英语句子概论
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课件102张PPT。英语句子概论英语句子的种类简单句 (simple sentence)
并列句 (compound sentence)复合句 (complex sentence)简单句的五种基本句型
The weather is very cold.
主语+谓语（连系动词）+表语
He laughed.
主语+谓语（vi.）
I like Chinese food.
主语+谓语(vt.)+宾语
She taught them physics.
主语+谓语(vt.)+间接宾语+直接宾语
We must keep the room warm.
主语+谓语(vt.) +宾语+宾语补足语
并列句
把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来。 I turned on the TV. My sister and I watched it.
I turned on the TV and my sister and I watched it.
I bought my sister a present. She didn’t like it.
I bought my sister a present,but she didn’t like it. 并列句并列句常用并列连词: 平行并列连词:
转折并列连词：
因果并列连词:
选择并列连词:and, both…and, not only… but also, neither…norbut, however, while, yet, or,either…orfor, so复合句:主句+从句名词性从句
定语从句
状语从句主语从句
表语从句
宾语从句
同位语从句Noun Clause名词性从句在功能上相当于名词, 在复合句
中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。
主语 {His job is important.What he does is important.表语This is his job.This is what he does every day. {
宾语I don’t like his job.I don’t like what he does every day.同位语I don’t know about the man, Mr. White.I don’t know about the fact that he is a teacher.Practice time：指出下列各名词性从句的种类。1. At lunchtime, the radio weatherman reported that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon.
2. She wondered if the buses would still be running.
3. The truth is that the fog is too thick for the bus to run that far.
4. She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat.
5. When we will start is not clear.
6. I had no idea that you were her friend.
宾语从句宾语从句表语从句宾语从句主语从句同位语从句Object Clauses 宾语从句 I know him .
2. I know who he is . 主语谓语宾语（简单句）主语谓语宾 语 从 句引导词从句主语 从句谓语 主 句（复合句）句子做宾语就是宾语从句，跟在及物动词或介词后句子结构：
主句 +引导词+ 宾语从句。宾语从句的注意事项 句子类型 that陈述句一般疑问句if/whether (是否)特殊疑问词特殊疑问句 一、引导词
1. 当宾语从句是陈述句时（包括肯定句和否定句),引导词由连词that引导，因为that在从句中不作任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略。Lin Tao feels (that) his own team is even better.
She says (that) she won’t take part in the sports meeting next Sunday.
Jim thought (that) the train was like a big moving party.宾语从句中的连接词that在以下三种情况下
不能省略：
（1）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第二个that不能省；
（2）当that从句作介词宾语时，that不可省掉。
（3）用it做形式宾语的宾语从句。
Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried.
The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.
I think it necessary that you should read English aloud.在主句为动词be加某些形容词（如sorry, sure, afraid, glad等）作表语时，后面所跟的省略that的从句也可算是宾语从句。I’m sorry (that) I don’t know .
We’re sure (that) our team will win .
I’m afraid (that) he won’t pass the exam .2. 当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if引导， “是否”，不能省略。Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma
liked the handbag .
Let’s see if /whether we can find out some
information about that city .
She asked me if /whether she could borrow
these books .1).whether和if都可以引导宾语从句
a.当有or not时就用whether,不用if.
I don’t know whether or not I will stay.
b.介词后面的宾语从句不能用if.
I worry about whether I hurt her feeling.注意 whether和if的使用区别:Practice timeif / whether 1. I asked her ____________ she had a bike. 2. We’re worried about _________ he is safe. 3. I don’t know _________ he is well
or not. 4. I don’t know ________ or not he is well. 5. I don’t know __________ I should go.
if / whetherwhetherwhetherwhetherwhether/if_______ to go.whether3. 当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，由疑问词（what, who, whom, which, whose when, where, how, why等）引导，因为疑问词在从句中担任一定的句子成分，具有一定的意义，所以不可以省略。Do you know what he said just now ?
I don’t remember when we arrived .
I asked him where I could get so much money .
Please tell me who whom we have to see .
Do you know what time the plane leaves ?二、时态
1. 如果主句是现在的时态 （包括一般现在时 ，
现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根
据实际情况而定，（包括一般现在时，一般过
去时，一般将来时，现在完成时等）。I know he lives here .
I know he lived here ten years ago .
I have heard that he will come tomorrow .2.如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时， 过去完成时）I knew who lived here.
I saw she was talking with her mother.
He asked whether his father would come back
tomorrow.
He said that he had seen it .3.当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理
时用一般现在时。The teacher said that the earth travels
around the sun.三、语序
宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：
引导词+主语+谓语+其他成分。I don’t know what is the matter the troublewrong with him.1. When will he go to the library?
His brother asks when he will go to the library .
His brother asks when will he go to the library . 2. What does he want to buy ?
I don’t know what he wants to buy .
I don’t know what does he want to buy . ??We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not
come yesterday.2. He has made it clear that he will not give in.注意：
it常可以放在动词think, find, consider, believe, feel, make等后作为形式宾语, 真正的宾语-that从句则放在句尾.*________________________(我们觉得很奇怪)she didn’t go to school today.We think it strange that1.?The young man asked _____ it's summer or winter.
A. either B. that C. weather D. whether
2.??We don't know ______ they did it .
A. how B. who C. what D. which
3. The teacher asks us ____ Jim can come back on time .
A. that B. if C. when D. what time
4. Does anybody know ______ we will have a sports meeting this weekend or not .
A. if B. where C. whether D. that
DABC5. Could you show me ________ ?
