课件10张PPT。 My seatmate James, whose parents have been teaching［1］ English in Guangzhou for ten years, comes［2］ from the United States, which is［3］ one of the most developed countries in the world. He as well as his parents enjoys［4］ living in Guangzhou because neither James nor his parents find［5］ it difficult to adapt to the life in China. In their opinion, many a custom here is［6］ easy to understand and ten years is［7］ enough for them to get used to all the customs.I, together with James, extremely like［8］ English but physics seems［9］ rather difficult for us. Besides, both he and I are［10］ very fond of reading story books, and the Arabian Nights is［11］ one of the most interesting books that have been read［12］ by us. Our class is［13］ united as a big family. Now the class are［14］ preparing for the coming sports meet, so large quantities of our recent time have been spent［15］on it. What we need is［16］ a qualified coach because being trained properly is［17］ of great importance. We each are all aware that each of us plays［18］ an important role in our class. We have decided to hold a celebration if getting a good result but when and where we are going to hold it hasn’t been decided. ［19］ 汉语译文:我的同桌詹姆士来自世界上最发达的国家之一的美国，他的父母在广州教英语长达十年了。他和他父母一样在广州生活得很开心，因为不管是詹姆士还是他的双亲都不觉得难以适应中国的生活。他们认为这里的许多风俗习惯都很容易懂，十年的时间足以让他们习惯这里所有的风俗习惯。
我和詹姆士都特别喜欢英语，但是物理对我们而言是相当难的。他和我都喜欢读故事书，《天方夜谭》是我们读过的一本最有趣的书。我们班团结得像一个大家庭。现在，全班同学正在准备即将到来的运动会，所以我们最近的大量时间都花在这上面了。我们需要的是一个合格的教练，因为恰当的训练十分重要。我们大家都认识到我们每一个人都在班集体里扮演着重要的角色。我们决定如果取得好成绩的话就开一个庆祝会，但庆祝的时间和地点还未确定。1. 语法一致原则，复数主语用复数动词。?
2. 语法一致原则，单数主语用单数动词。?
3. 意义一致原则，若主语形式上为复数，而意义上是单数，动词要用单数。本句中的the United States虽然形式主是复数，但指的是一个国家，替代它的which作主语，谓语用单数。?
4. 语法一致原则， “A as well as /together with /with B”结构在主语位置时，主语是A，因此，谓语动词与A保持一致。?5. 就近原则，由or、either…or、nor、neither… nor、not only…but also、not…but连接的并列主语，通常按照就近一致原则，谓语动词的单、复数形式依照靠近它的主语而定。?
6. 语法一致原则，many a、(很多)/more than one(不只一个)+单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。?
7. 意义一致原则，表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、度量、容量、温度等的复数名词做主语，通常看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。?
8. 语法一致原则，主语后面接说明主语的修饰语together with，谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响，仍保持同主语一致的关系。?9. 意义一致原则，以?ics结尾表示学科的名词做主语，通常表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式。?
10. 语法一致原则，当主语是both…and连接的并列结构，如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物，则谓语动词用复数。?
11. 意义一致原则，复数形式的专有名词（表示国家、城市、机构、组织以及书籍、报纸、杂志等）做主语，通常作为整体看待，谓语动词用单数。?12. 语法一致原则，one of+复数名词十定语从句”之前有the only，the very，the等限定词时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式, 如没有这些限定词和修饰语，定语从句的谓语动词采用复数形式。?
13. 意义一致原则，集体名词class如果作整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式。?
14. 意义一致原则，集体名词class如果作个别成员看待，谓语动词用复数形式。 15. 当“(large) quantities of+可数或不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。?
16. 当what引导主语从句或由 and连接两个动词不定式或动名词作主语时，谓语动词的数应根据意义一致的原则来决定。?
17. 语法一致原则，非谓语动词 (动词的?ing形式、不定式)作主语时，谓语一般用单数形式。
18. 当“each + of+名词/代词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。?
