课件29张PPT。Welcome to the PowerPoint Presentation on Subject-Verb Agreement, the Sore Thumbof grammar!主谓一致Definition: 在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致1.由and或both...and...连接两个名词(或代词)作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
You and Mary ____not wrong.你和玛丽没有错。
Both coffee and tea ___ my favorite.
茶和咖啡都是我最喜爱的。
areare2.and所连接的两个词如指同一主体时，谓语则用单数形式。
A singer and dancer___ present at the party today.
这位歌手和舞蹈演员出席了我们今天的歌会。
was3.主语是抽象概念短语或从句作主语时，谓语用单数形式。
Collecting stamps ___ my favorite hobby.
集邮是我最喜爱的业余爱好。
To study hard __ your duty now.努力学习是你现在的任务。
That we have made much progress __ a fact.
我们取得了很大的成绩是事实。
isisis4.what或which引导的主语从句的句子，谓语动词与表语的数一致。
What I want __ a new bike.我所想要的是一辆新自行车。
Which ___your pictures？哪些是你的图画？
What I need badly ___ books.我急需的是书籍。isareare5.由“each (no，every)＋名词＋and＋each (no，every)＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Each boy and each girl ___ given a gift.
每个男孩和女孩都给了礼物。
No sound and no voice ___ been heard for a long time.
很长时间没有听到任何声音。
washas6.由“one and a half＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
One and a half hours ___left.只剩下一个半小时。
is7.主语是“名词/代词＋with＋名词/代词”时，谓语须与前面的名词/代词保持一致。类似这种情形的用法还有：together with，along with，as well as，as much as，rather than，no less than，like，but，except，besides，including等。
Tom as well as the other boys ___praised at the meeting.
在大会上，汤姆和其他的男孩们受到表扬。
was8.glass，iron，paper，wood，water等名词表示“物质”概念时，只能用单数形式。
Wood __ used to make furniture.木料用做制造家俱。
is9.“more than one/many a＋单数名词”虽有复数意义，但谓语只能用单数形式。
Many a young person ___ got into the habit of smoking.
很多年轻人有抽烟的习惯。
has10.在“one of＋复数名词＋who/which/that”引导的定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，要注意：one前面如果有the only修饰时，谓语动词与one保持一致，用单数形式；反之，one前面如果没有the only，谓语动词与of后面的名词保持一致，用复数形式。
This is one of the questions that ______been asked by the students.这是学生提出的许多问题之一。
He is the only one of the officers who _____invited to the ball here.他是办公室唯一被邀请参加舞会的人。
havewas11.people，police，cattle，clothes，militia等作主语时，谓语用复数形式。
The cattle ___ kept in his farm.他农场里饲养牛。
The police ____ searching for the lost boy.
警察在寻找丢失的那个男孩。
areare12.family，company，audience，committee，crew，class，team，group，nation，world，government等名词表示集体概念时，谓语动词用单数；反之，如果表示个体概念，谓语动词用复数。
His family ___ a happy one.他的家庭是一个快乐的家庭。
The whole family ___ watching TV.一家人正在看电视。
isare13.week，time，dollar，kilometer，kilogram等表示时间、价值、长度、重量的名词(尽管用了复数形式)作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
Twenty years __ a long time to us.
对于我们来说，20年是一段很长的时间。
One thousand pounds ___ a lot of money.
一千英镑是很大一笔钱。
isis14.the rich，the living，the wounded等“the＋形容词(现在分词、过去分词)”表示一类人，具有复数意义。
The rich ___ not willing to help the poor.
富人们不愿意帮助穷人。
are15.当并列连词连接两个主语时，首先要遵循就近一致原则(谓语与靠近的主语保持一致)。
常见的这类并列连词有：or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...，not...but...等。
Not only the students but also the teacher __ going to see the film.不但学生而且还有这位老师打算去看这部电影。
____ either you or your brother been in the army?
是你还是你弟弟参了军？
isHave16.当“there be”后面接几个名词时，谓语动词要与靠近的那个名词保持一致。
There __ a table，two chairs and a bed in the room.
这个房间里有张桌子，两把椅子和一张床。
____ there three books and one pen on your desk?
你的书桌上有三本书和一支钢笔吗？
isAre17.a number of＋复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；the number of＋复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
The number of private colleges ___ increased.私立学校在增多。
A large number of people ____ applied for the job.
