2011届高考二轮专题复习课件（新课标湖南专用）：阅读理解
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| 名称 | 2011届高考二轮专题复习课件（新课标湖南专用）：阅读理解 |  | |
| 格式 | rar | ||
| 文件大小 | 140.5KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2011-01-10 12:58:00 | ||
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课件126张PPT。模块 4 阅读理解
模块 4 │考纲解读 高考阅读理解要求考生在25分钟内完成3篇不同题材、体裁的短文理解。阅读理解作为考查考生语言能力的重点，要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料。考生应能：理解主旨要义；理解文中的具体信息；作出简单的判断和推理；理解文章的基本逻辑结构；理解作者的意图和态度。其具体要求为：模块 4 │考纲解读 1．能够读懂生词率不超过3%的短文。
2．把握短文的主要线索、时间和空间。
3．能够对短文内容作出简单以及抽象的判断。
4．理解短文的基本结构，了解重点段落、重点词句的含义，推测作者意图，把握文章脉络。
5．熟悉掌握实用性文章，如：书刊、影视、产品等方面的广告、说明、通知、社评、旅游等。模块 4 │ 命题分析 近几年湖南高考的阅读理解题呈现出以下特点：
1．体裁多样，选材新颖，话题广泛
体裁的多样化是最显著的特点，涉及记叙文、说明文、应用文和议论文等。考查最多的是说明文，特别是国外新科技、新发明的说明文。从选材上看，涉及人物、故事、社会、文化、政治、经济、科普、新闻和广告等多种题材，特别关注当今大家都关注的热点话题，如教育、环境、道德情感、科学发现、生活经历等。 模块 4 │ 命题分析 例如：2009年湖南卷C篇为科普说明文，介绍了澳大利亚科学家的最新研究发现，即：人节食是为了显得有魅力，而鱼节食是为了避免被驱出群体而被吃掉；D篇也为说明文，围绕轮胎的设计介绍了折叠式自行车的发展过程。2010年湖南卷A篇为药品广告，介绍了药品的作用、适用人群、副作用及服药的相关注意事项； B篇为人物传记，主要介绍玛丽·摩尔的职业生涯及其抗病之争；C篇为科普说明文，主要介绍了最新科学发现：东方人比西方人更难于读懂他人的面部表情。这都显示了选材的广泛性、时代性和人文性。模块 4 │ 命题分析 2．语言地道，题型合理
材料都是选取原汁原味的英语文章，所选的材料均来源于实际生活，涉及的内容也是实际生活内容，强调语篇选材的真实性。在题型设计上，包括细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词义猜测题等几大题型，其中细节理解题保持50%的比重，仍为考查重点，但是选项并非与文章完全对应，而是换种表述方法，或根据“弦外之音”猜测隐含细节的理解。推理判断题呈上升趋势，主旨大意题及词义猜测题的比重基本保持稳定。模块 4 │ 应试点睛 一、掌握策略，战无不胜
阅读理解无论从难度和分数所占比重都是首先应该受到学生重视的，但很多同学在做阅读理解时总是感觉时间不够用，其实只要灵活处理好以下几个方面的关系，这个问题便可迎刃而解。模块 4 │ 应试点睛 1．正确处理好“快”与“准”的关系
湖南高考阅读理解自2010年有3篇短文，设置15道单选题，考试时间25分钟。这就要求考生在处理阅读理解的时候既要“快”，又要“准”。也就是说，在准确把握文章整体、细节以及严密推理的基础上，尽量提高阅读速度，而不是单纯的追求阅读速度。这样对文章的理解就会非常清晰，哪些题目是自己有把握的，哪些是拿不准的心里也就有了底。然后对自己拿不准的题目再仔细推敲，力争有所突破。模块 4 │ 应试点睛 2．正确处理好复杂句式、生词和选项的关系
高考阅读的长句、难句的数量逐年增多。结构复杂、修饰语叠缀、信息容量大的句子在高考试卷中频频出现，有时一个句子占几行甚至一个自然段，这就造成了理解的困难，而且也增加了考生的心理压力。为此，建议大家对这些拦路虎加以正确区分对待：与题目无关，不影响理解文章大意的，就不必浪费时间和精力；模块 4 │ 应试点睛 相反，那些和题目相关的长难句，我们就要首先分析其类型(是带有较多成分的简单句，还是含有多个简单句的并列句，还是含有多个从句的复合句，还是含有多个插入成分的句子)，然后理清句子成分，去除干扰成分，抓住句子主干，这样就能准确把握句子的意义。
对待生词也应该采取同样的方法，首先看看生词是否与题目、文章的大意有关，如果是题目要求所必需的，我们就要弄清楚生词所处的语境，以及和下文的联系，推测生词的含义，否则就忽略它。
模块 4 │ 应试点睛 3．正确处理好所需信息与剩余信息的关系
湖南高考的阅读理解选材一般在280—450词，每篇设5个题，因此一定会有大量的剩余信息。我们在做题时，没有必要把每一句都弄得清清楚楚，只要重点理解与题目有关的信息就可以了。这就要求考生在答题时，最好先大体浏览一下文后的题目，确定主攻方向，然后带着问题阅读文章，特别要关注首尾段和首尾句，把握文章的主题和脉络，摘取有用的材料，舍弃无关的信息。然后针对测试题的要求，细心阅读与问题有关的词汇、句子或段落。模块 4 │ 应试点睛 4．所选有据，忠实原文，避免主观
做题时，我们必须以作者的思维模式为准绳，以原文提供的事实、细节和逻辑关系为自己思维活动的基准点，切忌把自己的观点和看法当作原文或作者的观点。同时，符合原文的选项是正确选项但不一定就是最佳选项，阅读题要求选的是最佳选项，有的选项从某个枝节来看是对的，但从全文来看则不是最佳的，因此，必须通盘考虑，取主要，舍枝节。 模块 4 │ 应试点睛 二、明确步骤，战无不胜
1．阅读题干，明确问题。在阅读文章之前，可以通过题干对文章进行初步了解。这样，在下一步阅读时就可以针对问题直接找答案，减少盲目性。
2．快速掌握大意，不在细节上纠缠。在第一步的基础上迅速阅读并对文章有大致的了解，这是选出正确选项的前提。模块 4 │ 应试点睛 3．阅读问题题干及其选项，在文中寻找相关的材料并预选选项。可在文中相应处作出标记，以便进一步了解并最终确定答案。
4．带着问题略读原文，确定答案。答完所有题目后，再快速阅读一遍文章，检查各题所选答案是否正确。查看各题答案是否前后照应，与原文有无矛盾，文中是否有疏漏的重要线索。 模块 4 │ 应试点睛 三、知己知彼，减少失误
有时候四个选项中总有一个极易误选，因此，了解阅读理解题中的干扰项的特点，可以大大减少我们不必要的失误。概括起来，干扰项可分为以下三种类型：
1．与原文矛盾。即选项与文章内容相矛盾。这种选项的干扰性较小，只要仔细阅读就可排除。模块 4 │ 应试点睛 2．无中生有。即选项与文章内容不矛盾，但在文中没有相关信息支持，没有根据。这类选项的干扰较大。在做此类题时，切忌把自己或他人观点作为选择依据。
3．答非所问。选题与题目关系不大，选项没有针对题目来阐述。这类题目干扰性也较大。同学们在做此类题时，不仅要判断选项内容的正确性，还应注意选项是否针对题目。 模块 4 │ 题型探究? 探究点一 细节理解型 【命题形式】
1．Which of the following statements is True (Not True)?
2．Which of the questions has not been mentioned (or discussed)in the passage?
3．What is the reason that…？
4．What do we know about…？
模块 4 │ 题型探究 5．How did the people know the couple’s problem?
6．Why was the bike so important to the couple?
【解题策略】
1．掌握技巧，灵活运用
(1)细心审题，直接就题找答案。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。模块 4 │ 题型探究 (2)变通理解，间接转述找答案。细节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述，命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处作改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。
(3)多点归纳，综合事实找答案。细节理解题有时考查的并不是单一的信息，而是多处信息的整合。解答此类“综合”信息细节题时，一定要全面捕捉相关信息，进行综合分析、归纳，切忌根据“一面之词”草率地作出结论。模块 4 │ 题型探究 2．了解特点，对症下药
(1)直接信息题
直接信息题能直接从原文中找到信息，而且选项和原文在语言表述上也没有大的变化或有时候仅仅在表达方式上稍作转化。
【典例】 [2010·海南、宁夏]
The Birthplace is within easy walking distance of all the car parks shown on the map; nearest is Windsor Street(3 minutes’ walk). 模块 4 │ 题型探究 The House may present difficulties but the Visitors’ Centre, its exhibition, and the garden are accessible(可进入的)to wheelchair user.
The Shakespeare Coffee House (opposite the Birthplace).
( )1.A wheelchair user may need help to enter ________.
A．the House B．the garden
C．the Visitor’s Centre D．the exhibition hall模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 A 题干关键词为：wheelchair。根据选文中的“The House may present difficulties but the Visitors’ Centre, its exhibition, and the garden are accessible(可进入的)to wheelchair user.”可知：对于轮椅使用者来说，可能进入房子有些困难，但是游客中心，展览厅还有花园都可以进入。由此可以直接得出答案。
【规律技巧提炼】 在解这类题时，大家可以采取“题干定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法。模块 4 │ 题型探究 (2)间接信息题
这类题目我们能够从文章中找到信息，但原文信息又不是解题所直接需要的，需要我们对原文信息进行合理地加工处理，根据信息作简单推理或鉴别。它是介于直接信息题和推理判断题之间的一种题型。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例】 To you，the most important decision you’ll make is to choose the school that really fits you best—not the one that is the most competitive(有竞争力的)or the one has the best equipped rooms.
( )1.The author thinks you should choose the college that is ________.
A．well-equipped B．competitive
C．suitable D．famous 模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 C 从文中可以看出，作者认为选择学校的时候最重要的是学校要适合(fit)你，即选项C，而不是“装备 好的”、“有竞争力的”和“著名的”。
(3)综合信息题
这类题目的信息不仅仅涉及文章的某一句话，还可能涉及文章的几句话，而且有时可能散落在文章的不同地方，因此要求考生把原文所提供的信息综合起来分析，而不能“断章取义”，也不能张冠李戴。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例】 [2010·湖北]
Third, needing to be right, it doesn’t matter what the topic is—politics. The laws of physics or the proper way to break an egg—the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong, for both wish to be considered an authority—someone who actually knows something—and therefore to command respect. Unfortunately, as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other, they’ll continue to fight these battles forever and never make any real progress.模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.Parents and teens want to be right because they want to ________.
