2018届高考一轮语法专题课件（1）名词和冠词

课件50张PPT。语法专题突破语法专题一　名词和冠词-1-高考感悟考点归纳1.(·全国甲,语法填空)Recent 　　　　　　(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.?
2.(·全国甲,语法填空)Then,handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of 　　　　　　　　(achieve).?
3.(·全国甲,语法填空)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for 　　　　　while,exercising,or doing something you enjoy.?1.studies　根据后面的谓语动词show可知,此处主语要用复数形式,用studies。以辅音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时需要将y变为i再加es。
2.achievement　考查名词。of为介词,后面用名词形式。
3.a　for a while “一会儿”,为固定搭配。-1-高考感悟考点归纳4.(·全国乙,语法填空)The nursery team switches him every few 　　　　　(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed,　　　　　 other is with mum—she never suspects.?
5.(·全国乙,语法填空)But for tourists like me,pandas are its top 　　　　　　　(attract).?
6.(·四川,语法填空)Any smell might attract natural 　　　　　　(enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.?4.days;the　根据前面的修饰词few可知,第一个空用名词的复数形式。根据前面出现的代词one可知,第二个空用定冠词the修饰other,特指两个中的“另一个”。
5.attraction　根据前面的两个修饰词its top可知,此处用名词形式。
6.enemies　熊猫的敌人不止一个,故用复数形式。注意enemy变为复数时要把y变为i,然后再加es。-1-高考感悟考点归纳7.(2015·课标全国Ⅰ,语法填空)I’d skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that/which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese 　　　　　　　(painting).?
8.(2015·课标全国Ⅱ,语法填空)The adobe dwellings(土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even 　　　　　　most modern of architects and engineers.?7.paintings　考查名词的复数形式。根据前面的修饰语so many可知,此处应用名词的复数形式,表示“画,绘画作品”。
8.the　由第一个空后的most modern以及语境可知,这里指 “最现代的建筑师和工程师”,故用the,the most modern是最高级形式。-1-高考感悟考点归纳9.(2015·课标全国Ⅱ,语法填空)In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their 　　　　　　(able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.?
10.(2014·课标全国Ⅰ,语法填空)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation,for most of us the 　　　　　　?(change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work,like cleaning up a polluted river.?9.ability　由空前的their可知,此处应用able的名词形式,指他们的能力。
10.changes　根据前面的the可知,这里用名词。change的复数形式直接加s。句意:虽然也有一些瞬间就能发生转型的故事,但是对于我们大多数人来说,这些变化都是逐渐的,需要付出大量的努力和劳动,就像净化一条污染了的河流一样。-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六一、可数名词的复数
1.规则变化-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六注意①以-o结尾的下列名词要加-es,它们是:黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿,即Negroes,heroes,echoes,potatoes,tomatoes。但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es,也可以加-s,它们是:mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos(volcanoes)火山。
②以-f或-fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉,加-ves。它们是:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半,即selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。
但有的以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves,也可以直接加-s,如:handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕。
③名词前有man或woman修饰,变复数时,做定语的man或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如:woman doctor→women doctors-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六2.不规则变化
①常见单复数同形的名词
Chinese中国人;means方式;works工厂;sheep绵羊;deer鹿;series系列; fish鱼;fruit水果等。其中 fish,fruit表示种类时,可加复数词尾,即fishes,fruits。
②自身有特殊变化的名词
child孩子→children　man男人→men　foot脚,英尺→feet　tooth牙→teeth　medium传播媒介→media　mouse老鼠→mice　phenomenon现象→phenomena-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六3.有些名词通常只用作复数。如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物,wages工资,riches财富,surroundings环境,ashes灰尘,compasses圆规,cattle牛,congratulations祝贺等。有些固定搭配中的名词通常用复数。如:have words with sb.同某人吵架,in high spirits 情绪高昂,give one’s regards to sb.向某人问候,in rags衣衫褴褛,have good manners 有礼貌等。-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六二、不可数名词
1.不可数名词没有单复数之分,它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。下列名词通常用做不可数词:fun,advice,weather,progress,information,bread,butter,baggage,clothing,equipment,furniture,homework,juice,luggage,luck,music,milk,meat,production,permission,practice,thought,rubber,rice,soup,wealth,health,glass,wood,English,America 等。
Wealth starts with a goal and saving a dollar at a time.
财富始于一个目标,要一美元一美元地积攒。-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六2.有些名词既可以用做可数名词,也可以用做不可数名词,但意义不同。work当表示“工作”时为不可数名词,但当表示“作品;著作”时则为可数名词。room“空间”(不可数),“房间”(可数);experience “经验”(不可数),“经历”(可数);paper“纸”(不可数),“报纸、文件、试卷”(可数)。-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六名词的所有格表示所属关系,它分-’s所有格和of所有格两种形式。
1.-’s所有格
①多用来表示有生命的东西。
Many students’ eyesight is getting poorer and poorer.