很多人申请了这份工作。
hashave18.由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语以及由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。
50 percent of the students in our class ___ girls.
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth ____ sea.
The rest of the lecture ___ wonderful.areisis注意:
A large quantity of people ___ needed here.
Quantities of food ____ still on the table.
A large quantity of谓语动词用单数
quantities of谓语动词用复数
取决于quantity的单复数
iswere. The “sore thumb of grammar” will never be seen in your writing again!CONGRATULATIONS! practice1.（2009年陕西卷）Dr.Smith,together with his wife and daughters, visit Beijing this summer.
A.is going to B.are going to
C.was going to D.were going to
2.Either you or one of your students _____ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
A.are B.is
C.have D.be3. At present，one of the arguments in favor of the new airport that it will bring a lot of jobs to the area.
A.is B.are
C.will be D.was
4.—Did you go to the show last night?
—Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area___ invited.
A.were B.have been
C.has been D.was5.Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture,but when and where______yet.
A.hasn’t been decidedB.haven’t decided
C.isn’t being decidedD.aren’t decided
6.We live day by day,but in the great things,the time of days and weeks so small that a day is unimportant.
A.isB.are
C.has beenD.have been7.The number of people,who have access to their own cars, sharply in the past decade.
A.rose B.is rising
C.have risenD.has risen
8.Buying clothes a hard job because the clothes a person likes not very often fit him or her.
A.are;doB.is;does
C.are;doesD.is;do9.Many a writer of newspaper articles to writing novels.
A.has turnedB.have turned
C.being turnedD.are going to turn
10.This kind of book very useful but books of that kind useless.
A.is;isB.is;are
C.are;isD.are;are11.—Why does the lake smell terrible?
—Because large quantities of water .
A.have pollutedB.is being polluted
C.has been polluted D.have been polluted
12. __of the people on the net China’s economy is among the strongest in the world.
A.Four fifths;believesB.Four fifth;believe
C.Four fifths;believeD.Four fifth;believes课件77张PPT。情态动词modal verbGrammar 情态动词有一定的意义，但没有人称和数的变化，不能独立使用，它和后面的动词构成谓语．
只作情态动词的 can/could, may/might, ought to， must
可情态可实义的 need, dare/dared
可情态可助动词的 shall/should, will/would
相当于情态动词的 have to, used to
Must , can/could, may/might 的用法must1.Must 表示推测时， 只能用于肯定句。There must be something wrong with the computer.You have worked hard all day. You must be tired.注意：Must用于肯定句中可表示“偏偏”。
Naturally, after I told her what to do, my daughter must go and do the opposite. 2.Must +be doing/do 表示对现在的动作进行肯定推测 He must be reading novels now.They have bought a new car. They must have a lot of money.3.Must +have done 表示对过去发生的事情作出的肯定判断They are playing basketball, they must have finished their homework.The road is wet. It must have rained last night.can, could 和be able to的用法She can/be able to sing the song in English.
This machine can make you feel comfortable.1.can, be able to都可表示“能力”Can的主语是人或物,be able to的主语是人 We’ll be able to finish the work soon.
I haven’t been able to see the film.2.can只用于现在时和过去时(could)。be?able?to可以用于各种时态。 could用于表示泛指过去的能力。如： I?could?read?when?I?was?four. Although the soldier was badly wounded, he was able to tell what had happened.3.表示特定的某一过去能力或表示通过努力成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were?able?to，?不能用could。 He?was?able?to?flee?Europe?before?the?war?broke?out. ??
He?was?able?to?swim?before?he?got?tired. 表示过去的能力can/could 1. can /could 表示推测时，只能用在否定句或疑问句中。It’s so late. Can Tom be reading?Can it be Mr. Green?It can’t be Mary. She has fallen ill.She couldn’t be telling lies.can’t 或can not 翻译成“不可能” 是一种把握性很大的推测 在疑问句中 could 比can 更有礼貌，在此不是can的过去式。
Can you wait a moment please?
Liz, can you do me a favor?
Excuse me, could you tell me the way to
the station?