A．give orders to the other
B．know more than the other
C．gain respect from the other
D．get the other to behave properly模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 C 题干的关键词是want to be right because，回原文定位到“Third, needing to be right”。原文接着往下看“it doesn’t matter what the topic is—politics, the laws of physics or the proper way to break an egg—the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong, for both wish to be considered an authority—someone who actually knows something—and therefore to command respect.” 这句话虽然看起来很复杂，但可以跳过插入语不看。模块 4 │ 题型探究 (破折号中间的内容均为插入语)将其省略，句子就会变得简单得多。又由于题干是对原因的提问，这里我们只重点看for后面的内容“both wish to be considered an authority and therefore to command respect”，故答案为C。模块 4 │ 题型探究 (4)是非辨别型。这是一类综合事实细节题，出题形式常常是“三正一误”(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)或“三误一正”(三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)。
【典例】 [2010·山东]
Christopher Thomas,27，was a writer by night and a teacher by day when he noticed he was always tired and was losing weight fast.Diagnosed with diabetes(糖尿病)，Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(胰岛素) three times a day for the rest of his life or risk nerve damage，blindness and even death. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 And if that weren’t bad enough，he had no health insurance.
After a month of feeling upset，Thomas decided he’d better find a way to fight back.He left Canton，Michigan for New York，got a job waiting tables，nicknamed himself the Diabetic Rockstar，and created diabeticrockstar.com，a free online community for diabetics and their loved ones—a place where over 1,100 people share personal stories，information and resources.
模块 4 │ 题型探究 Jason Swencki’s son，Kody，was diagnosed with diabetes at six.Father and son visit the online children’s forums(论坛)together most evenings.“Kody gets so excited，writing to kids from all over，”says Swencki，one of the site’s volunteers.“They know what he’s going through，so he doesn’t feel alone.”模块 4 │ 题型探究 Kody is anything but alone：Diabetes is now the seventh leading cause of death in the United States，with 24 million diagnosed cases.And more people are being diagnosed at younger ages.
These days，Thomas’s main focus is his charity(慈善机构)，Fight It，which provides medicines and supplies to people—225 to date —who can’t afford a diabetic’s huge expenses. Fight-it.org has raised about $23,000—in products and in cash.In May，Thomas will hold the first annual Diabetic Rockstar Festival in the Caribbean.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Even with a staff of 22 volunteers，Thomas often devotes up to 50 hours a week to his cause，while still doing his full-time job waiting tables.“Of the diabetes charities out there，most are putting money into finding a cure，”says Bentley Gubar，one of Rockstar’s original members.“But Christopher is the only person I know saying people need help now.”
模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.Which of the following is true of Christopher Thomas?
A．He needs to go to the doctor every day.
B．He studies the leading cause of diabetes.
C．He has a positive attitude to his disease.
D．He encourages diabetics by writing articles.模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 C 通读全文可知，Christopher Thomas对于自己的疾病采取了积极的态度，所以C项正确。A项与“Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(胰岛素)three times a day for the rest of his life”不符；B项与文中的Thomas开办网站，与病人及其家属分享有关的信息和资源不符；D项提到的写作是Thomas的专职工作，而他的志愿工作才是运作Fight It 这个慈善机构。模块 4 │ 题型探究 (5)事实排序题：这是一类运用多项事实进行排序的事实细节题，要求根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序或者句子之间的逻辑关系，找出时间发生，发展的正确顺序。
【典例】
…A Russian lawyer yesterday said the country’s border guards repeatedly fired on and sank the fleeing Chinese cargo vessel off Russia’s coast on Sunday.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Alexander Selentsov, a law officer in Vladivostok city, told the Interfax News Agency the Russian border guards received orders from the Federal Security Service last weekend “to open fire”on New Star, the Chinese ship, to stop it from escaping Russia’s Nakhodka port.
“The order was carried out after radio warnings.”he said.
Russian officials had preciously denied border guards had fired on the ship after local media reported the incident and said severe weather caused the sinking.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Vladivostok Daily News, the first newspaper to report that the ship was fired upon, said more than 500 rounds were shot at the ships bow and stern.
The Russian border guards watched the ship sink for nearly 24 hours, and made no response to the crewmen’s cries for help, the report said.
Sixteen sailors from New Star boarded two lifeboats, Russian crewmen saved one lifeboat. While the other, carrying seven Chinese and an Indonesian, was swallowed by waves.
…模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.Which is the right order of the ship sinking?
a．New Star overturned and started sinking.
b．One lifeboat was swallowed by waves.
c．Russian warship fired upon New Star.
d．Sailors boarded two life boats.
A．a c b d B．b a c d
C．c a d b D．d c a b 模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 C 事实排序题。由文章的介绍可以看出：俄罗斯军舰开火发生在最前面，然后是“新星号”下沉，接下来是船员登上救生艇，最后是一艘救生艇被海水吞没。
【规律技巧提炼】
在具体的解答时可采用 “首尾定位法”。即先找出首先发生的事和最后发生的事，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出答案。模块 4 │ 题型探究 (6)数据计算题：要弄清数据间的逻辑关系，选准正确的数据进行计算，同时弄清单位之间的换算关系。
【典例】 [2010·海南、宁夏] Shakespeare’s Birthplace and Exhibition of Shakespeare’s World…模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.How much is the admission for a family of two grown-ups and two children?
A．￡9.80 B．￡12.00
C．￡14.20 D．￡16.40
【解析】 B 题干关键词为admission。由此可知，应该在第二个表格中寻找相关的信息。根据第二个表格中Family ￡12.0 (2 adults ＋ up to 3 children)，即是一家人(2个成年人和至多3个小孩)需要￡12.0。模块 4 │ 题型探究? 探究点二 主旨大意型 主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中不可缺少的阅读题型之一，而且难度比较大。细分起来，主要考查学生对文章的中心思想、作者的态度以及写作意图等的理解能力。
【命题形式】
1．考查文章的中心思想
The main idea/key point of this passage is that …
The passage is mainly about …
From the passage we can learn/conclude that …
模块 4 │ 题型探究 Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
2．考查文章标题的选择
The best title/headline for this passage is …
Which of the following is the best title?
What would be the best title for the text?
The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is …模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解题策略】
1．抓住主题句，锁定文章主旨
找准主题句是关键。寻找主题句多采用浏览法(skimming)。主题句通常在文章开头，也可能在一段的中间或末尾。在很多情况下，主题句如果在段首，其后可能有for example，first，second等信息词。主题句如果在段末，其前可能有above all，all in all等信息词。利用这些信息词，可迅速找到主题句。一般来说，文章前三句所提供的信息能够让读者了解其大致内容，而读懂每段的第一句话则有助于掌握本段的主要内容。这样做的目的不仅在于可以迅速地把握全段的大意，更重要的是，在时间紧迫的情况下，可以对一段话进行缩读、略读和扫读。模块 4 │ 题型探究 2．抓住段落大意，概括中心思想
寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。
3．抓住主线和关键，归纳文章中心
先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。了解文章的结构，把握住全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。对这种能力的考查一般反映在文章的中心内容、文中某一段的大意或指代关系的题目中。 模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例1】 [2010·四川]
…
Candidates(申请人)will have experience of both management and research support/technical services.Knowledge of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary. Education to degree level is also desirable.
…模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.What does the paragraph mainly talk about?
A．The technical skills of a would-be ROM.
B．The practical experience of a would-be ROM.
C．The personal information of a would-be ROM.
D．The necessary requirements for a would-be ROM.
【解析】 D 主旨大意题。依据本段提供的信息，申请人要有管理和技术服务的经验、研究操作的知识及极好的交际技能等，可知本段主要谈对应聘职位者具体能力的要求。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例2】 [2010·辽宁] Too much TV-watching can harm children’s ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.
One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California third-graders. Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedroom TVs. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 A second study，looking at nearly 1,000 grown-ups in New Zealand, found lower education levels among 26-year-olds who had watched lots of TV during childhood. But the results don’t prove that TV is the cause and don’t rule out that already poorly motivated youngsters (年轻人)may watch lots of TV.
…
模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.What would be the best title for this text?
A．Computers or Television
B．Effects of Television on Children
C．Studies on TV and College Education
D．Television and Children’s Learning Habits
【解析】 B 标题归纳题。该文属于主题句在篇首。通读全文可知，文章主要通过两项研究分析了儿童看电视所造成的影响。文章第一段第一句话是主题句，故选B。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【规律技巧提炼】
新闻报道的第一段一般首先概括全文的中心，然后再详细叙述事件的发生、发展和结局，因此第一段就是全文的主题句。另外有些说明性或议论性文章也会开门见山地提出文章说明的中心或阐述的观点，等把一切问题都说透了，所有论据都摆全了，作者最后用一句话来概括全文，点明文章的中心，此种情况下文章的主题句出现在文章的最后。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例3】 [2010·重庆]
One morning more than thirty years ago, I entered the Track Kitchen, a restaurant where everyone from the humblest(卑微的)to the most powerful came for breakfast. I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man, who looked somewhat disheveled. He was wearing a worn-out hat and was alone. I asked if I might join him. He agreed quietly and I sat down to have my breakfast. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 We cautiously began a conversation and spoke about a wide rang of things. We never introduced ourselves. I was concerned that he might have no money and not be able to afford something to eat. So as I rose to go back to the counter and buy a second cup of coffee, I asked, “May I get you something？” “A coffee would be nice.”
模块 4 │ 题型探究 Then I bought him a cup of coffee. We talked more, and he accepted another cup of coffee. Finally, I rose to leave, wished him well, and headed for the exit. At the door I met one of my friends. He asked, “How did you get to know Mr. Galbreath？”“Who？”模块 4 │ 题型探究 “The man you were sitting with. He is chairman of the Board of Churchill Downs.”
I could hardly believe it. I was buying, offering a free breakfast, and feeling pity for one of the world’s richest and most powerful men!
My few minutes with Mr. Galbreath changed my life. Now I try to treat everyone with respect, no matter who I think they are, and no matter another human being with kindness and sincerity. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.What is the message mainly expressed in the story?
A．We should learn to be generous.
B．It is honorable to help those in need.
C．People in high positions are not like what we expect.
D．We should avoid judging people by their appearances. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 D 主旨大意题。该文属于主题句在篇末。根据文章最后一句“Now I try to treat everyone with respect, no matter who I think they are, and no matter another human being with kindness and sincerity.” 可知，作者想要表达的是不要以貌取人。由此判断选D。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例4】 [2010·江西]
Andy rode slowly on his way to school，day-dreaming about the fishing trip that his father had promised him.He was so busy dreaming about all the fish he would catch that he was unaware of everything else around him.