19. 语法一致原则，从句作主语时，谓语一般用单数形式。课件8张PPT。 Born in［1］Peking, Yuan Longping graduated from［2］ Southwest Agricultural College in China in［3］1953, and since［4］his graduation he has devoted himself to［5］agricultural education and research. His pioneering research has helped rid China of［6］hunger within［7］three decades. In 1973, in［8］cooperation with others, he was able to cultivate a type of hybrid rice species which had great advantages over［9］others and whose output would increase by［10］20 percent than that of common ones. With［11］ higher yields than previous varieties, Professor Yuan’s new crop, regarded as［12］ the fifth invention after［13］ China’s Four Major Inventions, has quickly improved China’s food supply. Without［14］ any hesitation, he shared his knowledge
and technology with foreign scientists, so farmers in more than ten other countries besides［15］ China have thus benefited
from［16］ his work, gaining access to［17］ his technology. In［18］ return, he was awarded with［19］ many international awards for his great achievements. In his spare time, Dr. Yuan loves playing the violin and listening to music. Every night, he reads for［20］ half
an hour about［21］ various topics before he goes to sleep. But he cares for nothing more than his research and he goes to the fields twice a day by［22］ motorbike, which has left a strong impression on［23］ us. 汉语译文：袁隆平出生于北京，1953年毕业于中国西南农学院，自从毕业后，他一直致力于农业教育和研究工作。他开创性的研究已经帮助中国在三十年内摆脱了挨饿问题。1973年，通过与人合作，他培育出了一种优于其他品种的杂交水稻，其产量比普通品种要高20%。由于产量比以前的品种高，这种被认为是继中国四大发明之后的第五大发明，迅速提高了中国的粮食供应。他毫不犹豫地和外国科学家分享他的知识和技术，因而，除中国以外，还有另外十多个国家的农民能利用他的技术，从中受益。他也因他巨大的成就而获得多个国际大奖。在闲暇时间，他喜欢拉小提琴,听音乐。每晚睡觉前,他都会用半个小时阅读各种话题的书籍。他最为关心的是他的研究工作, 他一天两次开摩托车到田里, 这给我们留下了深刻的印象。1. in 地点介词，在某个城市、国家等范围较大的地点前用in，小地点，如station/airport/ corner等前面常用at。
2. 从某所学校毕业用graduated from。
3. in 在用于年、月前用in。
4. since“自……以后，从……以来”，表示某情况自过去某时间点或某个事件以来一直持续到现在，谓语动词通常使用完成时。
5. 介词to与动词devote构成词组 devote oneself to表示“某人致力于某事”。6. 词组 rid sb. of表示“使某人摆脱”。
7. 介词within后面接一段时间，表示“不超过，在……的范围内”。
8. 固定搭配in cooperation with, 表示“与…合作”。
9. 固定搭配have advantages over，表示“比…有优势”。
10. by后接数量词，表示增加或减少的幅度。
11. with 表示“有”。
12. as表示 “作为”。
13. after 表示“在……之后”。
14. 词组without any hesitation表示“毫不犹豫地”。15. besides表示 “除了……外，还”。
16. 词组benefit from表示“从……中受益”。
17. access后常接介词to 构成词组access to表示“可获得/利用某物或到达某地”。
18. 词组in return, 表示“反过来，作为报答”。
19. be awarded with表示“被授予”。
20. for表示某事持续了一段时间。
21. about关于；在……方面。
22. by乘(交通工具)。
23. leave a strong impression on sb. 给某人留下深刻的印象。课件7张PPT。 We［1］ students should get on well with each other［2］. But in fact, something unpleasant can happen from time to time. For example, yesterday afternoon, it［3］was fine. All［4］ of us went out to the playground. Some were playing games and others［5］ were playing football when two boys of us quarreled and then fought. Every one［6］ of us was confused because they were ever very good friends and nobody［7］ could exactly tell what［8］ they fought for. Neither［9］ of them wanted to give in to the other［10］. I thought it［11］ wrong of them to do so. So I tried to tell them ［12］ that we should put ourselves［13］ in others’ shoes, but both［14］ of them were too angry to calm down. It ［15］ was not until our head teacher came that they parted. In my opinion, it［16］ is necessary for us to calm down and solve problems that we meet. Only those［17］ who can easily forgive and forget will get a more comfortable life. 