I wonder if you could help me. (请求) 2. can not/could not have done 对过去发生行为的可能性进行推测:I saw him just now so he couldn’t have gone abroad.The door was locked. She couldn’t have been at home.3. can/could have done “本可以，本来可能已经”用于肯定句中，表示对过去发生的事情做出的判断， You could have had a better mark.may/might1.May/might表示推测时，只能用于陈述句，表示对现在或将来要发生的动作把握不大。They may come here tomorrow.They may be still waiting for us.2.might 可用于指过去的行为或者表示可能性更小。他也许在作功课吧。He might be doing his homework now.He may be doing his homework now.3.might/may have done,表示对过去发生的动作进行可能性推测， He may have gone to the clinic.He might have read about the news in the newspaper.4）May 表示许可，表示允许别人做某事， 也可征求对方的许可。
May I open the door?
We may keep the book for two weeks.
5） 用于祈使句，表示祝愿。
May you succeed!
May you have a nice trip! Will /Would you do…? (表请求would 更委婉)
表意志，愿望，决心
would表过去反复发生得动作或某种倾向
“总是,总要”
used to表过去常常（现在已没有这种习惯）
“过去常常”
used to 可于状态动词连用 would不可以
eg. He used to be a quiet boy. ( )
He would be a quiet boy. ( )
√×will/would shall/should 1.shall 用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令，警告，允诺或威胁。
1)You shall go with me.(命令)
2)You shall have the book when I finish it.(允诺)
3)He shall be punished.(威胁)
2. shall用于第一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示。
4)Shall we begin our class?（征求意见）
5)When shall Mike be able to leave hospital?(请示)
3.用于条约，规定，规章等文件中，表示一种义务，多用于第三人称中。
6) “The interest ___be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides.” declared the judge.
A. may B. should C. must D. shalla. should 用于表达合理推断。
It is three o’clock, the football game should begin now.
Mary took dancing lessons for years, she should be an excellent dancer.
2. should 的用法注意：should可表示“居然，竟然”。
I can’t believe such a gentleman should be so rude to the old.
我不敢相信这样一个绅士居然对老人如此无礼。
It seemed strange that the man who had developed communism should have lived and died in London.Young people should learn how to use computers. Every citizen ought to obey law. You ought not to go.3. should常表示劝告、建议、命令，与ought to意义相近，但ought to多表示责任、义务，语气强烈。在疑问句中通常用should代替ought to。You should/ought to have told her the truth earlier.
She shouldn’t have left without saying a word.4.should/ought to have done表示责备或批评,意为“本应该做到…但没有做到…”,用于否定则表示“本不该…但”ought to的语气更强烈.must 和have?to1.Must用于一般问句中,肯定回答用must否定式用?needn’t或don’t have to，做?“不必”,mustn’t表示“禁止，不允许” ?— Must?I?finish?all?assignments?at?a?time? ??—Yes, you must.
No,?you?needn't. You?mustn’t?get?down?while?the?car?is?still? moving. I don’t like this TV set. We must buy a new one. There was no more bus. They had to walk home.2.表示“必须”这个意思时，must?和have?to?稍有区别。must着重说明主观看法，have?to?强调客观需要。另外，have?to?能用于更多时态。 need /dare
a. need 表需要和必须常用于否定句和疑问句,needn’t have done “本不必做…”
b. dare 表敢,常用于否定句,疑问句和条件句中。
c. dare与need 用做实意动词时有时态，人称和数的变化,但dare用于否定句和疑问句时常接不带to的不定式,need后要接带to的不定式。
He must be reading, isn’t he?
You must do it yourself, don’t you?
He must have gone over the article, hasn’t he?
It must have rained last night, didn’t it?表猜测语气的反意疑问句的构成1.Judging from his accent, he must be from the south,2.Tom bought a lot of apples. He must like eating apples,3.It is eleven o’clock at night and the lights are off. They must be sleeping now,isn’t, he? doesn’t he?aren’t they?因must后是实意动词like因must后是系动词 be must后接的是be sleeping，是对正在进行的情况推测1.We must have learned 2,000 words by the end of last term,hadn’t we?3.He must have gone to Beijing,didn’t it?hasn’t he? 若句中含有过去完成时的时间状语，用过去完成时完成反意疑问句若句中含有过去的时间状语，用一般过去时完成反意疑问句若句中不含任何时间状语， 用现在完成时完成反意疑问句2.It must have rained last night, for the road was very muddy，Practice 1: 高考考题专练
1. I thought you _____like something to read, so
I have brought you some books.
A. may B. might C. would D. must
2. Where is my pen? I ____it.
A. might lose B. would have lost
C. should have lost D. must have lost
3. I didn’t hear the phone. I ___asleep
A. must be B. must have been
C. should be D. should have beenB D B 4. ---There were already five people in the car,
but they managed to take me as well.
