高考英语2011届二轮专题复习学案：专题3 阅读理解之自然类

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专题三 阅读理解之自然类（5）（新课标）
五、自然类
【典例探究】
（2010·重庆卷·D）
Sitting on the peaceful coast of Galapagos Islands. Ecuador, watching the sun move quietly into the sea, you shouldn’t forget that Charles Darwin (1809-1882) arrived here in 1835. He stayed on the islands for five weeks, observing various animals. This finally inspired (启发) his famous work, On the Origin of Species. You can certainly follow Darwin’s footsteps and enjoy a trip from four to seven days to the islands.
The islands are certainly a paradise (天堂) for wildlife, as there are no natural killers on the islands and the number of boats and visitors is under government control. Though you cannot walk freely as Darwin did about 200 years ago, each day is as impressive as it could be.
The most well-known animals of the Galapagos is the giant tortoise（巨型海龟），which can be seen moving slowly around the highlands of Santa Cruz, the second largest island in the archipelago （群岛）. Some of these creatures are so old that they might have been in their youth by Darwin himself.
Despite strict control over activities and timing, your stay on the Galapagos will be remembered as a chain of incomparable pictures; diving with sea lions that swim and play within inches of you; feeling small sharks touch your feet as you swim; and most magically, seeing a whale and her baby surface with a great breath of air.
Travelling between the islands and observing the wildlife that so inspired Darwin, so you will feel as though you are getting a special view of an untouched world. At night you will sleep on board the ship, leaving the wildlife in complete occupation of the islands, which are as undisturbed now as they have been since the beginning of time.
68. What do we know about Darwin’s visit to the islands
A．He studied different creatures on the islands
B．He completed his famous book on the islands
C．He was touched by the geography of the islands
D．He was attracted by well-known animals of the islands
69．which of the following plays a role in making the islands “a paradise for wildlife”
A．Animals on the islands feed on grass.
B．Local government forbids killing wildlife.
C．People cannot visit the islands as they wish.
D．tourists are not allowed to touch the animals.
70．Your stay on the islands will be most impressive mainly because of .
A．the beautiful sea views B．Darwin’s inspiring trip
C．a closer view of animals D．various daring activities
71．which of the following would be the best title for the passage ？
A．A Unique Attraction for wildlife Lovers B．Calapagos as a Paradise for Adventures
C．Charles Darwin as a symbol of Galapagos D．A successful Example of wildlife protection
【文章大意】本文介绍了一个野生动物的乐园Galapagos Islands，达尔文曾在这儿受到启发写出了《物种起源》一书，尽管时间、数量受政府控制，但可以和动物密切接触，由于这儿保护得很好，直到现在依然是旅游的好去处。
68．【解析】选A。事实细节题。第一段第三句话告诉我们他在岛上住了五周，观察各种各样的动物。这最终启发了他写出名著《物种起源》所以A项正确。排除了B项 “在岛上完成了著名著作，只是受到启发”；C项“被岛上的地表特征所打动”，文中没提到，和D项“被岛上的动物迷住了”，与文中observing意思不相符。
69．【解析】选C。事实细节题。文章第二段第一句话告诉我们岛上没有天敌，船和游客的数量都在政府控制中，尽管你不能像200年前的达尔文那样随意走动，但是每一天对你来说都会留下很深的印象。得出C项 “既人们不能随便参观这个岛”。选项A “动物以草为食”，文中没提到。选项B “政府禁止捕杀野生动物”与“there is no natural killer和船的数量受政府控制”不一致。D项与倒数第二段的内容不相符合。
70．【解析】选C。倒数第二段告诉我们作为一系列无与伦比的画面，你将永远记住这一段时间与海豹，鲸鱼和鲨鱼的近距离接触。所以C项正确。
71．【解析】选A。主旨大意题。文章以岛上的野生动物为主线来说这个地方的迷人之处和独特的价值，从而体现了野生动物爱好者们的作用。所以选A “野生动物爱好者们的一个独特的地方”。
【跟踪演练】
1、（2011·广西桂林市、防城港市南京考越高三第一次联合调研考试）
In the rush to get to school, you drop a piece of coast on the floor. Do you throw it away or decide it’s still OK to et If you’re like most people, you eat it. maybe you follow the “5-second rule”, which claims foods are safe to eat if you pick them up within 5 seconds after dropping them. but you might want to think again. Scientists now say that 5 encodes is all it takes for foods to become polluted with enough bacteria（细菌）to make you sick.
Bacteria can cause many kinds of illnesses. Some kinds of bacteria can grow on food. If you eat foods on which these bacteria are growing, you can become sick.
One of these food-borne bacteria is Salmonella. It makes 1.4 million people sick every year. Salmonella is often found in raw eggs and chicken. Cooking kills these bacteria, which is why it is so important to cook eggs, chicken, and other foods thoroughly.
But how long does it take these bacteria to pollute food A team of scientists in South Carolina did an experiment. First, they placed an amount of Salmonella on three surfaces; wood, tile（瓦片）, and carpet. They placed a apiece of bread and a piece of bologna（一种大红肠）on each surface for 5,30, or 60 seconds. After just 5 seconds, both the bread and the bologna picked up enough bacteria to make you sick.
So, forget the 5-second rule. If your toast drops on the floor, throw it away and get another piece of clean toast. This time, be careful not to drop it!