汉语译文：我们学生之间应当和睦相处，但事实上，一些不愉快的事也时有发生。例如，昨天下午，天气很好，我们都出去到了操场上。有些人在做游戏，另一些人在踢足，突然我们中有两个男生就吵架了，后来还打起来。我们每个人都感到困惑，因为他们是很要好的朋友。也没有人能准确知道是为什么事打架。他们谁也不愿屈服于另一方。我认为他们这样做是不对的。因此，我试图告诉他们我们要设身处地为对方着想，但两个人都非常生气，安静不下来。直到我们的班主任来了，他们才分开。我认为，冷静下来处理我们遇到的问题是非常必要的。只有那些容易宽容的人才能过得更安逸。1. We是人称代词主格, 在本句中作主语。
2. each other与one another两个叫相互代词, 在句中只能作及物动词或介词的宾语。在正式英语里, 前者指两者, 后者指三者或以上, 但在现代英语里实际没有这种区别。本句中的each other作介词with的宾语。
3. it指天气。
4. all 不定代词，在本句中作主语。
5. some…others…是固定句式，表示“一些人……另一些人……”。
6. every one不定代词，在本句中作主语, 注意, every one常接of短语，但everyone (=everybody)不与of短语连用。7. nobody (=no one)表示“没有一个人”，在本句中作主语。若与of短语连用，则要用none，如None of them has /have been there.他们中没有一个人去过那里。
8. what 疑问代词，意为“什么”，在宾语从句中作fought for的宾语。
9. neither指两者中的“没有一个”，在本句中作主语。
10. it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式。
11. the other 特指两者中的“另外一个”，在本句中作介词to的宾语。12. them是人称代词的宾格，在句中作宾语。
13.ourselves是反身代词，在本句中作put的宾语。反身代词在句中一般作宾语，也可作主语或宾语的同位语。
14. both表示“两者都”，在本句中作主语。
15. it用于构成强调结构，it was not until…that…意为“直到……才……”。
16. it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式。
17. those 表示“那些人”，相当于those people。课件6张PPT。 Busy as she was［1］, Lucy went to bed early. But little did she eat［2］this evening. So hungry was she［3］that she kept tossing and turning in bed. Not only did she find［4］it hard to fall asleep, but also she felt her stomach hurt. Suddenly she came up with an idea. “Were I full ［5］, I would have a good sleep easily.” Then she got up and went to the kitchen. There was［6］ a cabbage, some hams and some eggs in the fridge. No sooner had she taken［7］out what she needed than she realized she had no idea how to deal with the food. In fact, seldom had she cooked［8］ for herself before. “Had I learned［9］cooking from my mother, I would have become a good cook.” She sighed and continued her job. However, hardly had she tried［10］ to turn on one of the two taps above the sink when she noticed it didn’t work. Neither could another tap［11］. Only with the help of the spanner did water come［12］ out of the tap at last. But it was unlucky for her to cut her finger while cutting hams. Out ran she［13］ at once. With a bandage wrapping her wounded finger, she finished cooking a delicious meal at last. From the kitchen came a good smell.［14］ Being at table, she got down to enjoying her food. Unfortunately, not until she tasted her food did she find［15］ she forgot to add some salt to it. “Must I fall asleep［16］ while being hungry?” said Lucy. 汉语译文：露西虽然很忙,但她很早就去睡觉了。可是晚饭时她吃得很少,这会儿她感到饿了,在床上翻来覆去。她不仅没法入睡,还觉得肚子开始疼了。突然她想到了一个主意：“要是我饱了,我就能睡好了。”于是她起床去厨房了。冰箱里有鸡蛋,火腿还有一个卷白菜。她把材料拿出来后就发现不知道怎么处理这些食物。事实上,她很少自己下厨。“要是我以前就跟着妈妈学习烹饪,那么现在我就是个好厨子了。”