in C. by?????????????D. to She knew nothing about his journey _______ he was
likely to be away for three months.
except?????B. except for C. except that?????D. in addition
He usually goes to work by bike _______ it rains.
A .except???B. except when C. except that D. except for
I found the island a wonderful place for our
experiments_______ the hot weather.
A. besides???B. except for C. except???D. except that
介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、
代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等）
构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。
常见的介词宾语：名词、代词、动名词、从句、
介词分为：简单介词，如at、in、for等；
合成介词，如within、inside、onto…
短语介词，如according to、out of、
because of、by means of、
双重介词，如from behind / above / under、
分词介词，如considering、including、
主要介词区别: 表示时间的at, in, on In:表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用
介词in
On:在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on ;
用于描述性的时间: On a cold night
At:表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。
They set out _____ a Monday morning.
They got home _____ noon.
They usually played basketball ____ the evening, and
that game was held____ a warm evening.ononatin地点介词at、on、in
at ：在较小的场所，
In：1）在较大的场所; 2）表示在某物内部
On：在……的 表面上。 He lives _____ 55 Park street.
There is a book _____ the table.
There is an interesting article ___ the newspaper./
He dug a hole ____ the wall.onatinin表示地理位置的in, on, to：
若A地属于B地，用in;
A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接用on；
A地位于B地的外面无边缘的衔接有to。
Japan lies ____ the east of China.
Fujian lies ___ the southeast of China. Canada lies ____ the north of the USA.
China faces the Pacific ____ the east.
Ningbo is a city _____ the coast. The island lies ____ the coast of China.(相隔一定距离) ontoinononoff与名词所有格连用表示地点，也用 at。如：
_____ my sister’s 在我姐姐家
_____ the doctor’s 在医务室
atat
___ the tree (多指树外之物)
___the tree (多指树本身之物) 在树上
inon在某些搭配中，三者的区别与英国英语和美国英语有关：
in the street (英) / on the street (美) 在街上
in the road (英) / on the road (美) 在路上
in the team (英) / on the team (美) 在这个队
at the weekend (英) / on the weekend (美) 在周末
at weekends (英) / on weekends (美) 在周末
表示时间的since和from：
since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。
from表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系。
一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。
I hope to do morning exercises _____ today.
We have not seen each other ______ 1995.
Since then, she ______________ as a teacher here.
From then on, she ______ as a teacher here.fromsincehas workedworkedtill、until
①till (until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连
用一般用在否定句中。如：
He waited for me till twelve o’clock.
He didn’t get up till (until) 10 a.m.
但注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。如： Not until 10 a.m. did he get up.他等到我12点.
他直到10点才起床in、after、later
①in + 一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，
与一般将来时连用；
但表示“在……之内”时，用于各种时态。 ②after + 一段时间表示：“在过去一段时间之后”，用于一般过去时；
+一点时间时，用于各种时态。
The doctor will be with us ____ six minutes.
We will meet again ____ two weeks. He received her letter _____four weeks.
He will receiver her letter _____ 2 o’clock.
另外，in + 一段时间 + ’s + time 与 within + 一段时间的用法如下： in a week’s time = in a week They will arrive in three days’ time.(与将来时连用) in=withininafterafterAcross / through
Across表示从一端至另一端横跨’横渡;
在物体表面上的通过，与on有关
through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。与in 有关；
表示透过,通过带洞的物体.
It took them 6 weeks to walk ______ the great desert.. I walked ________ the forest / the crowd.
The moonlight went ___________ the window.
He studied the sky ___________ the telescope.
He swam __________ the river within 5 minutes.acrossacrossthroughthroughthroughA little boat is now ______ the bridge. The sun sinks ______ the horizon(地平线) The window is well ______ the tree. The earth lay __________ a blanket of snow.