60．In which part of a newspaper can you most probably find this passage
A．Culture. B．Health. C．Advertisement. D．Technology.
61．After dropping a piece of toast, a person who follows the “5-second rule” will .
A．throw away dirty toast immediately and go away
B．pick up the toast as quickly as possible and eat it
C．eat the toast within 5 seconds and feel pleased
D．get another piece of clean toast quickly and eat it
62．The underlined word “raw” in Paragraph 4 most probably means “ “.
A．delicious B．hot C．cheap D．uncooked
63．The scientists in South Carolina did the experiment to .
A．see how quickly bacteria can pollute food
B．show that the 5-second rule is correct
C．see how harmful bacteria are to people’s health
D．show that bacteria grow at different speeds on different foods
2、（2011·海南省嘉积中学2011届高三上学期教学质量检测（三））
How Do Animals Catch Their ZZZ’s
Different creatures have developed some pretty creative ways to get their rest and stay safe. The lizard（蜥蝎）likes to sleep at the far end of small branches hanging out over a pond or lake in the rain forest. If a snake tries to slither up the branch to eat it, it will shake the branch and knock the lizard off , and the lizard will fall safely into the water. Chameleons （变色龙）can change color to match their surroundings in order to hide even while sleeping.
Corillas（大猩猩）like to sleep high in the trees. They build a new bed every night, sometimes taking up to half an hour to pile branches, twigs, and leaves into a comfortable bed. Birds also find it safe to sleep in the trees, but unless they have eggs or young chicks, they don’t use a nest. They just lock their feet around a branch and hang on. A special tendon（腱）in their legs is automatically tight when they are at rest, so they won’t let go and fall.
Dolphins(海豚) live underwater, but must come to the surface to breathe. Scientists now believe that dolphins may sleep with only half their brain, while the other half stays awake to keep them safe and breathing. Seals (海豹) also do this，lying on their sides on the surface of the water with one flipper underwater paddling to keep their noses above the surface. Some ducks may also have this ability, and actually sleep with one eye closed and one eye open. (281 words)
60．How many animals are mentioned in this passage
A．6. B．7. C．8. D．9.
61．How does a chameleon protect itself while sleeping
A．By changing its body colors. B．By hinging out over a pond.
C．By sleeping with half their brain. D．By making beds with branches.
62．Why will not birds fall when they are at rest
A．They build nests and sleep in them. B．They fall asleep automatically.
C．They have a loose tendon in their legs D．They lock their feet around a branch.
63．What does the writer intend to tell us
A．The cleverest animal is the gorilla because it can make beds.
B．Differences in habitat could lead to different living habits.
C．The ways animals catch their ZZZ’s are pretty much the same .
D．In order to protect themselves most animals choose not to sleep.
3、（2010·吉林省实验中学最后冲刺）
Until the invention of the steam engine, humans travelled the earth on foot．The slow travel meant explorers frequently returned with stories about distant lands: some of them wild tales, some honest descriptions.
Barbara Klion, who has retired, knows what that’ like．As a walker who has toured Australia ,Kenya and China on foot ,her trips are the modern edition of an ancient tradition for years．Klion and her husband ,now 75 and 80 years old travelled independently.
Walkers know seeing the world on foot gives them a rare experience．Often travelers are attracted by local people and customs．They also get a beautiful and lasting impression of the scenery．Walking tours can be done in one’s backyard, but there are several destinations around the world that expose travelers to the best of nature and culture
What to look for A famous guide says the essential of a quality walk are great scenery, tolerable weather ,suitable level of difficulty and something like ecology ,history or culture．These may seem like unclear instructions , but the fun of walking tours is that many things are determined by the traveler.
Someone who appreciates hot climates ,wildlife and flat areas could choose a walking tour in Zambia’s South Luangwa National Park．Travelers who don’t mind the cold and enjoy adventure could hike Patagonia, an area of southern Argentina east of the Andes.
In general ,independent travelers can decide how far to go each day, while guests of a tour agency should expect to walk an average of four to eight miles a day．At the Fordland National Park ,for example, there are several easy-to-difficult hikes, giving travelers many choices.
36．Which of the following does NOT make a quality walking
A．Great scenery B．Tolerable weather
C．A helpful companion D．Suitable level of difficulty
37．According to the passage, compared with guests of a tour agency, independent travelers______.
A．can walk farther B．have more choices
C．face more difficulties D．spend less
38．What is the author’s attitude to walking tours
A．Indifferent B．Negative C．Worried D．Supportive
39．The best title of the passage might be _____
A．See the World on Foot
B．Barbara Klion ,a great Traveler
C．What to Look for
D．The Fun of Walking
4、 （2010·吉林省长春五中三模）Have you ever heard of Paynes prairie It is one of the most important natural and historical areas in Florida. Paynes Prairie is located near Gainesville. It is large, 21,000 acres. This protected land is called a preserve. The Florida Park Service manage the preserve.
　　The Paynes Prairie basin was formed when limestone dissolved and the ground settled. It is covered by marsh(沼泽)and wet prairie vegetation. There are areas of open water. During brief periods it has flooded enough to be considered a lake. Except for that, the basin has changed little through time.
　　Man has lived on Paynes Prairie a very long time. He lived there as far back as 10,000 B. C. At one time, the Seminoles lived there. The prairie is thought to have been named after King Payne, a Seminole chief. During the late 1600s, the largest cattle ranch in Florida was on Paynes Prairie. Today, Paynes Prairie is preserved land . It is occupied by visitors and Florida Park Service employees.
