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《薄冰实用英语语法详解》连载之一:名词
第一章、名词的数
1. 名词复数的规则变化形式
词尾字母 变化方式 例 词
通常情况 加-s bird-birds, shop-shops, lake-lakes
-ch,-sh,-s,-x,-z 加-es church-churches, dish-dishes, class-classes, box-boxes
辅音字母+y 变-y为-i
再加-es factory-factories, fly-flies, family-families, baby-babies
-o 加-es tomato-tomatoes, hero-heroes
-f或-fe 变-f或-fe为-v
再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, shelf-shelves, knife-knives, life-lives, half-halves
有些以-f或-fe结尾的名词复数只加-s, 读作 / s /。如:
gulf - gulfs 海湾
chief - chiefs 首领 proof - proofs 证据
roof - roofs 屋顶
有些以-y结尾的专有名词的复数直接加-s。如:
Henry - Henrys亨利 Mary - Marys 玛丽
有些以辅音字母+o 结尾的名词的复数直接加-s。如:
piano - pianos 钢琴
memo - memos 备忘录 photo - photos 照片
solo - solos 独唱
有些以字母-o结尾的名词有两种复数形式,可以加-s,也可以加-es。如:
motto - mottos/mottoes 箴言
halo - halos/haloes 光环 cargo - cargos/cargoes 货物
grotto - grottos/grottoes 洞穴
以-oo或元音字母加-o结尾的名词只加-s。如:
banboo - bamboos 竹子
kangaroo - kangaroos 袋鼠 video - videos 电视
radio - radios 收音机
只有一个/ s /音结尾的名词, 复数形式读/ ziz /。 如:house 房子
2. 名词复数的不规则变化形式
沿用古英语复数形式的名词。如:
tooth - teeth 牙齿
foot - feet 脚
英尺goose - geese 鹅
ox - oxen 牛 mouse - mice 老鼠
woman - women 妇女
child - children 孩子
louse - lice 虱子
外来词的复数形式来自拉丁语、希腊语、法语等的名词。如:
希腊语 analysis - analyses 分析
crisis - crises 危机 phenomenon - phenomena 现象
thesis - theses 论文
拉丁语 datum - data 数据
medium - media 媒介 formula - formulae 公式
radius - radii 半径
法语 bureau - bureaux / bureaus 局;司;处
madam - mesdames / madams 夫人;女士
3. 复合名词的复数形式
将主要成分变为复数形式。如:
looker-on—lookers-on 旁观者
passer-by—passers-by 过路人 runner-up—runners-up 亚军
editor-in-chief—editors-in-chief 总编辑
将最末一个构成部分变为复数形式。如:
breakfast—breakfasts 早餐
afternoon—afternoons 下午 gentleman—gentlemen 绅士
go-between—go-betweens 中间人
将两个组成部分均变为复数(这种复合名词中的第一个名词须是man或woman)。如:
man doctor—men doctors 男医生 woman singer—women singers 女歌手
4. 单复数同形的名词
cattle 牛
deer 鹿
Chinese 中国人
fish 鱼
species 种类
aircraft 飞机 buffalo 水牛
giraffe 长颈鹿
Japanese 日本人
shark 鲨鱼
series 系列
barracks 营房 bison 野牛
reindeer 驯鹿
Swiss 瑞士人
sheep 羊
means 方式
headquarters 司令部
要注意:单复数同形的名词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数还是复数取决于主语数的意义。
5. 只有复数形式的名词
有些名词为自然复数名词,即只有复数形式的名词(往往指一些成双成对的、数量较多的或以 -ing 结尾的词)。如:
trousers 裤子
glasses 眼镜
scales 天平
arms 武器
thanks 感谢
sweepings 清扫物 compasses 圆规
pants 裤子
scissors 剪刀
assets 资产
amends 赔偿
clippings 剪下的东西 spectacles 眼镜
tweezers 镊子
jeans 牛仔裤
guts 胆量
suds 肥皂沫
findings 调查结果
6. 不可数名词的数
不可数名词通常没有复数形式,但可以借助单位词表示一定的数量。如:
a piece of paper 一张纸
a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡
a glass of water一杯水
a loaf of bread 一块面包
a lock of hair 一绺头发
a bar of soap 一条肥皂
a ray of hope 一线希望
a ripple of laughter 一阵笑声 a piece of thread 一根线
a can of orange juice 一罐橘汁
a slice of bacon 一片腊肉
a portion of soup 一份汤
a grain of rice 一粒米
a stick of chalk 一根粉笔
a shower of criticism 一阵批评
a burst of applause 一阵掌声
7. 集体名词的数
单数类集体名词,如:
humanity 人类
clothing 衣服
glassware 玻璃器具
machinery 机械 mankind 人类
equipment 设备
jewelry 珠宝
poetry 诗 baggage 行李
furniture 家具
luggage 行李
pottery 陶器
复数类集体名词,如:
faculty 全体人员
folk 人 poultry 家禽
people 人民 cattle 牛
police 警察
单复数同形类集体名词(形式为单数,但可以表示单数和复数两种意义),如:
government 政府
jury 陪审团
band 乐队
class 班级 generation 一代
crew 机组人员
board 董事会
committee 委员会 audience 观众
army 军队
cabinet 内阁
company 公司
第二章、名词的格
1. 's 属格
单词形式 构成方式 举 例
普通单数名词 在词尾加's Henry's cat 亨利的猫
词尾已有 -s
的复数名词 在词尾只加一个 ' the two boys'mother
那两个男孩的母亲
词尾不带 -s
的复数名词 在词尾加's Children's day
儿童节
复合名词 在最后一个词的词尾加's his mother-in-law's letter
他岳母的信
表示几个词共同
的所有关系 在最后一个词的词尾加's Mary and Tom's books
玛丽和汤姆共有的书
表示几个词各自
的所有关系 在每个词的词尾都加's Mary's and Tom's books
玛丽和汤姆各自的书
's属格常用于构成表示有生命的东西的名词的所有格,但也可以构成某些表示无生命的东西的名词的所有格。
表时间 a week's time 一周的时间
表距离 ten miles' distance 十英里的距离
表度量衡及价值 five dollars' worth of meat 价值五美元的肉
表国家、城市等实体 China's future 中国的未来
表群体 the committee's decision 委员会的决定
表自然现象 the earth's gravity 地球的引力
表拟人 a wolf in sheep's clothing 披着羊皮的狼
某些固定说法 at death's door 濒于死亡; in one's mind's eye据想象
2. of 属格
用 法 举 例
用于无生命的东西 the name of the song歌名
the legs of the table桌子的腿
用于名词化的词 the livelihood of the poor穷人的生计
with the help of the teacher在老师的帮助下
表动宾关系 the use of nuclear energy利用原子能
the occupation of the city占领城市
表同位关系 the three of them他们三个人
the City of New York纽约市
(1) 当表示有生命的东西的名词本身带有短语或从句作定语时,则不用's属格,要用of属格。如:
What is the name of the girl sitting near the door
坐在门附近的那个女孩叫什么名字?(名词girl后有现在分词短语作定语)
We have the support of the people of the whole world.
我们得到了全世界人民的支持。(名词people后有of短语作定语)
The advise of the old man I met during a journey is very important for me.
在一次旅游中遇到的一位老人的建议对我很重要。(名词man后有定语从句)
(2) of属格适用于某些名词化的表示人的形容词。如:
the livelihood of the poor 穷人的生计
the struggle of the oppressed 被压迫人民的斗争
3. 双重属格
双重属格与's属格及of属格都有所区别,如下例a friend of my mother's 的含义是表示我母亲还有其他朋友,而用's属格表示出的my mother's friend指强调母亲和这个朋友的关系,不涉及其他人。再如a picture of Jim's是指吉姆所拥有的照片中的一张,而a picture of Jim是指一张吉姆的照片,意指照片上的人是吉姆。
用 法 举 例
表示部分 a friend of my mother's我母亲的朋友
a picture of Jim's吉姆的一张照片
表示感彩 this lovely child of your sister's
你姐姐的这个可爱的女孩
第三章、名词的性
1. 一些性别名词举例
英语名词的性往往自身就可以表明,在单词形式上没有性的特征和变化。如:
(1) 表示人的性别名词:
阳性 阴性 阳性 阴性
man 男人 woman 女人 boy 男孩 girl 女孩
prince 王子 princess 公主 god 神 goddess女神
bridegroom 新郎 bride新娘 hero 英雄 heroine 女英雄
lad 少年 lass 少女 monk 和尚 nun 尼姑
sir 先生 madam 女士 usher 引座员 usherette 女引座员
king 国王 queen王后 son 儿子 daughter 女儿
brother 兄弟 sister 姐妹 nephew 侄子 niece 侄女
(2) 表示动物的性别名词:
阳性 阴性 阳性 阴性
fox 狐狸 vixen 母狐狸 bull 公牛 cow 母牛
stallion 公马 mare 母马 gander 公鹅 goose 母鹅
buck/stag 雄鹿 doe 雌鹿 lion 公狮 lioness 母狮
pig 公猪 sow 母猪 tiger 雄虎 tigress 母老虎
ram 公羊 ewe 母羊 boar公野猪 sow母野猪
cock 公鸡 hen 母鸡 leopard 公豹 leopardess 雌豹
2. 一些补充说明
(1) 英语中有很多名词分不出阴阳性,如果需要表明所指人或东西的性别,则往往在这类名词前加man/male或he- 来表示阳性/男性, 加woman/female或she- 来表示阴性/女性。如:
man teacher 男教师 woman writer女作家 male elephant 公象
female monkey母猴 woman doctor女医生 woman scientist 女科学家
man servant 男仆人 female cook 女厨师 female student 女学生
male nurse 男护士 he-goat 公羊 she-wolf 母狼
(2) 有些中性名词习惯上被认为属于阳性或阴性。
通常被视为阳性的中性名词有:sun(太阳),ocean(海洋),winter(冬天)等。
通常被视为阴性的中性名词有:country(国家),nation(民族),ship(船),car(小汽车),earth(地球 night(夜晚),moon(月亮)等。
随着英语语言的变化和发展,这种习惯性的认识也渐渐发生了变化。如当说到country 时, 已逐渐使用it来指代,而很少用she或her了。
(3) man 的通性用法除了表示“男人”外,还可以表示“人、人类”的意思。如:
Any man can do that.谁都能做那件事。
Man must stop polluting the environment.人类应该停止破坏环境。
《薄冰实用英语语法详解》连载之二:冠词
第一章、定冠词
1. 定冠词特指某个(某些)人或某个(某些)事物
Many people came here to visit the old castle.