很多学生的视力变得越来越差了。
②用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加-’s或’;表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加-’s或’。-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六Tom’s and Jim’s rooms
汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间
Tom and Jim’s room
汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间
③表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
at the barber’s在理发店
at the teacher’s在老师办公室-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六2.of所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of 所有格。
From the top of the hill,you can get a bird’s view of the city.
从山顶上,你可以鸟瞰整个城市。
3.双重所有格
指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格,即 “of+名词所有格”。
a play of Shakespeare’s莎士比亚的一个戏剧
a friend of my wife’s我妻子的一个朋友-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六1.动词变名词的后缀 -1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六2.形容词变名词的后缀 -1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六不定冠词表示泛指,一般修饰可数名词单数。a用于以辅音音素或半元音音素开头的单词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单词前。例如:a pen 一支笔　an old man 一位老人
一、不定冠词的基本用法
1.用在首次提到的人或物的可数名词单数前面,泛指某(一)个人或某(一)个事物。
The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve people’s well-being and a dream of harmony,peace and development.
“中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦,一个和谐、和平、发展之梦。-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六2.表示“一”,相当于one,如:I’ll return in a day or two.
3.表示“每”,相当于per,常用于表示时间、重量、长度等单位前。如:We have three meals a day.
4.表示“同一性”,常构成“of+a/an+名词”形式,相当于the same,如:The children are of an age.
5.表示类指,意为“某类……”,如:He wants to be a doctor.
6.后面接人名可以表示“一个叫……的人”,或是其作品。如:A Mr.Smith is asking to see you.
7.与抽象名词连用,可以表示“一场、一次、一件”。a success一件成功的事或一个成功的人,a pity一件遗憾的事,an honour一个引以为荣的人/一件引以为荣的事。
8.与物质名词连用,表示“一种、一阵、一份”。
What a heavy rain!-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六9.序数词前使用冠词的情况
“the+序数词”表示排序;“a/an+序数词”不表示排序,而表示“又一;再一”。如:
Mr.Li has decided to buy a second car.
I have failed twice,but I’ll try a third time.
10.比较级和最高级前冠词的选择
“a/an+比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比……更……的一个”,属于泛指;“the+比较级”表示“两者中较……的一个”。“the+最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最……的一个”;“a most+形容词”表示“一个很/非常……”,此时后面没有比较范围,most只表示“很,非常”,如:
Tom is the older of the two boys.
The first unit is a most difficult part but not the most difficult.-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六二、常用不定冠词的固定搭配
all of a sudden突然　　 as a matter of fact事实上
once a week每星期一次 at a loss不知所措,茫然
be on a visit参观,拜访 be/go on a diet节食
give sb.a lift让某人搭便车
have a gift for...在……方面有天赋
have a good time玩得开心
have a word with...与……谈话
in a hurry匆忙地 in a way从某种意义上说
make a living谋生 take a walk散步
take an interest in...对……感兴趣
take/have a rest休息一会儿-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六一、定冠词的基本用法
1.特指上文提到过的、特定的人或事物,或双方都明确的人或事物
I have a car.The car is red.
Pass me the book,please.
2.表示某一类人或物。如:The bike is a useful means of transportation.
3.用于世上独一无二的事物名词前。如:the universe,the moon,the Pacific Ocean
4.用于西洋乐器前。如:play the violin,play the guitar
5.表示“一家人”或“夫妇”。如:
—Could you tell me the way to the Green’s,please?
—Sorry,we don’t have a Green here in the village.-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六6.用于表示国家、党派等以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛等名词前。如:
The United States,the Communist Party of China
7.用于表示发明物的单数名词前。如:
The compass was invented in China.
8.在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代。如:
in the 1990’s(在20世纪90年代)
9.用于表示度量单位的名词前。如:
I hired the car by the hour.(对比I hired the car by time.)
10.用于形容词和分词前表示一类人。如:the rich,the living,the wounded-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六11.用于方位名词、身体部位名词前。如:The sun rises in the east.　hit sb.on the head
12.用于普通名词转化而来的专有名词前。如:the Great Wall,the West Lake
13.与比较级和最高级连用。如:
①比较级+and+比较级,表示“越来越……”。
The more,the better.
②表示两者间“较……的一个”,比较级前加the。
Who is the taller of the two boys?
③三者或三者以上相比较,表示最高程度时,用“the+最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如:
Mary is the tallest child in her family.-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六二、常用定冠词的固定搭配
at the moment此刻,目前
at the same time同时
by the way顺便说一下
on the spot当场
make the best/most of...充分利用……
in the distance在远处
in the end最终
in the habit of有……的习惯
the other day前几天
on the one hand...,on the other hand...一方面……,另一方面……
to the point中肯,切题-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六一、零冠词的基本用法
1.专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时,其前不用冠词。
Beijing is the capital of China.