　　Willam Bartram visited Paynes Praire. Bartram was the first person who portrayed (described)nature through personal experience as well as scientific observation. He lived 200 years ago. He visited Paynes Prairie in 1774. At that time he described it. He called Paynes Prairie the "great Alachua Savannah."
　　Most of the animal life, which Bartram described, is still here. A large number of sandhill cranes, hawks and waterfowl are here in winter. The animal diversity is increased by the presence of pine flatwoods, hammock, swamps and ponds.
　　The Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park is open year round. The Florida Park Service works hard so that the park will appear as it did in the past. It offers many opportunities for recreation. At the park you can camp and picnic. You can hike and bike. You can boat and fish. You can ride on horse trails. And you can see lots of nature and wildlife. You can see Florida as it was in the early days.
　　Paynes Prairie is part of our Florida history. It is an example of our Florida natural resources. It is a place for recreation. Paynes Prairie is an important experience of the Real Florida.
49．How was the Paynes Prairie basin formed
　　A．By the Seminole Indians.
　　B．By the Florida Park Service.
　　C．From dissolved limestone and the ground settling.
　　D．From lots of flooding and wet prairie vegetation.
50．The underlined word "diversity" means “ .”
A．variety B．society
C．population D．area
51．All of the following are true EXCEPT that __ .
　　A．Paynes Prairie has changed little through time
　　B．Paynes Prairie is covered by wet prairie vegetation
　　C．there used to be a big cattle farm on Paynes Prairie
　　D．William Bartram was the first person~ to visit Paynes Prairie
52．The purpose of the passage is to .
　　A．call on people to protect wildlife
　　B．attract people to this preserved park
　　C．show you the formation of Paynes Prairie
　　D．introduce the recorded history of Paynes Prairie
5、（2010· 山东省济南市三模）Heavy downpours last month in Rhode Island led to widespread flooding, causing millions of dollars in property damage and leaving thousands homeless. The flood waters also poured vast amounts of raw sewage(未经净化的污水) into the rivers and streams that flow into Narragansett Bay.
It sounds like the makings of an environmental nightmare. But in fact it’s just the opposite. To scientists’ delight. The sewage-loaded floodwaters have caused a well-timed growth of phytoplankton. The microscopic creatures that form the foundation of marine(海洋的) food chains. With more food available for fish. Clams and other sea creatures. The bay’s fisheries industry is expected to benefit.
In decades past. Narragansett Bay typically experienced a late winter early spring algal(海藻) bloom that fed creatures up and down the water column. But in recent years, the waters of Narragansen Bay warmed greatly, meriting this seasonal event.
Mark Berman, an oceanographer with the Nationa. Marine Fishertes Service. Said the flood seemed to have sent the bay back in its normal state.
However, local, mutate and federal officials in Rhode Island leave been batting other algal blooms that, by contrast, are causing widespread harm to the Narragansett Bay ecosystem. During summer months, sewage and agricultural runnel flows into the bay. Causing large blooms. But inseam of becoming food for sea creatures, much of the phytoplankton is consumed by bacteria, which grow last in the warmer waters. The rapid bacteria growth leads to hypoxia decrease of oxygen in the water that can cause large fish tools. One such die-off occurred in 2003. when millions of oxygen-starved fish washed up on the belches of Narragansett Bay.
The flood’s positive impact will probably be a one-time event, Mr Berman said. Mcanwhile efforts to curb the harmhl summer honors continue; in 2003. for instance, Providence completed a $359 million sewage tonal under the city designated to reduce the polluted storm overflow into Narragansett Bay.
71．Scientists believe that the row sewage flowing into the bay will .
A．pollute the island’s environ mean B．cause lots of property damage
C．increase the fisheries production D．destroy the food chains in the bay
72．The potential benefit of fisherics industry rclics on the .
A．warm temperatures of the bay. B．growth of phytoplankton
C．large summer alga blooms D．consumption of oxygen by beaters
73．People struggle against the summer blooms because they will .
A．pollute the local natural environment
B．increase the prcducmon of fishery industry
C．cause large fish kills of the bay indirectly
D．provide too much food ior sea creatures
74．It can be inferred that .
A．money spent on the summer blooms has been wasted
B．the government is inverting to promote the local fisheries
C．research of accanology should he encouraged
D．she raw sewage impacts are currently con radiator
75．The underlined word “carb” n the hast postage can be defined as “ ”.