很多人来这里参观这座古城堡。
The man in black is a magician.
穿黑色衣服的那个人是个魔术师。
2. 定冠词用于第二次提到或复述上文提过的人或事物
He was given a pen and a form. He is going to use the pen to fill out the form.
他拿到一支笔和一张表。他要用这支笔填这张表。
They went into a small pub. The pub was crowded with people.
他们进了一家小餐馆,那个餐馆里挤满了人。
3. 定冠词用于交际环境中各方彼此熟悉的人或事物
The car is badly damaged.
这辆车损坏严重。(交际各方都知道是哪辆车)
Please close the door.
请关上门。(交际各方都知道是哪个门)
4. 定冠词用于可数名词前表示某一类人或事物
The wheel is said to be the first invention of man.
据说,轮子是人类的第一项发明。
The horse is a useful animal.
马是一种有用的动物。
5. 定冠词用于某些名词或形容词前,表示一类人、一个民族、阶级或阶层
the Chinese 中国人 the poor 穷人
the nobility 贵族 the boutgeoisie 资产阶级
the old 老年人 the college students 大学生
the dead 死者 the unemployed 失业者
the deaf 聋人 the intellectuals 知识分子
the rich 富人 the railway worlers 铁路工人
6. 定冠词表示世界上独一无二的事物
the sun 太阳 the moon 月亮
the earth 地球 the North Pole 北极
the universe 宇宙 the globe 全球,全世界
the world 世界 the atmosphere 大气层
7. 定冠词用于某些专有名词前面
用定冠词的专有名词 例 词
江河、海洋、海峡、
海湾、山脉、群岛、
沙漠等名词前 the Changjiang River 长江
the Thames 泰晤士河
the Nile 尼罗河
the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河
the Pacific 太平洋
the Hudson River 哈得逊河
the India Ocean 印度洋
the Red Sea 红海
the Dead Sea 死海
the Baltic 波罗的海
the Mediterranean Sea 地中海
the English Channel 英吉利海峡
the Taiwan straits 台湾海峡
the Bay of Biscay 比斯开湾
the Persian Gulf 波斯湾
the Straits of Dover 多佛湾
the Gulf of Mexico 墨西哥湾
the Alps 阿尔卑斯山
the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山脉
the Philippines 菲律宾群岛
the Gobi Desert 戈壁沙漠
the Sahara Desert 撒哈拉大沙漠
以普通名词构成的
国家或机构名称前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国
the United Kingdom 联合王国
the Sudan 苏丹
the United states 美国
the Hague 海牙
the yemen 也门
the State council 国务院
the Communist Party of China 中国共产党
the National People's Congress
全国人民代表大会
the Ministry of Education 教育部
the State Department 美国国务院
the Senate 参议院(美国)
the House of Representatives 众议院(美国)
the House of Lords 上议院(英国)
the House of Commons 下议院
the Democratic Party 民主党
the Republican Party 共和党
the Conservative Party 保守党
the Labour Party 工党
the Associated Press 美联社
the University of London 伦敦大学
公共建筑名称前 the Beijing Station 北京火车站
the Great Hall of the people 人民大会堂
the National Gallery 国家美术馆
the History Museum 历史博物馆
the Great Wall 长城
the Military Museum 军事博物馆
the Workers’ Gymnasium 工人体育馆
the Capital Theatre 首都剧场
the British Museum 不列颠博物馆
the Louvre 罗浮宫
报刊、杂志、书籍、
会议、条约前 The People's Daily 人民日报
The Daily Mail 每日电讯报
The New York Times 纽约时报
The Times 泰晤士报
The Washionton Post 华盛顿邮报
The Economist 经济学家(杂志)
The Atlantic 大西洋杂志
The Odyssey 《奥德赛》
The Paradise Lost 《失乐园》
The 16th Party Congress 党的十六大
The Atlantic Pact 大西洋公约
The Geneva Agreement 日内瓦协议
姓氏的复数形式前 the Browns 布朗一家
the Smiths 史密斯一家
the Wangs 王家
在海岛、山峰以及湖泊等地理名词前不加定冠词。如:
Christmas Island 圣诞岛 Mount Jolmo Lungma 珠穆朗玛峰 Lake Baikal 贝加尔湖
但是与“of”连用时这类名词要加定冠词。如:
the Lake of Geneva 日内瓦湖 the Island of Taiwan 台湾岛
8. 定冠词用于形容词最高级前
This is the most interesting book I have ever read.
这是我读过的最有趣的一本书。
He was the poorest man here years ago,but now he is a rich man.
几年前他是这儿最穷的人,但现在他成了富人。
9. 定冠词用于序数词前
The first thing to be done now is to have a square meal.
现在要做的第一件事就是大吃一顿。
She is in the third group. 她在第三组。
10. 定冠词用于表示标准或单位的名词前
sell by the pound 论磅出售 rent a house by the month 按月租房
buy coal by the ton 论吨买煤 sell eggs by the dozen 论打出售鸡蛋
11. 定冠词用在play后与乐器连用
play the piano 弹钢琴 play the violin 拉小提琴 play the flute 吹笛子
12. 定冠词用于某些习语中
tell the truth 说真话 put the blame on sb 归咎于某人
keep the peace 维持治安 in the dark 在暗处
on the average 平均 keep the house 居家不外出
in the air 在空中 on the spot 当场
in the sun 在阳光下 on the alert 警惕
on the right在右边 in the distance在远处
act the lord 逞威风 on the contrary 相反
by the way 顺便说一句 out of the question不可能
in the right 有道理 take the field 出征
carry the day 获胜 in the future 未来
in the end 最终 take the consequences 自食其果
on the air 广播 burn the midnight oil 开夜车
to the point 切题 beside the question 离题
play the fool 做傻事 on the rise/fall 增长/下降
on the whole 总的说来 on the increase/decrease 增长/下降
in the open 在户外 in the morning/afternoon/evening
在早晨/下午/晚上
第二章、不定冠词
1. 不定冠词指任何一类人、动物或事物
An ocean is bigger than a sea. 洋比海大。
A car must be insured. 汽车一定要上保险。
2. 不定冠词表示某个人或物
There is a Mr Bush to see you. 有位布什先生要见你。
English is a useful tool in our communication.