He rode along until a strange sound drew him to the present.He came to a stop and looked curiously up to the heavens.What he saw shocked and terrified him.A huge swarm of bees filled the sky like a black cloud and the buzzing mass seemed to be heading angrily towards him.模块 4 │ 题型探究 With no time to waste，Andy sped off in the opposite direction，riding furiously—but without knowing how to escape the swarm.With a rapidly beating heart and his legs pumping furiously，he sped down the rough road.As the bees came closer，his panic increased.Andy knew that he was sensitive to bee stings(蜇)．模块 4 │ 题型探究 The last sting had landed him in hospital—and that was only one bee sting！He had been forced to stay in bed for two whole days. Suddenly，his father’s words came to him. “When you are in a tight situation，don’t panic. Use your brain and think your way out of it.”模块 4 │ 题型探究 On a nearby hill，he could see smoke waving slowly skywards from the chimney of the Nelson family home.“Bees don’t like smoke，”he thought.“They couldn’t get into the house.”Andy raced towards the Nelson house，but the bees were gaining ground.Andy knew he could not reach the house in time.He estimated that the bees would catch up with him soon.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Suddenly，out of the corner of his eyes，he spotted a small dam used by Mr.Nelson to irrigate his vegetable garden.Off his bike and into the cool water he dived，disappearing below the surface and away from the savage insects.After holding his breath for as long as he could，Andy came up for air and noticed the bees had gone.Dragging himself out of the dam，he struggled up the hilly slope and rang the doorbell.Mr.Nelson took him inside and rang his mother.模块 4 │ 题型探究 “You’ll really need that fishing break to help you recover，”laughed his mother with relief.“Thank goodness you didn’t panic！”But Andy did not hear her.He was dreaming once again of the fish he would catch tomorrow.
( )1.Which of the following can best describe Andy’s escape from the bees?
A．No pains, no gains.
B．Once bitten, twice shy.
C．Where there is a will, there is a way.
D．In time of danger, one’s mind works fast. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 D 主旨大意题。本文讲述了主人公Andy在上学途中遭遇蜂群攻击， 急中生智， 躲入水中避险的成功故事。根据最后一段第二句Andy妈妈的话“Thank goodness you didn’t panic！”可知，情急之下Andy仍然成功想到办法脱险，再综合A、B、C、D四个选项的意思， 可以判断选D。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【规律技巧提炼】
阅读中最棘手的恐怕要数所选的短文出现无主题句的情况。如果没有主题句，考生可以采用提纲挈领法，通过分析细节把文章的要点归纳出来。尤其是记叙文，作者有时仅仅叙述事件所发生的时间或介绍人物，并不发表自己的观点，因此主题往往比较含蓄和隐蔽。这时可以回顾全文来概括文章的主旨，具体方法是：模块 4 │ 题型探究 1．判断出文章的主题究竟是指一个人、一个地方还是一件事情或者是某一事情的过程。总之，人、物、地点、思想或过程都可以成为文章的主题。
2．读完一篇短文后应有意识地回味一下文章的大致内容，理一理文章的脉络，体会一下段与段之间的内在联系，一般来说文章的中心就能概括出来，涉及文章大意主旨方面的题目自然会在头脑中由模糊变清晰。模块 4 │ 题型探究? 探究点三 词义猜测型 历年高考都把猜测词义作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题，词义推断可以是一个单词的意义推断，也可以是一个短语或句子的意义推断，既可以是生词意义，也可以是熟词新意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【命题形式】
1．The underlined words “took off” in paragraph 2 mean …
2．What does the underlined word “them” in the last paragraph refer to?
3．The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that …
4．Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” in the third paragraph?模块 4 │ 题型探究 5．The underlined phrase “turn his back on” (paragraph 6)most probably mean …
6．By saying “We need them yesterday” (paragraph 7)，Stover means that snakelike robots …模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解题策略】
1．根据定义、解释或同位关系来猜测词义
句子中有些词其前或其后的文字中就有该词的定义或解释，我们可通过对其定义或解释的理解推测出它的词义。定义、解释多样，常用“to be defined as, to be called, that is to be, to mean, to refer to, that is (to say), in other words, namely”等词语预示着下文对前文的信息加以重复或解释。还有一些标点符号，如：冒号、破折号、括号等都表示后文要继续解释说明前文。模块 4 │ 题型探究 2．依据反义词和对比关系猜测词义
运用对比手法描述事物或现象是文章写作的一种常用的修辞手法。在这种修辞手法下，作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，从而表明一个词与前面的另一个词互为反义。常用的信号词有：but/yet/however/nevertheless; while/whereas; otherwise/or else; unlike/instead/rather than; by contrast/compared to; on the contrary/on the other hand 等。模块 4 │ 题型探究 3．依据逻辑推理猜测词义
运用逻辑推理猜测词义是使用最广考查最多也最易失分的猜词方式。要求考生具备整合分散、复杂信息的能力，充分利用上下文中相关的词汇并结合具体的语境，从形式和内容上把握语言之间的内在联系，理顺语言之间的逻辑关系，进而达到猜词的目的。常见的逻辑关系有因果关系、同位关系、对比关系、转折关系等。此外，考生还可以依据词性变化和词义变化 (词义引申)来猜测词义。 模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例1】 Morning, noon, and night, her tongue was endlessly going, so that he was forced to escape to the outside of the house—the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked_husband.
( )1.The underlined words “henpecked_husband” probably means a man who ________.
A．likes hunting B．is afraid of hens
C．loves his wife D．is afraid of his wife
模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 D 依据标点符号猜测词义。破折号“—” 起进一步解释说明的作用。由句前信息 “他为逃避妻子的唠叨而逃到屋外”可知“他是一个怕老婆的人”，因此选D。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例2】 [2010·辽宁] I hated dinner parties. But I decided to give them another shot because I’m in London. And my friend Mallery invited me. And because dinner parties in London are very different from those back in New York. There，“I’m having a dinner party”means：“I’m booking a table for 12 at a restaurant you can’t afford and we’ll be sharing the cheque evenly, no matter what you eat.”…模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )What does the word “shot” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．Choice. B．Try.
C．Style. D．Goal.
【解析】 B 词义猜测题。依据反义词和对比关系猜测词义。从第一句的hated，到But意义上的转折，说明尽管不喜欢，还是要“尝试一下”，所以try的意思更接近shot。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例3】 I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded_her_judgment.
( )1.The underlined words “clouded_her_judgment” probably mean ________.
A．made her less trustful toward the doctor
B．put her in control of her own feelings
C．made her less able to think clearly
D．put her in a dangerous situation
【解析】 C 词义猜测题。此处 cloud 名词动化为“把……遮盖住，使……模糊不清” ，对于思维而言，就是“不能清楚地思考”，因此选C。 模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例4】 [2010·江西]
However, what do we do with the time we have saved? Certainly not relax, or so it seems. We are so accustomed constant activity that we find it difficult to sit and do nothing, or even just one thing at a time. Perhaps the_days are long gone when we might listen quietly to a story on the radio, letting imagination take us into another world. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.What does “the days” in paragraph refer to?
A．Imaginary life.
B．Simple life in the past.
C．Times of inventions.
D．Time for constant activity.
【解析】 B 词义猜测题。本题是根据前后逻辑推理猜测词义。原句意义：(Perhaps the days are long gone when we might listen quietly to a story on the radio, letting imagination take us into another world.) 也许， 我们静静聆听广播里的故事节目， 任想象插上翅膀肆意翱翔的日子， 已经一去不返了。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例5】 [2010·陕西]
When I first got an e-mail account ten years ago, I received communications only from family, friends, and colleagues. Now it seems that every time I check my e-mail, I have an endless series of advertisements and other correspondence that do not interest me at all. If we want e-mail to continue to be useful, we need specific laws that make spamming(发送垃圾邮件)a crime. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.What does the underlined word “correspondence” in paragraph probably mean?
A．Messages. B．Ideas.
C．Connections. D．Programs.
【解析】 A 词义猜测题。本题是根据前后逻辑推理猜测词义。根据本文中的“e-mail”一词以及“endless series of advertisements”可以推断出correspondence在此处意思是“信件，垃圾邮件”，由此可知本题选A。模块 4 │ 题型探究? 探究点四 推理判断型 推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题。这种题型包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。做好该题型要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。模块 4 │ 题型探究 推理判断题常常可以分为如下几类：(1)细节推断。如时间、地点、人物关系等；(2)逻辑推断。根据已知的结果推断导致结果产生的可能原因；(3)目的、意图、态度推断。根据文章的论述，推断作者的写作目的以及作者情感态度；(4)预测想象推断。文章没有明确说明，要求根据语篇对文章可能涉及的内容进行预测判断。
【命题形式】
1．It can be inferred from the passage (or the last paragraph)that…
2．It can be learned from the passage (or the last paragraph)that…模块 4 │ 题型探究 3．It can be concluded from the passage (or the last paragraph)that…
4．It implies that…
5．Where would you most probably find in this passage?
6．What would the author most likely continue to talk about in the next paragraph(s)?
7．What is the author’s main purpose in this passage?