Kindness is virtue.
Snow dissolves into water.-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六2.表示季节、月份、星期、节假日、棋类、球类、学科、一日三餐、语言、运动等的名词前一般不加冠词。
Spring is the best season of the year.
I have been studying in this college since July,2015.
We have a seven-day holiday on National Holiday.
Tom enjoys playing chess.
The boys like playing football after class.
They can choose other subjects like Art and Computer Science.
Do you have breakfast at home or at school?-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六3.称呼语、自己的家庭成员及表示头衔、职务的名词做表语、补足语及同位语时,一般不加冠词但用做主语或宾语时要用冠词。
Sam has been appointed manager of the engineering department to take the place of George.
I’m captain of the class team at school.
The chairman declared the meeting open.
4.当by与表示交通工具的名词连用表示方式时,名词前不用冠词。
I’d rather travel by bus than airplane.-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六二、常用零冠词的固定搭配
in fact事实上　　　　　　for example例如
in danger在危险中 with pleasure高兴地
in time及时 in fear恐惧地
at work在上班 at dinner在吃饭
after school放学后 at first起初
at last最终 by hand手工做的
pay attention to注意 set fire to放火
take pride in以……为豪 take care of照顾-1-高考感悟考点归纳一三二四五六take office就职 take part in参加
in town在城里 keep...in mind牢记
in trouble处在麻烦中 on foot步行
leave word留言 on time按时
catch sight of看见 do harm to对……有害
lose weight减肥-1-ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅠ.单句填空
1.I had no 　　　　　　(choose) but to prepare for it,though.(·河北“五个一名校联盟”质量监测)?
2.It is used in products from 　　　　　(cup) that keep your drinks hot or cold to packaging materials.(·河南八市重点中学质量检测)?
3.More and more students would drop out of school if their personal 　　　　　　(safe) could not be guaranteed.(·福建五校毕业班统考)?1.choice　have no choice but to do sth.为固定搭配,故用名词choice。
2.cups　分析句子结构可知,空后that引导的定语从句中的谓语动词为keep,是复数形式,故名词也应用复数形式cups。
3.safety　根据空处前的their personal可知,空处应填名词safety。-1-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ4.Like university students,the US high school students have the 　　　　　　　(free) to choose the courses that most interest them.(·石家庄调研检测)?
5.When Sammy looked up,the train was just a couple of 　　　　　(foot) away.(·合肥第一次质检)?
6.Actually with my 　　　　　　　　(confident) built up,I now turn out to be a great speaker.(·河北“五个一名校联盟”质量监测)?4.freedom　由定冠词the可知,此处应用名词,即freedom。
5.feet　a couple of后跟可数名词的复数形式。故填foot的复数形式feet。
6.confidence　由形容词性物主代词my可知,此处应用名词形式,即confidence。-1-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ7.Art creates 　　　　　　　?(aware) of social issues.(·山西考前质检)?
8.Dogs are 　　　　　very popular pet.(·石家庄一模)?
9.Four boys were taking 　　　　　walk in the woods near Montaigne.(·郑州第二次质量预测)?7.awareness　creates是动词,后面应用名词做宾语。故填awareness。
8.a　由本句中的very popular pet可知,此处应用不定冠词a,表示泛指。
9.a　take a walk为固定短语,意为“散步”,故用不定冠词a。-1-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ10.Experts hope 　　　　　whole society pays more attention to the mental health of adolescents.(·福建五校毕业班统考)?
11.　　　　　 elderly man,Jean Papich,eighty-four,sat in the driver’s seat.(·合肥第一次质检)?
12.Solving 　　　　　problem of plastic pollution is important.(·河南八市重点中学质量检测)?10.the　the whole society意为“全社会”,为固定用法,故填the。
11.An　man在文中第一次提到,应用不定冠词,且elderly的读音以元音音素开头,故填An。
12.the　因problem后有of plastic pollution做后置定语,表示特指,故填the。-1-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ13.I don’t remember the first two operations very well,but I do recall 　　　　　third.(·山东潍坊第一次统考)?
14.Art is 　　　　　means of communication.(·山西考前质检)?
15.My parents had moved to England from India during 　　　　　1970s.(·福建毕业班单科质检)?13.the　序数词前一般用定冠词the修饰,表示第几的概念。
14.a　此处表泛指,艺术是一种交流的方式。故填a。
15.the　the 1970s为固定用法,意为“20世纪70年代”;表示“某世纪某年代”时应在数字前加the。-1-ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅡ.单句改错
1.Could you please give me some advices on how to behave properly?(·河南百校联盟5月质检)?
