课件36张PPT。专题三 代词一、人称代词的常见用法1.人称代词的排序单数二、三、一(you,he and I),但承担责任时词序为一、二、三(I,you and he)。例如:I,you and he should answer for the accident.复数一、二、三(we,you and they)。其中“一”表示第一人称;“二”表示第二人称;“三”表示第三人称。2.人称代词的格(1)在无动词分句中,人称代词通常用其宾格。例如:—Who can name two pronouns?—Who? Me?—I'm going to spend the weekend in the countryside.—Me,too.(2)人称代词做表语时多用宾格。例如:This is him,and that is me.在强调结构中,被强调的如果是人称代词,代词的格一般取决于被强调的部分在从句中所充当的句法作用。例如:It was I that(who)carried the boy to safety.(“我”在从句中作主语,故用主格人称代词I。)(3)在比较状语从句中,人称代词的格取决于话语的深层结构。试比较:He helped me more often than she(did).He helped me more often than(he did)her.3.人称代词的类指用法人称代词能够表示类指,即泛指一般的人或事物。(1)we 和 you 表示类指时,泛指一般人,包括听说双方在内。例如:Think before you act.三思而后行。(2)they 表示类指时,一般指有关方面,不包括听说双方在内。例如:I don't think they will raise the price of oil.(3)it 表示类指时,一般泛指不可数的事物。例如:I like football,but I don't want to play it.4.阴性代词 she,her 的用法阴性代词 she,her 可用来指代“国家、车、船、飞机”等物,以示亲切,但应注意不要滥用。二、替代词的用法1.名词性替代——替代词 one,it 与 that 的用法one:指代可数名词,复数形式为ones;表示泛指,亦即指同一类中的任何一个,特指时须在 one 前加上定冠词 the;one 前一般不加定冠词,但 one 被形容词修饰后反之。 it:指代可数或不可数名词,复数形式为 them;指代前面提到过的事物,亦即“同一个”。that:指代可数或不可数名词,复数形式为 those;表示特指。例如:I've lost my pen.I can't find it anywhere.I'm going to buy a new one.The weather in Beijing is much colder than that in NanJing.2.动词性替代——代词 so 和 it 与代动词 do 的连用代词 so 和 it 可以接在代动词 do 之后,表示一个已经完成了的行为。do 可以替代前面出现了的主动词,也可以替代动词和动词后面的宾语或状语等成分。例如:Please tell him to come on time.I have done so(it).(=I have told him to come on time.) do so 相对比较正式一点,在非正式的说法中,通常说 do和 do it,或者将 do it 中的it换用为 this 或 that。例如:—I hope you had a good time at the party.—Yes,I did.Thanks.—I haven‘t got time to get the tickets.—Who’s going to do it(that)?(由于这段对话太口语化,所以这里不宜说:Who‘s going to do so?)特别提醒:如果替代的是前面的“动词+状语”结构,一般用 do so 或 do,而不能用 do it。后者主要替代“动词+宾语”的结构。3.分句性替代——分句替代词 so 和 not 的用法so 和 not 常接在某些语气较为委婉的动词之后,以替代 that 从句。这样的动词有:believe,think,hope,expect,suppose,imagine,say,hear,guess,be afraid 等。so 表示肯定。例如:—Is there going to be a film tonight?—I think so.(=I think there is going to be a film tonight.)如果要对前句的内容进行否定,则可采用下面两种结构:(1)don't+believe/think/expect/suppose+so,例如:—He will fail in the entrance exam.—No,I don't believe so. (=I don't believe he will fail in the entrance exam.)(2)believe,think,expect,suppose,hope,hear,be afraid+not。例如:—Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend?—I believe not.—I wonder if he met with the accident.—I think not and I hope not.特别提醒:上述动词中 believe,think,expect,suppose 等可以有两种否定形式,而有些动词只能有一种否定形式。例如:I hope not.(不能说:I don't hope so.)I'm afraid not.(不能说:I'm not afraid so.)此外,初学者还容易出现下列典型错误:—Do you think we'll have terrible weather?—No,I_don't_believe_it.(替代上面的分句,it 应改为 so)—Will he agree with us?—Yes,I think.(think 后应接分句替代词 so,否则意思不明)—Are you going to watch the game?—I'm sure so,for it promises to be a close one.(应将 so 改为I will,因为 be sure 的语气并不委婉,其后不能接分句替代词。)另外,so 和 not 还可以用在if后面,以避免重复前文。例如:—Are you free this evening? If so,come and join us in the dance.(不说 If you are free...)—I may join you in the dance.If not,I'll telephone you.三、it 的用法1.it做“虚主语”时可指:时间、天气、温度、距离、环境等。例如:It often snows in winter.It's four weeks since he left.也可用在下面的结构中:It took us an hour to repair it.(前面的那个 it 充当的是形式主语)I don't think it a good idea.(it 充当的是形式宾语)It's in the hall that we'll have a meeting.(强调结构中的it)It looks as if it is going to rain.(前面的那个 it 句法作用较为模糊)2.it 指人时的情况(1)指心目中不清楚的人或谈话双方所指的人和事。例如:—A man is waiting for you.—Who is it?—Who is there?—Oh,it is Xiao Lin.(2)指无需区分性别、无独立思考能力的 baby。例如:The baby was badly ill.Its parents took it to the hospital.四、几个主要概括代词的含义及用法1.both:意为“两者都”,做主语时谓语动词用复数。either:意为“(两者之中)任何一个”,做主语时谓语动词用单数。neither:意为“(两者之中)任何一个都不”,做主语时谓语动词用单数。2.any:意为“任何一个(几个)”,做主语时谓语须根据实际意义而定。例如:Point out the mistakes in the compositions,if there are any.