8．The writer’s purpose in writing this story is …模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解题策略】
解答推理判断题时，应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想。针对细节的推断，可首先通过辨认细节、事实的追忆技巧，了解并理解有关的事实或证据，然后运用查读法，迅速在阅读材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，并对这些事实或证据进行分析和评价，然后再进行推理判断。 模块 4 │ 题型探究 针对主题思想作推断时，先根据主题思想，再分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证、原因与结果、主观点与次观点，要注意抓住关键词、短语、句子或段落，透彻理解文章内容，注意文章结构层次和逻辑关系，并结合阅读材料外的有关生活、社会的常识，仔细斟酌，作出准确的推断和引申。甚至要借助常识作出合理的推断和判断。
1．推测上下文的内容
(1)推测下文的内容：关注最后一段的内容，尤其是最后的两三句话，根据作者的思路进行推理。
(2)推测上文的内容：关注第一段，特别是文段开始的几句话。模块 4 │ 题型探究 2．根据事实细节，推断合理信息
推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能作出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息作多步推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据， 推论有理， 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。模块 4 │ 题型探究 3．推断作者的观点
应当全面理解文章的内容及文章的中心思想，注意能够表露作者思想倾向和感彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子。
4．推测写作目的
不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的， 但写作目的通常有以下三种：
(1)娱乐读者，让人发笑(to entertain readers)，常见于故事类的文章。
(2)说服读者接受某种观点(to persuade readers)，常见于广告类的文章。模块 4 │ 题型探究 (3)告知读者某些信息(to inform readers)，多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章。
【典例1】 [2010·浙江]
My family and I lived across the street from Southway Park since I was four years old.Then just last year the city put a chain link fence around the park and started bulldozing (用推土机推平) the trees and grass to make way for a new apartment complex. When I saw the fence and bulldozers，I asked myself，“Why don’t they just leave it alone？”模块 4 │ 题型探究 Looking back，I think what sentenced the park to oblivion (被遗忘) was the drought (旱灾) we had about four years ago.Up until then，Southway Park was a nice green park with plenty of trees and a public swimming pool.My friends and I rollerskated on the sidewalks，climbed the trees，and swam in the pool all the years I was growing up.The park was almost like my own yard.Then the summer I was fifteen the drought came and things changed.模块 4 │ 题型探究 There had been almost no rain at all that year.The city stopped watering the park grass.Within a few weeks I found myself living across the street from a huge brown desert.Leaves fell off the park trees，and pretty soon the trees started dying，too.Next，the park swimming pool was closed.The city cut down on the work force that kept the park，and pretty soon it just got too ugly and dirty to enjoy anymore.模块 4 │ 题型探究 As the drought lasted into the fall，the park got worse every month. The rubbish piled up or blew across the brown grass.Soon the only people in the park were beggars and other people down on their luck.People said drugs were being sold or traded there now.The park had gotten scary，and my mother told us kids not to go there anymore.模块 4 │ 题型探究 The drought finally ended and things seemed to get back to normal，that is，everything but the park.It had gotten into such bad shape that the city just let it stay that way.Then about six months ago I heard that the city was going to “redevelop” certain worn-out areas of the city.It turned out that the city had planned to get rid of the park，sell the land and let someone build rows of apartment buildings on it.模块 4 │ 题型探究 The chain-link fencing and the bulldozers did their work.Now we live across the street from six rows of apartment buildings.Each of them is three units high and stretches a block in each direction.The neighborhood has changed without the park.The streets I used to play in are jammed with cars now.Things will never be the same again.Sometimes_I_wonder，though，what_changes_another_drought_would_make_in_the_way_things_are today.模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.How did the writer feel when he saw the fence and bulldozers?
A．Scared. B．Confused.
C．Upset. D．Curious.
( )2.Why was the writer told not to go to the park by his mother?
A．It was being rebuilt.
B．It was dangerous.
C．It became crowded.
D．It had turned into a desert. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )3.According to the writer, what eventually brought about the disappearance of the park?
A．The drought.
B．The crime.
C．The beggars and the rubbish.
D．The decisions of the city. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )4.The last sentence of the passage implies that if another drought came, ________.
A．the situation would be much worse
B．people would have to desert their homes
C．the city would be fully prepared in advance
D．the city would have to redevelop the neighborhood模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】
1．C 推理判断题。根据文章第一段的最后一句：Why don’t they just leave it alone？以及第二段的美好回顾，可以推断出，作者对现在的变化很难过。
2．B 推理判断题。仔细阅读第四段，可以了解到：公园被废弃了，里面住着流浪汉，甚至有人贩毒，所以母亲叮嘱我们不要去那里，因为危险。模块 4 │ 题型探究 3．D 推理判断题。从第五段，可以了解到：干旱结束了，但是政府仍然对公园不管不问，而是要重新规划这块废弃地，在作者眼中是“the city had planned to get rid of the park”。故选择D。
4．A 推理判断题。根据文章第三段的整体理解，可知旱情使事情变得很糟糕，由此可以推断出：再来一场旱灾的话，事情会更加的糟糕。故答案选A。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例2】 [2010·四川]
Alex London Research Laboratory (ALRL) is part of Alex Co.，Ltd.，a major Australian medicine-making company.Opened in 1992，ALRL specialises in the development of new medicines for the treatment of heart diseases.
A position is now open for a Research Operations Manager (ROM) to support our growing research team at the new laboratories in Hatfield，due to open in the autumn of 2010.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Reporting to the Director，you will help set up and run the technical and scientific support services of our new laboratories now under construction.You will be expected to provide expert knowledge about and be in charge of all areas of ALRL’s Health and Safety，and to communicate (沟通) with support employees at ALRL’s laboratories based at University College London.Working closely with scientists and other operations and technical employees，you will manage a small number of research support employees providing services to help with the research activities to be carried out at the new laboratories.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Candidates(申请人) will have experience of both management and research support/technical services.Knowledge of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary. Education to degree level is also desirable.
If you are interested in this position，please send your CV (简历) to Alex London Research Laboratory，University College London，Hatfield，London，W1E 6B7 or by email to ALRL@ alex.co.uk.For more information，please visit www.alex.co.uk.模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.What is the purpose of the text?
A．To describe the job of a ROM.
B．To provide information about ALRL.
C．To announce an open position at ALRL.
D．To make known the opening of the new
laboratories.
【解析】 C 写作目的推断题。本篇文章为广告招聘。文章提供了Alex Co., Ltd招聘一名ROM的信息，并对要招聘的职位提出了具体的要求。由此可以看出该文的写作目的自然是让大家了解ALRL公司有一公开招聘的职位。模块 4 │ 题型探究? 探究点五 篇章结构型 最近两年，篇章结构题频繁地出现在各地高考英语阅读理解题中，已经成为了一种新颖而独立的阅读题型。从其考查内容而言，可分为三种：考查考生对整篇文章结构的组织能力；考查考生对后文内容的预测能力；考查考生对文章写作手法、修辞手段的赏析能力。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【命题方式】
1．How is the passage organized?
2．Which of the following best shows the structure/organization of the passage?
3．What will the author most probably talk about next?
4．The author develops the passage mainly by…
5．The first paragraph serves as a(n)…
6．The example of…is given to show/illustrate that …模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解题策略】
1．了解文章结构的组织形式
从段落组织方式上讲，常见的文章结构有三种：总分式结构(总→分；总→分→总；分→总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式上是一正一反)
2．了解文章的论证方法模块 4 │ 题型探究 从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类： put forward a question →analyze the question → solve the question 即“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；argument/idea → evidence → conclusion/restating the idea 即“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。模块 4 │ 题型探究 3．了解文章的修辞手法
从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一，是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好地达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例1】 [2010·北京]
The Cost of Higher Education
Many people believe that higher education should be free because it is good for the economy (经济). Many graduates clearly do contribute to national wealth, but so do all the businesses that invest (投资)and create jobs. If you believe that the government should pay for higher education because graduates are economically productive, you should also believe that the government should pay part of business costs. Anyone promising to create jobs should receive a gift of capital from the government to invest. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 Therefore, it is the individual, not the government, who should pay for their university education.
( )1.The author mentions businesses in Paragraph 5 in order to ________.
A．argue against free university education
B．call on them to finance students’ studies
C．encourage graduates to go into business
D．show their contribution to higher education模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 A 结构推断题。本题考查例证的功能。题目问此处谈到business有什么目的，就等于问议论文中的论据有什么用，即：支持论点。马上从本段段首找论点“Many people believe that higher education should be free…通读”全文可知作者反对free higher education。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例2】 [2010·重庆]
It is hardly surprising that clothing manufacturers (生产商)follow certain uniform standards for various features(特征)of clothes.What seems strange，however，is that the standard adopted for women is the opposite of the one for men.Take a look at the way your clothes button.Men’s clothes tend to button from the right，and women’s from the left.Considering most of the world’s population—men and women—are right-handed，the men’s standard would appear to make more sense for women.So why do women’s clothes button from the left?模块 4 │ 题型探究 History really seems to matter here.Buttons first appeared only on the clothes of the rich in the 17th century，when rich women were dressed by servants.For the mostly right-handed servants，having women’s shirts button from the left would be easier.On the other hand，having men’s shirts button from the right made sense，too.Most men dressed themselves，and a sword drawn from the left with the right hand would be less likely to get caught in the shirt.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Today women are seldom dressed by servants，but buttoning from the left is still the standard for them.Is it interesting? Actually，a standard，once set，resists change.At a time when all women’s shirts buttoned from the left，it would have been risky for any single manufacturer to offer women’s shirts that buttoned from the right.After all，women had grown so used to shirts which buttoned from the left and would have to develop new habits and skills to switch. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 Besides，some women might have found it socially awkward to appear in public wearing shirts that buttoned from the right，since anyone who noticed that would believe they were wearing men’s shirts.
( )1.The passage is mainly developed by ________.
A．analyzing causes
B．making comparisons
C．examining differences
D．following the time order模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 A 篇章结构题。本题考查文章的论证方法。通观整篇文章可以看出，作者在开始提到一个现象——男女衣服的标准相反，然后分析这种现象产生的历史原因，最后告诉我们现在是这样的原因。由此判断选A项。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例3】 [2009·北京]
How Room Designs Affect Our Work and Feelings
Architects have long had the feeling that the places we live in can affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviors. But now scientists are giving this feeling an empirical(经验的，实证的)basis. They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity, keep people focused and lead to relaxation.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Researches show that aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity. In 2007, Joan Meyers-Levy at the University of Minnesota, reported that the height of a room’s ceiling affects how people think. Her research indicates that higher ceilings encourage people to think more freely, which may lead them to make more abstract connections. Low ceilings, on the other hand, may inspire a more detailed outlook.模块 4 │ 题型探究 In addition to ceiling height, the view afforded by a building may influence an occupant’s ability to concentrate. Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on a standard test of attention.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Using nature to improve focus of attention ought to pay off academically, and it seems to, according to a study led by C．Kenneth Tanner, head of the School Design & Planning Laboratory at the University of Georgia. Tanner and his team found that students in classrooms with unblocked views of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vocabulary, language arts and maths than students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Recent study on room lighting design suggests that dim(暗淡的)light helps people to loosen up. If that is true generally, keeping the light low during dinner or at parties could increase relaxation. Researchers of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture with rounded edges could help visitors relax.模块 4 │ 题型探究 So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings. “We have a very limited number of studies, so we’re_almost_looking_at_the_problem_through_a_straw(吸管)，” architect David Allison says. “How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalized use of them? That’s what we’re all struggling with.”