她叹了口气,继续手头的工作。 但是,当她一打开洗手盆上面的其中一个水龙头时,才发现水龙头坏了。另外一个也不能用了。最后还是在扳手的帮助下,水龙头才正常的。可她在切火腿时又把手指给切伤了！真倒霉啊！她冲了出去。用绷带把手指包扎好后,她终于把饭给做好了。一股香味从厨房飘出。坐在桌子前面,她开始享受自己的成果。可是,糟糕的是,直到尝了一口后，她才发现忘记放盐了。露西自问,“难道我非要饿着肚子睡觉吗？” 课件6张PPT。 Tom, a［1］ classmate of mine, is a［2］ Lei Feng in our class, who is always ready to help others. Henry, whose father is a［3］teacher, is considered to be the［4］most diligent student in our class, who is the first one to get to school and the［5］last one to leave every day. He believes the harder you study the［6］ more knowledge you’ll get. Tom likes watching TV while Henry enjoys listening to the ［7］radio. Both of them are working for the［8］Students’ Union. They are of an［9］age and I am a［10］year older than they are.We are good friends because we have a［11］lot in common. First of all, three of us were born in the［12］1990s. Secondly, we all like playing the［13］violin and love sports. We play football twice a［14］week even if we are now in Senior Grade Three. Thirdly, we not only respect teachers and the elderly but also care for the［15］disabled. For example, we often go to a village near our school to look after the［16］Browns, both of whom were lamed in an accident. I remember that on a［17］Saturday afternoon we chatted with the Browns so happily that we didn’t go back home until the［18］ sun set. 汉语译文：我的一个同班同学汤姆是我们班里的活雷锋，他总是乐于助人。亨利, 他的父亲是老师, 被认为是我们班里最勤奋的学生，每天都是第一个到校最后一个离校。他认为学生越努力, 学的知识就越多。 汤姆喜欢看电视，而享利喜欢听收音机。他们两人都在学生会工作。他们的年龄相同, 我比他们大一岁。
我们是朋友，因为我们有许多相同的地方。首先，我们三个都出生在九十年代。第二，我们都喜欢演奏小提琴和喜欢运动，即使我们读高三了，也依然每周踢两次足球。第三，我们不但尊敬师长而且也关心残疾人。例如，我们常常去学校附近的一个村庄去照看布朗夫妇，他们两个都在一次事故中腿瘸了。我记得，在一个星期六的下午，我们同布朗夫妇谈得非常开心，直到日落才回家。1.泛指的一个，用不定冠词。
2.表示“像……一样的人”，用不定冠词。
3.职业身份前，表示类别，用不定冠词。
4.最高级前用定冠词。
5.序数词前用定冠词。
6.构成句式: the more…the more…(越…就越…)。
7.习惯用语on the radio。
8.普通名词构成的专有名词前用定冠词。
9.表示“同一”，用不定冠词。10. 表示数量“一”，用不定冠词。
11. 构成短语a lot。
12. 在逢整数的基数词前表示年代，用定冠词。
13. 在表示演奏的play后，西洋乐器名词前，用定冠词。
14. 表示“每一”，用不定冠词。
15. 用在形容词或分词前表示一类人, 用定冠词。
16. 用在姓氏复数前表示某某夫妇或一家人，用定冠词。
17. 表示“某一”，用不定冠词。
18. 在独一无二的事物前，用定冠词。课件5张PPT。名词性从句 What worries my classmate Mary a lot these days［1］ is that she puts on too much weight and she is frequently ill［2］. She has some doubts whether she eats too much fast food high in fat or sugar［3］. Also, with the college entrance examination approaching, she becomes more stressful and she couldn’t sleep well these days. Maybe this is also the cause that she becomes fatter these days［4］, she thinks. How she becomes slimmer and healthier［5］ has been her main task. So she wants to consult some experts and gain some instructions. But where she could get better suggestions and who will give her better advice［6］ also puzzle her. It is her parents’ suggestion that she should consult Professor Wang in Zhongshan Hospital［7］. Professor Wang suggests that she keep a balanced diet first［8］. She should eat vegetables and fruit high in fiber, vitamin and protein. What’s more, if she wants to lose weight, she had better take regular exercise more than half an hour a day. Mary asked Professor Wang when she should take exercise［9］. Professor Wang advised her to take exercise at 5 o’clock in the afternoon because she will have more time to do sports. Thanks to Professor Wang, Mary has become much healthier now. 