----It ____a comfortable journey
A. can’t be B. shouldn’t be
C. mustn’t have been D. couldn’t have been
5. It’s nearly seven o’clock . Jack ___be here at
any moment.
A. must B. need C. should D. could
D C情态动词考题:1. ---Did the train arrive in time?
----No. It _______ two hours ago.
A. must have arrived B. ought to have arrived
C. must arrive D. ought to arrive
2. "Must I drive to his house and pick up the
children?" ?
"No, ??????? ." ? A. you shouldn't? B. you might not ?
C. you needn't ? D. you mustn'tB C 3. We didn't see Tom at the meeting yesterday.
He ??????? it. ? A. mustn't have attended?
B. cannot have attended ? C. needn't have attended?
D. would have not attended
B 4. You ________ such a long composition. The teacher only asked for 300 words. You have written 600.
A. mustn’t have written B. couldn’t have written
C. needn’t have written D. do not have to write
C 5. There is someone knocking at the door. ???????
it be Tom? ? A. can? B. must? C. should? D. ought to
6. Two years ago, my husband bought me a bicycle.
If you live in town, it is often faster than a car
and you ??????? worry about parking.
?? A. must not?? B. may not??
C. should not?? D. don't have to
A D 巩 固 练 习 1.---What ____ it be?
---It ____ be a mail box, for it is moving. It ___ be a car.
A. can; can’t; must B. can; can; must
C. can; mustn’t; must D. must; mustn’t can
2. ---Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there?
---No. it ____ be him---I’m sure he doesn’t wear glasses.
A.can’t B. must not C. wont D, may not
3.---When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
---They ____ be ready by 12:00.
A. can B. should C. might D. need
4.---are you coming to Jeff’s party?
---I’m not sure. I ___ go to the concert instead.
A. must B. would C. should D. might
AABD5.---You may laugh, but I’ve been thinking of becoming a vegetarian.
---Oh, you ____ be out of your mind. You will be hungry all the time.
A. will B. may C. must D. should
6.---I wonder why they are late?
---They _____ the train.
can’t have missed B. could miss
C. must have missed D. might miss
7.---Show me your permit, please!
---Oh, it’s not in my pocket. It ______.
A. might fall out B. could fall out
C. should have fallen out D. must have fallen out
CCD7. ---Has Mike started? He said he would join in the party.
---He ____. He is a man of keeping his word.
A. could have left B. must have left
C. can’t come D. won’t be coming
8.Everything has two sides. Beautiful songs, sometimes, ___ be just noise to others.
must B. may C. should D. could
9. ---There were already five people in the car, but they managed to take me as well.
---It ___ a comfortable journey.
A.can’t be B. mustn’t have been
C. should be D. couldn’t have been
10.Chinese must have the largest number of speakers, ____.
A.mustn’t they B. haven’t they C. don’t they D. didn’t they
BBDC巩 固 练 习 1.Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach. I ____ so much fried chicken just now.
A. shouldn’t eat B. shouldn’t have eaten
C. mustn’t eat D. mustn’t have eaten
2.---Why hasn’t Jane arrived yet?
---She ____ again in the morning?
A. shouldn’t have overslept
B. may have turned off the alarm clock
C. must have no one t o call her
D. should have someone to wake her up
3.---Did you go to the movie the day before yesterday?
----No. We ___, but we decided not to.
A.should have gone B. could go
C. should go D. could have gone
BBA4.As it turned out to be a small house party, we ____ so formally.
needn’t dress
B. didn’t have to dress up
C. Might not have dressed up
D. needn’t have dressed up
5.I’m rather surprised you haven’t reported him to your teacher. In my opinion, you ___ this as soon as you found out he was cheating.
must have done B. might have done
C. should have done D. could have done
DC（1）若与现在事实相反
从句形式为：
If+主语+动词过去式（be动词一般为were）
主句形式为：
主语+would/should/could/might +v.
（2）若与过去事实相反
从句形式为：
If+主语+had+ done
主句形式为：
主语+would/should/could/might+have+done高三英语学生学习课件 （3）若与将来事实相反
从句形式为：
If+ 主语+ 动词过去式
should + v.
were to + v.