A．control B．consume C．cause D．cure
6、 （2010·临沂二模）
D
Dublin has the benefit of being a home to unequaled beaches. They can be especially attractive during the summer season．Experience this scenery for yourself and see what these beaches have to offer you． Finding yourself at Dollymont makes you a fortunate tourist especially if you find beaches irresistible．Here you can swim away your worries through the Dollymont Blue Flag Beach，The beach provides a wonderful view which is perfect for some relaxing moments．Its shoreline is well recommended for a few quiet and unworried walks along the beach．
For some beach adventure，you can drive your way down the M50 and M 1 motorways to Donabate．This village in North County Dublin offers an attractive Blue Flag beach which is perfect for your swimming addictions．Lifeguards are on call during bathing period．The water is as overpowering as the surrounding．
For a double purpose beach，check out Killiney．This beach is a top off destination for a swimming adventure and it is equally grand for relaxing walks．The shoreline is covered with pebbles and rocks．This may seem averred with ordinary stony beach for some but for those who have strong interest in geological(地质的)processes，Killiney is a best spot to discover part of Dublin’s history and Killiney’s formation．
Another accessible Blue Flag Beach lies on Malahide in Fingal. You can enjoy the distinctive attraction of the water while still getting yourself amazed with the wonderful sights around；Malahide．Beach is sandy and holds a harbor designed for pleasure boats at the Northern end．
For a bit of challenge and thrill，consider a swim at Sea point Beach in Dun Laoghaire Rathdown．You can have the pleasure of an exciting surf adventure here apart from the usual swimming activity．This is often visited by tourists due to its various appeals：swimming on the north part of the beach while surfing，．boating and jet skiing at the south．
Need to：beat the heat off your summer vacation There is nothing as satisfying as a visit to some of these outstanding beaches．
71．How many beaches are mentioned in this article
A．Five B．Four C．Three D．Two
72．If you are visiting Killiney, which of the following activities can’t．you do
A．Having a swimming adventure．
B．Having some relaxing walks．
C．Discovering some Dublin’s history．
D．Practising operating boats for pleasure．
73．Some tourists choose a swim at Seapoint Beach probably because they can ． ．
A．get themselves interested in the sights around
B．have a wonderful surf on the north of the beach
C．enjoy several unusual and exciting activities‘
D．call the lifeguards during bathing period
74．If you want to。be quiet and have some relaxing walks，you may pay a visit to——．
A．Dollymont and Donabate B． Donabate and Malahide
C．Dollymont and Killiney D．Killinev and Malahide
75．The best title of this article should be——．
A．Where to go swimming in summer B．Beating off the heat in Dublin
C．Benifits of staying at beaches D．Geological researches in vacation
7、（2010·上海市崇明县二模）
(B)
The Channel is the name given to the stretch of water which separates England and France. Ferries operate all year round to carry people across the Channel, and they are busy most of the year. January is the only quiet month nowadays. As well as summer holiday-makers, there are day trippers and coach traffic, not to mention lorries and other commercial vehicles. Some ferries carry cars and their passengers, while others also connect train passengers with the Continental rail network.
The biggest hazard for the ferry is the wind. The crew listens to BBC weather reports four times a day. Or they sometimes get gale warnings from local radio station.
Crossing the Channel by ferry is a bit like trying to cross Oxford Street on a busy afternoon, according to one ferryboat captain. The ferries from Folkstone and Dover to Calais and Boulogne have to cross the main flow of traffic. This consists of ships traveling through the Channel to and from Northern Europe. There may be four hundred ships making the journey at any one time, and they all pass through a “choke point” which is only fifteen miles (twenty-five kilometers) wide. The cross-channel ferries have to sail right through the middle of all this traffic.
68. The passage is mainly concerned with _____.
A. the English Channel B. the weather on the Channel
C. cross-channel ferries D. what crossing the Channel by ferry is like
69. The word hazard is closest in meaning to ________.
A. trouble B. danger C. enemy D. problem
70. We can infer from the passage that _______.
A. if there is a gale warning from the BBC, the ferries will stop operating.
B. the traffic on the Channel is very busy only in winter
C. ferries are busiest in the afternoon
D. the crew of the ferry listens to the weather reports four times a day
71. Where does this passage most probably appear
A. In a dictionary. B. In a novel.
C. In a transportation magazine. D. In a geography textbook.
答案
1、BBD
2、CADB
3、CBDA
4、 CADB
5、 CBCDA
6、 ADCCB
7、 C B A C
【真题在线】
1、 （2010·江苏卷·B）
It is reported that conservation groups in North America have been arguing about the benefits and dangers of wolves. Some groups believe wolves should be killed. Other people believe wolves must be protected so that they will not disappear from the wilderness (荒野)
For Killing Wolves
In Alaska, the wolf almost disappeared a few years ago, because hunters were killing hundreds of them for sport. However, 1aws were established to protect the wolves from sportsmen and people who catch the animals for their fur. So the wolf population has greatly increased. Now there are so many wolves that they are destroying their own food supply.
A wolf naturally eats animals in the deer family. People in the wilderness also hunt deer for food. Many of the animals have been destroyed by the very cold winters recently and by changes in the wilderness plant life. When the deer can’t find enough food, they die.
If the wolves continue to kill large numbers of deer, their prey (猎物) will disappear some day. And the wolves will, too. So we must change the cycle of life in the wilderness to balance the ecology. If we killed more wolves, we would save them and their prey from dying out. We’d also save some farm animals.
In another northern state, wolves attack cows and chickens for food. Farmers want the government to send biologists to study the problem. They believe it necessary to kill wolves in some areas and to protect them in places where there is a small wolf population.
Against Killing Wolves
If you had lived long ago, you would have heard many different stories about the dangerous wolf. According to most stories, hungry wolves often kill people for food. Even today, the stories of the “big bad wolf'” will not disappear.
But the fact is wolves are afraid of people, and they seldom travel in areas where there is a human smell. When wolves eat other animals, they usually kill the very young, or the sick and injured .The strongest survive .No kind of animal would have survived through the centuries if the weak members had lived. And has always been a law of nature.