( )1.Which of the following shows the organization of the passage?模块 4 │ 题型探究 CP：Central Point P：point Sp：Sub-point(次要点)C：Conclusion
模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 C 篇章结构题。本题考查段落的组织形式。本文第一段为总要点，最后一段为结论，要点1、2、3共同服务于结论，重要的是要点二又包含了两个次要点。综上分析可知答案为C。
模块 4 │考纲解读 高考阅读理解要求考生在25分钟内完成3篇不同题材、体裁的短文理解。阅读理解作为考查考生语言能力的重点，要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料。考生应能：理解主旨要义；理解文中的具体信息；作出简单的判断和推理；理解文章的基本逻辑结构；理解作者的意图和态度。其具体要求为：模块 4 │考纲解读 1．能够读懂生词率不超过3%的短文。
2．把握短文的主要线索、时间和空间。
3．能够对短文内容作出简单以及抽象的判断。
4．理解短文的基本结构，了解重点段落、重点词句的含义，推测作者意图，把握文章脉络。
5．熟悉掌握实用性文章，如：书刊、影视、产品等方面的广告、说明、通知、社评、旅游等。模块 4 │ 命题分析 近几年湖南高考的阅读理解题呈现出以下特点：
1．体裁多样，选材新颖，话题广泛
体裁的多样化是最显著的特点，涉及记叙文、说明文、应用文和议论文等。考查最多的是说明文，特别是国外新科技、新发明的说明文。从选材上看，涉及人物、故事、社会、文化、政治、经济、科普、新闻和广告等多种题材，特别关注当今大家都关注的热点话题，如教育、环境、道德情感、科学发现、生活经历等。 模块 4 │ 命题分析 例如：2009年湖南卷C篇为科普说明文，介绍了澳大利亚科学家的最新研究发现，即：人节食是为了显得有魅力，而鱼节食是为了避免被驱出群体而被吃掉；D篇也为说明文，围绕轮胎的设计介绍了折叠式自行车的发展过程。2010年湖南卷A篇为药品广告，介绍了药品的作用、适用人群、副作用及服药的相关注意事项； B篇为人物传记，主要介绍玛丽·摩尔的职业生涯及其抗病之争；C篇为科普说明文，主要介绍了最新科学发现：东方人比西方人更难于读懂他人的面部表情。这都显示了选材的广泛性、时代性和人文性。模块 4 │ 命题分析 2．语言地道，题型合理
材料都是选取原汁原味的英语文章，所选的材料均来源于实际生活，涉及的内容也是实际生活内容，强调语篇选材的真实性。在题型设计上，包括细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词义猜测题等几大题型，其中细节理解题保持50%的比重，仍为考查重点，但是选项并非与文章完全对应，而是换种表述方法，或根据“弦外之音”猜测隐含细节的理解。推理判断题呈上升趋势，主旨大意题及词义猜测题的比重基本保持稳定。模块 4 │ 应试点睛 一、掌握策略，战无不胜
阅读理解无论从难度和分数所占比重都是首先应该受到学生重视的，但很多同学在做阅读理解时总是感觉时间不够用，其实只要灵活处理好以下几个方面的关系，这个问题便可迎刃而解。模块 4 │ 应试点睛 1．正确处理好“快”与“准”的关系
湖南高考阅读理解自2010年有3篇短文，设置15道单选题，考试时间25分钟。这就要求考生在处理阅读理解的时候既要“快”，又要“准”。也就是说，在准确把握文章整体、细节以及严密推理的基础上，尽量提高阅读速度，而不是单纯的追求阅读速度。这样对文章的理解就会非常清晰，哪些题目是自己有把握的，哪些是拿不准的心里也就有了底。然后对自己拿不准的题目再仔细推敲，力争有所突破。模块 4 │ 应试点睛 2．正确处理好复杂句式、生词和选项的关系
高考阅读的长句、难句的数量逐年增多。结构复杂、修饰语叠缀、信息容量大的句子在高考试卷中频频出现，有时一个句子占几行甚至一个自然段，这就造成了理解的困难，而且也增加了考生的心理压力。为此，建议大家对这些拦路虎加以正确区分对待：与题目无关，不影响理解文章大意的，就不必浪费时间和精力；模块 4 │ 应试点睛 相反，那些和题目相关的长难句，我们就要首先分析其类型(是带有较多成分的简单句，还是含有多个简单句的并列句，还是含有多个从句的复合句，还是含有多个插入成分的句子)，然后理清句子成分，去除干扰成分，抓住句子主干，这样就能准确把握句子的意义。
对待生词也应该采取同样的方法，首先看看生词是否与题目、文章的大意有关，如果是题目要求所必需的，我们就要弄清楚生词所处的语境，以及和下文的联系，推测生词的含义，否则就忽略它。
模块 4 │ 应试点睛 3．正确处理好所需信息与剩余信息的关系
湖南高考的阅读理解选材一般在280—450词，每篇设5个题，因此一定会有大量的剩余信息。我们在做题时，没有必要把每一句都弄得清清楚楚，只要重点理解与题目有关的信息就可以了。这就要求考生在答题时，最好先大体浏览一下文后的题目，确定主攻方向，然后带着问题阅读文章，特别要关注首尾段和首尾句，把握文章的主题和脉络，摘取有用的材料，舍弃无关的信息。然后针对测试题的要求，细心阅读与问题有关的词汇、句子或段落。模块 4 │ 应试点睛 4．所选有据，忠实原文，避免主观
做题时，我们必须以作者的思维模式为准绳，以原文提供的事实、细节和逻辑关系为自己思维活动的基准点，切忌把自己的观点和看法当作原文或作者的观点。同时，符合原文的选项是正确选项但不一定就是最佳选项，阅读题要求选的是最佳选项，有的选项从某个枝节来看是对的，但从全文来看则不是最佳的，因此，必须通盘考虑，取主要，舍枝节。 模块 4 │ 应试点睛 二、明确步骤，战无不胜
1．阅读题干，明确问题。在阅读文章之前，可以通过题干对文章进行初步了解。这样，在下一步阅读时就可以针对问题直接找答案，减少盲目性。
2．快速掌握大意，不在细节上纠缠。在第一步的基础上迅速阅读并对文章有大致的了解，这是选出正确选项的前提。模块 4 │ 应试点睛 3．阅读问题题干及其选项，在文中寻找相关的材料并预选选项。可在文中相应处作出标记，以便进一步了解并最终确定答案。
4．带着问题略读原文，确定答案。答完所有题目后，再快速阅读一遍文章，检查各题所选答案是否正确。查看各题答案是否前后照应，与原文有无矛盾，文中是否有疏漏的重要线索。 模块 4 │ 应试点睛 三、知己知彼，减少失误
有时候四个选项中总有一个极易误选，因此，了解阅读理解题中的干扰项的特点，可以大大减少我们不必要的失误。概括起来，干扰项可分为以下三种类型：
1．与原文矛盾。即选项与文章内容相矛盾。这种选项的干扰性较小，只要仔细阅读就可排除。模块 4 │ 应试点睛 2．无中生有。即选项与文章内容不矛盾，但在文中没有相关信息支持，没有根据。这类选项的干扰较大。在做此类题时，切忌把自己或他人观点作为选择依据。
3．答非所问。选题与题目关系不大，选项没有针对题目来阐述。这类题目干扰性也较大。同学们在做此类题时，不仅要判断选项内容的正确性，还应注意选项是否针对题目。 模块 4 │ 题型探究? 探究点一 细节理解型 【命题形式】
1．Which of the following statements is True (Not True)?
2．Which of the questions has not been mentioned (or discussed)in the passage?
3．What is the reason that…？
4．What do we know about…？
模块 4 │ 题型探究 5．How did the people know the couple’s problem?
6．Why was the bike so important to the couple?
【解题策略】
1．掌握技巧，灵活运用
(1)细心审题，直接就题找答案。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。模块 4 │ 题型探究 (2)变通理解，间接转述找答案。细节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述，命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处作改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。
(3)多点归纳，综合事实找答案。细节理解题有时考查的并不是单一的信息，而是多处信息的整合。解答此类“综合”信息细节题时，一定要全面捕捉相关信息，进行综合分析、归纳，切忌根据“一面之词”草率地作出结论。模块 4 │ 题型探究 2．了解特点，对症下药
(1)直接信息题
直接信息题能直接从原文中找到信息，而且选项和原文在语言表述上也没有大的变化或有时候仅仅在表达方式上稍作转化。
【典例】 [2010·海南、宁夏]
The Birthplace is within easy walking distance of all the car parks shown on the map; nearest is Windsor Street(3 minutes’ walk). 模块 4 │ 题型探究 The House may present difficulties but the Visitors’ Centre, its exhibition, and the garden are accessible(可进入的)to wheelchair user.
The Shakespeare Coffee House (opposite the Birthplace).
( )1.A wheelchair user may need help to enter ________.
A．the House B．the garden
C．the Visitor’s Centre D．the exhibition hall模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 A 题干关键词为：wheelchair。根据选文中的“The House may present difficulties but the Visitors’ Centre, its exhibition, and the garden are accessible(可进入的)to wheelchair user.”可知：对于轮椅使用者来说，可能进入房子有些困难，但是游客中心，展览厅还有花园都可以进入。由此可以直接得出答案。
【规律技巧提炼】 在解这类题时，大家可以采取“题干定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法。模块 4 │ 题型探究 (2)间接信息题
这类题目我们能够从文章中找到信息，但原文信息又不是解题所直接需要的，需要我们对原文信息进行合理地加工处理，根据信息作简单推理或鉴别。它是介于直接信息题和推理判断题之间的一种题型。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例】 To you，the most important decision you’ll make is to choose the school that really fits you best—not the one that is the most competitive(有竞争力的)or the one has the best equipped rooms.
( )1.The author thinks you should choose the college that is ________.
A．well-equipped B．competitive
C．suitable D．famous 模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 C 从文中可以看出，作者认为选择学校的时候最重要的是学校要适合(fit)你，即选项C，而不是“装备 好的”、“有竞争力的”和“著名的”。
(3)综合信息题
这类题目的信息不仅仅涉及文章的某一句话，还可能涉及文章的几句话，而且有时可能散落在文章的不同地方，因此要求考生把原文所提供的信息综合起来分析，而不能“断章取义”，也不能张冠李戴。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例】 [2010·湖北]
Third, needing to be right, it doesn’t matter what the topic is—politics. The laws of physics or the proper way to break an egg—the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong, for both wish to be considered an authority—someone who actually knows something—and therefore to command respect. Unfortunately, as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other, they’ll continue to fight these battles forever and never make any real progress.模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.Parents and teens want to be right because they want to ________.