英语是我们交流中一种有用的工具。
3. 不定冠词用在某些数字表示的短语中
a million years一百万年 a score of people 二十人
a dozen eggs 一打鸡蛋 a thousand people 一千人
4. 不定冠词用在价格、速度、比率等短语中
5 pence a dozen 5便士一打 60 kilometers an hour 每小时六十公里
twice an hour 每小时两次 forty hours a week 每星期40小时
5. 不定冠词用于某些习语
a long time 很长时间 a few 有几个
a little 有一点 get a grip of 掌握
in a wordord 总而言之 in a temper 生气
keep an eye on 照看 have a gallop 快马加
take a walk 散步 at a loss 不知所措
have a try 试一下 make a fool of… 捉弄……
all of a sudden 突然 on a large scale 大规模地
make a racket 大声喧哗 in a hurry 急忙
want a go 试一下 as a matter of fact 事实上
take a break 休息一下 take a bow 谢幕
as a rule 通常 put an end to 结束
as a result 因此 as a whole 一般地说
come to an end 结束 have a good time 玩得痛快
with a view to 为了 with a will 决心
have a cold 患感冒 it's a pity that ... 真可惜
in a way 有些 have a rest 休息一会儿
make a living 谋生 have a word with 与……谈话
make a fire 生火 make a fortune 发财
make a study of 研究 take an interest in 对……感兴趣
第三章、零冠词1. 零冠词用于抽象名词前
Misfortunes never come singly. 祸不单行。
Wisdom is better than strength. 智慧胜于力量。
Sports is good for health. 运动有益于健康。
2. 零冠词用于物质名词前
The windows are all covered with boards. 窗户全用木板堵上了。
Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。
3. 用零冠词的专有名词
(有称号或头衔的)
人名 William Shakespeare 威廉-莎士比亚
Miss Smith 史密斯小姐
Queen Elizabeth 伊丽莎白女王
村落、乡镇、城市等 Craford Village 克拉福村
New York City 纽约城
London 伦敦
区、州、县、省、
国家、洲等 Florida 佛罗里达州
Quebec 魁北克省
France 法国
Europe 欧洲
Asia 亚洲
山峰、湖泊、海港、
海岛等 Fragrant Mountain 香山
Lake Success 成功湖
Pearl Harbour 珍珠港
Port Said 塞得港
街巷、花园、公园、
广场、市场等 Wall Street 华尔街
Madison Avenue 麦迪逊路
Changan Boulevard 长安街
Hyde Park 海德公园
Piccadilly Circus 皮卡迪里广场
Trafalgar Square 特拉法加广场
Market Drayton 德雷顿市场
别墅、教堂、城堡、
车站等 Nest Cottage 内斯特别墅
New Cross Station 新十字车站
Westminster Abbey 西敏寺(威斯敏斯特教堂)
Canterbury Cathedral 坎特伯雷大教堂
Holy Mother Church 圣母教堂
Windsor Castle 温莎城堡
上帝、圣经等 God 上帝
Paradise 乐园(第一字母有时可小写)
Heaven 天国(第一字母有时可小写)
Hell 地狱(常小写作hell)
Scripture 基督教《圣经》(=the Bible)
Holy Writ 基督教《圣经》
Genesis 《创世纪》
行星、星座等 Mercury 水星
Venus 金星
Jupiter 木星
Uranus 天王星
Neptune 海王星
Polaris 北极星
Little Bear 小熊座
公司、工厂、农场、
大专院校等 Dala Farm 达拉农场
Oxford University 牛津大学
Eaton College 伊顿公学
Winchester College 温切斯特学院
议会、政府、总部
(包括军、师、旅、
团、营等) Congress 国会(美国)
Parliament 议会(英国)
Government 政府
Brigade Headquarters 旅部
语言 English 英语
German 德语
Chinese 汉语
Japanese 日语
French 法语
杂志、报纸等 The New York Times 《纽约时报》
Life 《生活》
Language 《语言》
New Statesman 《新政治家》
Saturday Evening Post 《星期六晚邮报》
月份、星期、节假日等 January 一月
February 二月
Sunday 星期日
Monday 星期一
New Year's Day 新年
New Year's Eve 除夕
Christmas Day 圣诞节
Thanksgiving 感恩节
National Day 国庆节
Children's Day 儿童节
4. 零冠词表示类别(零冠词用于复数名词前时表示类别)
Dogs are faithful animals. 狗是忠实的动物。
Apples are cheap in this area. 这个地区苹果很便宜。
5. 零冠词用于学科名称前
mathematics 数学 chemistry 化学
astronomy 天文学 psychology 心理学
6. 零冠词用于表示年份四季等的名词前
Day was fading into dark. 白昼逐渐消失在黑暗中。
It was late afternoon before he reached home.傍晚时候他才到家。
If winter comes, can spring be far behind 冬天到了,春天还会远吗?
7. 零冠词用于某些习语
in effect 事实上 by accident 偶然 in hospital 住院
by air 乘飞机 on duty 值班 on foot 步行
under way 在进行中 in advance 事先 out of question 毫无疑问
《薄冰实用英语语法详解》连载之三:代词
第一章、代词的种类及5种基本代词的用法
1. 代词的种类
类 别 举 例
人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
物主代词 形容词性物主代词 my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
名词性物主代词 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves, themselves, oneself
相互代词 each other, one another
指示代词 this, that, these, those, such
疑问代词 who, whom, whose, what, which
关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that, as, but
不定代词 some, any;
somebody, someone, something;
anybody, anyone, anything;
everybody, everyone, everything;
nobody, no one, nothing;
many, few, a few;
much, little, a little;
all, both;
each, either;
none, neither;
one;
other, another
2. 人称代词的用法
(1) 人称代词主格在句中作主语:
The light is bad here. I can’t see clearly.
这儿的光线不好,我看不清。
She hesitated a moment, and then sat down beside me.
她犹豫了一会儿,然后在我身边坐下来。
We should keep calm even we are in danger.
即使在危急时刻我们也要保持冷静。
(2) 人称代词宾格在句中作宾语和表语:
There was nobody to tell him, to hint him, to give him at least a word of advice.
没有人告诉他,或暗示他,或起码给他一句忠告。(宾语)
Are you for it or against it 你是赞成还是反对?(宾语)
Oh, it’s you. 啊,是你呀。(表语)
If I were her, I would take the advice. 我要是她就接受这个建议。(表语)
在并列主语中,I总放在最后。如:
You and I 我和你 He and I 我和他 You, he and I 你我他
3. 物主代词的用法
(1) 形容词性物主代词在句中作定语
My computer has been updated. 我的电脑已经升级了。
She turned away her eyes. 她把目光移开。
Their ideals have changed. 他们的理想变了。
(2) 形容词性物主代词与own连用表强调
I saw it with my own eyes. 那是我亲眼所见。
Mind your own business. 不要管闲事。
(3) 名词性物主代词在句中作主语、宾语或表语
Hers is a pretty colorless life.
她的生活是一种相当平淡的生活。(主语)
This is your coat. Mine is in the room.
这是你的外衣。我的在房间里。(主语)
She would shut herself up in her room, Julio in his.
她常把自己关在房间里,朱利奥也是一样。 (宾语)
My pen is broken. Please lend me yours.
我的钢笔坏了,请把你的借给我。(宾语)
—Whose book is this 这是谁的书?
—It’s mine. 是我的。(表语)
I knew that the house was hers. 我知道那房子是她的。(表语)
4. 反身代词的用法
(1) 反身代词在句中作宾语、表语、同位语等
I want to build myself a country house.
我想给自己建一座乡间别墅。(宾语)
He is always thinking of himself. 他总是想着他自己。(宾语)
They quarreled among themselves. 他们之间发生了争吵。(宾语)
Bob is not quite himself today. 鲍勃今天感到不适。(表语)
Be yourself, please. 请自然一点。(表语)
The representatives of the strikers wanted to see the boss himself.
罢工工人的代表想要见老板本人。(同位语)
I fixed the windows myself. 我自己装的窗户。(同位语)
(2) 反身代词与某些动词连用表示某种特定意义
Help yourself to some fruit. 请吃点水果。
He shaves himself once a day. 他一天刮一次脸。
Why did you absent yourself from school yesterday
你昨天为何没去上学?
(3) 反身代词用于某些固定习语中:
[1] by oneself 独自干;单干。
He said he wanted to go out to have a walk by himself.
他说他想独自出去散步。
I managed to do it by myself. 我是自己做成这件事的。
This is a machine that works by itself.
这是一台自动化的机器。
[2] for oneself 替自己;为自己;自己。
We’ll have to judge for ourselves. 我们得自己来判断。
He demanded the right to decide for himself.
他要求得到自己做决定的权力。
[3] of oneself 自动地。
The enemy will not perish of himself. 敌人不会自行绝灭的。
[4] between ourselves 勿与外人道私下说的话。
All this is between ourselves. 这些都不能告诉别人。
Between ourselves, Mr. Black has gone abroad.
不要和外人讲,布莱克先生已出国了。
[5] among themselves ……之间。
They had a heated discussion among themselves.
他们之间进行了热烈的讨论。
[6] in oneself 本性;自身。
He is not bad in himself. 他本质不坏。
This is a good idea in itself. 这主意本身不错。
5. 相互代词的用法
(1) 相互代词在句中用作宾语
We did not know each other before. 我们以前互不认识。
They have been separated from one another for a long time.
他们分开很久了。
(2) 相互代词在句中作定语
They looked into each other's eyes for a silent moment.
他们彼此一时相对无言。
The two old men often call each other's nickname when they meet.
这两个老人见面时常常互相喊绰号。
(3) 补充
在汉语中有时没有“相互”“彼此”的词,而译成英语时却要使用相互代词。如:
They don't often see each other now. 他们现在不常见面。
Do you often write to one another 你们常通信吗?
They have known each other before. 他们以前就认识。
6. 指示代词的用法
(1) 指示代词this, that, these, those在句作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等
Are these your books 这些是你的书吗?(主语)
This is my first visit to America. 这是我第一次到美国来。(主语)
Who’s that speaking 请问是哪位?(打电话用语)(主语)
I will keep this in mind. 我会记住这一点的。(宾语)
You can choose one from these. 你可以从这些里面选一个。(宾语)
My idea is this. 这就是我的想法。(表语)
Oh, it’s not that. 噢,问题不在那儿。(表语)
Do you know that man 你认识那个人吗?(定语)
These flowers are very beautiful. 这些花非常漂亮。(定语)
He said he didn’t want that much. 他说他不需要那么多。(状语)
The book is about this thick. 那本书大约有这么厚。(状语)
(2) 指示代词this和these指时间与空间上较近的事物,that和those指时间与空间上较远的事物
This building was built last year, that one was built many years ago. (表空间)
这栋大楼是去年建的,那栋是很多年前建的。
Those stars are too far away to be seen with naked eyes. (指空间)
那些星星离得太远,肉眼看不见。
During the whole of this time, Scrooge had acted like a man out of his wits. (表时间)
在整个这段时间,斯克鲁吉像是失魂落魄似的。
That stormy night, the witness was killed in the hospital.(表时间)
那个暴风雨之夜,证人在医院里被杀了。
(3) that和those指代前面提到过的事物,this和these指代随后要讲的事物
That view point is proved to be wrong, and this is what people are thinking correct now. (that指前,this指后)
那个观点被证明是错误的,下面才是人们认为正确的观点。
Those are the problems we should solve. (those指前)
这些就是我们应该解决的问题。
Written on the placard are these words: we want peace. (these指后)
牌子上写着这样一些字:我们要和平。
(4) those作定语从句的先行词
Those who were present at the meeting were all celebrities.