主句形式为：
主语+would/should/could/might + v. （1）在某些动词的宾语从句中， 形式是 “（should）+动词原形”。常见动词有： 一个坚持（insist）；两个命令（order, demand）；三个建议（advise, suggest, propose）；四项要求（demand, require, request, ask）。 （2）作某些词的同位语和表语从句时，形式是：“（should）+动词原形”。常见的名词有：advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request, opinion等。 （3）下列主语从句中用“（should）+动词原形” It is necessary (important, natural, strange, surprising, etc) that… It is a pity (a shame, no wonder etc ) that… It is suggested (decided, ordered, requested, etc) that… （1）用but for, without等介词短语表达条件。例如：
But for you, we couldn’t have carried out the plan.
要不是你的话我们（当时）无法实行那项计划。
（2）It’s time that …+ 动词过去式
should+动词原形
“该做……的时候了”
例如：
It is time we got up .
该是起床的时间了．
It is (high) time we should get up.
该是我起床的时间了．
（3）would rather (that)…动词过去式（与现在或将来相反）
+had done(与过去事实相反）“宁愿……（而不）……”（与过去事实相反）
例如：
I would rather he stayed at home now.
我宁愿他现在在家里．
he stayed at home tomorrow.
我宁愿他明天在家里.
he had stayed at home yesterday.
我宁愿他昨天在家里
( 4 ) wish=if only+从句（从句谓语动词有三种形式）
①would (could, might) +动词原形（与将来事实相反）
②动词过去式（与现在事实相反）
③had+过去分词或用could have+ 过去分词（与过去事实相反） 高三英语学生学习课件例如：
I wish (ed) I could (would, might) go to the moon in a spaceship one day.
我希望有一天我能乘坐宇宙飞船登上月球.
I wish (=If only) he visited us now.
要是他现在能来看望我.
I wish (If only) he had visited us last night.
=I wish (If only) he could have visited us last night.
要是他昨晚能来看望我们就好了.
(5) as if (thought) （方式）“好像，仿佛”
+ ①动词过去式（与现在事实相反）
②过去进行式（与现在正在进行相反）
③had+done（与过去事实相反）
④could/might/would+动词原形（与将来事实相反）高三英语学生学习课件例如：
It looks as if/though
①someone were running.
好象有人在跑步.
②she hadn’t done that.
她好象没有做那样的事
③she were two years younger today.
她今天看起来好象年轻了两岁.
④she would live another 100 years.
她好象还能活100岁.
（6）有时候，条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作发生的时间是不一致的（如一个是过去发生的，一个是现在发生的），这这时动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。高三英语学生学习课件例如： If I had followed the doctor’s advice, I would be better now. 如果我听了医生的建议,我现在可能就好多了. If you had worked hard then, you would be in the university now. 如果那时你努力一些,你现在就上大学了. If the doctor had come sooner last night, the patient would be alive now. 如果医生昨晚能早来一会儿,病人现在可能就活下来了. （7）even if/though 引导让步状语从句，从句中用may/might+动词原形，may或might可省略，表示与现在情况相反；从句用过去完成时，表示与过去情况相反；类似的词还有：though/as though/so long as/no mattermatter wh-/whatever/whenever/whoever等。
However dangerous it might be, he would have a try.
无论多危险，他都要试一试。
Even though I had been very busy then, I would have helped you.
即使我当时很忙，我还是会帮助你的。
（8）表示祝愿或诅咒的祈使句
May you succeed! 祝你成功！
God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你！
（9）过去分词短语表示条件
Given more time, we could have done it better.
倘若给我们会把它做得更好。
（10）通过上下文表示条件
Such mistaken could have been avoided.
这种错误本来是可以避免的。高三英语学生学习课件 Complete the following sentences with proper modal verbs.
1) You’ve been working all day. You ______ be very tired.
2)?(The door bell rings)I wonder who that is, it________ be Lisa. She’s still in the library at this time.
3) It is a long time since we met last time. You ________ come and see us more often.
4)?I haven’t decided where I’m going for my holidays. I ______ go to Australia.
5)?My father’s birthday is coming. What ________ I get him?
6) Why don’t you try on this dress? It__________ look nice on you.
7) “Who was the man talking with your teacher?” “I’m not sure. It ___________ be her brother.
8) I don’t know when the guests ___________ be here. They __________ arrive at any time.
mustcan’tshouldmayshallwillmightwillcould 1. I don't know where she is, she _______ be in
Wuhan.
2. At this moment, our teacher ________________
our exam papers.