A．give orders to the other
B．know more than the other
C．gain respect from the other
D．get the other to behave properly模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 C 题干的关键词是want to be right because，回原文定位到“Third, needing to be right”。原文接着往下看“it doesn’t matter what the topic is—politics, the laws of physics or the proper way to break an egg—the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong, for both wish to be considered an authority—someone who actually knows something—and therefore to command respect.” 这句话虽然看起来很复杂，但可以跳过插入语不看。模块 4 │ 题型探究 (破折号中间的内容均为插入语)将其省略，句子就会变得简单得多。又由于题干是对原因的提问，这里我们只重点看for后面的内容“both wish to be considered an authority and therefore to command respect”，故答案为C。模块 4 │ 题型探究 (4)是非辨别型。这是一类综合事实细节题，出题形式常常是“三正一误”(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)或“三误一正”(三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)。
【典例】 [2010·山东]
Christopher Thomas,27，was a writer by night and a teacher by day when he noticed he was always tired and was losing weight fast.Diagnosed with diabetes(糖尿病)，Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(胰岛素) three times a day for the rest of his life or risk nerve damage，blindness and even death. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 And if that weren’t bad enough，he had no health insurance.
After a month of feeling upset，Thomas decided he’d better find a way to fight back.He left Canton，Michigan for New York，got a job waiting tables，nicknamed himself the Diabetic Rockstar，and created diabeticrockstar.com，a free online community for diabetics and their loved ones—a place where over 1,100 people share personal stories，information and resources.
模块 4 │ 题型探究 Jason Swencki’s son，Kody，was diagnosed with diabetes at six.Father and son visit the online children’s forums(论坛)together most evenings.“Kody gets so excited，writing to kids from all over，”says Swencki，one of the site’s volunteers.“They know what he’s going through，so he doesn’t feel alone.”模块 4 │ 题型探究 Kody is anything but alone：Diabetes is now the seventh leading cause of death in the United States，with 24 million diagnosed cases.And more people are being diagnosed at younger ages.
These days，Thomas’s main focus is his charity(慈善机构)，Fight It，which provides medicines and supplies to people—225 to date —who can’t afford a diabetic’s huge expenses. Fight-it.org has raised about $23,000—in products and in cash.In May，Thomas will hold the first annual Diabetic Rockstar Festival in the Caribbean.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Even with a staff of 22 volunteers，Thomas often devotes up to 50 hours a week to his cause，while still doing his full-time job waiting tables.“Of the diabetes charities out there，most are putting money into finding a cure，”says Bentley Gubar，one of Rockstar’s original members.“But Christopher is the only person I know saying people need help now.”
模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.Which of the following is true of Christopher Thomas?
A．He needs to go to the doctor every day.
B．He studies the leading cause of diabetes.
C．He has a positive attitude to his disease.
D．He encourages diabetics by writing articles.模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 C 通读全文可知，Christopher Thomas对于自己的疾病采取了积极的态度，所以C项正确。A项与“Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(胰岛素)three times a day for the rest of his life”不符；B项与文中的Thomas开办网站，与病人及其家属分享有关的信息和资源不符；D项提到的写作是Thomas的专职工作，而他的志愿工作才是运作Fight It 这个慈善机构。模块 4 │ 题型探究 (5)事实排序题：这是一类运用多项事实进行排序的事实细节题，要求根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序或者句子之间的逻辑关系，找出时间发生，发展的正确顺序。
【典例】
…A Russian lawyer yesterday said the country’s border guards repeatedly fired on and sank the fleeing Chinese cargo vessel off Russia’s coast on Sunday.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Alexander Selentsov, a law officer in Vladivostok city, told the Interfax News Agency the Russian border guards received orders from the Federal Security Service last weekend “to open fire”on New Star, the Chinese ship, to stop it from escaping Russia’s Nakhodka port.
“The order was carried out after radio warnings.”he said.
Russian officials had preciously denied border guards had fired on the ship after local media reported the incident and said severe weather caused the sinking.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Vladivostok Daily News, the first newspaper to report that the ship was fired upon, said more than 500 rounds were shot at the ships bow and stern.
The Russian border guards watched the ship sink for nearly 24 hours, and made no response to the crewmen’s cries for help, the report said.
Sixteen sailors from New Star boarded two lifeboats, Russian crewmen saved one lifeboat. While the other, carrying seven Chinese and an Indonesian, was swallowed by waves.
…模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.Which is the right order of the ship sinking?
a．New Star overturned and started sinking.
b．One lifeboat was swallowed by waves.
c．Russian warship fired upon New Star.
d．Sailors boarded two life boats.
A．a c b d B．b a c d
C．c a d b D．d c a b 模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 C 事实排序题。由文章的介绍可以看出：俄罗斯军舰开火发生在最前面，然后是“新星号”下沉，接下来是船员登上救生艇，最后是一艘救生艇被海水吞没。
【规律技巧提炼】
在具体的解答时可采用 “首尾定位法”。即先找出首先发生的事和最后发生的事，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出答案。模块 4 │ 题型探究 (6)数据计算题：要弄清数据间的逻辑关系，选准正确的数据进行计算，同时弄清单位之间的换算关系。
【典例】 [2010·海南、宁夏] Shakespeare’s Birthplace and Exhibition of Shakespeare’s World…模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.How much is the admission for a family of two grown-ups and two children?
A．￡9.80 B．￡12.00
C．￡14.20 D．￡16.40
【解析】 B 题干关键词为admission。由此可知，应该在第二个表格中寻找相关的信息。根据第二个表格中Family ￡12.0 (2 adults ＋ up to 3 children)，即是一家人(2个成年人和至多3个小孩)需要￡12.0。模块 4 │ 题型探究? 探究点二 主旨大意型 主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中不可缺少的阅读题型之一，而且难度比较大。细分起来，主要考查学生对文章的中心思想、作者的态度以及写作意图等的理解能力。
【命题形式】
1．考查文章的中心思想
The main idea/key point of this passage is that …
The passage is mainly about …
From the passage we can learn/conclude that …
模块 4 │ 题型探究 Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
2．考查文章标题的选择
The best title/headline for this passage is …
Which of the following is the best title?
What would be the best title for the text?
The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is …模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解题策略】
1．抓住主题句，锁定文章主旨
找准主题句是关键。寻找主题句多采用浏览法(skimming)。主题句通常在文章开头，也可能在一段的中间或末尾。在很多情况下，主题句如果在段首，其后可能有for example，first，second等信息词。主题句如果在段末，其前可能有above all，all in all等信息词。利用这些信息词，可迅速找到主题句。一般来说，文章前三句所提供的信息能够让读者了解其大致内容，而读懂每段的第一句话则有助于掌握本段的主要内容。这样做的目的不仅在于可以迅速地把握全段的大意，更重要的是，在时间紧迫的情况下，可以对一段话进行缩读、略读和扫读。模块 4 │ 题型探究 2．抓住段落大意，概括中心思想
寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。
3．抓住主线和关键，归纳文章中心
先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。了解文章的结构，把握住全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。对这种能力的考查一般反映在文章的中心内容、文中某一段的大意或指代关系的题目中。 模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例1】 [2010·四川]
…
Candidates(申请人)will have experience of both management and research support/technical services.Knowledge of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary. Education to degree level is also desirable.
…模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.What does the paragraph mainly talk about?
A．The technical skills of a would-be ROM.
B．The practical experience of a would-be ROM.
C．The personal information of a would-be ROM.
D．The necessary requirements for a would-be ROM.
【解析】 D 主旨大意题。依据本段提供的信息，申请人要有管理和技术服务的经验、研究操作的知识及极好的交际技能等，可知本段主要谈对应聘职位者具体能力的要求。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例2】 [2010·辽宁] Too much TV-watching can harm children’s ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.
One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California third-graders. Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedroom TVs. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 A second study，looking at nearly 1,000 grown-ups in New Zealand, found lower education levels among 26-year-olds who had watched lots of TV during childhood. But the results don’t prove that TV is the cause and don’t rule out that already poorly motivated youngsters (年轻人)may watch lots of TV.
…
模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.What would be the best title for this text?
A．Computers or Television
B．Effects of Television on Children
C．Studies on TV and College Education
D．Television and Children’s Learning Habits
【解析】 B 标题归纳题。该文属于主题句在篇首。通读全文可知，文章主要通过两项研究分析了儿童看电视所造成的影响。文章第一段第一句话是主题句，故选B。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【规律技巧提炼】
新闻报道的第一段一般首先概括全文的中心，然后再详细叙述事件的发生、发展和结局，因此第一段就是全文的主题句。另外有些说明性或议论性文章也会开门见山地提出文章说明的中心或阐述的观点，等把一切问题都说透了，所有论据都摆全了，作者最后用一句话来概括全文，点明文章的中心，此种情况下文章的主题句出现在文章的最后。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例3】 [2010·重庆]
One morning more than thirty years ago, I entered the Track Kitchen, a restaurant where everyone from the humblest(卑微的)to the most powerful came for breakfast. I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man, who looked somewhat disheveled. He was wearing a worn-out hat and was alone. I asked if I might join him. He agreed quietly and I sat down to have my breakfast. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 We cautiously began a conversation and spoke about a wide rang of things. We never introduced ourselves. I was concerned that he might have no money and not be able to afford something to eat. So as I rose to go back to the counter and buy a second cup of coffee, I asked, “May I get you something？” “A coffee would be nice.”
模块 4 │ 题型探究 Then I bought him a cup of coffee. We talked more, and he accepted another cup of coffee. Finally, I rose to leave, wished him well, and headed for the exit. At the door I met one of my friends. He asked, “How did you get to know Mr. Galbreath？”“Who？”模块 4 │ 题型探究 “The man you were sitting with. He is chairman of the Board of Churchill Downs.”
I could hardly believe it. I was buying, offering a free breakfast, and feeling pity for one of the world’s richest and most powerful men!
My few minutes with Mr. Galbreath changed my life. Now I try to treat everyone with respect, no matter who I think they are, and no matter another human being with kindness and sincerity. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.What is the message mainly expressed in the story?
A．We should learn to be generous.
B．It is honorable to help those in need.
C．People in high positions are not like what we expect.
D．We should avoid judging people by their appearances. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 D 主旨大意题。该文属于主题句在篇末。根据文章最后一句“Now I try to treat everyone with respect, no matter who I think they are, and no matter another human being with kindness and sincerity.” 可知，作者想要表达的是不要以貌取人。由此判断选D。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例4】 [2010·江西]
Andy rode slowly on his way to school，day-dreaming about the fishing trip that his father had promised him.He was so busy dreaming about all the fish he would catch that he was unaware of everything else around him.