汉语大意：我的同学Mary感到很焦虑是因为这一段时间胖了很多而且经常生病。她怀疑她是否吃了太多含有高脂肪或高糖的快餐。而且高考将近,她的心理压力很大所以这几天总是睡不好。 她想这也有可能造成她变胖的原因。她怎样可以变得苗条些和更健康些变成她的主要任务了。所以她想通过咨询专家来获得一些指导。但她去哪里咨询和要咨询谁呢又让她感到很困惑。她的父母建议她去中山医院咨询王教授。王教授建议她首先要保持均衡的饮食。应多吃富含纤维，维他命，蛋白质及新鲜的蔬菜和水果。当然，如果她想要减肥，最好还是要每天坚持运动半个小时以上。Mary问王教授哪一个时间段适合她去运动。王教授建议她下午放学后去运动，因为她这时是有充足的时间来运动。幸亏王教授，Mary现在健康多了。课件7张PPT。定语从句 It was the summer of 2012, when［1］ I came to Guangning No.1 Senior High School. Our school is a wonderful place, where［2］ I can see a lot of beautiful buildings and a large square. Our classroom, the roof of which［3］ looks like a rocket in the distance, is located in the center of our school. The main reason why［4］ I like our school is that I can make many friends. I can get along with my classmates here, two of whom［5］ are my best friends. Jack, who［6］ comes from Tanbu Junior High School, is very active. He likes various sports, among which［7］he likes running very much. He will run 5 kilometers every day, which［8］ makes him look strong. Nick, whose［9］ father is a teacher in Lianhe Junior High School, studies very hard. We often talk about the people and the things that［10］ we see in our school. Nick prefers the food that［11］ is made in our canteen. The teacher whom［12］ he likes is Mr. Zhang, our math teacher, while my beloved teacher is my English teacher, Miss Chen. To be honest, I gradually fall in love with our school. 汉语译文：我是在2012年的夏天来到广宁一中读书的。我们学校环境优美，在这里我可以看见一栋栋的高楼大厦和一个宽阔的广场。我们班位于学校的中心，远远看去我们班上面就像一枚火箭。但我真正喜欢这个学校的原因是我在这里结交了很多朋友。我跟我的同学相处得很融洽，当中我有两个要好的朋友。Jack来自潭布中学，他很活跃。他喜欢各种各样的运动,当然他最喜欢的是跑步。他每天都坚持跑5公里,让他看起来很强壮。而Nick父亲是联和中学的一名教师,他学习非常用功。我们经常在一起谈论我们学校的人和事情。Nick喜欢我们学校饭堂的饭菜。他最喜欢的老师是数学老师—张老师，而我最喜欢英语老师—陈
老师。说真的，我已经慢慢地喜欢上我们的学校啦。本文作者叙述了来到广宁中学读书后的所见所闻。
1. 先行词是the summer of 2012，在定语从句中作时间状语，用关系副词when (=in which, during which)引导定语从句。
2. 先行词是a wonderful place, 在从句中作地点状语, 用关系副词where (=at which)引导定语从句。
3. 先行词是Our classroom, 直接在介词of后作其宾语, 先行词是物时, 只能用which。the roof of which中的of表所属关系, 意为“我们的教室的屋顶”。4. 先行词是the reason，在定语从句中作原因状语，只能用why引导。
5. 先行词是my classmates，作直接在介词of后作其宾语，先行词是人时，只能用whom。two of whom 中的of表示部分与整的关系，意为“我的同班同学中的两个人”。
6. 先行词是Jack，在定语从句中作主语，用who引导。
7. 先行词是various sports，直接在介词among后作宾语，只能用which。8. 先行词是He will run 5 kilometers every day整个句子，并在从句中作主语，用which引导。
9. 先行词是Nick，在从句中作定语，表示Nick’s，用whose引导。
10. 先行词是the people and the things，既包括人又包括事物，通常只用that引导。
11. 先行词是the food，在定语从句中作主语, 故用that或which引导。
