2018届高考英语语法梳理学案
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文档简介
代词
序号
知识要点
已掌握
需巩固
1
it: (1) prefer / love / like / dislike / hate / appreciate / take it +从句；
see to / depend on / rely on / count on it that…….
(2)take it easy, make it, when it comes to…, as it is, catch it, take it忍受..（而无怨言），受得了;I can’t help it./ It can’t be helped. Believe it or not. that’s I’ve got it.明白了；Don’t mention it. Forget it.
2
it相关句型：it的before, since, when,强调句型
It was +时间点+when…（当……的时候时间是）
It was 5 am when we arrived at the village.
It was/will be+时间段+before…(过了…才)
It was/will be two weeks before we met/meet again.
It is /has been +时间段+since…（自从…以来有…）
It is/has been 3 years since we last met.
突破点：一看be动词的时态，二看时间段还是时间点。
3
any other+单数，every other+单数，another+单数/复数，other+复数，the other+单数/复数
4
none (of..)人或物，U/C; (强调数量) no one /nobody人（强调内容）；nothing
5
not all/both/every（everything /everybody / everyone/everywhere）部分否定；not either=neither；
一般来说， each other 用于两者之间，one another 用于三者或三者以上之间，在口语中可互换。所有格形式为each other's 和 one another's
6
some (1)修饰可数及不可数名词；（2）+单数“某一个”；（3）疑问句中：Will/Would you pass me some salt? 或希望得到肯定答复；
7
any在肯定句中“任何”及用于否定、条件中；
everything/everybody表一定范围内的人、物；anything/anybody在肯定句中表任何
8
anything but决不是，nothing but正是,只是;
9
something/somebody重要人物,nothing/nobody小人物;
10
省略句中用代词宾格：--Please clean the house, Jane.
--Why me? John is sitting there doing nothing.
11
no such person /no such people; many such mistakes ;
Such is the result/ Such are the problems.
12
反身代词：be oneself ; for /by /of /to/ in oneself ; make yourself at home; seat oneself; teach oneself ; come to oneself; excuse oneself; enjoy oneself; say/think/talk/speak to oneself; help oneself等
13
it that one those的区别
(1) it意为“它”，特指前面提到过的同一个人或者物。
I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don't have enough money to buy it.
(2) that用来替代前面出现的特指的单数可数名词或特指的不可数名词，相当于the＋单数/不可数名词。
The cost of renting a house in central Xi'an is higher than that in any other area of the city.
Few pleasures can equal that (＝ the pleasure) of a cool drink on a hot day.
one用来替代前面出现的单数名词，是泛指概念，相当于a/an＋单数名词；ones用来替代前面出现的复数名词，也是泛指概念；the one用来替代前面的特指的单数名词，可用that替代the ones用来替代前面的特指的复数名词，可用those替代
【注意】 one替代前边的名词，是前边名词的同位语，前边名词若是特指，要用the one；若是泛指则用one。
1. He is a kind student，one who always helps others.
2. He is the most excellent student，the one who wins the first prize.
3. Helping others is a habit, one you can learn even at an early age.
4. —Why don't we take a short break?
—Didn't we just have one (＝ a break)?
5. Students who do well in examinations are those/the ones who ask questions in class.
定语从句
序号
知 识 要 点
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未掌握
1
定语从句的先行词必须是名词/ 代词
2
英语中，定语从句必须放在被修饰的词的后面；
限制性和非限制性定语从句的六点区别：形式不同；功能不同；翻译不同；含义不同；先行词不同；关系词不同
3
关系代词，指人的有that, who, whom, whose,
指物的有that, which, whose；
关系副词有when, where, why；关系代词作宾语时，可以省略。
4
定语从句的引导词，首先决定于先行词，然后决定于功能；
当先行词是物时，从句中缺主语，用that, which,缺宾语用：that, which;先行词指人时，定语从句缺主语，用that, who, 缺宾语，用that, who, whom;
先行词指物时，从句不缺主语和宾语，则用whose
5
(whose roof =the roof of which= of which the roof)
6
先行词为way，关系副词用that, in which, 或省略
先行词为occasion,关系副词用when
先行词为situation/case/point/system/job/race等关系副词用where
7
so/such…that… 结果状语从句和so/such… as… 定语从句；
the same… that…同一物和the same… as…同类异物
8
one of the students 作先行词时从句中谓语动词用复数；
the only one of the students 作先行词时从句中谓语动词用单数
9
Is this school…?和Is this the school…?后面如何接定语从句
Is this school the one (that) you visited yesterday?
Is this school the one where you studied 10 years ago?
Is this school (that/which) you visited yesterday beautiful?
Is this the school (that/ which) you visited yesterday?
Is this the school where you studied 10 years ago?
10
As is known to us all,…… / It is known to us all that……
What is known to us all is that……
11
He has three daughters, all of whom are teachers.
He has three daughters; all of them are teachers.
He has three daughters and all of them are teachers.
12
You can use a large plastic bottle, whose top was cut off.
You can use a large plastic bottle, its top cut off.
13
as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which 引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，但as引导的从句可位于主句前、中、后。
as在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语通常要有be或别的系动词，但which不受此限制。
as 引导的定语从句只表示一个众所周知或意料之中的事，但 which 不受此限制。
as有“正如”之意，而which则意为“这(件事，一点)”，可用and this/that/it来代替。
as多用于固定搭配中：as is often the case(这是常有的事)，as was expected(不出所料)，as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)，as is known to all(众所周知)，as has been said before(如上所述)，as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等。
注：which 代表整个句子，还可用于in which case, at which point, on which occasion等。
14
先行词指物时，只用that 引导定语从句的五种情况
被修饰的先行词为不定代词，如all, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等
先行词被only, any, few, little, no, one of, just等词修饰时。
先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。
先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词应用that。
主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时
在限制性定语从句中，当先行词在定语从句中作表语时
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先行词为人时，只用who/whom的情况：
(1)当先行词为one, he, those, anyone及people并且前面那些代词指人时;
Those who break the law will be punished .
Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
=Whoever wants to go for a picnic must get to the gate by 6:10.
He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
(2) 表示人的先行词后有插入语时及在分隔式定语从句中先行词为人的话用who/whom而不用that ;
This is the boy who everybody knows has won the first place in the competition.
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you maths.
先行词为人时，只用that的情况：
(1)主句中有疑问词who 时，为避免重复;
Who is the man that is talking to Mr. Smith at the gate?
(2) 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词在定语从句中作表语时，只用that;
She isn’t the little girl that she was 20 years ago.
___________________________________________________.
动词时态、语态
序号
知识要点
已掌握
需巩固
1
by the time +句子（一般现在时/现在完成时），
主句时态will be doing /will have done/will have been doing。
(如果主句动词为be，则用will be)
by the time +句子（一般过去时），主句时态had done
(如果主句动词为be，则用was/were)
2
It is /has been +一段时间+since 从句(用一般过去时)。since从句的动词用延续性动词和短暂性动词时，意思有什么不同？
3
It was/will be +一段时间+before 从句（动词用一般过去时/一般现在时）。It’s time+从句（did/should do）
4
在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时或现在完成时。.