He rode along until a strange sound drew him to the present.He came to a stop and looked curiously up to the heavens.What he saw shocked and terrified him.A huge swarm of bees filled the sky like a black cloud and the buzzing mass seemed to be heading angrily towards him.模块 4 │ 题型探究 With no time to waste，Andy sped off in the opposite direction，riding furiously—but without knowing how to escape the swarm.With a rapidly beating heart and his legs pumping furiously，he sped down the rough road.As the bees came closer，his panic increased.Andy knew that he was sensitive to bee stings(蜇)．模块 4 │ 题型探究 The last sting had landed him in hospital—and that was only one bee sting！He had been forced to stay in bed for two whole days. Suddenly，his father’s words came to him. “When you are in a tight situation，don’t panic. Use your brain and think your way out of it.”模块 4 │ 题型探究 On a nearby hill，he could see smoke waving slowly skywards from the chimney of the Nelson family home.“Bees don’t like smoke，”he thought.“They couldn’t get into the house.”Andy raced towards the Nelson house，but the bees were gaining ground.Andy knew he could not reach the house in time.He estimated that the bees would catch up with him soon.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Suddenly，out of the corner of his eyes，he spotted a small dam used by Mr.Nelson to irrigate his vegetable garden.Off his bike and into the cool water he dived，disappearing below the surface and away from the savage insects.After holding his breath for as long as he could，Andy came up for air and noticed the bees had gone.Dragging himself out of the dam，he struggled up the hilly slope and rang the doorbell.Mr.Nelson took him inside and rang his mother.模块 4 │ 题型探究 “You’ll really need that fishing break to help you recover，”laughed his mother with relief.“Thank goodness you didn’t panic！”But Andy did not hear her.He was dreaming once again of the fish he would catch tomorrow.
( )1.Which of the following can best describe Andy’s escape from the bees?
A．No pains, no gains.
B．Once bitten, twice shy.
C．Where there is a will, there is a way.
D．In time of danger, one’s mind works fast. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 D 主旨大意题。本文讲述了主人公Andy在上学途中遭遇蜂群攻击， 急中生智， 躲入水中避险的成功故事。根据最后一段第二句Andy妈妈的话“Thank goodness you didn’t panic！”可知，情急之下Andy仍然成功想到办法脱险，再综合A、B、C、D四个选项的意思， 可以判断选D。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【规律技巧提炼】
阅读中最棘手的恐怕要数所选的短文出现无主题句的情况。如果没有主题句，考生可以采用提纲挈领法，通过分析细节把文章的要点归纳出来。尤其是记叙文，作者有时仅仅叙述事件所发生的时间或介绍人物，并不发表自己的观点，因此主题往往比较含蓄和隐蔽。这时可以回顾全文来概括文章的主旨，具体方法是：模块 4 │ 题型探究 1．判断出文章的主题究竟是指一个人、一个地方还是一件事情或者是某一事情的过程。总之，人、物、地点、思想或过程都可以成为文章的主题。
2．读完一篇短文后应有意识地回味一下文章的大致内容，理一理文章的脉络，体会一下段与段之间的内在联系，一般来说文章的中心就能概括出来，涉及文章大意主旨方面的题目自然会在头脑中由模糊变清晰。模块 4 │ 题型探究? 探究点三 词义猜测型 历年高考都把猜测词义作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题，词义推断可以是一个单词的意义推断，也可以是一个短语或句子的意义推断，既可以是生词意义，也可以是熟词新意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【命题形式】
1．The underlined words “took off” in paragraph 2 mean …
2．What does the underlined word “them” in the last paragraph refer to?
3．The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that …
4．Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” in the third paragraph?模块 4 │ 题型探究 5．The underlined phrase “turn his back on” (paragraph 6)most probably mean …
6．By saying “We need them yesterday” (paragraph 7)，Stover means that snakelike robots …模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解题策略】
1．根据定义、解释或同位关系来猜测词义
句子中有些词其前或其后的文字中就有该词的定义或解释，我们可通过对其定义或解释的理解推测出它的词义。定义、解释多样，常用“to be defined as, to be called, that is to be, to mean, to refer to, that is (to say), in other words, namely”等词语预示着下文对前文的信息加以重复或解释。还有一些标点符号，如：冒号、破折号、括号等都表示后文要继续解释说明前文。模块 4 │ 题型探究 2．依据反义词和对比关系猜测词义
运用对比手法描述事物或现象是文章写作的一种常用的修辞手法。在这种修辞手法下，作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，从而表明一个词与前面的另一个词互为反义。常用的信号词有：but/yet/however/nevertheless; while/whereas; otherwise/or else; unlike/instead/rather than; by contrast/compared to; on the contrary/on the other hand 等。模块 4 │ 题型探究 3．依据逻辑推理猜测词义
运用逻辑推理猜测词义是使用最广考查最多也最易失分的猜词方式。要求考生具备整合分散、复杂信息的能力，充分利用上下文中相关的词汇并结合具体的语境，从形式和内容上把握语言之间的内在联系，理顺语言之间的逻辑关系，进而达到猜词的目的。常见的逻辑关系有因果关系、同位关系、对比关系、转折关系等。此外，考生还可以依据词性变化和词义变化 (词义引申)来猜测词义。 模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例1】 Morning, noon, and night, her tongue was endlessly going, so that he was forced to escape to the outside of the house—the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked_husband.
( )1.The underlined words “henpecked_husband” probably means a man who ________.
A．likes hunting B．is afraid of hens
C．loves his wife D．is afraid of his wife
模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 D 依据标点符号猜测词义。破折号“—” 起进一步解释说明的作用。由句前信息 “他为逃避妻子的唠叨而逃到屋外”可知“他是一个怕老婆的人”，因此选D。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例2】 [2010·辽宁] I hated dinner parties. But I decided to give them another shot because I’m in London. And my friend Mallery invited me. And because dinner parties in London are very different from those back in New York. There，“I’m having a dinner party”means：“I’m booking a table for 12 at a restaurant you can’t afford and we’ll be sharing the cheque evenly, no matter what you eat.”…模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )What does the word “shot” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．Choice. B．Try.
C．Style. D．Goal.
【解析】 B 词义猜测题。依据反义词和对比关系猜测词义。从第一句的hated，到But意义上的转折，说明尽管不喜欢，还是要“尝试一下”，所以try的意思更接近shot。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例3】 I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded_her_judgment.
( )1.The underlined words “clouded_her_judgment” probably mean ________.
A．made her less trustful toward the doctor
B．put her in control of her own feelings
C．made her less able to think clearly
D．put her in a dangerous situation
【解析】 C 词义猜测题。此处 cloud 名词动化为“把……遮盖住，使……模糊不清” ，对于思维而言，就是“不能清楚地思考”，因此选C。 模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例4】 [2010·江西]
However, what do we do with the time we have saved? Certainly not relax, or so it seems. We are so accustomed constant activity that we find it difficult to sit and do nothing, or even just one thing at a time. Perhaps the_days are long gone when we might listen quietly to a story on the radio, letting imagination take us into another world. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.What does “the days” in paragraph refer to?
A．Imaginary life.
B．Simple life in the past.
C．Times of inventions.
D．Time for constant activity.
【解析】 B 词义猜测题。本题是根据前后逻辑推理猜测词义。原句意义：(Perhaps the days are long gone when we might listen quietly to a story on the radio, letting imagination take us into another world.) 也许， 我们静静聆听广播里的故事节目， 任想象插上翅膀肆意翱翔的日子， 已经一去不返了。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例5】 [2010·陕西]
When I first got an e-mail account ten years ago, I received communications only from family, friends, and colleagues. Now it seems that every time I check my e-mail, I have an endless series of advertisements and other correspondence that do not interest me at all. If we want e-mail to continue to be useful, we need specific laws that make spamming(发送垃圾邮件)a crime. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.What does the underlined word “correspondence” in paragraph probably mean?
A．Messages. B．Ideas.
C．Connections. D．Programs.
【解析】 A 词义猜测题。本题是根据前后逻辑推理猜测词义。根据本文中的“e-mail”一词以及“endless series of advertisements”可以推断出correspondence在此处意思是“信件，垃圾邮件”，由此可知本题选A。模块 4 │ 题型探究? 探究点四 推理判断型 推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题。这种题型包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。做好该题型要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。模块 4 │ 题型探究 推理判断题常常可以分为如下几类：(1)细节推断。如时间、地点、人物关系等；(2)逻辑推断。根据已知的结果推断导致结果产生的可能原因；(3)目的、意图、态度推断。根据文章的论述，推断作者的写作目的以及作者情感态度；(4)预测想象推断。文章没有明确说明，要求根据语篇对文章可能涉及的内容进行预测判断。
【命题形式】
1．It can be inferred from the passage (or the last paragraph)that…
2．It can be learned from the passage (or the last paragraph)that…模块 4 │ 题型探究 3．It can be concluded from the passage (or the last paragraph)that…
4．It implies that…
5．Where would you most probably find in this passage?
6．What would the author most likely continue to talk about in the next paragraph(s)?
7．What is the author’s main purpose in this passage?