这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3. The road is wet. It ________________ last night.
(rain)
4. Your mother ______________________ for you.
你妈妈一定一直在找你。
maymust be markingmust have rainedmust have been looking5. Philip ________________________ seriously in
the car accident. 菲利普可能在车祸中受了重伤.
6. ---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is
still here.
---She _____________________ (go) by bus.
7. Mike ________________ his car, for he came to
work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐
公共汽车来上班的。
may (might) have been hurtmay (might) have gonecan’t have foundPractice 2:表示推测——情态动词的重要用法.1. You must be Mr Smith----I was told to expect
you here.
2. He must have known what we wanted.
3. We may have read the same report.
4. He can’t have slept through all that noise.
5. There’s someone outside----who can it be?
6. What can they be doing?
7. These pills might help to cure your disease.
8. You could be right, I suppose.Take a break情态动词（二）modal verbGrammar ( 33ms ) should & ought toShould&ought to含义相近，都可表“责任，义务”常可互换。区别在于，ought to常指特殊情况下的“应当”。Should则指一般情况。见下页例句。Should 可指“竟然”讲You ought to help him because he is in trouble now.(语气强，有命令意味。)
You should have a rest after finishing your sports.（一般性建议）
You ought to call the police when you find something wrong in your house.
He should take care of the babies tonight.ought to 的否定式：
He oughtn’t to do it.
ought to 的疑问句：
Ought we to do it at once?
反意疑问句里：
He ought to be here, oughtn’t he?或ought to 表应该，ought to 语气＞should
shouldn’t he?I ‘m surprised that he should eat so little every.have to have to 表示客观需要去做的事情，意为“必须，不得不。”
I have to get the station early to catch the first train.
We missed the bus so we had to walk home.
We have to overcome all kinds of difficulties.
Have to 有多种时态。常见的有：一般将来时，
We will have to gather at the school gate at 7 tomorrow.
一般现在时
I have to take more money with me because my wife has so much to buy.
一般过去时
Finally, we had to give up our idea to hold a picnic outside as it rained for a whole afternoon.have to （考点）shall用于第一，三人称疑问句，
征求意见或请求
shall 第二，三人称
陈述句,命令,警告,允诺,威胁
shall , should &ought toNeed I do …? Yes, you must.
No, you needn’t. dare & needMust they do…? Yes, they must.
No, they needn’t/don’t have to. must & have to must表主观意志，而have to表由于客观因素不得不做完成的事情。
Must没有过去式，除在间接引语中可表示过去的时间。在直接引语中表示过去的时间用had to代替。
I told her that she must give up smoking.
She said, “We had to get everything ready that night.”比较must & have to注意对need问句的回答:
--Need I finish the work today?
--Yes, ________________.
No, ________________.
No, ________________.you mustyou needn’tyou don’t have toneedn’t 对其它情态动词的回答:
--Shall I tell John about it?
--No, you __________.
--Must we do it now?
--No, you __________.
needn’t
(don’t have to) needn’t
(don’t have to)Could I borrow your dictionary?(委婉)
---- Yes，you can/may.
Sure. Go ahead.
Please yourself.
May I take this seat?(第一人称疑问句)
Yes, you may. No, you mustn’t.He must be reading, isn’t he?
You must do it yourself, don’t you?
He must have gone over the article, hasn’t he?
It must have rained last night, didn’t it?表猜测语气的反意疑问句的构成1.Judging from his accident, he must be from the south,2.Tom bought a lot of apples. He must like eating apples,3.It is eleven o’clock at night and the lights are off. They must be sleeping now,isn’t, he? didn’t he?aren’t they?因must后是实意动词like因must后是系动词 be must后接的是be sleeping，是对正在进行的情况推测1.We must have learned 2,000 words by the end of last term,hadn’t we?3.He must have gone to Beijing,didn’t it?hasn’t he? 若句中含有过去完成时的时间状语，用过去完成时完成反意疑问句若句中含有过去的时间状语，用一般过去时完成反意疑问句若句中不含任何时间状语， 用现在完成时完成反意疑问句2.It must have rained last night, for the road was very muddy，Must +have done 表示对过去已经发生的行为进行推测，意为“想必/准是/一定作了某事”。1.It must have rained last night, for the road was very muddy.
昨晚 一定是下雨了， 因为地上很泥泞。
2.We must have learned 2,000 words by the end of last term.
