unit 1 great scientists同步练习
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Unit 1 Great scientists 同步练习
Ⅰ.听力 （略）
Ⅱ.完形填空
A successful scientist is generally a good observer. He makes full 1 of the facts he observes. He doesn’t accept ideas which are not 2 on obvious facts，and therefore refuses to accept authority(权威) as the only 3 for truth. He always 4 ideas carefully and makes experiments? to prove them.?
The rise of 5 science may perhaps be considered to 6 as far back as the 7 of Roger Bacon，the wonderful philosopher of Oxford，who lived 8 the years 1214 and 1292.He was probably the first in the Middle 9 to suggest that we should learn science 10 observing and experimenting on the things around us，and he himself 11 many important discoveries.?
Galileo，however，who lived more than 300 years later，was the greatest of several great men， 12 lived in Italy，France，Germany，or England，began by 13 to show how many ?important?
14 could be discovered by observation. Before Galileo，learned men believed that large bodies fell more 15 towards the earth than small ones， 16 Aristotle said so. But Galileo，going to the 17 of the Leaning Tower of Pisa，let fall two 18 stones and proved Aristotle was wrong. It was Galileo’s 19 of going direct to Nature，and proving our 20 and theories by experiment，that has led to all the discoveries of modern science.?
1.A.use B.time C.speed D.trust?
1.答案:A?
提示:make full use of为固定短语，意为“充分利用”。这里指充分采用他所观察的事实。
2.A.worked B.based C.lived D.written?
2.答案:B?
提示:be based on意思为“以……为?根据”。?这里指以明显的事实为依据。
3.A.reason B.cause C.advice D.result?
3.答案:A?
提示:这里表述的是他不认为权威就是真理的理由。cause强调的是“根源”，reason强调的是“理由”。
4.A.thinks B.checks C.has D.learn?
4.答案:B?
提示:根据后面的内容，可以推知他总是仔细审核观点并做试验来验证。
5.A.natural B.physical C.ancient D.modern?
5.答案:D?
提示:从此句后半部分以及本文最后一句可以知道应该是指现代科学。
6.A.date B.keep C.look D.take?
6.答案:A?
提示:date back(to...)为固定短语，意思是“追溯到……时间”。符合题意。
7.A.study B.time C.year D.birth?
7.答案:B?
提示:此处time意思是“时代、时期”。
8.A.both B.each C.between D.among?
8.答案:C?
提示:根据句意，此处指的是生活在1214年和1292年之间，而不是生活在这两年，故答案应该选C。
9.A.Schools B.Ages C.Days D.Countries?
9.答案:B?
提示:此处the Middle Ages是指“中世纪”，age意思是“时代、时期”。
10.A.in B.with C.on D.by?
10.答案:D?
提示:此处句意为“我们必须通过对我们周围的事情进行观察和做实验来学科学”。另外，on和by都有“靠、凭借”的意思，但是on后常常接名词或代词；by后接动名词。
11.A.did B.made C.took D.gave?
11.答案:B?
提示:make a discovery为固定短语，意思是“发现”。在此符合题意。
12.A.who B.when C.that D.where?
12.答案:A?
提示:此处who引导一个定语从句，who指代前面的the greatest(of several great men)。
13.A.ways B.degrees C.levels D.chance?
13.答案:B?
提示:此处by degrees为一个固定短语，相当于gradually，意思是“渐渐地、逐渐地”。在此符合题意。
14.A.truths B.problems C.people D.subjects?
14.答案:A?
提示:根据语境，此处是指通过观察、实验来发现真理(truth)，而不是问题。
15.A.slowly B.rapidly C.lightly D.heavily?
15.答案:B?
提示:此处讲述的是在伽利略之前的所谓有学问的科学家的观点，而这种想法后来被伽利略证明是错误的。
16.A.when B.because C.although D.if?
16.答案:B?