A. how can I get to the station
B. where is the station
C. how I could get to the station
D. how I can reach the station
6. Please tell me _______.
A. what does he like B. what he does like
C. what he likes D. what he like
7. My sister told him ________ .
A. what day was it B. when the train arrived
C. who she was waiting D. where did you liveCBD8. Someone is ringing the doorbell . Go and see _______ .
A. who is he B. who he is
C. who is it D. who it is
9. Could you tell me how long __________ ?
A. you have bought the watch
B. you have kept this science book
C. have you been away from China
D. have you been a member of Greener China
10. He says that if it _______ tomorrow , he _______ fishing .
A. will rain , won't go B. rained , wasn't go
C. rains , won't go D. rain , will go BCDPredicative Clauses 表语从句表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,
放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+系动词+
表语从句”。常见的系动词分为三种：A．表示特征和状态：
be, look, sound, taste, smell, seem,appear等
B．表示由一类状态转为另一类状态：
get, become, grow, turn, fall, go, come, run等C．表示某种状态的：
remain, keep, prove, rest, continue, stay等
连接词：that / whether /as if /as though
（ if 不引导表语从句)
who / whom / whose / which / what
when / where / why / how / becauseThe question is whether we can rely on him.
That’s because we were in need of money at that time .
He looked as if he was going to cry .
That’s why I was late .
注 意：在表语从句中，表“是否” 时，只能用 “whether”不能用“if”。
一般情况下，“that”不能省。
It is /was because ….
It is /was why….
4. The reason (why…/for…)is /was that….
5. The reason is because /why…that ….
1.The reason why he was late was _____he missed the train by one minute this morning. 2.The question is _____________________ __________(我们是否能做好准备）in such a short time.
3.What I want to know is _________________ _________(我该买哪部词典）.
4.The point is __________________（你什么时候可以完成）Exercise 3:whether we can make goodwhen you can finish it.thatwhich dictionary Ipreparationshould buy1. That’s ___ the Party called on us to do.
A. why B. what C. how D. that
2. The reason is ___ he is unable to operate the machine.
A. because B. why C. that D. Whether
3 .That is ___ they separated.
A. that B. what C. which D. where
4.Jane is no longer ___ she was four years ago.
A. what B. which C. that D. when Subject Clauses 主语从句1. 主语从句 主语从句就是从句在主句中作主语的名词性从句。1)That she left him hurts him so much.
2)Whether it will please them is not easy to say.
3) What we need is more practice.
4)When we will begin the meeting is under discussion.
*that —只起引导作用，不充当成分，但不能省略。*whether 是否，表不确定的事情(不能用If）*what 在从句中作主语*When 在从句中作状语*______________________________(他是否要来)is not yet known.
*_____________________________(他想告诉我们什么)is not clear.
*___________________________(谁会赢得这场比赛)is still unknown.
*_______________________________(你错过了这次机会)is a pity.
=It is ___________________________________.Exercise 1:Whether he will come or notWhat he wants to tell usWho will win the matchThat you missed the chancea pity that you missed the chance 注意: 由that 引导的主语从句有时为了使句子结构平衡, 避免 “头重脚轻”, 常用 it 作形式主语, 而把从句放在后面。 例如:
1. That he will refuse this piece of advice is impossible.
_______________________________________ _______________________________________
2.That they should like each other is natural.
_____________________________________
*it为形式主语It is natural that they should like each other.It is impossible that he will refuse this piece of advice.这样就构成了下面一些常用句型:
1) It is + n. +从句
It is a pity/shame that... 遗憾的是……
It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是…
It is a fact that… …是事实
It is common knowledge that… …是常识
*_______________(很遗憾)we lost the match.
*______________(这是事实)he cheated in the exam.It is a pity thatIt is a fact that2) It is + adj. +从句
It’s certain that… 肯定…
It is possible that... 很可能……
It is unlikely that... 不可能……
It is obvious that… 很明显…
It is necessary important natural... that…
*_________________(很可能)she will come back tomorrow.
*_________________(很明显)this measure is effective.+(should) +do…It is possible thatIt is obvious that3) It +不及物动词+从句
It happened that... 碰巧……
It occurred to me that…我突然想起…
*________________(刚好)I came into the office at that time.
*____________________(我突然想起)I forget to sent the letter.It happened thatIt occurred to me that4) It + be +过去分词+从句
It is said that... 据说……
It is known to all that... 众所周知……
It is reported that... 据报道……
It is believed that...据信……;人们相信……
It is suggested that + (should）do... 建议……
It must be admitted that…必须承认……
It cannot be denied that… 不可否认……
It must be pointed out that…需指出的是……
*___________________(据报道)20 people were killed in the accident.
*______________________(建议)we should eat more vegetable and do more exercise.
It is reported thatIt is suggested that一. 由 that 引导that 无意义, 后接一个完整的句子.
that 不可省。
1. That we shall be late is certain.
2. ________________________ is known to all.
(地球是圆的)
3. ________________________ is a pity.
(你错过了这次机会)
That the earth is roundThat you missed the chance二 whether “if” 不能引导主语从句
三. 疑问词引导词注意二
注意：主语从句中 ，谓语动词一般用单数
What引导的主语从句，可根据表语决定
What he needs _is_ that book.
What he needs _are_ some books.
what引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that则不然,它在句子中只起连接作用。例如：
(1) What you said yesterday is right.
(2) That she is still alive is a puzzle.
注意三：What 与 that 引导主语从句 ___ he made an important speech at the meeting was true.
A. That B. Why C. What D. How 2. ___we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather .
A If B Whether C That D Where 3.___ is known to us all is that America is a developed country____the First World.
Which; belong to b. As, belonged to
c. What; belonging to d. It; belonging to4. It’s known to us all ___ a form of energy .
A. water is B. that water is
C. is water D. that water to
5. It worried her a bit ___ her hair was turning gray.
A. whether B. that C. what D. when
6.What I say and think ___ none of your business.