5
表示曾经计划做某事，但未曾实现，有哪些表达方式？（had planned/intended/meant to, planned/meant/intended to have done, would like to have done, was/were to have done, was/were going to do）
6
区分It is/was the first time+ 从句(have/had done) 和 The first time +从句（did），主句(did)。
7
for +一段时间，根据具体的语境判断用何时态。指过去用一般过去时，指到现在为止用现在完成时。
8
be going to的用法：①打算、计划做某事 ②有迹象要发生的事
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will/would的用法：①表意愿 ②表事物的固有属性或必然趋势，解释为“会”③ 表事先没考虑过，说话时临时作出的决定 ④表现在/过去的习惯 ⑤表倾向性
10
be to do 的 用法：①表计划或安排要做的事情②与二、三人称连用，表指令③用于if从句，表想要 If you are to succeed, …
④表命中注定They said goodbye, not knowing they were never to see each other.
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be about to do 的用法：不能和表明确将来时的时间状语连用，常何when从句连用。
12
有些动词如come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start等，表时刻表安排用一般现在时，用进行时刻表表按计划、安排将要发生的。
13
no sooner…than…和hardly/scarcely/barely…when…句型（主句时态had done，when/than从句用did），注意no sooner/hardly
/scarcely/barely放句首，主句采用部分倒装。
14
have been doing 和have done的区别。
15
主动形式表被动意义的情况①表主语的特点、性能②will/would do表倾向性③need/require/want/worth/deserve后的动名词须用主动④有些动词短语如belong to/date back to/break out/take place/run out/give out/come up等不用被动⑤连系动词不用被动
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在虚拟语气中（如if从句+主句，if only, wish, as if等），时态的用法。would rather+从句（did/had done）
序号
知识要点
已掌握
需巩固
1
try, mean, stop, forget, remember, regret, go on, like后接to do与doing的区别
2
have no choice/option/alternative but to do…../ cannot (choose / help) but do……/ can do nothing but do…..
3
时态：to do, to be doing, to have done
He is said to have studied abroad, but I don’t know which country he
studied in / is studying in / will study.
语态：Easy as it is to deal with , we are careful.. The question is what to write about.
Have you anything else to say for yourselves?
I’m going to Shanghai tomorrow. Have you got anything to be taken to your sister?
4
不定式作结果状语与目的状语的区别
He worked hard to pass the exam. He hurried to work, only to find it was Saturday.
5
不定式作结果状语(never/ only to do)与分词作结果状语区别
He worked on the project for 5 hours, only stopping to have a drink.
6
too…….to结构中
有glad,pleased,delighted,anxious等心理活动的词和good,kind,true等描述性词时，too 的含义为very
有not,never,only,but,all,simply 等，该结构为肯定意义
7
What he wanted to do now was express his great thanks to his teachers and friends.
Please give me a knife to cut with and a piece of paper to write on.
8
在省略的不定式结构中含有to be, to have , to have been等时，这些词保留
9
allow, permit, forbid, advise, recommend的用法 ~doing/~sb. to do sth.
接doing 的词有：be equal to/be limited to/risk/adore/oppose/ be opposed to/ object to/be reduced to等
There is no joking/saying/telling/knowing/denying…
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need, want, require, deserve的用法 后接doing 或to be done
11
worth, worthy, worthwhile的用法
12
动词短语devote oneself to, stick to, be used/accustomed to, object to, have difficulty (trouble) , have a wonderful /hard time , come close to, get down to, there’s no use ( good), there’s no sense (point) 等后面用doing
13
动名词的复合结构在句中充当主语和宾语时逻辑主语的区别
His/Tom’s coming to my birthday party made me happy.(主语)
The noise of desks and chairs being opened and closed could be heard out in the street.(主语)
She didn’t mind his/him/Tom’s/Tom crying and went on doing the washing.(宾语)
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分词作状语时①形式有：doing/having done/ done/having been done (无being done)
②其逻辑主语应是主句的主语
③ 有时可以和when, once, while, if, though, unless 等词连用
15
分词作状语与独立主格结构的关系和区别？
Miss Gao having fallen ill, Mr. Wang took her class instead.
Having fallen ill, Mr Wang stayed at home.
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with复合结构的用法
With the exam to be held/ to take tomorrow, you’d better not watch TV.
17
形容词作状语以及独立主格结构中being不省略的前提条件
Being blind, he couldn’t go home alone.(原因)
It being fine, we went hiking. (代词) There being no buses, they walked to the theatre.(there be)
18
现在分词作定语，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句表达。Can you tell me about the fire that happened last night?
19
being done 的三种用法(expose)
①Being exposed to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.(动名词作主语)
The radiation amount of a mobile phone for two half-hour periods per day is equal to being exposed to an X-ray for ten seconds.(动名词作宾语)
Exposed to radiation for too much time, the man suffered a lot.(比较：分词作状语)
②The topic being talked about now is interesting.(分词作定语)
③I can see the flag being raised now.(分词作补语)
19
have、get、leave、make后接非谓语作宾补的用法
have sb.do //have sth to do have sb.doing 两种意思 have sth done=get sth. done
get sb to do get sb/sth doing get sth, done=have sth done
20
独立成分 ：不定式类/doing类/done 类
非谓语动词
冠词
序号
知识要点
已掌握
需巩固
1
a/an用于 of? 短语中表示“同一”, 相当于the same，表主语的特点、性质等。Tom and Kate are of an age.
The two shirts are much of a size. 这两件衬衫大小差不多。
Birds of a feather flock together. [谚]物以类聚，人以群分。
2
a/an用在某些专有名词前表示 “某一个，有一个”，也可指与某人有类似性质的人。 A Mr. Smith wants to see you. 一位叫史密斯先生的人想见你。
She died on a Tuesday. 她是在一个星期二去世的。 He thought he was a Zhu Geliang. 他自以为是诸葛亮。
She’s a little Hitler. 她是个小希特勒。
3
a/an用在具体化了的抽象名词和物质名词前，表示“一阵，一份，一场，一种，一件，一次……”等。
What a lovely surprise to see you again!
Please give me a coffee.
The concert was a great success.
There was a heavy snow yesterday.
4
名词由短语或定语从句修饰而成为特指时要加定冠词the；但是，该名词被修饰以后仍然表泛指时就不能用定冠词。
The man who is speaking now is the president of the company.
This morning I saw a woman who looked like your aunt.
He is the teacher who won the first place in the teaching competition.
He is a teacher who is patient with students.
5
head for the east, fly to the south和head east, fly south.注意：省略时介词和定冠词同时省略
6
the用于by 和计量单位名词连用时，放在名词前。
by the yard/the meter/the dozen/the month/the year/the hour。
但如果该名词为总称时，则不用冠词。by weight/volume/area
7
the用在表两者中较…的一个。He is the older of the two boys.
8
the用在打、抓、碰人体某部位时，来代替前面已提到的人的身体部位或衣着等的一部分。He hit her on the nose. He took me by the hand.
9
表示独一无二的职位,头衔,身份的名词在句中作表语,补足语及同位语时(在as后也常省略); He was made monitor of our class;
10
turn doctor=become a doctor; speak English=speak the English language;
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a second time又一次; the second time第二次
a most beautiful city一座非常漂亮的城市 the most beautiful city最漂亮的城市
12
in society社会; in nature自然; word消息，man人类前不用冠词;
13
as/so/how/however/too+形容词+冠词+名词: so fine a day; too difficult a problem; as clever a boy as you; however low a price; how beautiful a picture
14
注意固定习语in the sky, in space, at a loss, all of a sudden, on the whole,
as a rule, in public, on duty, on the contrary, out of the question等
名词性从句
序号
知 识 要 点
已掌握
需巩固
1
名词性从句包括：主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句 和同位语从句。
2
宾语从句中，要注意主从句时态的一致性，如主句的谓语动词是过去式，从句中的动词需用过去的相应的时态，如宾语从句表达客观事实或真理，不论主句什么时态从句都用一般现在时。同时名词性从句应遵循陈述语序。
3
that引导的名词性从句，在句中不作任何成分，没有实际意义，一般不可以省略（除动词后面的宾语从句）。但如一个动词后接多个宾语从句，只省略第一个that。
4
名词性从句中if/ whether 的使用：
表示“是否”时，在宾语从句中作动词后的宾语，且后面无or not两者可替换。
介词后宾语从句,动词后宾语从句有or not或者引导表语从句、同位语从句、主语从句均用whether.