12. 先行词是the teacher，在定语从句中作likes的宾语，故用whom引导。课件9张PPT。并列句 Not only had Niu Lang lost his parents, but (also) he was often bullied by his elder brother.［1］ What he only had was an old and weak cattle, but［2］ he took good care of it. Other men at his age had children already, while［3］ Liu Lang didn’t get married yet. One day, the cattle said unexpectedly, “I’d like to help you, for［4］ you have attended me so carefully. Follow me, and［5］ you will get a wife!” So Niu Lang went to the bank while several beautiful fairies were bathing in the river. Then he did as the animal told him, hiding the youngest fairy’s clothes away and［6］ telling her, “I am afraid that you will either lose your clothes or［7］marry me.” As a result, the youngest fairy Zhinv became his wife. Both Niu Lang and［8］ Zhinv lived happily. However, the Goddess of Heaven was angry with her granddaughter marrying a human, so［9］ she said to Zhinv, “Go back to heaven, otherwise［10］ I will punish you!” Hearing this, Zhinv was not delighted but［11］ worried. Niu Lang was about to run after them anxiously when［12］ the Goddess of Heaven was making the Milky Way with her hair adornment (发簪) to stop him. Neither Zhu Nv nor［13］ Niu Lang was happy, as they missed each other so much. Seeing this, the Goddess of Heaven let them cross the Milky Way to meet once a year with the help of magpies.汉语译文：牛郎的父母死了，而他的哥哥老是欺负他。他唯一的财产就是那头又老又弱的牛，不过牛郎很爱惜这头牛了。有些人和牛郎年纪一样，可是早就当爹了，而牛郎还是孤零零的。有一天，老牛开口说话了：“你照顾了我，我想要帮助你。跟我来，你就会找到你的意中人的！”于是牛郎就去岸边了，而这时河里正有好几个美丽的仙女在洗澡。牛郎照老牛的吩咐，把最小的仙女的衣服藏了起来，并对她说：“要不你就嫁给我，要不你的衣服就别找啦！” 织女成了牛郎的妻子，并和他快快乐乐地过起了日子。但是，王母娘娘知道孙女和凡人结婚了，就很生气。她对织女说：“马上跟我回天庭，不然我就重罚你！”织女没有办法，只好回天庭了。牛郎正在她们后头焦急地追赶时，王母娘娘用发簪划了一道银河，把牛郎给拦住了。织女和牛郎都很想念对方，日子都过得很悲伤。于是，王母娘娘让喜鹊在银河搭桥，准许他们一年见一次。1. not only…but also表示“不但……而且……”，用于连接两个性质相同的词、短语或句子。为了强调，可将not only置于句首，此时其后的句子通常要用部分倒装。
2. but表示转折关系的并列连词,此处连接两个句子。
3. while表示对比，意为“而”。
4. for用作并列连词，表示“因为”。
5. and“祈使句，and＋主谓结构”中，祈使句表示一个条件，and后的句子表示结果。意为“那么”（暗示一种条件）。6. and用于连接两个并列的现在分词短语。
7. either…or…连接两个相同成分的词、短语或句子，选择关系，表示“不是……就是……”“或者……或者……”。在本句中连接两个并列的谓语动词。
8. both…and…在句中连接两个并列的主语，表“两者都”。
9. so连接因果两个并列分句，so意为“因此”，其后的分句表示结果。
10. or/otherwise 在“祈使句，or/otherwise＋主谓”结构中，祈使句表示条件，or/otherwise后的句子表示相反的结果。11. not…but…意思为“不是……而是……”。
12. when表示一件事情正在发生或就要发生，突然发生了另一件事，只能用when。固定搭配was/were about to do或was /were doing…when…（刚要做/正在做某事突然就……）。
13. neither…nor…连接两个并列成分，表“既不……也不……”。课件6张PPT。时态语态 My dear classmates,
I am Lin Fan, chairman of student union. I am writing［1］ to draw your attention to some improper behaviour in our campus: littering and scribbling. It has been making［2］ our school dirty and unpleasant. I always feel ashamed［3］ whenever I see this. It is clearly not appropriate for a student to litter and scribble about. Last week, the student union held［4］ a meeting to seek some solutions to these problems. We were having［5］ a heated discussion when our headmaster came and joined us. After the meeting, the headmaster said that the school had made［6］ efforts to improve this situation and more dustbins would be placed［7］ around. Recently, the student union has set up［8］ specific rules against such behaviour. At the same time, all of us should develop good habits and better behave ourselves. We believe that, with the joint efforts of both teachers and students, our school will become［9］ a more enjoyable place in the near future.