A. is B. are C. has D have同位语从句
1. 跟在某些名词后面，对该名词作进一步解释说明。
常用名词有belief, fact, idea, hope, news, doubt, result, thought, information, opinion等。Suggestion, suggest order demand wish等
2. 常用连词：that; when, where, why, howe.g. 1.消息传来，拿破仑要来视察他的军队。
2.问题是他如何做这件事的。 Word came that Napoleon would come and inspect his grand army. It’s the question how he did it.注意：
1.同位语从句多用that 引导，无意义不可省。2.在have no idea之后常用wh-引导同位语从句。I have no idea where he has gone.
I have no idea when he did it.
I have no idea what he did.1.Two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet./ The fact
worries their parents and teachers a lot.2.The Queen of England was on a three-day visit in
China./ We heard the news last night._______ The fact that two thirds of all girls are on a diet
worries their parents and teachers a lot._________We heard the news last night that the Queen of
England was on a three-day visit in China.4.Time travel is possible./ There is no scientific proof for
the idea.5.Chinese students should be given more free time./
The suggestion is welcomed by many people, especially
kids in school.3.Teenagers should not spend too much time online./
Many British parents hold the view._______Many British parents hold the view that teenagers
shouldn’t spend too much time online.________There is no scientific proof for the idea that time travel
is possible.______________________________________________________The suggestion that Chinese students should be given
more free time is welcomed by many people, especially
kids in school.比较：
1.We expressed the hope that they had expected.
我们表达了他们曾经表达过的那种希望。
2.We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.
我们希望他们再来中国访问。定语从句同位语从句区别that引导的同位语从句和定语从句：
引导同位语的连词that在句中不作任何句子成分，而在定语从句中，that充当的可以是从句的主语或宾语等。
同位语从句是对前面名词的内容的具体说明，而定语从句是对前面名词进行修饰，解释为“….的”
连词that在同位语从句中不可省略,而在定语从句中当它充当宾语时可以省略。Practice :判断下列各句是同位语从句还是定语从句1. They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.
2. The hope that she expressed is that they would come to visit China again.
3.The fact that she works hard is well known
to us all.
4. I can't stand the terrible noise that she is crying loudly.
同位语从句定语从句同位语从句同位语从句 判断:定语从句or同位语从句1.The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday.
2.The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups.
3.The news that he will leave for Shanghai is true.
4.The news that we got last week is true.
5.The question that we discussed yesterday is a difficult one.(定语从句)(同位语从句)(同位语从句)(定语从句)(定语从句)注意1：that / what的辨用1.______ he wants is a book.
2. ______ he wants to go there is obvious. 3.We should pay attention to ______ the teacher is saying.
4.He told us ______ he felt ill.
5.The result is ______ we won the game. 6.This is _____ we want to know. 7. I have no idea _____ he did that afternoon.
8.The fact______ she works hard is well known to us all.
WhatThatwhatwhatwhat（that）（that）thatRules1.that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用
2. what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当成分，可做从句的主语、宾语、或表语。
注意2：whether与if的辨用1.Whether it is true remains a problem.
2.It remains a problem whether/if it is true.
3. He asked whether/if Mary would attend the ceremony.
4.It depends on whether we have got enough money.
5.The question is whether you should accept it.
6.The question whether he’ll attend the meeting is important.
7.I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
8.I don’t know whether/if it is right or not.
Rules1.在由形式主语it引导的主语从句及在vt动词后面的宾语从句中，表“是否”， whether/if 都可以用；
2.在前置主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和跟在介词后面的宾语从句中，表“是否”， 只能用whether；
3.在whether… or not 和whether to do 中whether 不能换成ifPractice timeif / whether
1. I asked her __________ she had a bike.
2. I don’t know ___________ he is well or not.
3.___________ we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.
4.It hasn't been decided____________ we shall
attend the meeting.
5.We’re worried about ________ he is safe.
6. The question is _________ he should do it.
7.The doctor can hardly answer the question __________ the old man will recover soon.
8. I don’t know _______ to go or to stay at home.
whether/ if whetherwhetherwhetherwhetherwhetherwhetherwhether / if Pick up one number and finish the task in it, then you can get some points.Game Time!1.The suggestion (that) she has put forward is very good.
2.The suggestion that we clean the classroom by turns is very good. 判断：名词性从句定语从句名词性从句定语从句101.I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. That is _____ I had a few days off.
--The project was turn down.
---Is that ________ we lack money?
3.Tom didn’t go to school today. The reason was ______ he fell ill.
用thatwhybecause填空thatwhybecause20The news that Liu Xiang won the 110 hurdles
Brought Chinese great happiness.
News , brought Chinese great happiness.Liu Xiangthe 110 hurdlesMake a sentence301.I doubt____________ he can speak English.
2.I don’t doubt ____________ he can speak English.whether/ ifthat10Correct or not?*When the meeting will be held haven’t been known yet.
……………………………. be held hasn’t been known yet.×Pay attention:主语从句的谓语用单数形式
10判断：名词性从句定语从句1.The possibility that you referred to doesn’t exist at all.
2.There is a strong possibility that we may be in France for the next week.名词性从句定语从句10 the cat domade What the cat did made the baby cry.WhatcryMake a sentence301.Two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet.
2.The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot.Join two sentences into one noun clauseThe fact that two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot.201.The question is ________ the film is worth seeing.
2.________ we shall attend the meeting hasn't been decided yet.
用whetherif填空whetherWhether10Translate the sentence*_______________________________(他们很需要帮助)is quite clear. That they are badly in need of help20don’t konwwhat dowhere goThe man doesn’t know where he should go and what he should do.Make a sentence301.Do they speak English?
2.We want to know…Join two sentences into one noun clauseWe want to know if/whether they can speak English.20 ×Correct or not?Pay attention: 在此宾语从句中，it 充当形式宾语，真正的宾语为that 从句I think it worthwhile that………………..* I think that worthwhile that we spent so much money on these books.101.The news _______ we won the competition is very encouraging.