Although some people say it is good sense to kill wolves, we say it is nonsense! Researchers have found wolves and their prey living in balance. The wolves keep the deer population from becoming too large, and that keeps a balance in the wilderness plant life.
The real problem is that the areas where wolves can live are being used by people. Even if wilderness land is not used directly for human needs, the wolves can’t always find enough food. So they travel to the nearest source, which is often a farm. Then there is danger. The“big bad wolf”has arrived! And everyone knows what happens next.
60. According to the passage, some people in North America favor killing wolves for all the following reasons EXCET that _______.
A. there are too many wolves B. they kill large numbers deer
C. they attack cows and chickens for food D. they destroy the wilderness plant life
61. Some people are against killing wolves because ________.
A. wolves help to keep the ecological balance in the wilderness
B. there is too small a wolf population in the wilderness
C. there are too many deer in the wilderness
D. wolves are afraid of people and never attack people
62. According to those against killing wolves, when wolves eat other animals, ________.
A. they never eat strong and healthy ones
B. they always go against the law of nature
C. they might help this kind of animals survive in nature
D. they disturb the ecological balance in the wilderness
63. The last sentence “And everyone knows what happens next” implies that in such cases _______.
A. farm animals will be in danger and have to be shipped away
B. wolves will kill people and people will in turn kill them
C. wolves will find enough food sources on farms
D. people will leave the areas where wolves can live
2、（2010·福建卷·C）
Businesses are witnessing a difficult time, which has in turn produced influence on consumers’ desire to go green. However, shoppers are still laying stress on environmental concerns.
Two thirds of customers say that environmental considerations inform their purchases to the same degree as they did a year ago, while more than a quarter say that they are now even better aware of the environmental effect on what they buy.
This may help to influence how shops store goods on their shelves. And the companies should still make efforts to become more environmentally friendly. Two out of three people think it is important to buy from environmentally responsible companies, with about one in seven saying that they had even decided to take their custom elsewhere if they felt a company’s environmental reputation was not good enough.
Harry Morrison, chief executive（主管）of the Carbon Trust, sympathizes: “I understand this situation where survival is very important now. But from environmental considerations, the clock is ticking—we don’t have much time. In addition, cutting carbon has an immediate effect as costs drop and a medium-term benefit for the brand.” 高
Larger companies have an extra motivation to look at reducing their carbon footprint, as new rules next year will require businesses to buy carbon allowances to make up for their emissions(排放). Those that have taken early action will have a head start. More than two thirds of consumers are not clear about which companies are environmentally responsible. This suggests that firms that are able to relay clearly their message to the public will be in a pole position to attract shoppers.
The Carbon Trust believes that it can help by informing customers about the good work companies are doing. “When companies are granted(授予)the standard, they can use a logo(标识)in all their marketing which makes it clear that they are working towards cutting emissions,” Mr. Morrison said.
64. What’s the main idea of the passage
A. Businesses are finding ways to send their message to the shoppers.
B. Companies will soon get information about cutting carbon emissions.
C. Firms are making efforts to encourage customers to keep goods at home.
D. Firms are urged to cut carbon emissions by shoppers’ environmental awareness.
65. The underlined word “inform” in Paragraph 2 probably means “ ”.
A. affect B. change C. disturb D. reject
66. According to Harry Morrison, businesses .
A. will benefit from cutting carbon emissions
B. should buy carbon allowances for shoppers
C. are required to make up for their carbon emissions
D. have encouraged shoppers to take their custom elsewhere
67. We can learn from the passage that businesses will .
A. have a strong desire to reduce costs B. use the same logo in their marketing
C. gain advantages by taking early action D. attract more shoppers by storing goods
3、（2010·山东卷·B）
Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost certainly mention recycling. Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place.
The total amount of packaging increased by 12% between 1999 and 2005. It now makes up a third of a typical household’s waste in the UK. In many supermarkets nowadays food items are packaged twice with plastic and cardboard.
Too much packaging is doing serious damage to the environment. The UK, for example, is running out of it for carrying this unnecessary waste. If such packaging is burnt, it gives off greenhouse gases which go on to cause the greenhouse effect. Recycling helps, but the process itself uses energy. The solution is not to produce such items in the first place. Food waste is a serious problem, too. Too many supermarkets encourage customers to buy more than they need. However, a few of them are coming round to the idea that this cannot continue, encouraging customers to reuse their plastic bags, for example.
But this is not just about supermarkets. It is about all of us. We have learned to associate packaging with quality. We have learned to think that something unpackaged is of poor quality. This is especially true of food. But is also applies to a wide range of consumer products, which often have far more packaging than necessary.
There are signs of hope. As more of us recycle, we are beginning to realise just how much unnecessary material are collecting. We need to face the wastefulness of our consumer culture, but we have a mountain to climb.