出席会议的都是名流。
Those who are able to work were given jobs.
能工作的人都给分配了工作。
(5) 指示代词such在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等
Such is life. 生活就是这样。(主语)
Such often occurred in the past. 这种事情过去经常发生。(主语)
Take from the drawer such as you need.
从抽屉里拿你需要的东西吧。(宾语)
Just before Christmas they wanted help with trees and such.
正是在圣诞节前他们需要帮手来布置圣诞树之类的东西。(宾语)
The waves were such as I never saw before.
这样的海浪,我从未见过。(表语)
The foreign visitors said they had never seen such plants before.
外宾说他们以前从未见过这类植物。(定语)
(6) 补充
当名词后有限制性定语时,名词前不用this或that表示“这个”或“那个”,要用the。如:
May I have a look at the skirt you bought yesterday
我能不能看一下你昨天买的裙子?
(skirt后有定语从句you bought yesterday,其前要用the。)
What do you think of the proposals put forward by Mr. Wang
你觉得王先生提的建议怎么样?
(proposals后有过去分词短语put forward by Mr. Wang作定语,其前要用the)
第二章、疑问代词和关系代词
1. 疑问代词的用法
(1) who
[1] who的意思是“谁”,是主格,通常作主语。如:
Who is that woman 那个妇女是谁?
Who are those people 那些人是谁?
[2] who在口语中可代替whom作宾语。如:
Who did you ask about it 关于那件事你问过谁了?
(2) whom
whom 的意思是“谁”,是宾格,在句中作宾语,常用于书面语中。如:
whom do you want to see 你想见谁?
Whom do you talk about 你们在谈论谁?(whom作介词about的宾语)
(3) whose
[1] whose的意思是“谁的”,属格,具有名词和形容词的性质。如:
Whose book is this 这是谁的书?(形容词性)
Whose is this book 这书是谁的?(名词性)
[2] whose可在句中作如下成分。
作主语。如:Whose is better 谁的更好?
作表语。如:Whose are these pencils 这些铅笔是谁的?
作宾语。如:Whose are you going to borrow 你打算借谁的?
作定语。如:Whose umbrella is this 这是谁的伞
(4) what
[1] what的意思是“什么”,具有名词和形容词的性质。如:
What are you doing 你在做什么?(名词性)
What sport do you like best 你最喜欢的运动是什么?(形容词性)
[2] what可在句中作如下成分。
作主语。如:what's happening 发生了什么事?
作表语。如:What is your mother 你母亲是干什么工作的?
作宾语。如:What do you mean 你是什么意思?
What did you talk to him about 你和他说了什么?(介词宾语)
作定语。如:What color do you like 你喜欢什么颜色?
(5) which
which的意思是“哪个”,which在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等成分。
作主语。如:This is my bag. Which is yours 这是我的书包,哪个是你的?
作表语。如:Which is your favorite subject 你最喜欢哪个科目?
I can't tell which is which because they are so alike.
我分辨不出谁是谁,因为他们太像了。
作宾语。如:Which do you like best 你最喜欢哪一个?
作定语。如:Which glasses do you want 你想要哪些杯子?
Which platform does the London train leave 去伦敦的火车从哪个站台开出?
(6) who, what 和which 后可加ever来加强语气
Whatever are you thinking about 你到底在想些什么?
Whoever are you looking for 你到底在找谁?
Whichever do you prefer 你究竟要哪个?
2. 关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which的用法
(1) 关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which的用法
英语中的关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,它们是用来引导定语从句的。关系代词既代表定语从句所修饰的词,又在其所引导的从句中承担一个成分, 如主语、宾语、表语或定语。如:
This is the man who saved your son.
这就是救了你儿子的那个人。(who在从句中作主语,先行词是man)
The man whom I met yesterday is Jim.
我昨天见到的那个人是吉姆。(whom在从句中作宾语,它的先行词是man)
A child whose parents are dead is an orphan.
失去父母的孩子是孤儿。(whose在从句中作定语,它的先行词是child)
He wants a room whose window looks out over the sea.
他想要个窗户面临大海的房间。(whose在从句中作定语,它的先行词是room)
[1] who,whom和whose
who和whom代表人,在从句中作主语时用who,作宾语时用whom,可省略。但若whom作介词宾语且介词放在其前时,不能省略;如介词位于句末时,可以省略。whose代表某人的,在从句中作定语。如:
The man who insists upon seeing with perfect clearness before he decides, never decides.
坚持看清楚一切后才做决定的人永远也做不了决定。(who作主语)
He is a man whom everybody respects.
他是一个人人都尊敬的人。(whom作宾语,可以省略)
He is a man fromwhom we all should learn.
他是我们大家都应该学习的人。 (whom作介词宾语且介词位于其前,不能省略)
(此句也可以是:He is a man (whom) we should all learn from.)
The people whose houses were damaged will be compensated.
房子被损坏了的人将给予补偿。
Who, whom和whose可用于非限制性定语从句中,代表某人或某人的,此时不能用that。如:
My sister, who is a nurse, came home for a few days.
我姐姐回家住了几天,她是个护士。
[2] which
which代表物,在从句中可作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略,但作介词宾语且介词位于其前时不能省略。如:
The book which helps you most are those which make you think most.
最能使你获益的书是那些最能让你深思的书。(作主语)
This is a factor which we must not neglect.
这是一个我们绝不能忽略的因素。(作宾语,可省略)
Where is the book from which you quoted this sentence
你引用这句话的那本书在哪儿?(作介词宾语且介词位于其前时,不能省略)
which可用于非限制性定语从句中,代表物。如:
The book, which I bought second-hand, is made of oak.
我买的这张书桌是用橡木做的,它是二手货。
[3] that
that可以代表事也可代表人,在从句中可以作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略,但不能用于非限制性定语从句中。代表人时who比that用的多些,代表物时that比which用的多些。如:
The letter that came this morning is from my mother.
今天早晨收到的那封信是我母亲寄来的。(that代表物,在从句中作主语)
Those students that failed the exam will have to take it again.
考试不及格的学生必须补考。(that代表人,在从句中作主语)
Have you forgotten about the money (that) I lent you last week
你忘了上星期我借给你钱的事了吗?(that代表物,在从句中作宾语,可省略)
All the people (that) I invited have agreed to come.
所有我邀请了的人都同意来。(that代表人,在从句中作宾语,可省略)
The hotel (that) we stayed at was both cheap and comfortable.
我们住的那家旅馆既便宜又舒服。(that代表物,在从句中作介词宾语,可省略)
(2) 补充说明
下列情况下,定语从句的关系代词只能用that,不能用which或who
[1] 当先行词中有形容词的最高级时。如:
Shakespeare is the greatest poet that English has ever had.
莎士比亚是英国所拥有的最伟大的诗人。
Is this the best that you can do 你最多只能做到这样吗?
[2] 当先行词为代词all, anything, everything, little, much, nobody, nothing时。如:
Anyone that wants to succeed must work hard. 任何想要获得成功的人必须努力工作。
[3] 当先行词中有含有any, every, no, only, the first, the last, the same时。如:
You are the only person that can help me. 你是唯一能帮助我的人。
Take the first chance that offers. 抓住出现的第一个机会。
(3) 没有先行词的关系代词
如果关系代词引导的从句不是作定语修饰先行词而是充当句子成分,这种关系代词就没有先行词,它只起连接作用。这种关系代词有:what, whatever, whoever, whichever, wherever等。如:
What woke me up was a splashing noise.
把我吵醒的是一阵溅水的声音。(what从句作主语)
I don't know what good they could have done.
我不知道他们能起什么好作用。(what从句作宾语)
Whoever breaks the law is punished in the end.
违法者终将被惩罚。(whoever引导的从句作主语)
第三章、不定代词的用法
1. some,any
(1) some多用于肯定句,修饰复数可数名词和不可数名词,作“一些”解。它还可修饰单数可数名词,作“某一”解。如:
H-5 avian influenza first broke out in some Asian countries.
H-5型禽流感首先在亚洲爆发。
Some people are early risers. 有些人起得很早。
(2) any通常用于否定句、疑问句或条件句,修饰单数或复数可数名词以及不可数名词。
If there are any new magazines in the library, take some for me.
图书馆如果来了新杂志,替我借几本。
Are there any stamps in the drawer 抽屉里有邮票吗?
Is there any money with you 你身上带钱了吗?
(3) any还可以用于肯定句,作“任何的”解。
You can come here any time. 你什么时候来都行。
You can get it at any shop. 你可以在任何一家商店买到它。
2. either,both,all
(1) either表示“两者中的任何一个”。
Either of the brothers is selfish. 两兄弟都非常自私。
Either will do. 两个都行。
(2) both“两个都”,修饰可数名词,统指两者。
Tom and Jack both made some progress. 汤姆和杰克两个都有所进步。
Both of them should make concessions. 他们双方都应做出让步。
(3) all“全部,所有的”,修饰可数名词和不可数名词,指两个以上的人或物。
All the students contributed to the fund.