5
后面常接同位语从句的名词有news, word, idea, plan, hope, dream，suggestion, advice等
6
what，which，who，whom与whatever，whichever，whoever，whomever 的区别,前者(一)带有疑问概念，（二）引导名词性从句；后者（一）表示强调，（二）既可以引导名词性从句，也可引导让步状语从句，引导让步状语从句时等于no matter+疑问词，同时，让步状语从句和名词性从句可相互转化.(如： Whoever did it will be punished. Whoever did it , he will be punished)
7
当主句动词为表示疑问或不确定的词如： doubt, question, not clear时，宾语从句用if/ whether/when/where等 （如：wonder,doubt）。如表示陈述，比如在谈到“没问题、毫无疑问、已确定、已证实、很清楚”等判断性意义如：no doubt , certain, sure, clear时， 用that.（这种情况也适用于主语、表语或同位语从句中）
8
把这些名词性从句的引导词转换成先行词+关系代词或关系副词
（1）What he said proved wrong.
Everything/ All (that) he said proved wrong.
（2）Please tell me what happened to you yesterday.
Please tell me all that happened to you yesterday.
（3）The topic is what we are interested in.
The topic is the one (that) we are interested in.
（4）The building is where the workers live.
The building is the place where the workers live.
9
由whatever, whoever, whomever 引导的名词性从句，相当于anything that/ anyone who(whom)…..
1.You can do whatever you like.(= You can do anything that you like.)
2.I’ll give the gift to whoever comes first. (= I’ll give the gift to anyone who comes first.)
3.You can give the book to whomever you like.(= You can give the book to anyone whom you like.)
10
有些动词后面的宾语从句有否定的转移，但是要注意反义疑问句的用法。满足以下四个条件（一.人称是第一人称 二.时态是一般现在时 三.动词是表示心理活动的词think, believe, guess等 四.动词不被任何副词修饰）则肯否根据主句，其余根据从句。
11
介词后面一般不直接接that引导的宾语从句，只有少数几个如：except, but, in等。其它介词后面须加it作形式宾语，才可再接that 宾语从句。
12
动词find, feel, think, consider, make, believe等后有宾语补足语时，需要it作形式宾语，而that从句则后置。动词hate, like ,dislike, love, appreciate, prefer, take--for granted表示“喜欢”“厌恶”“认为”时，要用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.
I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food.
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与建议命令要求坚持意思连用的名词性从句，要用should+动词原形
14
It’s +adj./n.(important, necessary, vital，essential, natural, surprising, strange, impossible, a pity, ashame, no wonder ) / 过去分词（required, suggested 等）+that 从句，从句中用should do 表示“竟然，应该”。
15
同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
that在定语从句里是关系代词，充当主语或宾语，充当宾语时可以省略；
在同位语从句中that是连词，不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，没有具体词义，但不能省略。
试比较： The news that our team had won the game excited us.
The news (that) he told us was unbelievable.
情态动词
序号
知识要点
已掌握
需巩固
1
can 在肯定句中“有时”的推测用法。
It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes.
2
区分：could 与were / was able to do
3
疑问句中“推测”只能用can/ could
4
区分：May I …? 与Shall I …?
5
区分：may well do 与may（might） as well do / have done
6
may 表祝愿。 May you succeed!=Wish you success!
7
Could I …? Might I …? 回答应是： Yes, you can / may.
8
must 还可以表示“偏要”“必然”的用法。
The car must break down just when we were about to set off. All men must die.
9
must表示肯定的“推测”。(must表推测时只用于肯定句。)
10
mustn’t 表示“千万不能”。
11
shall 用于一、三人称疑问句中表示征求第二人称的意见
shall 用于二、三人称陈述句中表示警告，命令，允诺，规定
12
should ①应该=ought to
②竟然。 should do / should have done
③表推测，“按理应该”=ought to
④if 虚拟从句中： If sb should do=Should sb do
⑤用于“建议、命令等”虚拟结构中或 it is adj/n that 引导的主语从句中
⑥与“I ”连用，表示委婉语气。You are mistaken, I should say.
13
will/ would 表示意愿、倾向性、现在（过去）的习惯性动作。
14
dare 和need 的用法①行为动词 ②情态动词（dare的过去式为dared）
15
对过去的“推测”：
① can/ could have done (用于疑问句)
② can’t/ couldn’t have done （用于否定句）
③ may/ might have done （用于肯定句）
用于肯定句时表示“可能已经做了某事” ,在没有“may/might”的情况下，可用“could ”替代。
④ may not / might not have done （用于否定句）
⑤ must have done (用于肯定句)
16
情态动词表“推测”时的反意疑问句。
① He must be playing football on the playground, isn’t he?
②He must have been told the news, hasn’t he?
③He can’t be at home, is he?
④His book must have been published last month, wasn’t it?
17
情态动词表示对过去的“虚拟”的用法。
would/ could/ might have done may/ might as well have done
would like/love to have done had better have done
18
区分：needn’t have done 本不必要做某事（事实上做了）与didn’t need to do没有必要做某事（事实上没做）
19
区分：if you must… / if you will… / if you should …/ if you are to do sth
特殊句式
序号
知识要点
已掌握
需巩固
1.
完全倒装
1.常常指时间,地点的副词及方位的副词和介词短语here, there, up, down, in, away, off, out, now, then位于句首。
At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.// Away flew the bird.
注意： a. 代词作主语时，主谓不倒装Here he comes.
b. 此结构不用于进行时态。
2.表语提前: 形容词/过去分词/现在分词/介词短语
Included among the presents is an ipad that his father gave him.
Sitting on the rock is a girl who wants to commit suicide.
部分倒装一般包括：
a. 某些否定词位于句首时，如：rarely, scarcely, nowhere, no more
hardly/scarcely/barely…when; no sooner …than; not only…but also…; so/ nor/ neither…;not until…
b. only +副词、介词短语、状语从句位于句首作状语时.
c. 在so/such…that 结构中so+adj/adv/such+n等位于句首时
So fashionable are the clothes she was wearing that she became the focus of attention.
Such fashionable clothes was she wearing that she became the…
另：Such are the facts: no one can deny.
d. 省略if的虚拟条件状语从句，had, were, should提前
注：not /to在原位。
e. 用于as(though)引导的让步状语从句
Search as they would/Much as he likes the bike/ Exhausted as she was
f. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子
Long live Chairman Mao! May you succeed!
Wish you success/successful!
2
强调
It is/was +被强调部分+that/who+其它句子成分
此句型的常见考点有：
a.还可用It might be/ must have been/ can it be…that 等句式。
It might have been John that bought a new book for Mary .
b.It was not until…that…
昨天直到半夜我才上床睡觉。
It was not until midnight that I went to bed.
Not until midnight did I go to bed.
c.含有特殊疑问词的强调句词序
When and where was it that you were born?