到上学期为止我们一定学了有两千个单词 。
3.He must have gone to Beijing.
他一定已经去北京了。
can/could+have done表示对过去的行为的怀疑和不肯定，通常用在否定句和疑问句中。1. Can they have won the basketball match?
他们可能赢了篮球赛吗？
2. It couldn’t have been Mr. Green. He has gone to New York.
那不可能是格林先生的，他已经去北京了。
may/might+have done表示对过去已发生行为的推测，意为“也许/或许已经…”。一般只用于肯定句和否定句中，不用与疑问句。might比may更委婉、含蓄和不肯定。
1. It’s too late. I think he may have gone to bed.
太晚了，我想他可能已经睡觉了。
2. He may/might not have finished the work.
他可能没有完成工作。巩 固 练 习 1.---What ____ it be?
---It ____ be a mail box, for it is moving. It ___ be a car.
A. can; can’t; must B. can; can; must
C. can; mustn’t; must D. must; mustn’t can
2. ---Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there?
---No. it ____ be him---I’m sure he doesn’t wear glasses.
A.can’t B. must not C. wont D, may not
3.---When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
---They ____ be ready by 12:00.
A. can B. should C. might D. need
4.---are you coming to Jeff’s party?
---I’m not sure. I ___ go to the concert instead.
A. must B. would C. should D. might
AABD5.---You may laugh, but I’ve been thinking of becoming a vegetarian.
---Oh, you ____ be out of your mind. You will be hungry all the time.
A. will B. may C. must D. should
6.---I wonder why they are late?
---They _____ the train.
can’t have missed B. could miss
C. must have missed D. might miss
7.---Show me your permit, please!
---Oh, it’s not in my pocket. It ______.
A. might fall out B. could fall out
C. should have fallen out D. must have fallen out
CCD7. ---Has Mike started? He said he would join in the party.
---He ____. He is a man of keeping his word.
A. could have left B. must have left
C. can’t come D. won’t be coming
8.Everything has two sides. Beautiful songs, sometimes, ___ be just noise to others.
must B. may C. should D. could
9. ---There were already five people in the car, but they managed to take me as well.
---It ___ a comfortable journey.
A.can’t be B. mustn’t have been
C. should be D. couldn’t have been
10.Chinese must have the largest number of speakers, ____.
A.mustn’t they B. haven’t they C. don’t they D. didn’t they
BBDCcould(不用can)+have done,在肯定句中表示“本来能够…而没能…”，具有婉转的批评和责备之意。1. I could have passed my exam easily, but I made too many stupid mistakes.
我本来能够轻易通过考试，但我犯了太多不该 犯的错误。
2.You could have reported to me earlier.
你本该早点告诉我的。should/ought to+have done用于肯定句时，表示“本该做某事而实际上没做”，用于否定句时，则表示“不该做的事反而做了”。
1.You should have told him a week ago.
你本来应该在一周前告诉他的。
2.You ought not to have taken the magazine out of the reading room.
他不该、把杂志带出阅览室的。might（不用may）+have done表示“本来可能…”，但实际上没有发生的事。另外，还可表示“本来应该或可以做某事”之意，含有轻微的责备语气。1.You might not have told her.
你本可以不告诉他的。（事实上你告诉他了）
2. You might have come earlier.
你本可以早点来的。（但没有这样）needn’t +have done表示做了本来不必去做的事。1.She needn’t have gone to the station yesterday.
昨天她本不必到火车站去的.（昨天她去了）
2.You needn’t have bought it.
你本可不必买它的。 （你买了）
巩 固 练 习 1.Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach. I ____ so much fried chicken just now.
A. shouldn’t eat B. shouldn’t have eaten
C. mustn’t eat D. mustn’t have eaten
2.---Why hasn’t Jane arrived yet?
---She ____ again in the morning?
A. shouldn’t have overslept
B. may have turned off the alarm clock
C. must have no one t o call her
D. should have someone to wake her up
3.---Did you go to the movie the day before yesterday?
----No. We ___, but we decided not to.
A.should have gone B. could go
C. should go D. could have gone
BBA4.As it turned out to be a small house party, we ____ so formally.
needn’t dress
B. didn’t have to dress up
C. Might not have dressed up
D. needn’t have dressed up
5.I’m rather surprised you haven’t reported him to your teacher. In my opinion, you ___ this as soon as you found out he was cheating.
must have done B. might have done
C. should have done D. could have done
DC