提示:这里所说的“large bodies fell more rapidly towards the earth than small ones”的观点，其实是指当时亚里斯多德的观点，当时人们都把他当作权威。
17.A.place B.foot C.top D.ceiling?
17.答案:C?
提示:此处指这一试验是在比萨斜塔的顶上进行的，因此答案应该填C项。
18.A.big B.small C.equal D.unequal
18.答案:D?
提示:根据上文所说的，人们相信大物体总比小物体下落快。为了做实验来验证亚里斯多德的这一观点，伽利略到比萨斜塔的顶上同时放下两个体积不等的石块。?
19.A.spirit B.skill C.theory D.discovery?
19.答案:A?
提示:从上文可以看出，这就是伽利略直接走向大自然的精神，也正是由于伽利略这一深入事物本质，并通过实验证明观点和理论的精神引领了所有现代科学的发现。此处spirit意思是“精神”。
20.A.plans B.opinions C.world D.ability
20.答案:B?
提示:此处opinion意思是“观点”。伽利略证明我们的观点和理论的精神引领了所有现代科学的发现。
Ⅲ.阅读理解
?A
Whatever our differences as human beings are，we all think we’re more like the rest of the animal world than we realize. It is said that we share 40 percent of our genetic structure with the simple worm.?
But that fact has helped Sir John Sulston win the 2002 Nobel Prize for Medicine. Sir John is the founder of the Sanger Institute in Cambridge，which was set up in 1992 to get further understanding of the human genome.?
To help them do this, they turned to the worm. The nematode(线虫类的)worm is one of the earliest creatures on earth. It is less than one millimeter log，completely transparent(透明的)and spends its entire life-digging holes through sand. But it still has lots to say about human life，and what can be done to make it better.?
What the worm told Sir John and his colleagues was that each of the cells in the human body is programmed like a computer. They grow，develop and die according to a set of instructions that are coded in our genetic make-up.?
Many of the diseases that humans suffer from happen when these instructions go wrong or are not obeyed. When the cell refuses to die but carries on growing instead，this leads to cancer. Heart attacks and diseases like AIDS cause more cell deaths than normal，increasing the damage they do to the body. Sir John was the first scientist to prove the existence of programmed cell death.?
1. Sir John Sulston got a Nobel Prize for Medicine because he has______.?
A. found that human beings are similar to the worm?
B. got the fact we share 40 percent of our genetic structure with the simple worm?
C. found the computer which controls each of the cells in the human body?
D. proved that cell death is programmed?
1.答案:D?
提示:根据文章第二段以及文章最后一句可以判断出只有D项符合题意。
2. People might be seriously ill if the cells in their body_______.?
A. grow without being instructed?
B. die regularly?
C. fail to follow people’s instructions?
D. develop in the human body?
2.答案:A?
提示:根据最后一段第一句“Many of the diseases that humans suffer from happen when these instructions go wrong or are not obeyed.”可以得出只有A项符合题意。
3. The underlined word “they” refers to“________”.?
A. cell deaths B. diseases
C. instructions D. cells?
3.答案:B?
提示:根据最后一段倒数第二句“Heart attacks and diseases like AIDS cause more cell deaths than normal，increasing the damage they do to the body.”理解可判断出they指代的是前面的diseases。
4.What is the subject discussed in the text？?
A. The theory of programmed cell deaths.?
B. A great scientist—Sir John Sulston.?
C. The programmed human life.?
D. The genetic structure.
4.答案:A?
提示:根据文章最后一段最后一句“Sir John was the first scientist to prove the existence of programmed cell death.”可以推知此答案。
?B
What makes a person a scientist？Does he have ways or tools of learning that are different from those of others？The answer is “no”. It isn’t the tools a scientist uses but how he uses these tools which make him a scientist. You will probably agree that knowing how to use a power ?is? important to a carpenter(木匠).You will probably agree，too，that knowing how to investigate(调查)，how to discover information，is important to everyone. The scientist，however，goes one step further；he must be sure that he has a reasonable answer to his questions and that his ?answer? he gets to many questions is into a large set of ideas about how the world works.?