I’ve already forgotten where it was that you put the dictionary.
d.强调句中的主谓一致问题
It is not help but obstacles that make a man.
It is the sales manager, rather than/instead of/not/other than the sales girls, that is to blame.
e.与其他从句的比较
①It was in the small house which/ that was built with stones by his father that he spent his childhood.(which/that)
②It was playing computer games that cost the boy plenty of
time (which/that) he ought to have spent doing his lessons.(which/that)
f.强调句的省略
---He was nearly drowned once. ---When was it?
---It was in 1998 when he was in middle school.
--Who is making so much noise in the garden?—It is the children.
2.do/does/did + 动词原形
Do come early. He does/did know Beijing well.
3
省略
状语从句中省略主语的情况：
a. 从属连词 + 动词: 不定式、现在分词、过去分词，如：
He opened his mouth as if to say something.
He looked around as if looking for something.
He let out a scream as if bitten by the snake.
b. 从属连词 + 非动词： 名词、形容词、副词、介词短语，如：
Unless necessary, you’d better not refer to the dictionary.
注意：before/after/since 不属此列
2. 不定式的省略：
He did not give me the chance, though he had promised
如果不定式中含有be, have, have been通常保留
---Are you an engineer? ---No, but I want to be.
---He hasn’t finished the task yet.---Well, he ought to have.
3. 省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。 (1) ---- Is he coming back tonight? ---- I think so.
(2)---- Is he feeling better today? ---- I’m afraid not.
形容词副词
序号
知识要点
已掌握
需巩固
1
多个形容词修饰名词时的位置，其语序通常为：限定语（The、A）+ 描绘性形容词 + size（大小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年龄、时间）+ color（颜色）+ origin（国籍、来源）+ material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名词。如：
a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,
the man’s first tow interesting little red French oil paitings
2
the+形容词/分词作主语时,如指一类人,谓语动词用复数;如表达的是抽象概念,谓语动词用单数形式.
The rich make slaves of the poor.有钱的人把穷人当成了奴隶
The beautiful lives forever.美是永存的。
3
形容词作状语，表伴随、原因、结果
He got home late, drunk.
Surprised at the results, he let out a cry. (注意：不用being)
4
以-ly结尾的词性辨析。
①下列单词以-ly结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、timely等。
②表愿意（无-ly）和引申意(有-ly)的副词：
deep深deeply深入地 wide宽广widely广泛地 high高highly高度地 low位置lowly地位卑微
③有无-ly意义大不相同的副词：
dead完全，绝对be dead asleep
deadly非常be deadly tired
pretty相当be pretty certain that…
prettily漂亮地be prettily dressed
close近Don’t sit close.
closely密切地Watch closely!
late晚、迟arrive late, come late
lately最近I haven’t seen him lately(recently).
5
A 与B 比较的的四种形式:
A be 倍数 + as +原级 +as B ;
A be倍数 +比较级+than B ;
A be 倍数 +what 从句
A be倍数 + the +n (size; height; width; depth) of B
6
more than 不仅仅，很，超过，; more ---than 与其…不如，比… 多; not more than 不多于; no more than 仅仅，最多，不超过; no less than多达，有…之多；简直，与…没差别no less…than与…一样，不比…差；not less than不下于，至少
7
The +比较级， the +比较级的用法 （时态一般是主将从现，语序是陈述句语序）
The higher you stand, the farther you will see.
8
a + 最高级 & the +最高级的区别 a表示又一，再一the 修饰最高级
9
以ly结尾的形容词 (friendly; lively; lovely; lonely; likely; deadly; silly; timely; orderly; elderly)
10
yet, still .though 的用法(注意：though 作连词及副词用法的区别)
though作连词时，不能与but连用，但能与yet,still连用
11
so … that … 与such … that … 的区别。
so + 形容词 / 副词 + ?that …
so + 形容词 + a（n）+ 单数可数名词 + that …
so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that …
such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that …
such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that …
such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that …
12
possible / probable / likely句型：
It is that possible / probable / likely Sb/sth be likely to do .
13
由as / so组成的形容词或副词短语。
as much as + 不可数名词数量。
Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.
She could earn as much as ten dollars a week.
②as many as + 可数名词数量 多达
I have as a many as sixteen referrence books.
③as early as早在
As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.
④as far as远到；就……而知（论）
We might go as far as (走到)the church and back.
As far as I know（就我所知），he has been there before.
⑤may (might, could)as well不妨、不如
Then you might as well stay with us here.
⑥as … as can be到了最……的程度，极其
They are as unreliable as they can be.他们极其不可信。
⑦as … as one can
He began to run, as fast as he could.
⑧as … as possible
Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.
14
not nearly / nowhere near / not anywhere near 远非，绝不
15
not really =not very much（委婉说法）不
not exactly（说反对话时用）根本不，决不，一点也不；（纠正对方的话）不完全
16
Otherwise （4种用法）
句首副词 否则，要不然
Seize the chance, otherwise you will regret it.
用别的方法；别样
We were going to play football, but it was so hot that we decided to otherwise.
除去这一点；在其他方面
He is noisy, but otherwise a good boy
不是这样；相反地
The truth came out otherwise.
17
special /particular
special 这个特别指的是那种“与众不同的特别”,即一个东西或人或事与相同的、相似的比较,截然不同,所带来的“本性”的特别.
She's a special one.她是与众不同的一个
particular 这个特别,更多的是,说话人主观的一个强调,更多的强调“这单独的一个”,至于这一个是不是根其他的相比很不同,可能是,也可能不是.
I'm particularly interested in her, because she's so special.
specially /particularly/ especially
三个词都可以用于强调程度,修饰形容词或者有时候可以修饰动词,意思是“特别”,三者可以互换 It is particularly/especially/specially cold today.今天特别冷
Specially 特意，专门 particularly/ especially 尤其是
18
Lonely孤独的，寂寞的/ alone 单独的，独一无二的，独自的表示(光，就的时候，放在名词后面)
let alone/ not to mention / even / still / much less 更不用说
19
historic具有重大历史意义的/ historical历史上的 electric电力的,以电为动力的/ electrical与电有关的,电气科学的 economic经济的、经济学的/economical节约的、有经济效益的
20
present 在场的（后置）all the people present;
目前的（前置）the present situation
concerned 有关的（后置）all the people concerned;
关心的，担心的（前置）the concerned look
21
exactly 准确地，确切地; definitely 肯定的=surely;absolutely 完全的= completely
22
rather &fairly的区别： rather +比较级/ rather+ too / or rather的用法
Our aim was not to punish the rich, but rather to bring justice to the poor. (而不是)
23
can’t -----too / enough can never -------too / enough
再怎么样都不为过
主谓一致
序号
知 识 要 点
已掌握
需巩固
1
主谓一致的原则：语法一致；意义一致；就近一致。
2
one or two+名词复数作句子的主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
3
表示总称意义的名词public，people(人们，人民)，cattle，police，youth作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
4
主语是board（董事会），family，class，team，group，crowd，audience，crew，committee等名词时，如果是作为整体，谓语动词用单数形式；如果作为其中一个个的成员，谓语动词用复数形式。
5
主语是时间、距离、价格、度量衡单位等名词或短语时，即使是复数，谓语动词也只能用单数形式。
6
主语是news，politics，physics，plastics，mathematics等名词时，谓语动词也只能用单数形式。
7
主语是书名，剧名，报刊、杂志名称或国家、单位名称时，即使名词是复数形式，谓语动词也只能用单数。
8
在算式里，谓语动词用单数形式。
9
主语是clothes, goods，glasses，trousers，scissors等名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
10
主语是分数/百分数+ of+名词时，谓语动词的形式须依照名词的数而确定。
11
主语是…kind/type of+名词时，谓语动词的形式须依照kind/type的数而确定。 区分：名词+of this kind/type作主语时，谓语动词的形式与of前的名词保持一致。
12
主语是the number of+名词的复数时，谓语动词用单数形式。
主语是a number of+名词复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。
13
主语是the population of…作主语时，谓语动词单数。The world’s population is increasing faster and faster.