2.I have no idea ______ has happened to him.用thatwhat填空whatthat10*His brother asks when will he go to the library .
×Pay attention:名词性从句的语序用陈述语序
Correct or not?………………………when he will go to the library . 10用that和what填空
His father is satisfied with _____ he has done.
The reason was______Tod had never seen the million pound bank-note.
whatthat10talk aboutthe use of
cell phone What they are talking about is the
use of cell phone.Make a sentence30* If we will have a meeting hasn’t been decided yet.×Correct or not?Whether we will………………………….
decided yet.Pay attention:放在名词性从句句首，表示“是否”，只能用whether, 不能用if101.The problem has been solved.
2.Why were so many areas flooded during the heavy storm?Join two sentences into one noun clauseThe problem why so many areas were flooded during the heavy storm has been solved.
20Translate the sentence*It is known to us__________________
_____________________(马克.吐温怎样成为一位伟大的作家). how Mark Twain became a great writer20 ×Correct or not?Pay attention:注意虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用！由demand ,order, require, insist, suggest, advise等引导的宾语从句，或由demand, order, suggestion等引导的表语从句和同位语从句，其谓语要用should+do 的形式It is suggested that we should put off.....*It is suggested that we would put off the sports meeting because of the bad weather.10 report , get the highest points, match
It is reported that Yao Ming got the highest points in the match.Make a sentence30 ×Correct or not?Pay attention:注意虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用！在It is necessary important natural... that…句型中，从句的谓语要用should+do 的形式It is important that we should finish…..*It is important that we will finish the work on time. 10 ×Correct or not?Pay attention:由reason 做主语的表语从句只能用that 来引导。The reason why he was late was
that he was…..*The reason why he was late was because he was caught in a traffic jam.10 ×Correct or not?Pay attention:此主语从句缺少成分-宾语，故用作成分的what来引导，而不用that。What she wants to know is…….*That she wants to know is when the party will be held . 10 ×Correct or not?Pay attention:由that引导的主语从句放在句首，that 不能省略。That he will give up………*He will give up his job surprises all of us.10Translate the sentence*_______________________________（她是否出席会议）is not certain.Whether she will attend the meeting20It makes the teacher angry that the child doesn’t know the answer.teacher angryDon’t know the answerMake a sentence30 ×Correct or not?Pay attention:同位语从句的that 不能省略。He expressed his hope that he would.... *He expressed his hope he would visit China again. 10*The question____________________(谁将取代Tom的位子) needs considering.Translate the sentencewho will take Tom’s place20 all windows brokenOwner angryPedestrian(行人）report all windows broken owner of the building, angry, happen, bring him great trouble policeman come investigate who why Pedestrian tell don’t know who hear the sound a man ran away Describe the story and use as many noun clauses as you can. 1. ____made the school proud was ____more than 90%of the students had been admitted to key universities .
A What / because B What / that
C That / what D That / because
2.___she couldn’t understand was ___ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons .
A What / why B That / what
C What / because D Why / that BAB3. He is absent from school . It is __ he is seriously ill. A. why B. because C. that D. the reason4 ___has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising .
A Who B The one C Anyone D Whoever
5. Information has been put forward __ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities .
A that B how C where D what DA6 --- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week .
--- Is that ___you had a few days off ?
A why B when C what D where
7 ---Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game ?
--- Oh ,that’s ___.
A what makes me feel excited
B whatever I feel excited about
C how I feel about it
D when I feel excited AA.__ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect .
A What B That C This D Which
10. When you answer questions in a job interview ,please remember the golden rule : Always give the monkey exactly __ he wants .
A what B which C when D that
11. We made the suggestion that he ___ his work .
A continues B continue
C continued D had continued BAB12.There will be a special price for ____ buys things in large number here.
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. Whomever
13. Mary wrote an article on ____ the team had failed to win the game .
why B. what C. who D. that (05)
14.The poor young man is ready to accept __ help he can get. (05)
A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whenever14.Many newspaper printed the governor’s statement _____ would support a tax cut.
and he B. was that he C which he D that he
15._____ man must fear when traveling in space is radiation from the sun.
Which B. How C. What D. That
16.It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants.
A. However B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever 1. Can you make sure ___ the gold rings?
A. where she had put B. where had she put C. where she has put D. where has she put2.The reason that has been such a success ___ he never gives up.
A. is B. is because C. is that D. is what3. ______ breaks the law should be punished.
A Whoever b. No matter who c. anyone. d. who 4. That is ___ I had to take the risk of being washed away.
A. why B. reason why C. how D. what
5. Do ___ you think is right ___ difficulties you may have.
A. what ;however B. that ;whatever
C. whatever ; whoever D. what; whatever
6.The workers considered it important ___ the boss would agree to give them a rise.
A. whether B. how C. where D. which 7. Along with the letter was his promise ____ he would visit me this coming Christmas.
A. which B. that C. what D. whether8. Difficulty lies ___ we have no money.
A. that B. in that C. in the fact D. in the fact that10. I don’t think the question ___ they are old or young is important.
A. which B. whether C. how D. why13. The news ____ Lincoln was murdered filled the American people’s hearts with deep sorrow.
A. which B. when C. that D. how
14. ____ he said at the meeting astonished everyone present.
A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter
15. I don’t trust his promise ___ he will buy me a new car.
A. which B. what C. when D. that
16. She received the message ___ he would come by plane.
A. that B. which C. what D. when
17. Energy is ___ makes things work.
A. what B. something C. anything D. that
18.Our city has changed a lot ,and now it is quite different from __ a few years ago.
A. what it used to be B. that it used to be
C.which it used to be D. what was it19. We all know the truth ___ there are air ,water and sunlight,there are living things.
A. wherever B. where C. that D. that wherever
20.The true value of life is not in ___ , but____.