She spread a cloth ______ the table.表示“在……的上面” 的on, over，above:
On:在物体表面上,相接触的.反义词:beneath
over表示“正上方; 还可表示“越过””覆盖”. 反义词是under
above只表示“在上方”但不一定在“正上方”。反义词是 below
还可表示温度、水位等“高于”
There is a bridge ______ the river
Our plane flew _______ the clouds.
There is a picture ____ the wall.overaboveunderbelowaboveonoverbeneathThis problem is above me.
这个问题我无能为力。
He may think himself above others.
他也许自以为高人一等。below与under
都可表示“低于”，under 主要表示垂直在下的正下方，
而 below 则不一定表示正下方(可以是正下方或非正下方)
Look in the cupboard ________________ the sink.
到洗碗池下面的柜子里找一找。
The climbers stopped 300 meters ________ the
top of the mountain.
登山队员们在离山顶 300 米处停了下来。
换句话说，表示正下方，两者都可用；不表示正下方，
则通常用below。
below [under]belowbelow与under
2. 两者均可表示数量方面的“少于”，但在现代英语中，
以用 under 为多见。如：
There were _______ forty people at the meeting.
参加会议的人不足 40 人。
注：在现代英语中，below 表示“少于”，主要用于表示
温度、高度以及有纵向标准可比的情况。如：
This place is _______ sea level. 此地在海平面以下。
The temperature is two degrees _______ zero.
温度是零下 2 度。
underbelowbelowbelow与under
3. 表示职位、级别等关系时，用 under 表直接关系，
用 below 表非直接关系。比较：
Mr A is ________ Mr B. A 先生是 B 先生的部下。
Mr A is ________ Mr B. A 先生比 B 先生职位低。
underbelowBeyond
表示位置“在……的那一边；在更远处”。
Beyond the river stood a power station．
过了这条河就是一个发电站。
表示范围、水平、限度、能力等“超出；为……所不能及”。
Your work is beyond all praise．
你的作品叫人赞扬不尽。
What you said was beyond his understanding 。
固定搭配
beyond doubt 无容置疑，确实地
beyond control 无法控制
beyond comparison 无以伦比
Beyond belief:难以置信表示方式、手段、工具的介词 with , in, by:
With:表示用具体的工具, 或用身体的某部位
In:使用语言、材料、声音;具体的确交通工具等
By: 表泛指的交通工具方式、或其它手段; 通过做…(by doing…)
____ telephone (radio),
但___ the phone/the radio/___ TV(电讯器材)，
____ hand 但 _____ one’s hands
____ bus (road) /car/by bike
但____ the red bus, ____ my car , ___ his bike , ____foot _____ a pen / pencil但 ____ ink / pencil
He killed the dog ____ a stone _____ hitting it.
The novel was written ____ easy English.
另外：by means of 用……方法， by way of 经由，取道于byononbywithbyininonwithinwithbyin表示“除……之外”的几组常用介绍比较:
①besides :除……以外，（还有）。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。 ②except:除去，除……之外（不再有）。 ③except for:除了……（对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明）
后接名词、代词或what从句 ④except that …: 除了……一点以外。Who else went to the cinema ________ Shaw. It was too late to see a film, and _______, I was tired. We all went _______ John. He was very clever _____________ carelessness. He has not changed _____________ he is wearing
dark glasses.besidesbesidesexceptexcept forexcept thatbut与except 表示“除了……以外”时可通用，但注意以下三点：
①前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。 All but one are here. Nobody but I likes making model ships.
②后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。 He has nothing to do but wait.（前有do,后省to）
③but与一些固定结构连用。 have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，
can not but do sth.不得不,
can not help but do sth.不得不……，
but for … 如不是……between与among.
Between:指两者之间。
有时虽然是三个以上的人或东西，如强调的是两两
相互间关系，适宜用between
Among: 表示三者以上之间; 与最高级连用(=one of)
Switzerland lies ______ France, Germany, Austria and Italy. It’s a secret _______ you and me.
She was busy ________ working and looking after the baby.
He was happy to be ________ friends again. London is _________the largest cities.