所有的学生都为基金会捐了款。
All of the money has been spent. 钱都花完了。
We are all for you. 我们都支持你。
Say all you know and say it without reserve. 知无不言,言无不尽。
3. no,neither,none
(1) no“不”,可修饰单数和复数可数名词以及不可数名词。
Time and tide wait for no man. 时不我待。
There are no clouds in the sky. 天上没有云。
I have no money for such things. 我没钱买这些东西。
(2) neither“两者中哪个都不”,其所指范围是两个人或物。
Neither answer is correct. 两个答案都不对。
Neither of the two countries is satisfied with the result of the talk.
两个国家都不满意会谈的结果。
(3) none“没有一个人或东西”,它既可指可数名词(其所指范围是两个以上的人或物),又可指不可数名词。
All of the trees were cut down, and none was were. left.
所有的树都被砍了,一棵也不剩。
None of the students failed the examination.
没有一个学生考试不及格。
None of this money is his. 这笔钱没有一点儿是他的。
4. few, a few,little, a little
(1) few的意思是“没有几个”; a few的意思是“少数”, “几个”; 修饰可数名词; a few表示肯定意义, few表示否定意义。
The problem is so difficult that few people can solve it.
这个问题太难了,几乎没人能做出来。
Only a few people can solve this problem. 只有几个人能解决这个问题。
Few of them want to go. 他们中几乎没有人想去。
A few of them want to go. 他们中有几个人想去。
(2) little“没有多少”,a little“少量”,修饰不可数名词;a little表示肯定意义,little表示否定意义。如:
There is little rainfall this spring. 今年春季雨水很少。
Although it did not rain for the whole month, there is a little water in the pond.
虽然整整一个月没下雨了,但池塘里还有一点水。
5. many, much, most
(1) many用于修饰可数名词。
Many of the problems have been solved. 大部分问题已经解决了。
Many think that the situation will change soon. 很多人认为局势会很快改变。
(2) much用于修饰不可数名词。
Much of the money has been spent. 这笔钱的大部分已经被花掉了。
They have finished much of the work. 他们已经完成了大部分的工作。
6. another,other,the other,others,the others
(1) another指同类中多个东西中的“另一个” (即one more)。
This watch doesn't work, I must get another one.
这块表坏了,我该另买一块了。
He went back to work too soon,and was laid up for another three months.
他回去上班过早,结果又病倒三个月。
但要注意: other与物主限定词连用也可指余下的另一个或全部。如:
Use your other hand. 用你的另一只手。
Mary is older than me but my other sisters are younger.
玛丽比我大,其余的都是我妹妹。
(2) other单独使用时指其他的、另外的人或物。
There must be some other reason for him refusing to help.
他不予帮助一定另有原因。
I saw Tom with some other fellow students.
我看见汤姆和其他一些同学在一起。
(3) the otherone/ones.指同类中余下的另一个或另一些。
I'll have to use our duplicate key. I lost the other one.
我不得不用我们的备用钥匙了,我把那一把丢了。
Where are the other students 其他学生去哪儿了?
One of the murderers was caught, but the other is still at large.
一个凶手被抓住了,另一个却依然逍遥法外。
(4) others是other的复数形式,指其他的、另外的人或物。
We should not think only of our children, there are others to be cared for also.
我们不应该只想到自己的孩子,还有别的孩子也需要照顾。
Others may object to this plan. 别人可能会反对这个计划。
(5) the others表示同类中余下的全部。
The search party was divided into two groups. Some went to the right, the others went to the left.
搜寻小组一分为二,一部分人向右,另一部分向左。
Jenny is cleverer than any of. the others in her class.
珍妮比班上的其他(任何)人都聪明。
7. 复合不定代词someone somebody, something, anyoneanybody, anything, no onenobody, nothing, everyone everybody, everything
(1) someone, somebody某人和 something某物
Someone is asking to see you. 有人要见你。
Someone suggests putting off the meeting. 有人建议推迟会议。
There's something wrong with the machine. 机器出了毛病。
Something strange happened last night. 昨晚发生了件奇怪的事。
(2) anyone, anybody任何人和 anything任何事情
Anybody can do this work. It's very simple.
这事太简单了,人人都能做。
Did you meet anyone on your way home 你回家的路上碰到什么人了吗?
He faltered:Is anything wrong? 他支支唔唔地说:“有什么错吗?”
He did not say anything after that. 这以后他再也没说什么。
(3) no one, nobody没有人.和 nothing(没有东西)。
I'm not somebody. I'm nobody. 我不是重要人物,我是个无名小卒。
No one wants to do that. 没人愿做那种事。
Nobody is absent. 没有人缺席。
That's nothing. 那没有什么。
He said he knew nothing about it. 他说他对那事一无所知。
(4) everyone, everybody(每个人)和 everything(每样东西,一切事物)。
She said good-bye to everyone. 她和每个人告别。
Everybody's business is nobody's business. 事关大家无人管。
Everything is ready for the experiment. 实验的一切都准备好了。
This news means everything to us. 这个消息对我们至关重要。
《薄冰实用英语语法详解》连载之四:数词
第一章、数词的种类
类 别 例 词
数词 基 数 词 one,twenty,hundred,thousand,million,three hundred and sixty-seven(367)
thirty-seven thousand six hundred and
fifty-five(37,655)
序 数 词 first,seventieth,hundredth,fifty-seventh
four thousand six hundred eighty-eighth
(第4,688)
分 数 3/5(three fifths)
5/11(five elevenths)
(two and four ninths)
小 数 12.54(twelve point five four)
0.332(zero point three three two)
0.05(zero point zero five)
基数词和序数词的用法
1. 基数词的用法
(1) 作定语。如:
There are only three boys in the class. 班上只有3名男生。
Ten people will come to the party. 十个人要来参加聚会。
(2) 作主语。如:
It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number. 据说13是个不吉利的数字。
Three of them will play football. 他们中有三人要去踢足球。
(3) 作宾语。如:
It is worth three hundred. 这件东西值300。
The city has a population of three million. 这个城市有三百万人口。
(4) 作表语。如:
I am eighteen. 我18岁。
Two and two is four. 二加二等于四。
(5) 作同位语。如:
Are you two coming 你们俩来吗?
They ten will go abroad. 他们十个人将出国。
2. 序数词表示法
(1) 有时序数词前面可加不定冠词来表示“再一”,“又一”这样的意思。如:
We'll have to do it again. 我们得重做一次。
Shall I ask him a third time 还要再问他一次吗?
When Nash sat down, a fourth man rose to speak.
纳什坐下后,第四个人又起来发言。
(2) 序数词的主要作用
作主语。如:
The first day of May is International Labour Day.五月一日是国际劳动节。
作表语。作表语时,序数词前的定冠词往往省去。如:
Lynd was second last year. 林德去年是第二。
作宾语。如:
He was among the forst to arrive. 他是首批到达的人员之一。
作定语。如:
May is the fifth month of the year. 五月是一年中的第五个月。
作同位语。如:
Who is the woman, the second in the second line 在第二列第二个的那个妇女是谁?
但要注意:在很多情况下,我们可以用基数词代替序数词来表示顺序。如:
the second part = Part two (第二部分)
the first chapter = Chapter one (第一章)
the fourth section = Section four (第四节)
第二章、小数、分数、百分数和运算符号
1. 小数表示法
(1) 小数的读法
小数点左边的数通常按基数词读,若为三位以上的数,也可按编码式读法读出,即将数字单个读出;小数点右边的数通常按编码式读法单个读出。如:
6.86 six point eight six
14.15 fourteen point one five
345.456 three four five point four five six
或three hundred and forty-five point four five six
(2) 小数中“0”的读法
“0”在小数中通常读作nought(英)或zero(美),也可读作字母o。如:
0.08 (nought)point nought eight 或 (zero)point zero eight
9.07 nine point o seven
2. 百分数表示法
百分数中的百分号%读作percent。如:
6% 读作 six percent
0.6% 读作 (nought) point six percent
500% 读作 five hundred percent
3. 倍数表示法
倍数表示方法很多,如:
This room is four times as big as mine. 这个房间是我房间的四倍。
This room is three times larger than that one. 这个房间比那个房间大两倍。
The output of coal has doubled. 煤的产量增加了一倍。
My aunt is as old again as I am. 我姑姑年龄比我大一倍。
Productivity is increased three fold. 生产效率提高了两倍。
The volume of the Sun is about 1,300,000 times that of the Earth.
太阳的体积约为地球的1300000倍。
4. 加减乘除式的读法
6+5=11 Six plus five is eleven 或 Six and five is eleven.
11-6=5 Eleven minus six is five. 或 Six from eleven is five.
4×5=20 Four multiplied by five is twenty.或 Four times five is twenty.
20÷4=5 Twenty divided by four is five. 或 Four into twenty goes five.
15:5=3 The ratio of fifteen to five is three.
32 Three squared is nine.
23 Two cubed is eight.
24 The fourth power of two is sixteen.
X︿(1/2)=Y The square root of X is Y.
X︿(1/3)=Y The cubic root of X is Y.
a > b a is more than b.
a < b a is less than b.
a ≈ b a approximately equals to b.
a ≠ b a is not equal to b.