A. how you get ;that you give
B.which you get;what you give
C.what you get ;what you give
D. what do you get ;what do you give
21.___ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There B. This C. That D. It
并列句 (compound sentence)复合句 (complex sentence)简单句的五种基本句型
The weather is very cold.
主语+谓语（连系动词）+表语
He laughed.
主语+谓语（vi.）
I like Chinese food.
主语+谓语(vt.)+宾语
She taught them physics.
主语+谓语(vt.)+间接宾语+直接宾语
We must keep the room warm.
主语+谓语(vt.) +宾语+宾语补足语
并列句
把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来。 I turned on the TV. My sister and I watched it.
I turned on the TV and my sister and I watched it.
I bought my sister a present. She didn’t like it.
I bought my sister a present,but she didn’t like it. 并列句并列句常用并列连词: 平行并列连词:
转折并列连词：
因果并列连词:
选择并列连词:and, both…and, not only… but also, neither…norbut, however, while, yet, or,either…orfor, so复合句:主句+从句名词性从句
定语从句
状语从句主语从句
表语从句
宾语从句
同位语从句Noun Clause名词性从句在功能上相当于名词, 在复合句
中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。
主语 {His job is important.What he does is important.表语This is his job.This is what he does every day. {
宾语I don’t like his job.I don’t like what he does every day.同位语I don’t know about the man, Mr. White.I don’t know about the fact that he is a teacher.Practice time：指出下列各名词性从句的种类。1. At lunchtime, the radio weatherman reported that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon.
2. She wondered if the buses would still be running.
3. The truth is that the fog is too thick for the bus to run that far.
4. She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat.
5. When we will start is not clear.
6. I had no idea that you were her friend.
宾语从句宾语从句表语从句宾语从句主语从句同位语从句Object Clauses 宾语从句 I know him .
2. I know who he is . 主语谓语宾语（简单句）主语谓语宾 语 从 句引导词从句主语 从句谓语 主 句（复合句）句子做宾语就是宾语从句，跟在及物动词或介词后句子结构：
主句 +引导词+ 宾语从句。宾语从句的注意事项 句子类型 that陈述句一般疑问句if/whether (是否)特殊疑问词特殊疑问句 一、引导词
1. 当宾语从句是陈述句时（包括肯定句和否定句),引导词由连词that引导，因为that在从句中不作任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略。Lin Tao feels (that) his own team is even better.
She says (that) she won’t take part in the sports meeting next Sunday.
Jim thought (that) the train was like a big moving party.宾语从句中的连接词that在以下三种情况下
不能省略：
（1）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第二个that不能省；
（2）当that从句作介词宾语时，that不可省掉。
（3）用it做形式宾语的宾语从句。
Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried.
The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.
I think it necessary that you should read English aloud.在主句为动词be加某些形容词（如sorry, sure, afraid, glad等）作表语时，后面所跟的省略that的从句也可算是宾语从句。I’m sorry (that) I don’t know .
We’re sure (that) our team will win .
I’m afraid (that) he won’t pass the exam .2. 当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if引导， “是否”，不能省略。Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma
liked the handbag .
Let’s see if /whether we can find out some
information about that city .
She asked me if /whether she could borrow
these books .1).whether和if都可以引导宾语从句
a.当有or not时就用whether,不用if.
I don’t know whether or not I will stay.
b.介词后面的宾语从句不能用if.
I worry about whether I hurt her feeling.注意 whether和if的使用区别:Practice timeif / whether 1. I asked her ____________ she had a bike. 2. We’re worried about _________ he is safe. 3. I don’t know _________ he is well
or not. 4. I don’t know ________ or not he is well. 5. I don’t know __________ I should go.
if / whetherwhetherwhetherwhetherwhether/if_______ to go.whether3. 当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，由疑问词（what, who, whom, which, whose when, where, how, why等）引导，因为疑问词在从句中担任一定的句子成分，具有一定的意义，所以不可以省略。Do you know what he said just now ?
I don’t remember when we arrived .
I asked him where I could get so much money .
Please tell me who whom we have to see .
Do you know what time the plane leaves ?二、时态
1. 如果主句是现在的时态 （包括一般现在时 ，
现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根
据实际情况而定，（包括一般现在时，一般过
去时，一般将来时，现在完成时等）。I know he lives here .
I know he lived here ten years ago .
I have heard that he will come tomorrow .2.如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时， 过去完成时）I knew who lived here.
I saw she was talking with her mother.
He asked whether his father would come back
tomorrow.
He said that he had seen it .3.当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理
时用一般现在时。The teacher said that the earth travels
around the sun.三、语序
宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：
引导词+主语+谓语+其他成分。I don’t know what is the matter the troublewrong with him.1. When will he go to the library?
His brother asks when he will go to the library .
His brother asks when will he go to the library . 2. What does he want to buy ?
I don’t know what he wants to buy .
I don’t know what does he want to buy . ??We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not
come yesterday.2. He has made it clear that he will not give in.注意：
it常可以放在动词think, find, consider, believe, feel, make等后作为形式宾语, 真正的宾语-that从句则放在句尾.*________________________(我们觉得很奇怪)she didn’t go to school today.We think it strange that1.?The young man asked _____ it's summer or winter.
A. either B. that C. weather D. whether
2.??We don't know ______ they did it .
A. how B. who C. what D. which
3. The teacher asks us ____ Jim can come back on time .
A. that B. if C. when D. what time
4. Does anybody know ______ we will have a sports meeting this weekend or not .
A. if B. where C. whether D. that
DABC5. Could you show me ________ ?