61. What does the underlined phrase “over-consumption” refer to
A. Using too much packaging. B. Recycling too many wastes.
C. Making more products than necessary. D. Having more material than is needed.
62. The author uses figures in Paragraph 2 to show _______.
A. the tendency of cutting household waste B. the increase of packaging recycling
C. the rapid growth of super markets D. the fact of packaging overuse
63. According to the text, recycling ______.
A. helps control the greenhouse effect B. means burning packaging for energy
C. is the solution to gas shortage D. leads to a waste of land
64. What can be inferred from Paragraph 4
A. Unpackaged products are of bad quality. B. Supermarkets care more about packaging.
C. It is improper to judge quality by packaging. D. Other products are better packaged than food.
65. What can we learn from the last paragraph
A. Fighting wastefulness is difficult. B. Needless material is mostly recycled.
C. People like collecting recyclable waste. D. The author is proud of their consumer culture.
4、（2010·四川卷·B）
Boiler rooms are often dirty and steamy, but this one is clean and cool. Fox Point is a very new 47-unit living building in South Bronx, one of the city’s poorest areas. Two-thirds of the people living there are formerly (以前) homeless people, whose rent is paid by the government. The rest are low-income families. The boiler room has special equipment, which produces energy for electricity and heat. It reuses heat that would otherwise be lost to the air, reducing carbon emissions(碳排放)while also cutting costs.
Fox Point is operated by Palladia, a group that specializes in providing housing and services to needy people. Palladia received support from Enterprise Community Partners (ECP), which helps build affordable housing by providing support to housing developers.
ECP has created national standards for healthy, environmentally (环境方面) clever and affordable homes which are called, the Green Communities Standards. These standards include water keeping, energy saving and the use of environmentally friendly building materials. Meeting the standards increases housing construction costs by 2%, which is rapidly paid back by lower running costs. Even the positioning of a window to get most daylight can help save energy.
Michael. Bloomberg, New York’s mayor plans to create 165,000 affordable housing units for 500,000 New Yorkers. Almost 80% of New York City’s greenhouse-gas emissions come from buildings, and 40% of those are caused by housing. So he recently announced that the city’s Department of Housing and Preservation and Development (DHPD), whose duty is to develop and keep the city’s supply of affordable housing, will require all its new projects to follow ECP’s green standards. 5_u.c_o m
Similar measures have been taken by other cities, such as Cleveland and Denver, but New York’s DHPD is the largest city developer of affordable housing in the country.
45. What is the purpose of describing the boiler room in the first paragraph 21世纪教育网
A. To explain the measures the city takes to care for poor people.
B. To suggest that affordable housing is possible in all areas.
C. To show how the environment-friendly building works.
D. To compare old and new boiler rooms.
46. What is an advantage of the buildings meeting the Green Communities Standards
A. Lower running costs. W 5_u.c_o mB. Costing less in construction.
C. Less air to be lost in hot days. D. Better prices for homeless people.
47. It can be learned from the text that ________.
A. New York City is seriously polluted w_w*w.k_s*5_u.c_o m
B. people’s daily life causes many carbon emissions in New York City
C. a great number of people in New York City don’t have houses to live in
D. some other cities have developed more affordable housing than New York City
48. What is the main purpose of this text w_w w. k#s5_u.c
A. To call on people to pay more attention to housing problems.
B. To prove that some standards are needed for affordable housing.
C. To ask society to help homeless people and low-income families.
D. To introduce healthy, environmentally clever-and affordable housing.
5、（2010·全国卷I·C）
Along the river banks of the Amazon and the Orinoco there lives a bird that swims before it can fly, flies like a fat chicken, eats green leaves, has the stomach of a cow and has claws (爪) on its wings when young. They build their homes about 4.6m above the river, an important feature (特征) for the safety of the young. It is called the hoatzin.
In appearance, the birds of both sexes look very much alike with brown on the back and cream and red on the underside. The head is small, with a large set of feathers on the top, bright red eyes, and blue skin. Its nearest relatives are the common birds, cuckoos. Its most striking feature, though, is only found in the young.
Baby hoatzins have a claw on the leading edge of each wing and another at the end of each wing tip. Using these four claws, together with the beak (喙), they can climb about in the bushes, looking very much like primitive birds must have done. When the young hoatzins have learned to fly, they lose their claws.
During the drier months between December and March hoatzins fly about the forest in groups of 20 to 30 birds, but in April, when the rainy season begins, they collect together in smaller living units of two to seven birds for producing purposes.
63．What is the text mainly about
A．Hoatzins in dry and rainy seasons. B．The relatives and enemies of hoatzins.
C．Primitive birds and hoatzins of the Amazon. D．The appearance and living habits of hoatzins.
64．Young hoatzins are different from their parents in that_________ ．
A．they look like young cuckoos B．they have claws on the wings
C．they eat a lot like a cow D．they live on river banks
65．What can we infer about primitive birds from the text
A．They had claws to help them climb. B．They could fly long distances.
C．They had four wings like hoatzins. D．They had a head with long feathers on the top.
66．Why do hoatzins collect together in smaller groups when the rainy season comes
A．To find more food. B．To protect themselves better.
C．To keep themselves warm. D．To produce their young.
6、（2010·上海·C）
The 2012 London Olympics had enough problems to worry about. But one more has just been added - a communications blackout caused by solar storms.
After a period of calm within the Sun, scientists have detected the signs of a fresh cycle of sunspots that could peak in 2012, just in time for the arrival of the Olympic torch in London.
Now scientists believe that this peak could result in vast solar explosions that could throw billions of tons of charged matter towards the Earth, causing strong solar storms that could jam the telecommunications satellites and interact links sending five Olympic broadcast from London.
“The Sun’s activity has a strong influence on the Earth. The Olympics could be in the middle of the next solar maximum which could affect the functions of communications satellites,” said Professor Richard Harrison, head of space physics at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxford shire.