The scientist’s knowledge must be exact. There’s no room for half right or right just half the time. He must be as nearly right as the conditions permit. What works under one set of conditions at one time must work under the same conditions at other times. If the conditions are different，any changes the scientist observes in a demonstration(实证)must be explained by the changes in the conditions. This is one reason why investigations are important in science. Albert Einstein，who developed the ?Theory of Relativity?，arrived at this theory through mathematics. The accuracy(正确性)of his mathematics was later tested through investigation. Einstein’s ideas were proved to be correct. A scientist uses many tools for measurements. Then the measurements are used to make mathematical calculations(计算)that may test his investigations.?
5.What makes a scientist according to the passage？?
A. The tools he uses.
B. His ways of learning.?
C. The way he uses his tools.?
D. The various tools he uses.?
5.答案:C?
提示:由第一段“It isn't...but how he uses...scientist”可知答案选C。
6.“...knowing how to investigate，how to discover information，is important to everyone.” The writer says this to show_______.?
A. the importance of information?
B. the difference between scientists and ordinary people?
C. the importance of thinking?
D. the difference between carpenters and ordinary people?
6.答案:C?
提示:第一段“...knowing how to ?investigate...”?强调知道怎样去调查，去获取信息，即一种思考的过程，暗示思维的重要性。
7.A sound scientific theory should be one that_______.
A. works under one set of conditions at one time and also works under the same conditions at other times?
B. doesn’t allow any change even under different conditions?
D. can be used for many purposes?
7.答案:A?
提示:由第二段“What works...times”可知。
8.What is the main idea of the passage？?
A. Scientists are different from ordinary people.?
B. The Theory of Relativity?.?
C. Exactness is the core(核心)of science.?
D. Exactness and way of using tools are the keys to making of a scientist.?
8.答案:D?
提示:文章第一段主要讲述合理利用工具的重要性，第二段主要说明准确的重要性。故选?D项?。?
Ⅰ.听力 （略）
Ⅱ.完形填空
A successful scientist is generally a good observer. He makes full 1 of the facts he observes. He doesn’t accept ideas which are not 2 on obvious facts，and therefore refuses to accept authority(权威) as the only 3 for truth. He always 4 ideas carefully and makes experiments? to prove them.?
The rise of 5 science may perhaps be considered to 6 as far back as the 7 of Roger Bacon，the wonderful philosopher of Oxford，who lived 8 the years 1214 and 1292.He was probably the first in the Middle 9 to suggest that we should learn science 10 observing and experimenting on the things around us，and he himself 11 many important discoveries.?
Galileo，however，who lived more than 300 years later，was the greatest of several great men， 12 lived in Italy，France，Germany，or England，began by 13 to show how many ?important?
14 could be discovered by observation. Before Galileo，learned men believed that large bodies fell more 15 towards the earth than small ones， 16 Aristotle said so. But Galileo，going to the 17 of the Leaning Tower of Pisa，let fall two 18 stones and proved Aristotle was wrong. It was Galileo’s 19 of going direct to Nature，and proving our 20 and theories by experiment，that has led to all the discoveries of modern science.?
1.A.use B.time C.speed D.trust?
1.答案:A?
提示:make full use of为固定短语，意为“充分利用”。这里指充分采用他所观察的事实。
2.A.worked B.based C.lived D.written?
2.答案:B?
提示:be based on意思为“以……为?根据”。?这里指以明显的事实为依据。
3.A.reason B.cause C.advice D.result?
3.答案:A?
提示:这里表述的是他不认为权威就是真理的理由。cause强调的是“根源”，reason强调的是“理由”。
4.A.thinks B.checks C.has D.learn?
4.答案:B?
提示:根据后面的内容，可以推知他总是仔细审核观点并做试验来验证。
5.A.natural B.physical C.ancient D.modern?
5.答案:D?