8．The writer’s purpose in writing this story is …模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解题策略】
解答推理判断题时，应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想。针对细节的推断，可首先通过辨认细节、事实的追忆技巧，了解并理解有关的事实或证据，然后运用查读法，迅速在阅读材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，并对这些事实或证据进行分析和评价，然后再进行推理判断。 模块 4 │ 题型探究 针对主题思想作推断时，先根据主题思想，再分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证、原因与结果、主观点与次观点，要注意抓住关键词、短语、句子或段落，透彻理解文章内容，注意文章结构层次和逻辑关系，并结合阅读材料外的有关生活、社会的常识，仔细斟酌，作出准确的推断和引申。甚至要借助常识作出合理的推断和判断。
1．推测上下文的内容
(1)推测下文的内容：关注最后一段的内容，尤其是最后的两三句话，根据作者的思路进行推理。
(2)推测上文的内容：关注第一段，特别是文段开始的几句话。模块 4 │ 题型探究 2．根据事实细节，推断合理信息
推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能作出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息作多步推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据， 推论有理， 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。模块 4 │ 题型探究 3．推断作者的观点
应当全面理解文章的内容及文章的中心思想，注意能够表露作者思想倾向和感彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子。
4．推测写作目的
不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的， 但写作目的通常有以下三种：
(1)娱乐读者，让人发笑(to entertain readers)，常见于故事类的文章。
(2)说服读者接受某种观点(to persuade readers)，常见于广告类的文章。模块 4 │ 题型探究 (3)告知读者某些信息(to inform readers)，多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章。
【典例1】 [2010·浙江]
My family and I lived across the street from Southway Park since I was four years old.Then just last year the city put a chain link fence around the park and started bulldozing (用推土机推平) the trees and grass to make way for a new apartment complex. When I saw the fence and bulldozers，I asked myself，“Why don’t they just leave it alone？”模块 4 │ 题型探究 Looking back，I think what sentenced the park to oblivion (被遗忘) was the drought (旱灾) we had about four years ago.Up until then，Southway Park was a nice green park with plenty of trees and a public swimming pool.My friends and I rollerskated on the sidewalks，climbed the trees，and swam in the pool all the years I was growing up.The park was almost like my own yard.Then the summer I was fifteen the drought came and things changed.模块 4 │ 题型探究 There had been almost no rain at all that year.The city stopped watering the park grass.Within a few weeks I found myself living across the street from a huge brown desert.Leaves fell off the park trees，and pretty soon the trees started dying，too.Next，the park swimming pool was closed.The city cut down on the work force that kept the park，and pretty soon it just got too ugly and dirty to enjoy anymore.模块 4 │ 题型探究 As the drought lasted into the fall，the park got worse every month. The rubbish piled up or blew across the brown grass.Soon the only people in the park were beggars and other people down on their luck.People said drugs were being sold or traded there now.The park had gotten scary，and my mother told us kids not to go there anymore.模块 4 │ 题型探究 The drought finally ended and things seemed to get back to normal，that is，everything but the park.It had gotten into such bad shape that the city just let it stay that way.Then about six months ago I heard that the city was going to “redevelop” certain worn-out areas of the city.It turned out that the city had planned to get rid of the park，sell the land and let someone build rows of apartment buildings on it.模块 4 │ 题型探究 The chain-link fencing and the bulldozers did their work.Now we live across the street from six rows of apartment buildings.Each of them is three units high and stretches a block in each direction.The neighborhood has changed without the park.The streets I used to play in are jammed with cars now.Things will never be the same again.Sometimes_I_wonder，though，what_changes_another_drought_would_make_in_the_way_things_are today.模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.How did the writer feel when he saw the fence and bulldozers?
A．Scared. B．Confused.
C．Upset. D．Curious.
( )2.Why was the writer told not to go to the park by his mother?
A．It was being rebuilt.
B．It was dangerous.
C．It became crowded.
D．It had turned into a desert. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )3.According to the writer, what eventually brought about the disappearance of the park?
A．The drought.
B．The crime.
C．The beggars and the rubbish.
D．The decisions of the city. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )4.The last sentence of the passage implies that if another drought came, ________.
A．the situation would be much worse
B．people would have to desert their homes
C．the city would be fully prepared in advance
D．the city would have to redevelop the neighborhood模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】
1．C 推理判断题。根据文章第一段的最后一句：Why don’t they just leave it alone？以及第二段的美好回顾，可以推断出，作者对现在的变化很难过。
2．B 推理判断题。仔细阅读第四段，可以了解到：公园被废弃了，里面住着流浪汉，甚至有人贩毒，所以母亲叮嘱我们不要去那里，因为危险。模块 4 │ 题型探究 3．D 推理判断题。从第五段，可以了解到：干旱结束了，但是政府仍然对公园不管不问，而是要重新规划这块废弃地，在作者眼中是“the city had planned to get rid of the park”。故选择D。
4．A 推理判断题。根据文章第三段的整体理解，可知旱情使事情变得很糟糕，由此可以推断出：再来一场旱灾的话，事情会更加的糟糕。故答案选A。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例2】 [2010·四川]
Alex London Research Laboratory (ALRL) is part of Alex Co.，Ltd.，a major Australian medicine-making company.Opened in 1992，ALRL specialises in the development of new medicines for the treatment of heart diseases.
A position is now open for a Research Operations Manager (ROM) to support our growing research team at the new laboratories in Hatfield，due to open in the autumn of 2010.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Reporting to the Director，you will help set up and run the technical and scientific support services of our new laboratories now under construction.You will be expected to provide expert knowledge about and be in charge of all areas of ALRL’s Health and Safety，and to communicate (沟通) with support employees at ALRL’s laboratories based at University College London.Working closely with scientists and other operations and technical employees，you will manage a small number of research support employees providing services to help with the research activities to be carried out at the new laboratories.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Candidates(申请人) will have experience of both management and research support/technical services.Knowledge of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary. Education to degree level is also desirable.
If you are interested in this position，please send your CV (简历) to Alex London Research Laboratory，University College London，Hatfield，London，W1E 6B7 or by email to ALRL@ alex.co.uk.For more information，please visit www.alex.co.uk.模块 4 │ 题型探究 ( )1.What is the purpose of the text?
A．To describe the job of a ROM.
B．To provide information about ALRL.
C．To announce an open position at ALRL.
D．To make known the opening of the new
laboratories.
【解析】 C 写作目的推断题。本篇文章为广告招聘。文章提供了Alex Co., Ltd招聘一名ROM的信息，并对要招聘的职位提出了具体的要求。由此可以看出该文的写作目的自然是让大家了解ALRL公司有一公开招聘的职位。模块 4 │ 题型探究? 探究点五 篇章结构型 最近两年，篇章结构题频繁地出现在各地高考英语阅读理解题中，已经成为了一种新颖而独立的阅读题型。从其考查内容而言，可分为三种：考查考生对整篇文章结构的组织能力；考查考生对后文内容的预测能力；考查考生对文章写作手法、修辞手段的赏析能力。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【命题方式】
1．How is the passage organized?
2．Which of the following best shows the structure/organization of the passage?
3．What will the author most probably talk about next?
4．The author develops the passage mainly by…
5．The first paragraph serves as a(n)…
6．The example of…is given to show/illustrate that …模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解题策略】
1．了解文章结构的组织形式
从段落组织方式上讲，常见的文章结构有三种：总分式结构(总→分；总→分→总；分→总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式上是一正一反)
2．了解文章的论证方法模块 4 │ 题型探究 从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类： put forward a question →analyze the question → solve the question 即“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；argument/idea → evidence → conclusion/restating the idea 即“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。模块 4 │ 题型探究 3．了解文章的修辞手法
从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一，是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好地达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例1】 [2010·北京]
The Cost of Higher Education
Many people believe that higher education should be free because it is good for the economy (经济). Many graduates clearly do contribute to national wealth, but so do all the businesses that invest (投资)and create jobs. If you believe that the government should pay for higher education because graduates are economically productive, you should also believe that the government should pay part of business costs. Anyone promising to create jobs should receive a gift of capital from the government to invest. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 Therefore, it is the individual, not the government, who should pay for their university education.
( )1.The author mentions businesses in Paragraph 5 in order to ________.
A．argue against free university education
B．call on them to finance students’ studies
C．encourage graduates to go into business
D．show their contribution to higher education模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 A 结构推断题。本题考查例证的功能。题目问此处谈到business有什么目的，就等于问议论文中的论据有什么用，即：支持论点。马上从本段段首找论点“Many people believe that higher education should be free…通读”全文可知作者反对free higher education。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例2】 [2010·重庆]
It is hardly surprising that clothing manufacturers (生产商)follow certain uniform standards for various features(特征)of clothes.What seems strange，however，is that the standard adopted for women is the opposite of the one for men.Take a look at the way your clothes button.Men’s clothes tend to button from the right，and women’s from the left.Considering most of the world’s population—men and women—are right-handed，the men’s standard would appear to make more sense for women.So why do women’s clothes button from the left?模块 4 │ 题型探究 History really seems to matter here.Buttons first appeared only on the clothes of the rich in the 17th century，when rich women were dressed by servants.For the mostly right-handed servants，having women’s shirts button from the left would be easier.On the other hand，having men’s shirts button from the right made sense，too.Most men dressed themselves，and a sword drawn from the left with the right hand would be less likely to get caught in the shirt.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Today women are seldom dressed by servants，but buttoning from the left is still the standard for them.Is it interesting? Actually，a standard，once set，resists change.At a time when all women’s shirts buttoned from the left，it would have been risky for any single manufacturer to offer women’s shirts that buttoned from the right.After all，women had grown so used to shirts which buttoned from the left and would have to develop new habits and skills to switch. 模块 4 │ 题型探究 Besides，some women might have found it socially awkward to appear in public wearing shirts that buttoned from the right，since anyone who noticed that would believe they were wearing men’s shirts.
( )1.The passage is mainly developed by ________.
A．analyzing causes
B．making comparisons
C．examining differences
D．following the time order模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 A 篇章结构题。本题考查文章的论证方法。通观整篇文章可以看出，作者在开始提到一个现象——男女衣服的标准相反，然后分析这种现象产生的历史原因，最后告诉我们现在是这样的原因。由此判断选A项。模块 4 │ 题型探究 【典例3】 [2009·北京]
How Room Designs Affect Our Work and Feelings
Architects have long had the feeling that the places we live in can affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviors. But now scientists are giving this feeling an empirical(经验的，实证的)basis. They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity, keep people focused and lead to relaxation.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Researches show that aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity. In 2007, Joan Meyers-Levy at the University of Minnesota, reported that the height of a room’s ceiling affects how people think. Her research indicates that higher ceilings encourage people to think more freely, which may lead them to make more abstract connections. Low ceilings, on the other hand, may inspire a more detailed outlook.模块 4 │ 题型探究 In addition to ceiling height, the view afforded by a building may influence an occupant’s ability to concentrate. Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on a standard test of attention.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Using nature to improve focus of attention ought to pay off academically, and it seems to, according to a study led by C．Kenneth Tanner, head of the School Design & Planning Laboratory at the University of Georgia. Tanner and his team found that students in classrooms with unblocked views of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vocabulary, language arts and maths than students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots.模块 4 │ 题型探究 Recent study on room lighting design suggests that dim(暗淡的)light helps people to loosen up. If that is true generally, keeping the light low during dinner or at parties could increase relaxation. Researchers of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture with rounded edges could help visitors relax.模块 4 │ 题型探究 So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings. “We have a very limited number of studies, so we’re_almost_looking_at_the_problem_through_a_straw(吸管)，” architect David Allison says. “How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalized use of them? That’s what we’re all struggling with.”
( )1.Which of the following shows the organization of the passage?模块 4 │ 题型探究 CP：Central Point P：point Sp：Sub-point(次要点)C：Conclusion
模块 4 │ 题型探究 【解析】 C 篇章结构题。本题考查段落的组织形式。本文第一段为总要点，最后一段为结论，要点1、2、3共同服务于结论，重要的是要点二又包含了两个次要点。综上分析可知答案为C。