Yours faithfully,
Lin Fan汉语译文：大家好，我是学校学生会主席李帆，今天写信的目的是希望大家对校园的一些乱扔垃圾以及随意涂写等不文明行为引起关注。这些行为严重影响大家的学习环境。显然，作为一名学生在校园乱扔乱涂是不对的，我也经常对某些同学的不文明行为感到羞愧。上周, 学生会开会探讨一些可行措施，期间，校长也抽空加入我们。会后，校长表示学校已经就改善校园环境做出努力，并承诺将在校园设置更多的垃圾箱。近期，学生会也制定了一些相关规章。同时，大家必须做好自己并养成良好的习惯。我们相信，在全体师生的共同努力下，我们的校园环境一定会变得更好。1.现在进行时，表示现在正在发生的动作。
2.现在完成进行时，表示过去就开始一直延续到现在并有可能继续下去的动作。
3.一般现在时。经常性或习惯性动作。
4.一般过去时。在过去某个时间里（last week 上周）所发生的动作。
5.过去进行时，表示在过去某一时间正在进行的动作。6.过去完成时，表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。
7.过去将来时，表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态。另外此处主语dustbins为动作的承受者，所以用被动语态。
8.现在完成时，表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
9.一般将来时，表示在将来某一时刻要发生的动作或存在的状态。课件6张PPT。状语从句 My mother was cooking in the kitchen
while［1］ I was doing my school assignments.
As soon as［2］ I finished my homework, I went to get some water to drink. Then the door bell rang. However, my sister unlocked the door before［3］I could open it. We were surprised the moment［4］we saw her because［5］ her clothes and face were terribly dirty. She looked much poorer than［6］ we expected. Since［7］
we didn’t know what had happened to her, we stood there and waited for my sister’s story . We wouldn’t leave unless［8］my sister told us all about it. After［9］my sister got changed, she told us that she fell into a ditch when［10］she walked on a path on her way to my uncle’s home in the countryside . She couldn’t get out of the ditch. Although［11］ she cried for help loudly, no one could hear her. She tried to climb out of it, but, however［12］ hard she tried, she failed to escape from it. As［13］time went by, she got worried. After several vain attempts she had to stand where［14］she was and waited until［15］a boy student passed by and gave her a hand. The boy reached her a long rope and told her to climb with the rope. She did as［16］ the boy told , so that［17］ she came out. My sister also warned us to be careful when［18］walking on a path even though/if［19］we are in a great hurry. That’s true. We should mind our step so that［20］we can ensure our safety.汉语译文：我妈妈在厨房做饭，而我在做作业。我一做完作业就去拿水喝，这时门铃响了。然而，我还没来得及打开门，我的妹妹就用钥匙打开了门。我们看见她时，非常惊讶，因为她的衣服和脸非常脏。她看起来比我们预期的更可怜。因为我们不知道发生了什么事，我们站在那，等着我妹妹的故事。除非我妹告诉我们关于这一切，否则我们是不会离开的。我妹妹换了衣服之后，就把一切都告诉了我们。她去乡下的叔叔家的路上不小心掉进了一个水沟里，而且上不来。虽然她大声求救，但是没有人能听到。她试图爬出来，但是无论她怎么努力，都没能爬出来。时间一分一秒过去，她开始担忧起来。几个徒劳的尝试之后，她只好站在原处等直到一个男孩经过，帮助了她。男孩把一根长绳索递给她并叫她拉着绳子爬起来，她按男孩所说的去做，结果就爬出来了。我妹妹也警告我们即使要赶时间，走小路时也要小心。确实这样，我们走路小心，这样就可以确保我们的安全。课件9张PPT。 My deskmate, Mary, treats me as if she were［1］my sister. She is nice but fat. If she were not so fat, she would look［2］like a super model. Last year, a doctor advised that she (should) eat［3］ more vegetables and fruits. He also made a suggestion that she (should) work out［4］regularly. Besides, he insisted that she (should) walk［5］ to school. If she had followed the doctor’s advice, she would not be so fat now［6］. In other words, if the doctor had persuaded her to do so, she would not have become［7］ overweight. This morning, Mary’s mother bought her a new dress. It was really nice. But after she tried it on, she couldn’t help shouting,“ If only I were［8］ a little thinner! How I wish I hadn’t eaten［9］so much junk food before!” Were I Mary, I would make［10］a weight loss plan. If I became overweight in the future, I would do［11］ sports every day. Now it is high time she changed［12］ her lifestyle. Without a healthy lifestyle, she wouldn’t be［13］ able to lose weight. I would rather she went［14］swimming with me, but she insists that water sports are［15］ not suitable for her. So it is necessary that she (should) walk［16］to school. 汉语译文：我的同桌玛丽对我像亲姐妹一样。她人长得漂亮，就是有点胖。要不然，她就是一个超级模特了。去年，医生建议她多吃蔬菜和水果。医生同时建议她要经常锻炼，并坚持让她步行上学。如果她当时听了医生的建议，她现在也不至于这么胖了。也就是说，假如医生说服了她减肥，她就不会太胖。
今天上午，玛丽的妈妈给她买了一条新裙子。那裙子真是漂亮。可是，玛丽试穿后，忍不住叫了起来：“我多希望我瘦一点点啊！要是当初我没有吃那么多的垃圾食品该多好啊！”如果我是玛丽，我会制定一个减肥计划。要是将来我发胖了，我一定会每天做运动。 现在，该是玛丽改变她的生活方式的时候了。没有健康的生活方式，她是不可能成功减肥的。我倒是宁愿她和我一起去游泳。可是她坚持认为水上运动不适合她。因此，她有必要步行上学了。1. 在as if/ as though, even if/even though引导的状语从句或表语从句中，与现在事实相反时，从句的谓语动词用一般过去时；与过去事实相反时，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。
?