They don’t know the difference ________ wheat, oats and
barley.betweenbetweenbetweenbetweenamongamong表示”随着…” As(连词)/ with(介词) 意义接近的介词和连词:______ time went on, his theory proved to be correct.
______ time going on, …表示”在…期间” During(介词)/ while(连词)I’ll visit many places ________ my stay in Paris.
________ I stay in Paris. AsWithduringwhile表”虽然””尽管”的though (连词) / in spite of (despite)介词
_______ it rained hard, he went on working outside.
________________ the heavy rain, he …
表示”以防万一”的in case(介词)/ in case of(连词)
We might as well take an umbrella _______ it rains.
__________ the rain.ThoughDespite/in spite ofin casein case of表示”像…”的as(连词), like(介词)：
We must learn English _____ Marx did.
Then I made faces and jumped ______ a monkey.
Tom has the same shirt _____ mine.
Let me speak to you ___ a father.
（ as作“作为”、“以……地位或身份”解:
事实是父亲）；
aslikeasas要求接to的名词有：key、answer, road,
visit、trip, entrance、
introduction、note
assistance,等
“to”为介词的短语:
Be used to …Look forward to…Pay attention to
Be devoted to…Be addicted to…Be accustomed to
Adapt to…Adjust to…Lead to…Stick to…
Contribute to
…形似现在分词的边缘介词: concerning(关于，就……来说)： We had several discussions concerning the matter.
considering(鉴于，就……而论)： Considering his age, he writes quite well.
regarding(关于)，此词为正式用语，常用于商业信函中。 Yesterday, we had a spirited discussion regarding the
future of the reform. 关于这事，我们已讨论好几次了。以他的年龄来看，他写得相当不错。昨天，我们就改革的前途进行了一番热烈的讨论。 形似分词的边缘介词: respecting(关于，至于)： I‘m at a loss respecting his whereabouts.
wanting(没有)： Wanting courage, victory is impossible.
Including…(包括)
We are six in all including Xiaoming.
given(考虑到)： Given the present conditions, I think she's done rather well. 关于他的下落，我一无所知。 没有勇气，就不可能取得胜利。考虑到目前的条件，我认为她做得相当不错了。介词的省略:
①表示时间的介词on、at 、in的省略。
在next、last、yesterday、tomorrow、each、
one、any、every、all等词之前，可以省略
last weekend、that day等。
②介词for在以all开头的名词短语前，要省略。
I stayed with her all he morning
③某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略。 Nothing can prevent me (from) doing the job. She spent nearly two hours (in) translating it.“---How long have you been an actor?”
“---_______ 1995, when I graduated from college.”
A. After????B. In C. From????D. Since When did you become an actor?”
“_______ 1995, when I graduated from college.”
A. After???????? B. In C. From????????D. Since “How long will you work on the farm?”
“____ the end of next year.”
In???????B. By C. At??????D. Since“When did you leave the farm?”
“____ the end of last year.”
A. In??????????? B. By C. At?????? D. SinceIn those days, we had no phones, so we have to
keep in touch _____ writing often.
with??????????B. of C. on????????????D. by
We’ve talked a lot ___ films. How ___ television now?
of, with????????????? B. with, towards
C. about, about? D. for, about So far, several ships have been reported missing
_______ the coast of Bermuda Island.
off????????????B. along C. on??????????? D. around
The lift in that tall building went wrong and got
trapped _____ floors. People in it had no way
to get out.
A. in ?B. between C. among ? D. on _____ their inexperience, they’ve done a good job.
Given?????? B. Supposed
C. Considered????D. Concluded
They promise that the work will all be finished __
next week.
A. until????????????? B. in C. by?????????????D. to She knew nothing about his journey _______ he was
likely to be away for three months.
except?????B. except for C. except that?????D. in addition
He usually goes to work by bike _______ it rains.
A .except???B. except when C. except that D. except for
I found the island a wonderful place for our
experiments_______ the hot weather.
A. besides???B. except for C. except???D. except that