At the peak of the cycle, violent outbursts called coronal mass ejections (日冕物质抛射) occur in the Sun’s atmosphere, throwing out great quantities of electrically-charged matter. “A coronal mass ejection can carry a billion tons of solar material into space at over a million kilometers per hour. Such events can expose astronauts to a deadly amount, can disable satellites, cause power failures on Earth and disturb communications,” Professor Harrison added. The risk is greatest during a solar maximum when there is the greatest number of sunspots.
Next week in America, NASA is scheduled to launch a satellite for monitoring solar activity called the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), which will take images of the Sun that are 10 times clearer than the most advanced televisions available.
The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory helped to make the high-tech cameras that will capture images of the solar flares (太阳耀斑) and explosions as they occur.
Professor Richard Hold away, the lab's director, said that the SDO should be able to provide early warning of a solar flare or explosion big enough to affect satellite communications on Earth “If we have advance warning, we’ll be able to reduce the damage. What you don't want is things switching off for a week with no idea of what's caused the problem,” he said.
72. The phrase “communications blackout” in paragraph 1 most probably refers to _________ during the 2012 Olympics.
A. the extinguishing of the Olympic torch B. the collapse of broadcasting systems
C. the transportation breakdown in London D. the destruction of weather satellites
73. What can be inferred about the solar activity described in the passage
A. The most fatal matter from the corona falls onto Earth.
B. The solar storm peak occurs in the middle of each cycle.
C. It takes several seconds for the charged matter to reach Earth.
D. The number of sunspots declines after coronal mass ejections.
74. According to the passage, NASA will launch a satellite to _ _
A. take images of the solar system B. provide early warning of thunderstorms
C. keep track of solar activities D. improve the communications on Earth
75. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage
A. Solar Storms: An Invisible Killer B. Solar Storms: Earth Environment in Danger
C. Solar Storms: Threatening the Human Race D. Solar Storms: Human Activities to Be Troubled
7、（2009·湖南高考）
People diet to look more attractive. Fish diet to avoid being beaten up, thrown out of their social group, and getting eaten as a result. That is the fascinating conclusion of the latest research into fish behavior by a team of Australian scientists.
The research team have discovered that subordinate fish voluntarily diet to avoid challenging their larger competitors. “In studying gobies we noticed that only the largest two individuals, a male and female, had breeding （繁殖） rights within the group, ” explains Marian Wong. “All other group members are nonbreeding females, each being 5-10% smaller than its next largest competitor. We wanted to find out how they maintain this precise size separation. ”
The reason for the size difference was easy to see. Once a subordinate fish grows to within 5-10% of the size of its larger competitor, it causes a fight which usually ends in the smaller goby being driven away from the group. More often than not, the evicted fish is then eaten up.
It appeared that the smaller fish were keeping themselves small in order to avoid challenging the boss fish. Whether they did so voluntarily, by restraining how much they ate, was not clear. The research team decided to do an experiment. They tried to fatten up some of the subordinate gobies to see what happened. To their surprise, the gobies simply refused the extra food they were offered, clearly preferring to remain small and avoid fights, over having a feast.
The discovery challenges the traditional scientific view of how boss individuals keep their position in a group. Previously it was thought that large individuals simply used their weight and size to threaten their subordinates and take more of the food for themselves, so keeping their competitors small.
While the habits of gobies may seem a little mysterious, Dr. Wong explains that understanding the relationships between boss and subordinate animals is important to understanding how hierarchical （等级的） societies remain stable.
The research has proved the fact that voluntary dieting is a habit far from exclusive to humans. “As yet, we lack a complete understanding of how widespread the voluntary reduction of food intake is in nature, ” the researchers comment. “Data on human dieting suggests that, while humans generally diet to improve health or increase attractiveness, rarely does it improve long-term health and males regularly prefer females that are fatter than the females’ own ideal. ”