提示:从此句后半部分以及本文最后一句可以知道应该是指现代科学。
6.A.date B.keep C.look D.take?
6.答案:A?
提示:date back(to...)为固定短语，意思是“追溯到……时间”。符合题意。
7.A.study B.time C.year D.birth?
7.答案:B?
提示:此处time意思是“时代、时期”。
8.A.both B.each C.between D.among?
8.答案:C?
提示:根据句意，此处指的是生活在1214年和1292年之间，而不是生活在这两年，故答案应该选C。
9.A.Schools B.Ages C.Days D.Countries?
9.答案:B?
提示:此处the Middle Ages是指“中世纪”，age意思是“时代、时期”。
10.A.in B.with C.on D.by?
10.答案:D?
提示:此处句意为“我们必须通过对我们周围的事情进行观察和做实验来学科学”。另外，on和by都有“靠、凭借”的意思，但是on后常常接名词或代词；by后接动名词。
11.A.did B.made C.took D.gave?
11.答案:B?
提示:make a discovery为固定短语，意思是“发现”。在此符合题意。
12.A.who B.when C.that D.where?
12.答案:A?
提示:此处who引导一个定语从句，who指代前面的the greatest(of several great men)。
13.A.ways B.degrees C.levels D.chance?
13.答案:B?
提示:此处by degrees为一个固定短语，相当于gradually，意思是“渐渐地、逐渐地”。在此符合题意。
14.A.truths B.problems C.people D.subjects?
14.答案:A?
提示:根据语境，此处是指通过观察、实验来发现真理(truth)，而不是问题。
15.A.slowly B.rapidly C.lightly D.heavily?
15.答案:B?
提示:此处讲述的是在伽利略之前的所谓有学问的科学家的观点，而这种想法后来被伽利略证明是错误的。
16.A.when B.because C.although D.if?
16.答案:B?
提示:这里所说的“large bodies fell more rapidly towards the earth than small ones”的观点，其实是指当时亚里斯多德的观点，当时人们都把他当作权威。
17.A.place B.foot C.top D.ceiling?
17.答案:C?
提示:此处指这一试验是在比萨斜塔的顶上进行的，因此答案应该填C项。
18.A.big B.small C.equal D.unequal
18.答案:D?
提示:根据上文所说的，人们相信大物体总比小物体下落快。为了做实验来验证亚里斯多德的这一观点，伽利略到比萨斜塔的顶上同时放下两个体积不等的石块。?
19.A.spirit B.skill C.theory D.discovery?
19.答案:A?
提示:从上文可以看出，这就是伽利略直接走向大自然的精神，也正是由于伽利略这一深入事物本质，并通过实验证明观点和理论的精神引领了所有现代科学的发现。此处spirit意思是“精神”。
20.A.plans B.opinions C.world D.ability
20.答案:B?
提示:此处opinion意思是“观点”。伽利略证明我们的观点和理论的精神引领了所有现代科学的发现。
Ⅲ.阅读理解
?A
Whatever our differences as human beings are，we all think we’re more like the rest of the animal world than we realize. It is said that we share 40 percent of our genetic structure with the simple worm.?
But that fact has helped Sir John Sulston win the 2002 Nobel Prize for Medicine. Sir John is the founder of the Sanger Institute in Cambridge，which was set up in 1992 to get further understanding of the human genome.?
To help them do this, they turned to the worm. The nematode(线虫类的)worm is one of the earliest creatures on earth. It is less than one millimeter log，completely transparent(透明的)and spends its entire life-digging holes through sand. But it still has lots to say about human life，and what can be done to make it better.?
What the worm told Sir John and his colleagues was that each of the cells in the human body is programmed like a computer. They grow，develop and die according to a set of instructions that are coded in our genetic make-up.?
Many of the diseases that humans suffer from happen when these instructions go wrong or are not obeyed. When the cell refuses to die but carries on growing instead，this leads to cancer. Heart attacks and diseases like AIDS cause more cell deaths than normal，increasing the damage they do to the body. Sir John was the first scientist to prove the existence of programmed cell death.?