5. 分数表示法
(1) 较小分数的一般读写方法。如:
1/3 one-third 2/3 two-thirds 3/5 three-fifths
(2) 较复杂分数的简明读写方法。如
22/9 twenty-two over nine
a/b a over b 或 a divided by b 43/97 forty-three over ninety-seven
(3) 整数与分数之间须用and连接。如:
four and a half nine and two fifths
(4) 分数用作前置定语时,分母要用单数形式。注意下列写法与读法。如:
a one-third mile 1/3英里 a three-quarter majority 3/4的多数
第三章、数词的时间、货币和编码
1. 时刻表示法
(1) 二十四小时计时法
二十四小时计时法通常采用“小时数:分钟数”、“小时数.分钟数”或“小时数分钟数”的形式,如:
01:00 凌晨一点 (ou) one hour或one o'clock
01:20 凌晨一点二十分 (ou) one twenty或twenty past one
02:00 凌晨两点 (ou)two hours或two o'clock
02:10 凌晨两点十分 (ou) two ten或ten past two
3:05 凌晨三点五分 (ou) three(ou) five 或five past three
09:45 上午九点四十五 (ou) nine forty-five 或a quarter to ten
10:15 上午十点一刻 ten fifteen或a quarter past ten
12:00 中午十二点 twelve hours或midday或noon
12:45 中午十二点四十五 twelve forty-five或 a quarter to thirteen
13:00 下午一点 thirteen hours
15:30 下午三点半 fifteen thirty或half past fifteen
21:15 晚上九点一刻 twenty one fifteen
23:00 晚上十一点 twenty-three hours
23:05 晚上十一点零五分 twenty-three(ou)five
23:45 晚上十一点四十五分 twenty-three forty-five
00:00 零点 midnight或zero hour
00:15 零点十五分 midnight fifteen或zero hour fifteen
00:30 零点三十分 midnight thirty或zero hour thirty
(2) 十二小时计时法
十二小时计时法通常采用“小时数: 分钟数” 或“小时数. 分钟数”的形式,如:8:12或8.12。为了避免误解,通常加上in the morning / a.m.(上午)或in the afternoon p.m.(下午)以示区别。a.m.是拉丁语 ante meridiem的缩写形式,读作/'ei'em /,意思是“上午”, p.m.是拉丁语post meridiem的缩写形式,意思是“下午;晚上”,读作/'pi:'em/。若表示整点钟,可加o'clock,也可不加。如:
8.00 a.m./8:00 a.m. 上午八点
读作:eight a.m. 或 eight in the morning.
8.45 a.m./8:45 a.m. 上午八点四十五
读作:eight forty-five a.m. 或 a quarter to nine in the morning.
2.00 p.m./2:00 p.m. 下午两点
读作:two(o'clock) p.m. 或 two (o'clock) in the afternoon.
3.30 p.m./3:30 p.m. 下午三点半
读作:three thirty p/m. 或 half past three in the afternoon
5.15 p.m./5:15 p.m. 下午五点一刻
读作:five fifteen p.m. 或 a quarter past five in the afternoon.
8.55 p.m./8:55 p.m. 晚上八点五十五
读作:eight fifty-five at night 或 five to nine at night (at night指日落后到半夜零时。)
2. 年月日表示法
(1) 在表示年、月、日时,“年”用基数词,“日”用序数词。如:
June 8, 1946或June eighth 1946:1946年6月8日
year two thousand:2000年
1950's或nineteen fifties: 20世纪50年代
250 B.C. 或two fifty B.C: 公元前250年
240 A.D. 或two forty A.D: 公元后240年
(2) 表示“年”和“月”时,在“年”和“月”前用介词in;表示具体日期时,在“日”前用介词on. 如:
in 2003:在2003年
in July:在七月
on June 24, 1998:在1998年6月24日
3. 英美货币单位表示法
(1) 英镑的符号“£”放在数字前面,但单位词“pound(s)”放在数字后面。
£50读作: fifty pounds 50英镑
(2) 便士可用“P”表示,单数为penny,复数为pence, 放在数字后面。
1P读作: one penny 1便士
5P读作: five pence 5便士
£54.36读作: five-four pounds thirty-six pence 54英镑36便士
They imported nine thousand pounds worth(or value)of tea.
他们进口了价值九千英镑的茶叶。
(3) 美元的符号“$”放在数字前面,但单词“dollars”放在数字后面。
$2.25读作: two dollars twenty-five cents 2美元25美分
$563读作: five hundred sixty-three dollars 563美元
I got the coat for 90 cents. 我花了90美分买了这件衣服。
在借据、文书、帐单等重要文件中,钱数多以英语和阿拉伯数字两种形式写出。如:
I owe you (IOU) two thousand dollars($2,000). 今借到两千美元($2,000)。
4. 数字的编码式读法
编码式读法指将数字逐一按基数词读出的方法。通常门牌号码、房间号码、电话号码、邮政编码、车牌号码及其他专用编码都采用编码式读法。凡采用编码式读法的数字都应在三位以上,两位数字通常按基数词读,如:
Room 34 34号房间 读作: room thirty-four
extension 2258 2258号分机 读作: double two five eight
page 518 第518页 读作: page five one eight
《薄冰实用英语语法详解》连载之五:动词的时态
第一章、动词的时态
时间 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态
现在 work
works
一般现在时 am
is working
are
现在进行时 has
have worked
现在完成时 has
have been working
现在完成进行时
过去 worked
一般过去时 was
were working
过去进行时 had worked
过去完成时 had been working
过去完成进行时
将来 shall
will work
一般将来时 shall
will be working
将来进行时 shall
will have worked
将来完成时 shall
will have been working
将来完成进行时
过去将来 should
would work
一般过去将来时 should
would be working
过去将来进行时 should
would have worked
过去将来完成时 should
would have been working
过去将来完成进行时
动词的现在时
1. 一般现在时
(1) 一般现在时表示经常性的动作或状态
一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态时,常与often, always, usually, sometimes, every day等时间状语连用。如:
The shop opens at nine every day. 这家商店每天九点开门。
It seldom snows here. 这儿很少下雪。
(2) 一般现在时表示客观存在或普遍真理
Light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。
Food easily goes bad in hot weather. 天气热时食物容易坏。
(3) 一般现在时表示主语的特征或状态
The picture looks very beautiful. 这幅画看起来很美。
Air contains oxygen and nitrogen. 空气含有氧和氮。
(4) 一般现在时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态
I'll tell her about it as soon as I see her.
When does the train arrive 火车几点到?
(5) 用于图片说明或剧本中的动作提示和背景说明
INSIDE THE SHELTER: Stockton slowly turns to face his wife. The angry screaming cries of the people ring in their ears even as they depart.
防空洞中:斯道克顿慢慢转过身,面对他的妻子。那群人正在离去,而他们愤怒的尖叫声却还回响在他们的耳边。
(6) 电视节目直播解说
It's Carter to serve- he needs just one more point. He serves. And Smith misses. What a great serve!So the championshipgoes to 19-year-old Harry Carter.
该卡特发球了,他只需再得一分就赢了。他发球了,史密斯接球失误。多漂亮的发球!冠军属于了19岁的哈利-卡特。
2. 现在进行时
(1) 现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作
表示现阶段正在进行的动作,通常有表示现阶段的时间状语,如:today, this week, this month, this year, this term,now等。如:
He is writing a novel now. 他目前正在写一部小说。
(2) 现在进行时表示经常性的动作
现在进行时在表示经常性、重复性或习惯性的动作时必须与only, merely, simply, really,fast, rapidly, steadily, forever, all the time, always, constantly, continually, repeatedly等频度副词连用。如:
She is always complaining. 她总是在抱怨。
(3) 现在进行时表示按计划或已安排好要做的事
这一用法只适用于某些动词,如:go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly等。如:
The guest is leaving by train tonight. 客人今晚坐火车走。
(4) 补充说明
[1] 在不少情况下,表示正在进行的动作的汉语句子,并没有“正在”这样的字眼,但在译为英语时必须用进行时态。如:
It's raining heavily. 下大雨了。
How is everything going 事情进展如何?
[2] 有些动词通常不能用进行时。不能用进行时的动词有:
表示感觉或感情的词,如:hear, see, smell, taste, feel, seem, notice, hate, love, like, want, wish, refuse, prefer, forgive等。
表示存在或所属的词,如:exist, stay, remain, obtain, have, own, form, contain等。
表示认识或理解的词,如:understand, know, remember, forget, believe, think, doubt等。
3. 现在完成时
(1) 现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态
现在完成时的这种用法通常与由since或for引导的时间状语连用。如:
The old man have lived here for more than twenty years.
老人已在此住了20多年了。
(2) 现在完成时表示过去发生的对现在有影响的动作
[1] 现在完成时的这种用法有时不带时间状语,有时可以和already, before, ever, just, lately, never, once, recently, yet等一些所指时间不具体的时间状语连用。如:
Have you ever been to Australia 你去过澳大利亚吗?
[2] 有时现在完成时和now, today, this morning, this week, this year等表示现在的时间状语连用。如:
I haven' t seen him today. 我今天没见过他。
I have seen him only once this year. 我今年只见过他一次。
(3) 现在完成时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来完成的动作
I'll go to the party as soon as (or when) I have finished my homework.
我完成作业后就去参加聚会。
(4) 现在完成时和until now, so far, in the past few years, up to the present等表示从某时到目前这段时间的状语连用 I have not heard from her so far. 到目前为止,我没有收到过她的信。
We have learned five hundred words up to the present.