百分数+of the population时，谓语动词用复数。About seventy percent of the population in China are farmers.
14
主语是means，works(工厂)，sheep，fish，Japanese，Chinese等名词时，谓语动词的形式须依照它们在句中的意义来确定。
15
用引号引起来的词、短语、句子作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
16
and连接的两个成对的名词，如bread and butter；knife and fork, try and trial等，虽有and连接，但仍表示单一的概念，谓语动词常用单数形式。
17
and连接的两个名词若是指同一个人，即：and前的名词前有冠词，而and后面的名词前没有冠词。谓语动词常用单数形式。The singer and dancer is going abroad next month.
18
and所连接的两个名词前分别有：every，each，no，many a等修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。
19
主语是连接词or，either．．．or…，neither．．．nor．．．，not…but…，not only…but also…等连接的名词或代词时，谓语动词采用就近原则。
20
主语是介词及介词短语(along/together) with，except/but，besides，in addition to, without，as well as，rather than，more than，like，including等）连接的两个名词时，谓语动词的形式应与介词前面的名词的数保持一致。
21
one and a half+名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
22
many a+名词单数；more than one+名词单数；a+名词单数+or two等作句子的主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
23
定语从句中谓语动词必须跟先行词的单、复数形式保持一致。 注意：在“one of+名词复数+定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词一般用复数形式，但当one前面有the，the very，the only修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词一般用单数形式。
24
A．The+形容词指人作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。 B．The+形容词指抽象概念作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
如： the new 新生事物
25
主语是不定式，或动名词，谓语动词常用单数形式。主语是从句时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；
但what引导的从句作主语时，若表语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式，若表语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式。如：What he needs is time/
are books.
26
在强调句型“It+ be+被强调的部分+that／who…”中，be总是用单数形式(is/was或must/may/can’t be)；that／who后的谓语动词的形式必须跟被强调的主语保持一致。如：It’s not he but you who/that are to blame.
状语从句
序号
知识要点
已掌握
需巩固
1
as引导从句时侧重主从句动作同时或几乎同时进行，从句的动作可以是持续性的，也可以是短暂的。意为”当……时，一边……一边，随着”。
Sometimes I watch TV as I am having breakfast．
They sang as they danced at the party.
As the day went on, the weather got worse.
注意：with也有“随着”的意思，但它是介词，其后不能跟句子。
2
when的用法（1）当(2)就在那时（3）在…情况下，既然(4)本该…而却
when常用于以下句型中：
①…was/were doing…when…（正在做…这时）
②…was/were about to do…when…（正要做…这时）
③…was/were on the point of doing…when…(刚要做…这时)
④…had just done…when….(刚一…就)
⑤Hardly/Scarcely had…done…when…(刚一…就)
3
while的用法(1)当，在…时候(主从句试题)(2)趁着(3)而(4)虽然（句首）
4
as的用法(1)当，一边…一边(2)随着（3）因为，由于（4）像，按照（4）as…as (5)虽然（倒装结构）（6）定语从句中用法（见定语从句）
5
as作“像’”按照、像”平衡句子结构用法：He sings well, as do many of his colleagues.
6
It’s/ has been +段时间+since…did (动词为短暂性，句子是顺译及延续性时，句子是倒译)
7
It was +时间点+when…（当……的时候时间是）
It was 5 am when we arrived at the village.
It was/will be+时间段+before…(过了…才)
It was/will be two weeks before we met/meet again.
It is /has been +时间段+since…（自从…以来有…）
8
引导时间状语从句的名词性短语等：the day/week/year; the first time /last time/next time/every time/by the time…；
immediately/directly/instantly+从句;the moment/the instant/the minute+从句？
hardly/scarcely/barely… when…; no sooner… than…
hardly/scarcely…when, no sooner…than这一结构的时态搭配：hardly/scarcely与no sooner引导的句子谓语动词应用过去完成时，而when与than引导的句子谓语动词应用一般过去时。如果hardly, scarcely, no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。
9
not…until还有强调式和倒装式：
强调句：It is not until he returns home that she will go to bed.
倒装句：Not until he returns home will she go to bed.
注：till一般不放在句首，也不用在以上强调句和倒装句中。
10
时间、条件、让步状语从句中的主将从现（时态），从句中可用一般现在时或现在完成时；
11
引导地点状语从句：where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere
12
注意区分where引导的地点状语从句和定语从句. 如引导的是定语从句，则前面一定有地点名词作为先行词。
13
because/ since/ as/ for 的区别：
because表直接的原因或理由，着重点在从句；
since 表示人们已知的事实，不需强调的原因，常放在句首；
as 表示十分明显的原因，说明因果关系，着重点在主句，语气较弱，常译成由于。
for作并列连词, 常用来补充说明原因或用来表示推断的依据, 前面常带逗号, 且位于句中。
As you didn’t turn up at yesterday’s get-together, we missed you very much．
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet．
除了状语从句外，一些介词短语同样可以表示原因，如because of, thanks to, owing to, due to, on account of, as a result of等。
表原因的连词还有：now that；in that；seeing that；given (that)；considering (that)
14
so/such…that…和so/such…as的区别（见语法复习之定语从句）.
It is such an advanced theory that few people understand it.(结果状语从句)
→It is such an advanced theory as few people understand．(定语从句)
15
so + adj./adv. + that so + adj. + a/an + 单数名词+ that
so + many much few little +n. + that such + a/an + adj. + 单数名词+ that such + adj. + 复数名词或不可数名词+ that
16
the same….as与the same…that区别（见定语从句）
the same place where….（先行词place在从句中充当地点状语）
17
so that引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句的区别
so that引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语部分常有can, could, may, might, will, would；
引导结果状语从句时，从句的谓语部分一般没有这类词。
They started early so that they might arrive in time.
He made a wrong decision, so that half of his property was lost.
18
条件状语从句常见连词：if, unless, as/so long as(只要) , on condition that（条件是） , in case(万一) , for fear that (唯恐), providing/provided that（倘若……，在……条件下）, suppose /supposing that（假如，如果有……）, the+比较级……， the+比较级……。
19
关注before, after用法：介词用法before/after doing(being done);连词用法before/after+句子
20
as if/ though引导的方式状语从句陈述及虚拟；as if/though +doing /done /to do /adj. / pp.等结构；
从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反；有时也可用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。
He looks as if/as though he had been hit by lightning.(与事实相反，用虚拟语气)
It looks as if/ as though the weather may pick up very soon. (可能性较大，用陈述语气）
21
no matter +疑问词，（如：no matter what, no matter when, no matter where,…）用来引导让步状语从句。 疑问词+ever (如：whatever, whoever, whichever,…)既可引导状语从句，也可引导名词性从句，它们之间可转换。
22
引导让步状语从句的连词有：
1.though, although, while, even if, even though
although，while常位于句首, though既可用于正常语序，也可用于倒装结构
2. as引导让步状语从句，从句部分用倒装语序。
句型为：形容词副词名词（不带冠词）动词（原形）+ as +主语+ 其他
表示让步还可用介词短语despite或in spite of 或for all.