2.There goes a old saying,“When in Rome,do as the Romans do.” (·河南百校联盟5月质检)
3.We talked about what measure should be taken to improve the situation.(·河北衡水中学金卷一)
?1.advices→advice　advice是不可数名词,没有复数形式。
2.a→an　old是元音音素开头的单词,其前要用不定冠词an。
3.measure→measures　take measures to do sth.“采取措施做某事”,measure要用复数形式,指“措施”。-1-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ4.But I call on all the people to take action and put end to the low-quality food. (·河北衡水中学金卷一)
5.English has become a global language,so I’m convinced that learning English is of great useful.(·山东威海二模)
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6.Hotpot is the delicious choice.(·山西省际名校5月押题)
?4.end前加an　put an end to “结束”,是固定短语。
5.useful→use　be of great use=be useful 意为“有用的”。
6.the→a　这里choice是泛指,表示“一个选择”,因此要把the改为a。-1-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ7.It’s common for a man to sit cross-legged on the floor,but it’s not considered acceptable for woman to do so.(·郑州第三次质检)
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8.Then we visited lecture hall behind the lab building.(·济南5月针对性训练)7.woman前加a　woman是单数可数名词,这是泛指“一位妇女”。
8.lecture前加the　这里特指实验楼后的报告厅,因此用定冠词the。-1-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ9.In the centre we saw a group of student playing musical instruments.(·济南5月针对性训练)
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10.There is a park just outside our building,so we have a pleasant view of grass and trees from our living room with two window.(·济南5月针对性训练)9.student→students　student是单数可数名词,其前有a group of,因此要用复数形式students。
10.window→windows　根据其前的two 可知,window要改为复数形式。-1-ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅢ.语法填空
Villages in developing countries often lack many things:books,clean water,electricity.These shortages are easy to see.But 1.　　　　　 different kind of shortage is not easy to see.That is 2.　　　　　 shortage of experts.Many villages have no doctors,engineers or scientists.They have no one who knows how to treat unusual medical 3.　　　　　　　?(problem) or design a new expert system.There is a way to ease 4.　　　　　 problems.They can do it with 5.　　　　　　　?.1.a　此处表示泛指,指另一不同种类的缺乏。
2.the　此处特指“专家的缺乏”,故用定冠词the。
3.problems　problem是可数名词,这里指医疗方面的问题,故用复数形式。
4.the　此处特指上文提到的这些问题,故用定冠词the。
5.computers/a computer　从后文的computer scientists以及后文的关于计算机的陈述可知,这里是用计算机解决这个问题。-1-ⅠⅡⅢⅣIn 6.　　　　　 past few years,computer scientists around the world have developed what they call “expert systems”.An expert system is a special kind of computer program.In some situations,it can take 7.　　　　　 place of 8.　　　　　 human expert.For example,an expert in the medical system can help to take care of a sick person.After asking a few 9. 　　　　　(question) of the patient,it can tell what medicine or other 10.　　　　?(treat) is needed.?6.the　in the past few years“在过去的几年里”为固定结构,故用the。
7.the　take the place of “代替;取代”为固定搭配。
8.a　根据句意“它能取代一个人类专家”,表示泛指,又因空格后的单词以辅音音素开头,故用不定冠词a。
9.questions　此处表示向病人提问几个问题。
10.treatment　由other可知,这里用动词treat的名词形式。-1-ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅣ.短文改错
(·河北唐山三模)
Dear Tom,
I’m glad to hear that you are coming for a holiday in our city the next month.I’m such happy that you will stay in my house.
There have been greatly changes in the last three year in my home.First,we have rebuilt your house,which now has four private rooms.You can choose any of them to live when you come.Second,my parents have set up a small restaurant in our village,that you can eat healthily.I’m really willing to be your guide to make your journey interested and meaningful.
If you had any requests,don’t hesitate to let me know.Looking forward to hear from you.
Yours,
Li Hua-1-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ-1-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ-1-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ1.去掉the　this,that,last,next等修饰的名词做状语时,其前不用介词。
2.such→so　happy是形容词,其前用副词so修饰,such修饰名词。
3.greatly→great　changes是名词,故用形容词great修饰。greatly是副词。
4.year→years　由前面的three可知,这里应该用复数形式years。
5.your→our　根据语境可知,这里是为“我们”自己重盖房子,因此用our。
6.live后加in　前面叙述的是房子,这里指住在房子里,因此不及物动词live后加in,与any of them构成动宾关系。-1-ⅠⅡⅢⅣ7.that→where　先行词是a small restaurant,逗号后面是一个非限制性定语从句,故不能用that。分析定语从句可知,引导词在句中做地点状语,因此把that改为where。
8.interested→interesting　这里要用interesting说明journey的情况。interested 常用来描述人的心理状态。
9.had→have　文章的基础时态是现在时,又根据后面的don’t hesitate可知,这里也要用现在时have。
10.hear→hearing　look forward to中to是介词,后接名词或者动词-ing做宾语。