A. how can I get to the station
B. where is the station
C. how I could get to the station
D. how I can reach the station
6. Please tell me _______.
A. what does he like B. what he does like
C. what he likes D. what he like
7. My sister told him ________ .
A. what day was it B. when the train arrived
C. who she was waiting D. where did you liveCBD8. Someone is ringing the doorbell . Go and see _______ .
A. who is he B. who he is
C. who is it D. who it is
9. Could you tell me how long __________ ?
A. you have bought the watch
B. you have kept this science book
C. have you been away from China
D. have you been a member of Greener China
10. He says that if it _______ tomorrow , he _______ fishing .
A. will rain , won't go B. rained , wasn't go
C. rains , won't go D. rain , will go BCDPredicative Clauses 表语从句表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,
放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+系动词+
表语从句”。常见的系动词分为三种：A．表示特征和状态：
be, look, sound, taste, smell, seem,appear等
B．表示由一类状态转为另一类状态：
get, become, grow, turn, fall, go, come, run等C．表示某种状态的：
remain, keep, prove, rest, continue, stay等
连接词：that / whether /as if /as though
（ if 不引导表语从句)
who / whom / whose / which / what
when / where / why / how / becauseThe question is whether we can rely on him.
That’s because we were in need of money at that time .
He looked as if he was going to cry .
That’s why I was late .
注 意：在表语从句中，表“是否” 时，只能用 “whether”不能用“if”。
一般情况下，“that”不能省。
It is /was because ….
It is /was why….
4. The reason (why…/for…)is /was that….
5. The reason is because /why…that ….
1.The reason why he was late was _____he missed the train by one minute this morning. 2.The question is _____________________ __________(我们是否能做好准备）in such a short time.
3.What I want to know is _________________ _________(我该买哪部词典）.
4.The point is __________________（你什么时候可以完成）Exercise 3:whether we can make goodwhen you can finish it.thatwhich dictionary Ipreparationshould buy1. That’s ___ the Party called on us to do.
A. why B. what C. how D. that
2. The reason is ___ he is unable to operate the machine.
A. because B. why C. that D. Whether
3 .That is ___ they separated.
A. that B. what C. which D. where
4.Jane is no longer ___ she was four years ago.
A. what B. which C. that D. when Subject Clauses 主语从句1. 主语从句 主语从句就是从句在主句中作主语的名词性从句。1)That she left him hurts him so much.
2)Whether it will please them is not easy to say.
3) What we need is more practice.
4)When we will begin the meeting is under discussion.
*that —只起引导作用，不充当成分，但不能省略。*whether 是否，表不确定的事情(不能用If）*what 在从句中作主语*When 在从句中作状语*______________________________(他是否要来)is not yet known.
*_____________________________(他想告诉我们什么)is not clear.
*___________________________(谁会赢得这场比赛)is still unknown.
*_______________________________(你错过了这次机会)is a pity.
=It is ___________________________________.Exercise 1:Whether he will come or notWhat he wants to tell usWho will win the matchThat you missed the chancea pity that you missed the chance 注意: 由that 引导的主语从句有时为了使句子结构平衡, 避免 “头重脚轻”, 常用 it 作形式主语, 而把从句放在后面。 例如:
1. That he will refuse this piece of advice is impossible.
_______________________________________ _______________________________________
2.That they should like each other is natural.
_____________________________________
*it为形式主语It is natural that they should like each other.It is impossible that he will refuse this piece of advice.这样就构成了下面一些常用句型:
1) It is + n. +从句
It is a pity/shame that... 遗憾的是……
It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是…
It is a fact that… …是事实
It is common knowledge that… …是常识
*_______________(很遗憾)we lost the match.
*______________(这是事实)he cheated in the exam.It is a pity thatIt is a fact that2) It is + adj. +从句
It’s certain that… 肯定…
It is possible that... 很可能……
It is unlikely that... 不可能……
It is obvious that… 很明显…
It is necessary important natural... that…
*_________________(很可能)she will come back tomorrow.
*_________________(很明显)this measure is effective.+(should) +do…It is possible thatIt is obvious that3) It +不及物动词+从句
It happened that... 碰巧……
It occurred to me that…我突然想起…
*________________(刚好)I came into the office at that time.
*____________________(我突然想起)I forget to sent the letter.It happened thatIt occurred to me that4) It + be +过去分词+从句
It is said that... 据说……
It is known to all that... 众所周知……
It is reported that... 据报道……
It is believed that...据信……;人们相信……
It is suggested that + (should）do... 建议……
It must be admitted that…必须承认……
It cannot be denied that… 不可否认……
It must be pointed out that…需指出的是……
*___________________(据报道)20 people were killed in the accident.
*______________________(建议)we should eat more vegetable and do more exercise.
It is reported thatIt is suggested that一. 由 that 引导that 无意义, 后接一个完整的句子.
that 不可省。
1. That we shall be late is certain.
2. ________________________ is known to all.
(地球是圆的)
3. ________________________ is a pity.
(你错过了这次机会)
That the earth is roundThat you missed the chance二 whether “if” 不能引导主语从句
三. 疑问词引导词注意二
注意：主语从句中 ，谓语动词一般用单数
What引导的主语从句，可根据表语决定
What he needs _is_ that book.
What he needs _are_ some books.
what引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that则不然,它在句子中只起连接作用。例如：
(1) What you said yesterday is right.
(2) That she is still alive is a puzzle.
注意三：What 与 that 引导主语从句 ___ he made an important speech at the meeting was true.
A. That B. Why C. What D. How 2. ___we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather .
A If B Whether C That D Where 3.___ is known to us all is that America is a developed country____the First World.
Which; belong to b. As, belonged to
c. What; belonging to d. It; belonging to4. It’s known to us all ___ a form of energy .
A. water is B. that water is
C. is water D. that water to
5. It worried her a bit ___ her hair was turning gray.
A. whether B. that C. what D. when
6.What I say and think ___ none of your business.