For all his efforts, he failed.
23
句型：As…., so is / do / does…… A is to B as/what C is to D.
24
A与B的比较句型：A ….twice larger than B./A…twice as large as B./A…twice the size of B./A…twice what 从句
序号
知识要点
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1
it: (1) prefer / love / like / dislike / hate / appreciate / take it +从句；
see to / depend on / rely on / count on it that…….
(2)take it easy, make it, when it comes to…, as it is, catch it, take it忍受..（而无怨言），受得了;I can’t help it./ It can’t be helped. Believe it or not. that’s I’ve got it.明白了；Don’t mention it. Forget it.
2
it相关句型：it的before, since, when,强调句型
It was +时间点+when…（当……的时候时间是）
It was 5 am when we arrived at the village.
It was/will be+时间段+before…(过了…才)
It was/will be two weeks before we met/meet again.
It is /has been +时间段+since…（自从…以来有…）
It is/has been 3 years since we last met.
突破点：一看be动词的时态，二看时间段还是时间点。
3
any other+单数，every other+单数，another+单数/复数，other+复数，the other+单数/复数
4
none (of..)人或物，U/C; (强调数量) no one /nobody人（强调内容）；nothing
5
not all/both/every（everything /everybody / everyone/everywhere）部分否定；not either=neither；
一般来说， each other 用于两者之间，one another 用于三者或三者以上之间，在口语中可互换。所有格形式为each other's 和 one another's
6
some (1)修饰可数及不可数名词；（2）+单数“某一个”；（3）疑问句中：Will/Would you pass me some salt? 或希望得到肯定答复；
7
any在肯定句中“任何”及用于否定、条件中；
everything/everybody表一定范围内的人、物；anything/anybody在肯定句中表任何
8
anything but决不是，nothing but正是,只是;
9
something/somebody重要人物,nothing/nobody小人物;
10
省略句中用代词宾格：--Please clean the house, Jane.
--Why me? John is sitting there doing nothing.
11
no such person /no such people; many such mistakes ;
Such is the result/ Such are the problems.
12
反身代词：be oneself ; for /by /of /to/ in oneself ; make yourself at home; seat oneself; teach oneself ; come to oneself; excuse oneself; enjoy oneself; say/think/talk/speak to oneself; help oneself等
13
it that one those的区别
(1) it意为“它”，特指前面提到过的同一个人或者物。
I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don't have enough money to buy it.
(2) that用来替代前面出现的特指的单数可数名词或特指的不可数名词，相当于the＋单数/不可数名词。
The cost of renting a house in central Xi'an is higher than that in any other area of the city.
Few pleasures can equal that (＝ the pleasure) of a cool drink on a hot day.
one用来替代前面出现的单数名词，是泛指概念，相当于a/an＋单数名词；ones用来替代前面出现的复数名词，也是泛指概念；the one用来替代前面的特指的单数名词，可用that替代the ones用来替代前面的特指的复数名词，可用those替代
【注意】 one替代前边的名词，是前边名词的同位语，前边名词若是特指，要用the one；若是泛指则用one。
1. He is a kind student，one who always helps others.
2. He is the most excellent student，the one who wins the first prize.
3. Helping others is a habit, one you can learn even at an early age.
4. —Why don't we take a short break?
—Didn't we just have one (＝ a break)?
5. Students who do well in examinations are those/the ones who ask questions in class.
定语从句
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定语从句的先行词必须是名词/ 代词
2
英语中，定语从句必须放在被修饰的词的后面；
限制性和非限制性定语从句的六点区别：形式不同；功能不同；翻译不同；含义不同；先行词不同；关系词不同
3
关系代词，指人的有that, who, whom, whose,
指物的有that, which, whose；
关系副词有when, where, why；关系代词作宾语时，可以省略。
4
定语从句的引导词，首先决定于先行词，然后决定于功能；
当先行词是物时，从句中缺主语，用that, which,缺宾语用：that, which;先行词指人时，定语从句缺主语，用that, who, 缺宾语，用that, who, whom;
先行词指物时，从句不缺主语和宾语，则用whose
5
(whose roof =the roof of which= of which the roof)
6
先行词为way，关系副词用that, in which, 或省略
先行词为occasion,关系副词用when
先行词为situation/case/point/system/job/race等关系副词用where
7
so/such…that… 结果状语从句和so/such… as… 定语从句；
the same… that…同一物和the same… as…同类异物
8
one of the students 作先行词时从句中谓语动词用复数；
the only one of the students 作先行词时从句中谓语动词用单数
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Is this school…?和Is this the school…?后面如何接定语从句
Is this school the one (that) you visited yesterday?
Is this school the one where you studied 10 years ago?
Is this school (that/which) you visited yesterday beautiful?
Is this the school (that/ which) you visited yesterday?
Is this the school where you studied 10 years ago?
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As is known to us all,…… / It is known to us all that……
What is known to us all is that……
11
He has three daughters, all of whom are teachers.
He has three daughters; all of them are teachers.
He has three daughters and all of them are teachers.
12
You can use a large plastic bottle, whose top was cut off.
You can use a large plastic bottle, its top cut off.
13
as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which 引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，但as引导的从句可位于主句前、中、后。
as在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语通常要有be或别的系动词，但which不受此限制。
as 引导的定语从句只表示一个众所周知或意料之中的事，但 which 不受此限制。
as有“正如”之意，而which则意为“这(件事，一点)”，可用and this/that/it来代替。
as多用于固定搭配中：as is often the case(这是常有的事)，as was expected(不出所料)，as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)，as is known to all(众所周知)，as has been said before(如上所述)，as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等。
注：which 代表整个句子，还可用于in which case, at which point, on which occasion等。
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先行词指物时，只用that 引导定语从句的五种情况
被修饰的先行词为不定代词，如all, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等
先行词被only, any, few, little, no, one of, just等词修饰时。
先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。
先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词应用that。
主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时
在限制性定语从句中，当先行词在定语从句中作表语时
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先行词为人时，只用who/whom的情况：
(1)当先行词为one, he, those, anyone及people并且前面那些代词指人时;
Those who break the law will be punished .
Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
=Whoever wants to go for a picnic must get to the gate by 6:10.
He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
(2) 表示人的先行词后有插入语时及在分隔式定语从句中先行词为人的话用who/whom而不用that ;
This is the boy who everybody knows has won the first place in the competition.
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you maths.
先行词为人时，只用that的情况：
(1)主句中有疑问词who 时，为避免重复;
Who is the man that is talking to Mr. Smith at the gate?
(2) 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词在定语从句中作表语时，只用that;
She isn’t the little girl that she was 20 years ago.
___________________________________________________.
动词时态、语态
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已掌握
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1
by the time +句子（一般现在时/现在完成时），
主句时态will be doing /will have done/will have been doing。
(如果主句动词为be，则用will be)
by the time +句子（一般过去时），主句时态had done
(如果主句动词为be，则用was/were)
2
It is /has been +一段时间+since 从句(用一般过去时)。since从句的动词用延续性动词和短暂性动词时，意思有什么不同？
3
It was/will be +一段时间+before 从句（动词用一般过去时/一般现在时）。It’s time+从句（did/should do）
4
在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时或现在完成时。.