(any 指代可数名词 mistakes,故谓语动词用复数。)3.all:意为“所有的人或物(三个以上)”,做主语时谓语动词用复数。all 还可作“一切”讲,做主语时谓语动词用单数。例如:All are silent.谁都不出声。All is silent.万籁俱寂。none:“(三者以上)一个也没有”,做主语时谓语动词用单复数均可。例如:They are all very tired,but none of them have (has) stopped to take a rest.特别提醒:both 和 all做主语同位语时,一般置于行为动词之前,助动词、情态动词和系动词 be 之后,但在句末或在简短的回答中,则要放在助动词和情态动词之前。例如:—Are you ready?—Yes.we both are./Yes,we all are.—Have you finished?—Yes,we both have./Yes,we all have.—Can you see it?—Yes.we both can./Yes,we all can.How silly you all are!4.each:意为“(两个或两个以上)每一个”,做主语时谓语动词用单数。而 every 不用做代词,故 every 不可用做主语,也不能接受 of 短语的修饰。 五、几个主要不定代词的含义及用法1.someone 后的代词分别用 he,his,him;everyone,any one,none 后的代词可分别用 he,his,him,也可分别用 they,their,them;one 后的物主代词一般用 one‘s,但重复两次时则用 his;one of 后的物主代词一般用his;each 后的代词可分别用 he,his,him。2.someone,anyone,everyone,no one 仅指人,不接 of 短语;some one,any one,every one,none既可指人,亦可指物,可接 of 短语。巧记:分合皆能单独用,若加 of 合不成。合写仅能把人指,分开指物又指人。(no one 和 none 反之)六、相互代词 each other 和 one another 的用法相互代词只有下面这两个:1.one another相互(三者以上)。例如:The several parts of the country have been separated from one another for centuries.2.each other相互(两者之间或三者以上)。例如:They looked into each other's eyes for a silent moment.3.在强调两者不同时,用 one...another...。例如:It is one thing to know and another to teach.七、代词的其他用法1.反身代词不可单独做主语。例如:They themselves found out the place.(不能用 themselves 单独作主语)2.不定代词的定语通常要后置。3.对人口、数字、价格等的提问,常用疑问代词 what。例如:What is the population of China?4.下列短语中的物主代词习惯上不能省略:do one's homework/lessons,shake one's head,wash one's hands,love one's country etc. [名校模拟演练]1.(2010·长春调研)Gradually, you will realize that the things that matter are ______ that can't be bought with money.
A.these B.those
C.ones D.some
解析:考查代词。因该代词被that从句限定,因此使用those,相当于the ones。
答案:B2.(2010·北京东城期末)You can take ______ half of the cake; they're exactly the same.
A.both B.either
C.any D.each
解析:考查代词。语意:你可以拿蛋糕的任意半块,它们是一样的。据此可知用either表示“两者中的任意一个”,所以选B项。
答案:B3.(2010·北京海淀期末)-Is he leaving tomorrow?
-No. He'll continue to stay here for ______ four or five days.
A.another B.other
C.the other D.every other
解析:考查不定代词的用法。因为此处“范围不确定”,所以用another, another four or five days表示“另外四五天”。语意:他将在这里多待四五天。所以这里选A项。
答案:A4.(2010·陕西西安质检)Are you driving to the airport, sir? I'd appreciate ______ if you could give me a lift.
A.that B.you
C.this D.it
解析:语意:先生,你是开车去机场吗?如果你能载我一程,我将非常感激。根据语意可知,it为形式宾语,代替真正的宾语if you could give me a lift。
答案:D5.(2010·陕西西安质检)-May I ask for leave tomorrow?
-No, you can't. ______ applying for the scholarship must be present.
A.Someone B.Anyone
C.One D.No one
解析:考查人称代词的用法。anyone表示“任何人”,即任何申请奖学金的人都必须到场。
答案:B6.(2010·上海春招)It is said that two man-made structures are clearly visible from space. One is the Great Wall of China, and ______ is Japan's Kansai International Airport.
A.another B.other
C.the other D.either
解析:考查代词的用法。“两者中的一个”用one,“两者中的另一个”用the other,上句有提示two man-made structures,所以用one...the other结构。
答案:C7.(2010·南开中学)The cars on show are so cheap, but still I can't afford ______.
A.it B.this
C.one D.that
解析:考查代词。展出的那些车都很便宜,但是我还是买不起一辆车。用one表示没有具体所指的“一个”,这里相当于a car。
答案:C8.(2010·广西南宁一模)Equipped with modern facilities, today's libraries differ greatly from ______.
A.those of the past B.the past
C.which of the past D.ones of the past
解析:考查代词。这里用those代替前面的复数名词libraries,接后置定语of the past。
答案:A9.(2010·襄樊四中)-Which one can I take?
-You can take ______ of them; I'll keep none.
A.all B.any
C.both D.either
解析:考查代词。依据下文的none一词可知,该处所说的事物不止两个,所以C错误;再依据题意可知,这里是让对方都拿走,所以用all。
答案:A10.(2010·河南省实验中学一模)Understanding the cultural habits of another nation, especially ______ containing as many different cultures as America is a difficult thing.
A.the one B.one
C.it D.either
解析:考查代词。one指代的事物同类不同体,泛指同类中的一个,相当于“a/an+名词”,符合语意。the one特指某一个,it用来替代前面提到的同一事物,either指两者之一。
答案:B