到目前为止,我们已学了五百个生词。
但要注意:当意义明确时,适用现在完成时的句子可以不用时间状语。如:
He has done a lot of work. 他干了许多工作。
She has told me about her story. 她跟我讲过她的故事。
4. 现在完成进行时
(1) 现在完成进行时表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作或刚刚结束的动作
I've been writing letters all this morning.
我写了一上午信。(动作不再继续)
O'Neil is ill. He' s been lying in the bed for three weeks.
奥尼尔在病中,已卧床3个星期了。(动作会继续下去)
(2) 现在完成进行时表示从过去到现在的重复性动作
现在完成进行时的这种用法所表示的并不是一直在进行的动作,而是断断续续地反复发生的动作。如:
What have you been doing all this time
你一直都在干什么来着?(动作可能继续下去)
That reporter has been contributing articles to this magazine all these years.
这些年那个记者一直为这家杂志撰稿。(断断续续地反复发生的动作)
第二章、动词的过去时
1. 一般过去时
(1) 一般过去时表示过去的动作或状态
[1] 一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
与一般过去时连用的时间状语有:yesterday, last night(week, year, month, Sunday),then, at that time, at that moment, just now, a few days(weeks, months, years) ago等。例句:
Lucy turned off all the lights before she went out.
出门前露茜关了所有的灯。
[2] 一般过去时也可以与today, this week(month, year)等时间状语连用,但这些时间状语应指过去。如:
Did you see him today 你今天见他了吗?(today指今天已过去的某一时刻)
[3] 一般过去时还可以和for或since引导的时间状语连用。如:
I stayed there for two months. 我在那里呆了两个月。
Nothing happened since then. 打那以后什么事都没有发生。
(2) 有时一般过去时的时间状语或是在上下文、或是暗含于句中
Who was that 那人是谁?
I saw Ker in town. 我在城里看见了克尔。
(3) 一般过去时在时间和条件状语从句中表示过去将来的动作或状态。
Hans said he would let us know if he got any news.
汉斯说要是得到消息就告诉我们。
2. 过去进行时
(1) 过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作
[1] 过去进行时通常和时间状语连用。如:
We were having dinner when they came.
他们来的时候,我们正在吃饭。
[2] 过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续的动作。如:
Carlos was staying at home all last week.
上周整整一周卡洛斯都在家呆着。
They were building a dam last spring. 去年春天他们一直在修一个水坝。
[3] 过去进行时表示与过去某个动作同时发生的动作。如:
I was reading while she was writing. 我在读书,她在写字。
[4] 有时过去进行时用于主句,位于其后的when引导的从句表示意外发生的情况:
I was walking in the street when it began to rain.
我正在街上走着,突然下起了雨。
(2) 过去进行时表示过去将来的动作
过去进行时的这种用法多表示过去的打算,通常仅限于come, go, leave, depart, start等一些表示移动的动词。如:
He didn't know whether she was coming. 他不知道她是否会来。
The delegation was departing three days later. 代表团打算三天后动身。
3. 过去完成时
(1) 过去完成时表示过去某时之前结束的动作或状态
When he got there, the train had already left.
他到了那儿时火车已经离开了。
Ina realized she had made a mistake.
艾娜意识到她犯了个错误。
(2) 过去完成时与when等从句连用
had+just / barely / hardly / scarcely+done...when..., no sooner...than... 是表示“刚……就……”或“不等……就……”的固定句型。如:
No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain.
我们刚离开家就开始下雨了。
I had not gone much farther before I caught them up.
我没有走多远就赶上他们了。
(3) 过去完成时表示持续到过去某时之前的动作或状态
We had finished the work by nine o'clock yesterday.
昨晚九点前我们已完成了工作。
The company had completed the project by the end of 1999.
到1999年底公司已完成了那个项目。
(4) 过去完成时表示未实现的愿望
过去完成时表示未实现的愿望的用法仅限于expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, think,want等动词,过去时间往往由一般过去时表达。如:
I had intended to speak, but time did not permit.
我本想发言,可是时间不允许。
I had hoped you might know. 我本希望你会知道的。
4. 过去完成进行时
过去完成时主要表示持续到过去某时之前的动作。如:
I had been looking for it for days before I found it.
这个东西,我找了好多天才找着。
The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.
电话铃响了三分钟才有人接。
He was tired. He'd been working all day.他累了。他工作了一整天。
After he'd been lecturing for half an hour, Professor Brown had a drink of water.
布朗教授讲了半小时课之后,他喝了一点水。
第三章、动词的将来时
1. 一般将来时
(1) 基本用法
[1] 一般将来时常用来表示将来时间的动作或状况。如:
Helena will be twenty next year. 海伦娜明年就二十岁了。
[2] 一般将来时用于真实条件句和时间状语从句的主句中表示将来的情况。如:
I'll tell you as soon as he comes. 他一来我就告诉你。
[3] 用于条件状语从句表示愿望或意愿。如:
If you will wait for me, I shall come back soon.
如果你愿意等我,我马上就回来。
[4] 一般将来时可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。如:
The shop won't open until nine. 这家商店九点才会开门。
Children will be children. 孩子就是孩子。
(2) be going to +动词原形
这一结构表示打算或准备好要做的事或有迹象表明要发生的天气变化等情况。如:
What are you going to do during the summer holiday 你暑假打算做什么? The train is going to arrive. 火车就要到了。
(3) 现在进行时(be +现在分词)
有些动词的现在进行时可以表示将要发生的动作,表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。这类动词有:go, come, leave,start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly等。如:
Annie is coming to supper this evening. 安妮今晚要来吃饭。
(4) be to +动词原形
这一结构可表示约定、命令或按计划要做的事。如:
When are they to come 他们什么时候来?
We are to meet at the school gate. 我们约好在校门口见。
(5) be about to +动词原形
这一结构表示“即将做”或“马上做”的意思。如:
He is about to leave. 他马上就要动身。
The vacation is about to start. 假期即将开始。
2. 将来进行时
将来进行时表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作。常表示已安排好之事,给人一种期待感。如:
What will you be doing this time tomorrow
明天这个时候你将做什么?
The train will be leaving in a second. 火车马上就开。
3. 将来完成时
(1) 将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作,往往对将来某一时间产生影响。如:
I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.
我将在本周末前读完这本书。
Before long,he will have forgotten all about the matter.
过不久,他很快就会把这件事全然忘记。
(2) 将来完成时表示持续到将来某时的动作或状态。如:
By the time he graduates, he will have studied French for four years.
到他毕业的时候,他学法语就满四年了。
By the time Pierce comes back from the meeting, we will have waited here for three hours.
到皮尔斯开会回来的时候,我们已经在这儿等了三个钟头了。
4. 过去将来时
(1) 过去将来时表示过去某时之后将出现的情况,通常用于宾语从句中。如:
I thought he would come. 我以为他会来。
Jenny never imagined that she would become a doctor.
詹妮从没想到自己会当医生。
(2) 表示从过去某时看将要发生的事情。如:
The old lady was fifty-eight then. In two years she would be sixty.
老太太当时五十八岁,再过两年就六十了。
I didn’t think they would have any objection to it.
我想他们不会有什么反对意见。
(3) 表示过去习惯性动作(不管什么人称都用would)。如:
Whenever he had time, Harris would go to see his grandmother.
哈里斯一有时间就去看他奶奶。
Joanna would go for a walk after she had supper.
乔安娜吃完晚饭总要去散步。
《薄冰实用英语语法详解》连载之六:被动语态
现在范畴 一般现在时 am/is/are made
现在进行时 am / is /are being made
现在完成时 has/have been made
过去范畴 一般过去时 was/were made
过去进行时 was/werebeingmade
过去完成时 had been made
将来范畴 一般将来时 shall/will be made
将来完成时 shall/will have been made
过去将来时 should/would be made
过去将来完成时 should/would have been made
1. 被动语态的各种时态
被动语态(The Passive Voice)是动词的一种形式,表示主语是谓语动词的承受者。被动语态便于论述客观事实,故常用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍以及景物描写。被动语态没有将来进行时、过去将来进行时和完成进行时形式。
(1) 一般现在时的被动语态
I am not so easily deceived. 我不会轻易上当受骗的。
Computers are widely used in the world.
计算机在世界范围内得到广泛应用。
(2) 一般过去时的被动语态
The car was seriously damaged. 汽车受到严重损坏。
Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
印刷术是由中国传入欧洲的。
(3) 现在进行时的被动语态
The question is being discussed at the meeting.
这个问题现在正在会上讨论。
The children are being taken care of by their aunt.
孩子们现在正由其姑妈照看。
(4) 过去进行时的被动语态
When I called, tea was being served.
当我来访时,正值上茶之际。
When they arrived, the experiments were being made.
他们到达时,实验正在进行。
(5) 现在完成时的被动语态
The meeting has been put off. 会议已被推迟了。
The party has been planned since the new year.
这次聚会自新年起就已筹划了。
(6) 过去完成时的被动语态
By the end of last month,he had been robbed at least three times.
到上月底,他已被抢了至少三次。
(7) 将来完成时的被动语态
It is said that the building will have been completed before September.
据说大楼将于九月前竣工。
This class will have been taught by Mr Brown for two years by next summer.
到明年夏天,布朗先生在这两个班执教已有两年了。
2. 含有情态动词的被动语态
Water mustn't be wasted. 绝不能浪费水。
Electric energy can be changed into light enery.