A. is B. are C. has D have同位语从句
1. 跟在某些名词后面，对该名词作进一步解释说明。
常用名词有belief, fact, idea, hope, news, doubt, result, thought, information, opinion等。Suggestion, suggest order demand wish等
2. 常用连词：that; when, where, why, howe.g. 1.消息传来，拿破仑要来视察他的军队。
2.问题是他如何做这件事的。 Word came that Napoleon would come and inspect his grand army. It’s the question how he did it.注意：
1.同位语从句多用that 引导，无意义不可省。2.在have no idea之后常用wh-引导同位语从句。I have no idea where he has gone.
I have no idea when he did it.
I have no idea what he did.1.Two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet./ The fact
worries their parents and teachers a lot.2.The Queen of England was on a three-day visit in
China./ We heard the news last night._______ The fact that two thirds of all girls are on a diet
worries their parents and teachers a lot._________We heard the news last night that the Queen of
England was on a three-day visit in China.4.Time travel is possible./ There is no scientific proof for
the idea.5.Chinese students should be given more free time./
The suggestion is welcomed by many people, especially
kids in school.3.Teenagers should not spend too much time online./
Many British parents hold the view._______Many British parents hold the view that teenagers
shouldn’t spend too much time online.________There is no scientific proof for the idea that time travel
is possible.______________________________________________________The suggestion that Chinese students should be given
more free time is welcomed by many people, especially
kids in school.比较：
1.We expressed the hope that they had expected.
我们表达了他们曾经表达过的那种希望。
2.We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.
我们希望他们再来中国访问。定语从句同位语从句区别that引导的同位语从句和定语从句：
引导同位语的连词that在句中不作任何句子成分，而在定语从句中，that充当的可以是从句的主语或宾语等。
同位语从句是对前面名词的内容的具体说明，而定语从句是对前面名词进行修饰，解释为“….的”
连词that在同位语从句中不可省略,而在定语从句中当它充当宾语时可以省略。Practice :判断下列各句是同位语从句还是定语从句1. They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.
2. The hope that she expressed is that they would come to visit China again.
3.The fact that she works hard is well known
to us all.
4. I can't stand the terrible noise that she is crying loudly.
同位语从句定语从句同位语从句同位语从句 判断:定语从句or同位语从句1.The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday.
2.The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups.
3.The news that he will leave for Shanghai is true.
4.The news that we got last week is true.
5.The question that we discussed yesterday is a difficult one.(定语从句)(同位语从句)(同位语从句)(定语从句)(定语从句)注意1：that / what的辨用1.______ he wants is a book.
2. ______ he wants to go there is obvious. 3.We should pay attention to ______ the teacher is saying.
4.He told us ______ he felt ill.
5.The result is ______ we won the game. 6.This is _____ we want to know. 7. I have no idea _____ he did that afternoon.
8.The fact______ she works hard is well known to us all.
WhatThatwhatwhatwhat（that）（that）thatRules1.that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用
2. what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当成分，可做从句的主语、宾语、或表语。
注意2：whether与if的辨用1.Whether it is true remains a problem.
2.It remains a problem whether/if it is true.
3. He asked whether/if Mary would attend the ceremony.
4.It depends on whether we have got enough money.
5.The question is whether you should accept it.
6.The question whether he’ll attend the meeting is important.
7.I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
8.I don’t know whether/if it is right or not.
Rules1.在由形式主语it引导的主语从句及在vt动词后面的宾语从句中，表“是否”， whether/if 都可以用；
2.在前置主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和跟在介词后面的宾语从句中，表“是否”， 只能用whether；
3.在whether… or not 和whether to do 中whether 不能换成ifPractice timeif / whether
1. I asked her __________ she had a bike.
2. I don’t know ___________ he is well or not.
3.___________ we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.
4.It hasn't been decided____________ we shall
attend the meeting.
5.We’re worried about ________ he is safe.
6. The question is _________ he should do it.
7.The doctor can hardly answer the question __________ the old man will recover soon.
8. I don’t know _______ to go or to stay at home.
whether/ if whetherwhetherwhetherwhetherwhetherwhetherwhether / if Pick up one number and finish the task in it, then you can get some points.Game Time!1.The suggestion (that) she has put forward is very good.
2.The suggestion that we clean the classroom by turns is very good. 判断：名词性从句定语从句名词性从句定语从句101.I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. That is _____ I had a few days off.
--The project was turn down.
---Is that ________ we lack money?
3.Tom didn’t go to school today. The reason was ______ he fell ill.
用thatwhybecause填空thatwhybecause20The news that Liu Xiang won the 110 hurdles
Brought Chinese great happiness.
News , brought Chinese great happiness.Liu Xiangthe 110 hurdlesMake a sentence301.I doubt____________ he can speak English.
2.I don’t doubt ____________ he can speak English.whether/ ifthat10Correct or not?*When the meeting will be held haven’t been known yet.
……………………………. be held hasn’t been known yet.×Pay attention:主语从句的谓语用单数形式
10判断：名词性从句定语从句1.The possibility that you referred to doesn’t exist at all.
2.There is a strong possibility that we may be in France for the next week.名词性从句定语从句10 the cat domade What the cat did made the baby cry.WhatcryMake a sentence301.Two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet.
2.The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot.Join two sentences into one noun clauseThe fact that two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot.201.The question is ________ the film is worth seeing.
2.________ we shall attend the meeting hasn't been decided yet.
用whetherif填空whetherWhether10Translate the sentence*_______________________________(他们很需要帮助)is quite clear. That they are badly in need of help20don’t konwwhat dowhere goThe man doesn’t know where he should go and what he should do.Make a sentence301.Do they speak English?
2.We want to know…Join two sentences into one noun clauseWe want to know if/whether they can speak English.20 ×Correct or not?Pay attention: 在此宾语从句中，it 充当形式宾语，真正的宾语为that 从句I think it worthwhile that………………..* I think that worthwhile that we spent so much money on these books.101.The news _______ we won the competition is very encouraging.
2.I have no idea ______ has happened to him.用thatwhat填空whatthat10*His brother asks when will he go to the library .