5
表示曾经计划做某事，但未曾实现，有哪些表达方式？（had planned/intended/meant to, planned/meant/intended to have done, would like to have done, was/were to have done, was/were going to do）
6
区分It is/was the first time+ 从句(have/had done) 和 The first time +从句（did），主句(did)。
7
for +一段时间，根据具体的语境判断用何时态。指过去用一般过去时，指到现在为止用现在完成时。
8
be going to的用法：①打算、计划做某事 ②有迹象要发生的事
9
will/would的用法：①表意愿 ②表事物的固有属性或必然趋势，解释为“会”③ 表事先没考虑过，说话时临时作出的决定 ④表现在/过去的习惯 ⑤表倾向性
10
be to do 的 用法：①表计划或安排要做的事情②与二、三人称连用，表指令③用于if从句，表想要 If you are to succeed, …
④表命中注定They said goodbye, not knowing they were never to see each other.
11
be about to do 的用法：不能和表明确将来时的时间状语连用，常何when从句连用。
12
有些动词如come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start等，表时刻表安排用一般现在时，用进行时刻表表按计划、安排将要发生的。
13
no sooner…than…和hardly/scarcely/barely…when…句型（主句时态had done，when/than从句用did），注意no sooner/hardly
/scarcely/barely放句首，主句采用部分倒装。
14
have been doing 和have done的区别。
15
主动形式表被动意义的情况①表主语的特点、性能②will/would do表倾向性③need/require/want/worth/deserve后的动名词须用主动④有些动词短语如belong to/date back to/break out/take place/run out/give out/come up等不用被动⑤连系动词不用被动
16
在虚拟语气中（如if从句+主句，if only, wish, as if等），时态的用法。would rather+从句（did/had done）
序号
知识要点
已掌握
需巩固
1
try, mean, stop, forget, remember, regret, go on, like后接to do与doing的区别
2
have no choice/option/alternative but to do…../ cannot (choose / help) but do……/ can do nothing but do…..
3
时态：to do, to be doing, to have done
He is said to have studied abroad, but I don’t know which country he
studied in / is studying in / will study.
语态：Easy as it is to deal with , we are careful.. The question is what to write about.
Have you anything else to say for yourselves?
I’m going to Shanghai tomorrow. Have you got anything to be taken to your sister?
4
不定式作结果状语与目的状语的区别
He worked hard to pass the exam. He hurried to work, only to find it was Saturday.
5
不定式作结果状语(never/ only to do)与分词作结果状语区别
He worked on the project for 5 hours, only stopping to have a drink.
6
too…….to结构中
有glad,pleased,delighted,anxious等心理活动的词和good,kind,true等描述性词时，too 的含义为very
有not,never,only,but,all,simply 等，该结构为肯定意义
7
What he wanted to do now was express his great thanks to his teachers and friends.
Please give me a knife to cut with and a piece of paper to write on.
8
在省略的不定式结构中含有to be, to have , to have been等时，这些词保留
9
allow, permit, forbid, advise, recommend的用法 ~doing/~sb. to do sth.
接doing 的词有：be equal to/be limited to/risk/adore/oppose/ be opposed to/ object to/be reduced to等
There is no joking/saying/telling/knowing/denying…
10
need, want, require, deserve的用法 后接doing 或to be done
11
worth, worthy, worthwhile的用法
12
动词短语devote oneself to, stick to, be used/accustomed to, object to, have difficulty (trouble) , have a wonderful /hard time , come close to, get down to, there’s no use ( good), there’s no sense (point) 等后面用doing
13
动名词的复合结构在句中充当主语和宾语时逻辑主语的区别
His/Tom’s coming to my birthday party made me happy.(主语)
The noise of desks and chairs being opened and closed could be heard out in the street.(主语)
She didn’t mind his/him/Tom’s/Tom crying and went on doing the washing.(宾语)
14
分词作状语时①形式有：doing/having done/ done/having been done (无being done)
②其逻辑主语应是主句的主语
③ 有时可以和when, once, while, if, though, unless 等词连用
15
分词作状语与独立主格结构的关系和区别？
Miss Gao having fallen ill, Mr. Wang took her class instead.
Having fallen ill, Mr Wang stayed at home.
16
with复合结构的用法
With the exam to be held/ to take tomorrow, you’d better not watch TV.
17
形容词作状语以及独立主格结构中being不省略的前提条件
Being blind, he couldn’t go home alone.(原因)
It being fine, we went hiking. (代词) There being no buses, they walked to the theatre.(there be)
18
现在分词作定语，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句表达。Can you tell me about the fire that happened last night?
19
being done 的三种用法(expose)
①Being exposed to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.(动名词作主语)
The radiation amount of a mobile phone for two half-hour periods per day is equal to being exposed to an X-ray for ten seconds.(动名词作宾语)
Exposed to radiation for too much time, the man suffered a lot.(比较：分词作状语)
②The topic being talked about now is interesting.(分词作定语)
③I can see the flag being raised now.(分词作补语)
19
have、get、leave、make后接非谓语作宾补的用法
have sb.do //have sth to do have sb.doing 两种意思 have sth done=get sth. done
get sb to do get sb/sth doing get sth, done=have sth done
20
独立成分 ：不定式类/doing类/done 类
非谓语动词
冠词
序号
知识要点
已掌握
需巩固
1
a/an用于 of? 短语中表示“同一”, 相当于the same，表主语的特点、性质等。Tom and Kate are of an age.
The two shirts are much of a size. 这两件衬衫大小差不多。
Birds of a feather flock together. [谚]物以类聚，人以群分。
2
a/an用在某些专有名词前表示 “某一个，有一个”，也可指与某人有类似性质的人。 A Mr. Smith wants to see you. 一位叫史密斯先生的人想见你。
She died on a Tuesday. 她是在一个星期二去世的。 He thought he was a Zhu Geliang. 他自以为是诸葛亮。
She’s a little Hitler. 她是个小希特勒。
3
a/an用在具体化了的抽象名词和物质名词前，表示“一阵，一份，一场，一种，一件，一次……”等。
What a lovely surprise to see you again!
Please give me a coffee.
The concert was a great success.
There was a heavy snow yesterday.
4
名词由短语或定语从句修饰而成为特指时要加定冠词the；但是，该名词被修饰以后仍然表泛指时就不能用定冠词。
The man who is speaking now is the president of the company.
This morning I saw a woman who looked like your aunt.
He is the teacher who won the first place in the teaching competition.
He is a teacher who is patient with students.
5
head for the east, fly to the south和head east, fly south.注意：省略时介词和定冠词同时省略
6
the用于by 和计量单位名词连用时，放在名词前。
by the yard/the meter/the dozen/the month/the year/the hour。
但如果该名词为总称时，则不用冠词。by weight/volume/area
7
the用在表两者中较…的一个。He is the older of the two boys.
8
the用在打、抓、碰人体某部位时，来代替前面已提到的人的身体部位或衣着等的一部分。He hit her on the nose. He took me by the hand.