13. When a goby grows to within 5～10% of the size of its larger competitor, it______.
A. faces danger
B. has breeding rights
C. eats its competitor
D. leaves the group itself
14. The underlined words “the evicted fish” in Paragraph 3 refer to__________.
A. the fish beaten up
B. the fish found out
C. the fish fattened up
D. the fish driven away
15. The experiment showed that the smaller fish________.
A. fought over a feast
B. went on diet willingly
C. preferred some extra food
D. challenged the boss fish
16. What is the text mainly about
A. Fish dieting and human dieting.
B. Dieting and health.
C. Human dieting.
D. Fish dieting.
答案
1、 【文章大意】本文主要关于赞成杀狼和反对杀狼这两种不同的观点以及各自的理由。
60. 【解析】 选D。细节理解题。首先根据题干中的关键词favor我们知道本题关于文章小标题For Killing Wolves里的内容；根据第一节的最后两句话我们可知A项正确；根据第三段的第一句话可知B项正确；根据第四段的第一句话可知C项正确；D项没有涉及到。所以选择D项。
61. 【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词against killing wolves可知本题关于文章小标题Against Killing Wolves里的内容；根据这部分第三段的最后一句话可知A项正确。B项没有涉及；C项内容是For Killing Wolves里的内容；D项和题目不构成因果关系。
62. 【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据文章Against Killing Wolves里的第二段最后两句话可知“强者生存，弱者淘汰”是自然规律。A项中的never与第二段中的usually矛盾，故排除；B项与第二段内容矛盾，也排除；如果“狼破坏生态平衡”，就应该杀狼，而不是反对杀狼（against killing wolves），所以D项也排除。
63. 【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据文章最后一段可知“狼居住的地方被人类占据，它们就会到最近的地方（常为农场）找食物，这样人类就会反过来杀狼”，所以B项正确。
2、 【文章大意】文章主要讲述了消费者环保意识增强，公司不得不努力做到低碳环保，赢得好的名声来吸引顾客。
64. 【解析】选D。主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了消费者环保意识增强，公司不得不努力做到低碳环保，赢得好的名声来吸引顾客。
65．【解析】选A。词义猜测题。根据文章第二段中句子的后半部分可知，超过四分之一的消费者说他们现在更加清楚地意识到环境对他们所购买的东西的影响。由此可知，句子前半部分的意思应是“三分之二的消费者说环境因素影响他们购物的程度与一年前是一样的”。affect“影响”，与语境相符。
66. 【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“In addition, cutting carbon has an immediate effect as costs drop and a medium-term benefit for the brand. ”可知选项A正确。
67. 【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据文章第五段中“Those that have taken early action will have a head start. More than two thirds of consumers are not clear about which companies are environmentally responsible. This suggests that firms that are able to relay clearly their message to the public will be in a pole position to attract shoppers. ”可知选项C正确。选项A和D文章没有提到；选项B与文章最后一段的内容不相符。
3、【文章大意】过度包装不但造成了巨大的浪费，同时也造成了严重的环境问题，本篇作者就以此为话题，讨论如何应对包装浪费对环境的危害问题，文章观点值得读者去思考。
61.【解析】选D。词义猜测题。根据文中的“We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place. ” 可知划线部分意义应为“过度消费”，所以D项意义正确。
62. 【解析】选D。作者用意猜测题。根据作者在文中使用的数字可知，作者使用数字的目的是为了让读者清楚地理解过度包装的现实问题，所以D项正确。
63. 【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据“If such packaging is burnt, it gives off greenhouse gases which go on to cause the greenhouse effect. Recycling helps, but the process itself uses energy. ”可知A项正确。
64. 【解析】选C。推理判断题。第四段讲述了人们对于包装不好的物品所固有的认识，即人们普遍认为包装不好的物品质量肯定差，由此可判断根据包装来判断商品的质量是不恰当的。
65. 【解析】选A。推理判断题。文章讲述了人们对于过度包装的危害的认识及人们应有的积极态度，所以最后一段给我们带来了希望，但是最后一句“we have a mountain to climb. ”提示我们事情不会一蹴而就，要人们认识到过度包装的危害，并且付诸行动，我们还有很长的路要走。
4、 【文章大意】主要介绍了在Fox Point的这类有益健康的，环保经济适用住房。
45.【解析】选C。写作意图题。根据本段最后两句话可知，作者通过从锅炉房切入展示了Fox Point建筑群是如何做到节能环保的。
46. 【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据文章第三段倒数第二句话“Meeting the standards increases housing construction costs by 2%, which is rapidly paid back by lower running costs. ”可知，达到这些标准使得房屋建筑成本提高了2%，但很快就会被它的较低的运营成本补回。故选项A正确。
47. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据文章第四段第二句话“Almost 80% of New York City’s greenhouse-gas emissions come from buildings, and 40% of those are caused by housing. ”可知答案B。
48.【解析】选D。写作意图题。文章主要给读者介绍了在Fox Point的这类有益健康的，环保经济适用住房。
5、【答案解析】
63．【解析】选D。主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了the hoatzin，它是生活在亚马逊河的麝雉。介绍了这种鸟的外表特征以及生活习性。故选D。
64．【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第三段的第一句Baby hoatzins have a claw on the leading edge of each wing and another at the end of each wing tip.与此段的最后一句When the young hoatzins have learned to fly, they lose their claws.可知幼鸟有爪子而老一些的鸟没有。故选B。
65．【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据第三段的Using these four claws, together with the beak (喙), they can climb about in the bushes, looking very much like primitive birds must have done.可知最初的鸟用爪子帮助爬行。故选A。
66．【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据最后一段的when the rainy season begins, they collect together in smaller living units of two to seven birds for producing purposes.可知。
6、【答案解析】
72选B。理解词意题。根据文章第三段并结合全文可以总结得出B。
73选D。推理判断题。根据文章第五段最后一句可以推出答案D。A项中fatal一词使用有误，B项叙述错误，由文章中的内容也推测不出C项的叙述。
74选C。细节理解题。由文章第六段“NASA is scheduled to launch a satellite for monitoring solar activity”可知C为正确选项。
75选D。推理判断题。文章由2012年伦敦夏季奥运会所面临的太阳风暴问题为引子，展开论述了太阳风暴将对人类活动造成的影响。
7、【答案解析】
【文章大意】人类节食是为了让自己看起来更加美丽动人，而鱼类节食则是为了避免纷争，避免自己被赶出种群，而最终被吃掉。
13 【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第三段第二句可知, 当a goby长到较大的鱼的5～10%时，会引起一场争斗。争斗的结果通常是较小的goby被驱赶出去。故选A。
14 【解析】选D。词义猜测题。根据前面一句提到的the smaller goby being driven away from the group可知the evicted fish应指前面被驱赶走的鱼。
15 【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第四段中的最后一句以及最后一段的第一句可知。
16 【解析】选D。主旨大意题。第一段应是文章的中心；下文是围绕goby这种鱼节食进行的研究。
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