电能可以转变成光能。
Cross the road very carefully. Look both ways, or you might be knocked down.
过马路时要特别小心,要往两边看,不然会被撞倒。
3. Get+过去分词构成的被动语态
Get+过去分词也可以构成被动语态,用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如:
the man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。
Mary is going to get married. 玛丽准备结婚了。
How did the glass get broken 杯子怎么破了?
4. 短语动词的被动语态
(1) 动词+介词
This matter has been talked about recently.
这件事近来一直被谈论着。
Such a thing has never been heard of before.
这样的事从未被听说过。
The old man was looked after carefully. 那位老人被精心照顾着。
He has never been listened to. 人家从不听他的话。
(2) 动词+副词
The sports meeting was put off. 运动会被推迟了。
A short play will be put on by them at the party.
一个短剧将要由他们在晚会上演出。
What he said must be thought over. 他说的话必须仔细思考。
(3) 其他短语动词
Privileges must be done away with. 特权必须被取消。
The light has just been turned off. 灯刚被关上。
Their plans are being carried out. 他们的计划正在执行中。
5. “主+动+宾+宾补”句型变为被动结构
这种句型有两个宾语,一般地说一为间接宾语,一为直接宾语。变为被动结构时,只将主动结构中的一个宾语变为被动结构中的主语,另一宾语不变。
We call him Xiao Wang. 我们叫他小王。(主动句)
He was called Xiao Wang. 他被叫做小王。(被动句)
He painted the table green. 他把桌子漆成了绿色。(主动句)
The table was painted green. 桌子被漆成了绿色。(被动句)
6. “主+动+that从句”句型的被动句
有些以that从句作宾语的主动句可以转换成两种形式的被动句。如:
People say that he is the richest man in the city.
人们说他是全市头号富翁。
→It is said that he is the richest man in the city.
据说他是全市头号富翁。
→He is said to be the richest man in the city.
据说他是全市头号富翁。
当说话人认为主动句的主语无关紧要,或者不清楚谁是谓语动作的发出者时,便常常使用上述形式的被动句。如:
It was reported that the boy had been found.
据报道,男孩已被找到。
The boy was reported to have been found.
据报道,男孩已被找到。
常用于上述被动句型的动词有:acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, declare, estimate, expect, find, know, presume, report, say, think等。
7. 含有被动意义的主动语态
英语中有一些表示被动意义的主动句,其谓语所表示的不是主语的动作,而是其内在的性能。这种句子的特点是:主语为无生命名词,谓语动词为一般现在时;肯定句必须带方式状语;否定句的谓语可以带情态动词。如:
She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。
The house is to rent. 这个房子要出租。
Food can keep fresh in a fridge. 食物放在冰箱里能保鲜。
The pen writes smoothly. 这支钢笔很好写。
The cloth feels soft. 这布摸上去很柔软。
The cake tastes good. 这蛋糕很好吃。
《薄冰实用英语语法详解》连载之七:助动词
第一章、助动词be、have和do
1. Be动词的用法
(1) 助动词be和现在分词一起构成进行时或完成进行时。如:
He is reading. 他在读书。
I'll be waiting for you there then. 我到时在那儿等你。
(2) 助动词be和过去分词一起构成被动语态。如:
Is he taken good care of 他被照顾得好吗?
They shall be punished. 他们一定要受惩罚的。
(3) 助动词be用作系动词。如:
Matthew is a teacher. 马修是个老师。
We were late today. 我们今天迟到了。
(4) 助动词be和不定式连用,可以表示下面几种情况。
表计划,只用于肯定句和疑问句。如:
We are to discuss it the following week.
我们打算下周讨论那件事。
When is the wedding to be 婚礼什么时候举行?
表命令,只用于肯定句和否定句。如:
All junior officers are to report to the colonel at once.
全体下级军官都必须立即向上校报到。
Tom says I am to leave you alone. 汤姆要我不理会你。
表可能,多用于被动结构。如:
Her father was often to be seen in the bar of this hotel.
在这家旅馆的酒吧经常可见到她父亲。
Where is he to be found 在哪儿可找到他?
表示“必须”,“应该”多用于现在式。如:
Nobody is to leave this room. 谁也不许离开这个房间。
What am I to do next?下一步我该做什么?
He's to blame. 该怪他。
表注定,多用于过去式。如:
He was to be my teacher and friend for many years to come.
在后来许多年里,他是我的老师和朋友。
The professor did not know at the time that he was never to see his native place again.
当时教授不知道他再也见不到他的故土了。
(5) 助动词be用于条件从句。如:
If we are to succeed, we must redouble our efforts.
我们要想成功,必须加倍努力才行。(are to意为“想要”)
(6) be后接going to, about to, on the point of等表示将来时间或根据计划、意图等将要发生的事。如:
It's going to rain. 快要下雨了。(将来时间)
He's about to leave. 他正要走。(将来时间)
2. Have的用法
(1) 助动词have与过去分词一起构成各种完成时态。如:
I have read the book. 我读过这本书。
Kenny has left. 肯尼已经走了。
(2) 助动词have与been+现在分词构成各种完成进行时态。如:
I have been washing the clothes the whole morning.
整个上午我都在洗衣服。
Lambert has been working as a worker here for nearly five years.
兰伯特一直在这里当工人,几乎有五年了。
(3) 助动词have构成had better, had best, had rather等词组。
Had better和had best是“最好还是……”或“还是……好”的意思。在had better中,had不表示过去时间,不能用have或has代替。had better 后可接不带to的不定式或接进行式、完成式或被动语态。had better的否定式是had better not。如:
You had better stay at home.你最好呆在家里。
You'd better have had that experience before.
假如你以前有过那个经验就好了。
You'd better not run the risk. 你最好不要冒那个险。
(4) 补充
Have还可用作使役动词和实义动词(表示”有”,”吃”等意义)。如:
They have had the problem solved.
他们让其他人解决了这个问题.(使役动词)
Bad news has wings. 丑事传千里. (实义动词)
What shall we have for lunch 我们午饭吃甚么 (实义动词)
3. Do的用法
(1) 助动词do, does和did用于构成否定句、疑问句和倒装句。如:
Do you understand all this 你明白这一切吗?
Don't go yet. 先别走。
(2) 助动词do, does和did用于代替句中的主要动词,以避免重复。如:
He didn't go to the party. Neither did I. 他没有去参加晚会,我也没有去。
I do not agree. Nor does he. 我不同意,他也不同意。
(3) 用于加强语气, do, does和did位于陈述句的动词原形前, do位于祈使句中的动词原形前。如:
Do have another cup of coffee before you go.
走前请一定再喝一杯咖啡。
That's exactly what he did say. 他就是那样说的。
But I do want to go. 可是我确实想去。
(4) 在一些以否定副词如never, rarely, scarcely, only等为首的句子中,如果实义动词是现在时或过去时,助动词do和did可以构成主谓倒装。如:
Never did I tell him about that. 我从来没有告诉过他那件事。
Rarely does it snow in the South. 南方很少下雪。
《薄冰实用英语语法详解》连载之八:情态动词
第一章、情态动词can、may、must的用法
1. can的用法
(1) can表示主语的能力。如:
The hall can seat 1,000 people. 这个大厅能坐1 000人。
Can you play the piano 你会弹钢琴吗?
(2) can表示说话人的猜测(即可能性),多用于否定句和疑问句。如:
Can it be true 这能是真的吗?
The moon can't always be at the full. 月不可能总是圆的。
What can she mean 她可能是什么意思呢?
(3) can表示许可。如:
This sort of thing can't go on. 这样的事不能再继续下去了。
You can't smoke here. 你不可在这里吸烟。
(4)“can+完成式”表示说话人对过去情况的猜测(只用于否定和疑问结构中)。如:
He can't have missed the way.I explained the route carefully and drew him a map.
他不会迷路。我对他详细说明了路线,还画了一张地图。
Can the team have left already 球队已经离开了吗?
2. could的用法
(1) could表示主语的能力,为can的过去时形式,如:
Daisy couldn't come yesterday because she was ill.
戴西昨天不能来是因为她病了。
They said they could swim. 他们说他们会游泳。
(2) could表示说话人的猜测(即可能性)。如:
He could be right. 他或许是对的。
Could it be Henry 可能是亨利吗?
At that time we thought the story could not be true.
那时我们认为所说的事不可能是真的。
(3) could表示许可。如:
Father said I could swim in the river.
爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。
Could I help you 我能帮忙吗? (比Can I help you 婉转)
The man asked if he could smoke in the hall.
那个人问可不可以在大厅里吸烟。
(4)“could+完成式”用于肯定句时一般表示过去可能完成却未完成的动作。如:
I could have reported you. 我本可以报告你的。
You could have let me know earlier. 你本来该早一些告诉我。
3. may的用法
(1) may表示许可,多用于肯定句和疑问句中,否定句中不常用。如:
May I ask you a question
我可以问你个问题吗?(比Can I ask you a question 更礼貌)
You may keep the book for two weeks.
这本书你可以借两周。
(2) may表示可能性,常用于肯定句和否定句中,指现在或将来的可能性。如:
It may be true. 那可能是真的。
The road may be blocked. 这条路可能不通了。
(3)“may+完成式”表示说话人对过去情况的猜测。如:
Eva may have missed her train. 伊娃可能误火车了。
He may have read the book. 他可能读过这本书。
(4) may as well(=