1. Sir John Sulston got a Nobel Prize for Medicine because he has______.?
A. found that human beings are similar to the worm?
B. got the fact we share 40 percent of our genetic structure with the simple worm?
C. found the computer which controls each of the cells in the human body?
D. proved that cell death is programmed?
1.答案:D?
提示:根据文章第二段以及文章最后一句可以判断出只有D项符合题意。
2. People might be seriously ill if the cells in their body_______.?
A. grow without being instructed?
B. die regularly?
C. fail to follow people’s instructions?
D. develop in the human body?
2.答案:A?
提示:根据最后一段第一句“Many of the diseases that humans suffer from happen when these instructions go wrong or are not obeyed.”可以得出只有A项符合题意。
3. The underlined word “they” refers to“________”.?
A. cell deaths B. diseases
C. instructions D. cells?
3.答案:B?
提示:根据最后一段倒数第二句“Heart attacks and diseases like AIDS cause more cell deaths than normal，increasing the damage they do to the body.”理解可判断出they指代的是前面的diseases。
4.What is the subject discussed in the text？?
A. The theory of programmed cell deaths.?
B. A great scientist—Sir John Sulston.?
C. The programmed human life.?
D. The genetic structure.
4.答案:A?
提示:根据文章最后一段最后一句“Sir John was the first scientist to prove the existence of programmed cell death.”可以推知此答案。
?B
What makes a person a scientist？Does he have ways or tools of learning that are different from those of others？The answer is “no”. It isn’t the tools a scientist uses but how he uses these tools which make him a scientist. You will probably agree that knowing how to use a power ?is? important to a carpenter(木匠).You will probably agree，too，that knowing how to investigate(调查)，how to discover information，is important to everyone. The scientist，however，goes one step further；he must be sure that he has a reasonable answer to his questions and that his ?answer? he gets to many questions is into a large set of ideas about how the world works.?
The scientist’s knowledge must be exact. There’s no room for half right or right just half the time. He must be as nearly right as the conditions permit. What works under one set of conditions at one time must work under the same conditions at other times. If the conditions are different，any changes the scientist observes in a demonstration(实证)must be explained by the changes in the conditions. This is one reason why investigations are important in science. Albert Einstein，who developed the ?Theory of Relativity?，arrived at this theory through mathematics. The accuracy(正确性)of his mathematics was later tested through investigation. Einstein’s ideas were proved to be correct. A scientist uses many tools for measurements. Then the measurements are used to make mathematical calculations(计算)that may test his investigations.?
5.What makes a scientist according to the passage？?
A. The tools he uses.
B. His ways of learning.?
C. The way he uses his tools.?
D. The various tools he uses.?
5.答案:C?
提示:由第一段“It isn't...but how he uses...scientist”可知答案选C。
6.“...knowing how to investigate，how to discover information，is important to everyone.” The writer says this to show_______.?
A. the importance of information?
B. the difference between scientists and ordinary people?
C. the importance of thinking?
D. the difference between carpenters and ordinary people?
6.答案:C?
提示:第一段“...knowing how to ?investigate...”?强调知道怎样去调查，去获取信息，即一种思考的过程，暗示思维的重要性。
7.A sound scientific theory should be one that_______.
A. works under one set of conditions at one time and also works under the same conditions at other times?
B. doesn’t allow any change even under different conditions?
D. can be used for many purposes?
7.答案:A?
提示:由第二段“What works...times”可知。
8.What is the main idea of the passage？?
A. Scientists are different from ordinary people.?
B. The Theory of Relativity?.?
C. Exactness is the core(核心)of science.?
D. Exactness and way of using tools are the keys to making of a scientist.?
8.答案:D?
提示:文章第一段主要讲述合理利用工具的重要性，第二段主要说明准确的重要性。故选?D项?。?