2. 表示与现在事实相反的假设，if 从句的谓语动词用一般过去式，(be一般用were)，主句的谓语用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。3.～5.在insist, suggest, advise, order, command, propose, demand, require, request等后面的宾语从句的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，其中的should可以省略。在suggestion, advice, order, command, demand, requirement, request等名词后面的表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”， 其中的should可以省略。6. 错综条件句：有时if 从句中的动作与主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式应根据他们表示的时间加以调整。本句的虚拟条件句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。? 7. 表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时，即“had＋过去分词”，主句用“would /should/could / might + have +过去分词”。
8～9. 在表示愿望的动词wish后的宾语从句和 If only（但愿）引出的句子中, 需用虚拟语气。表示与现在事实相反，从句或if only后的句子的谓语动词用一般过去时；与过去事实相反，从句或if only后的句子的谓语动词用过去完成时。?
10. 如果if 从句中含有were, had或should, 可将if 省略，然后将were, had或should提前至主语前。即从句可用半倒装。?11. 表示与将来事实相反的假设，if从句的谓语形式用一般过去式，或用“were to / should +动词原形”，主句用“would / should /could/ might +动词原形”。?
12. 在It is (high) time that 后的从句中， 谓语动词用“should(不能省略)+动词原形”或一般过去时都可以。?
13. 含蓄条件从句：用连词otherwise, or，but或用介词but for, without等暗示前面的条件。与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时。其中介词but for, without表示的虚拟语气， 可和if 引导的假设条件状语从句替换。?14. would (had) rather , would sooner用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。?
15. 在动词insist表“坚持认为，坚持说, 坚持某种说法”； suggest 表“暗示，表明”时，后面的从句不用虚拟语气。?
16. 在it is necessary (important, natural, strange, surprising) that 引导的主语从句中，主语从句中的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”。课件4张PPT。非谓语动词 熟读深思 Good afternoon, Ladies and gentlemen. It is a great honor for me to introduce［1］ this English speech competition. As we all know, to master［2］ a foreign language is very important for us. Taking part［3］ in English speech is a helpful way to learn English［4］. Everyone wants to show［5］their best. When we have been preparing for it, we can improve our listening and speaking［6］ ability, developing［7］ a good habit of learning English［8］. In the process of the competition, you should pay attention to the rules made by us［9］. First, you should make your voice heard［10］ clearly by everyone, so reading aloud［11］ is very necessary. Second, you try your best to express［12］ yourself in English fluently. Finally, you should finish your speech in five minutes.
I am sure the English speech competition will be a great success and the audience will feel satisfied［13］ with our performance. Thank you! 汉语译文：大家下午好，很荣幸给大家介绍本次的英语演讲比赛。我们都知道掌握一门外语对我们很重要。参加本次比赛将对学习英语有很大的帮助。大家都想在比赛中展现自我。当我们在充分准备的过程中我们提高了自己的听说能力，养成了学英语的良好习惯。
在比赛过程中，大家必须遵守我们定制的以下规则。第一，必须要让大家能清楚地听到你的演讲，因此大声朗读是非常必要的；第二，要尽力做到流利地用英语表达你的思想。最后，你必 须在五分钟之内完成你的演讲。
我坚信，我们的赛事将会取得圆满成功，观众也会对选手们的表现感到满意！谢谢大家！