×Pay attention:名词性从句的语序用陈述语序
Correct or not?………………………when he will go to the library . 10用that和what填空
His father is satisfied with _____ he has done.
The reason was______Tod had never seen the million pound bank-note.
whatthat10talk aboutthe use of
cell phone What they are talking about is the
use of cell phone.Make a sentence30* If we will have a meeting hasn’t been decided yet.×Correct or not?Whether we will………………………….
decided yet.Pay attention:放在名词性从句句首，表示“是否”，只能用whether, 不能用if101.The problem has been solved.
2.Why were so many areas flooded during the heavy storm?Join two sentences into one noun clauseThe problem why so many areas were flooded during the heavy storm has been solved.
20Translate the sentence*It is known to us__________________
_____________________(马克.吐温怎样成为一位伟大的作家). how Mark Twain became a great writer20 ×Correct or not?Pay attention:注意虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用！由demand ,order, require, insist, suggest, advise等引导的宾语从句，或由demand, order, suggestion等引导的表语从句和同位语从句，其谓语要用should+do 的形式It is suggested that we should put off.....*It is suggested that we would put off the sports meeting because of the bad weather.10 report , get the highest points, match
It is reported that Yao Ming got the highest points in the match.Make a sentence30 ×Correct or not?Pay attention:注意虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用！在It is necessary important natural... that…句型中，从句的谓语要用should+do 的形式It is important that we should finish…..*It is important that we will finish the work on time. 10 ×Correct or not?Pay attention:由reason 做主语的表语从句只能用that 来引导。The reason why he was late was
that he was…..*The reason why he was late was because he was caught in a traffic jam.10 ×Correct or not?Pay attention:此主语从句缺少成分-宾语，故用作成分的what来引导，而不用that。What she wants to know is…….*That she wants to know is when the party will be held . 10 ×Correct or not?Pay attention:由that引导的主语从句放在句首，that 不能省略。That he will give up………*He will give up his job surprises all of us.10Translate the sentence*_______________________________（她是否出席会议）is not certain.Whether she will attend the meeting20It makes the teacher angry that the child doesn’t know the answer.teacher angryDon’t know the answerMake a sentence30 ×Correct or not?Pay attention:同位语从句的that 不能省略。He expressed his hope that he would.... *He expressed his hope he would visit China again. 10*The question____________________(谁将取代Tom的位子) needs considering.Translate the sentencewho will take Tom’s place20 all windows brokenOwner angryPedestrian(行人）report all windows broken owner of the building, angry, happen, bring him great trouble policeman come investigate who why Pedestrian tell don’t know who hear the sound a man ran away Describe the story and use as many noun clauses as you can. 1. ____made the school proud was ____more than 90%of the students had been admitted to key universities .
A What / because B What / that
C That / what D That / because
2.___she couldn’t understand was ___ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons .
A What / why B That / what
C What / because D Why / that BAB3. He is absent from school . It is __ he is seriously ill. A. why B. because C. that D. the reason4 ___has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising .
A Who B The one C Anyone D Whoever
5. Information has been put forward __ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities .
A that B how C where D what DA6 --- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week .
--- Is that ___you had a few days off ?
A why B when C what D where
7 ---Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game ?
--- Oh ,that’s ___.
A what makes me feel excited
B whatever I feel excited about
C how I feel about it
D when I feel excited AA.__ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect .
A What B That C This D Which
10. When you answer questions in a job interview ,please remember the golden rule : Always give the monkey exactly __ he wants .
A what B which C when D that
11. We made the suggestion that he ___ his work .
A continues B continue
C continued D had continued BAB12.There will be a special price for ____ buys things in large number here.
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. Whomever
13. Mary wrote an article on ____ the team had failed to win the game .
why B. what C. who D. that (05)
14.The poor young man is ready to accept __ help he can get. (05)
A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whenever14.Many newspaper printed the governor’s statement _____ would support a tax cut.
and he B. was that he C which he D that he
15._____ man must fear when traveling in space is radiation from the sun.
Which B. How C. What D. That
16.It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants.
A. However B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever 1. Can you make sure ___ the gold rings?
A. where she had put B. where had she put C. where she has put D. where has she put2.The reason that has been such a success ___ he never gives up.
A. is B. is because C. is that D. is what3. ______ breaks the law should be punished.
A Whoever b. No matter who c. anyone. d. who 4. That is ___ I had to take the risk of being washed away.
A. why B. reason why C. how D. what
5. Do ___ you think is right ___ difficulties you may have.
A. what ;however B. that ;whatever
C. whatever ; whoever D. what; whatever
6.The workers considered it important ___ the boss would agree to give them a rise.
A. whether B. how C. where D. which 7. Along with the letter was his promise ____ he would visit me this coming Christmas.
A. which B. that C. what D. whether8. Difficulty lies ___ we have no money.
A. that B. in that C. in the fact D. in the fact that10. I don’t think the question ___ they are old or young is important.
A. which B. whether C. how D. why13. The news ____ Lincoln was murdered filled the American people’s hearts with deep sorrow.
A. which B. when C. that D. how
14. ____ he said at the meeting astonished everyone present.
A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter
15. I don’t trust his promise ___ he will buy me a new car.
A. which B. what C. when D. that
16. She received the message ___ he would come by plane.
A. that B. which C. what D. when
17. Energy is ___ makes things work.
A. what B. something C. anything D. that
18.Our city has changed a lot ,and now it is quite different from __ a few years ago.
A. what it used to be B. that it used to be
C.which it used to be D. what was it19. We all know the truth ___ there are air ,water and sunlight,there are living things.
A. wherever B. where C. that D. that wherever
20.The true value of life is not in ___ , but____.
A. how you get ;that you give
B.which you get;what you give
C.what you get ;what you give
D. what do you get ;what do you give
21.___ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There B. This C. That D. It