9
表示独一无二的职位,头衔,身份的名词在句中作表语,补足语及同位语时(在as后也常省略); He was made monitor of our class;
10
turn doctor=become a doctor; speak English=speak the English language;
11
a second time又一次; the second time第二次
a most beautiful city一座非常漂亮的城市 the most beautiful city最漂亮的城市
12
in society社会; in nature自然; word消息，man人类前不用冠词;
13
as/so/how/however/too+形容词+冠词+名词: so fine a day; too difficult a problem; as clever a boy as you; however low a price; how beautiful a picture
14
注意固定习语in the sky, in space, at a loss, all of a sudden, on the whole,
as a rule, in public, on duty, on the contrary, out of the question等
名词性从句
序号
知 识 要 点
已掌握
需巩固
1
名词性从句包括：主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句 和同位语从句。
2
宾语从句中，要注意主从句时态的一致性，如主句的谓语动词是过去式，从句中的动词需用过去的相应的时态，如宾语从句表达客观事实或真理，不论主句什么时态从句都用一般现在时。同时名词性从句应遵循陈述语序。
3
that引导的名词性从句，在句中不作任何成分，没有实际意义，一般不可以省略（除动词后面的宾语从句）。但如一个动词后接多个宾语从句，只省略第一个that。
4
名词性从句中if/ whether 的使用：
表示“是否”时，在宾语从句中作动词后的宾语，且后面无or not两者可替换。
介词后宾语从句,动词后宾语从句有or not或者引导表语从句、同位语从句、主语从句均用whether.
5
后面常接同位语从句的名词有news, word, idea, plan, hope, dream，suggestion, advice等
6
what，which，who，whom与whatever，whichever，whoever，whomever 的区别,前者(一)带有疑问概念，（二）引导名词性从句；后者（一）表示强调，（二）既可以引导名词性从句，也可引导让步状语从句，引导让步状语从句时等于no matter+疑问词，同时，让步状语从句和名词性从句可相互转化.(如： Whoever did it will be punished. Whoever did it , he will be punished)
7
当主句动词为表示疑问或不确定的词如： doubt, question, not clear时，宾语从句用if/ whether/when/where等 （如：wonder,doubt）。如表示陈述，比如在谈到“没问题、毫无疑问、已确定、已证实、很清楚”等判断性意义如：no doubt , certain, sure, clear时， 用that.（这种情况也适用于主语、表语或同位语从句中）
8
把这些名词性从句的引导词转换成先行词+关系代词或关系副词
（1）What he said proved wrong.
Everything/ All (that) he said proved wrong.
（2）Please tell me what happened to you yesterday.
Please tell me all that happened to you yesterday.
（3）The topic is what we are interested in.
The topic is the one (that) we are interested in.
（4）The building is where the workers live.
The building is the place where the workers live.
9
由whatever, whoever, whomever 引导的名词性从句，相当于anything that/ anyone who(whom)…..
1.You can do whatever you like.(= You can do anything that you like.)
2.I’ll give the gift to whoever comes first. (= I’ll give the gift to anyone who comes first.)
3.You can give the book to whomever you like.(= You can give the book to anyone whom you like.)
10
有些动词后面的宾语从句有否定的转移，但是要注意反义疑问句的用法。满足以下四个条件（一.人称是第一人称 二.时态是一般现在时 三.动词是表示心理活动的词think, believe, guess等 四.动词不被任何副词修饰）则肯否根据主句，其余根据从句。
11
介词后面一般不直接接that引导的宾语从句，只有少数几个如：except, but, in等。其它介词后面须加it作形式宾语，才可再接that 宾语从句。
12
动词find, feel, think, consider, make, believe等后有宾语补足语时，需要it作形式宾语，而that从句则后置。动词hate, like ,dislike, love, appreciate, prefer, take--for granted表示“喜欢”“厌恶”“认为”时，要用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.
I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food.
13
与建议命令要求坚持意思连用的名词性从句，要用should+动词原形
14
It’s +adj./n.(important, necessary, vital，essential, natural, surprising, strange, impossible, a pity, ashame, no wonder ) / 过去分词（required, suggested 等）+that 从句，从句中用should do 表示“竟然，应该”。
15
同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
that在定语从句里是关系代词，充当主语或宾语，充当宾语时可以省略；
在同位语从句中that是连词，不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，没有具体词义，但不能省略。
试比较： The news that our team had won the game excited us.
The news (that) he told us was unbelievable.
情态动词
序号
知识要点
已掌握
需巩固
1
can 在肯定句中“有时”的推测用法。
It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes.
2
区分：could 与were / was able to do
3
疑问句中“推测”只能用can/ could
4
区分：May I …? 与Shall I …?
5
区分：may well do 与may（might） as well do / have done
6
may 表祝愿。 May you succeed!=Wish you success!
7
Could I …? Might I …? 回答应是： Yes, you can / may.
8
must 还可以表示“偏要”“必然”的用法。
The car must break down just when we were about to set off. All men must die.
9
must表示肯定的“推测”。(must表推测时只用于肯定句。)
10
mustn’t 表示“千万不能”。
11
shall 用于一、三人称疑问句中表示征求第二人称的意见
shall 用于二、三人称陈述句中表示警告，命令，允诺，规定
12
should ①应该=ought to
②竟然。 should do / should have done
③表推测，“按理应该”=ought to
④if 虚拟从句中： If sb should do=Should sb do
⑤用于“建议、命令等”虚拟结构中或 it is adj/n that 引导的主语从句中
⑥与“I ”连用，表示委婉语气。You are mistaken, I should say.
13
will/ would 表示意愿、倾向性、现在（过去）的习惯性动作。
14
dare 和need 的用法①行为动词 ②情态动词（dare的过去式为dared）
15
对过去的“推测”：
① can/ could have done (用于疑问句)
② can’t/ couldn’t have done （用于否定句）
③ may/ might have done （用于肯定句）
用于肯定句时表示“可能已经做了某事” ,在没有“may/might”的情况下，可用“could ”替代。
④ may not / might not have done （用于否定句）
⑤ must have done (用于肯定句)
16
情态动词表“推测”时的反意疑问句。
① He must be playing football on the playground, isn’t he?
②He must have been told the news, hasn’t he?
③He can’t be at home, is he?
④His book must have been published last month, wasn’t it?
17
情态动词表示对过去的“虚拟”的用法。
would/ could/ might have done may/ might as well have done
would like/love to have done had better have done
18
区分：needn’t have done 本不必要做某事（事实上做了）与didn’t need to do没有必要做某事（事实上没做）
19
区分：if you must… / if you will… / if you should …/ if you are to do sth
特殊句式
序号
知识要点
已掌握
需巩固
1.
完全倒装
1.常常指时间,地点的副词及方位的副词和介词短语here, there, up, down, in, away, off, out, now, then位于句首。
At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.// Away flew the bird.
注意： a. 代词作主语时，主谓不倒装Here he comes.
b. 此结构不用于进行时态。
2.表语提前: 形容词/过去分词/现在分词/介词短语
Included among the presents is an ipad that his father gave him.
Sitting on the rock is a girl who wants to commit suicide.
部分倒装一般包括：
a. 某些否定词位于句首时，如：rarely, scarcely, nowhere, no more
hardly/scarcely/barely…when; no sooner …than; not only…but also…; so/ nor/ neither…;not until…
b. only +副词、介词短语、状语从句位于句首作状语时.
c. 在so/such…that 结构中so+adj/adv/such+n等位于句首时
So fashionable are the clothes she was wearing that she became the focus of attention.
Such fashionable clothes was she wearing that she became the…
另：Such are the facts: no one can deny.
d. 省略if的虚拟条件状语从句，had, were, should提前
注：not /to在原位。
e. 用于as(though)引导的让步状语从句
Search as they would/Much as he likes the bike/ Exhausted as she was
f. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子
Long live Chairman Mao! May you succeed!
Wish you success/successful!
2
强调
It is/was +被强调部分+that/who+其它句子成分
此句型的常见考点有：
a.还可用It might be/ must have been/ can it be…that 等句式。
It might have been John that bought a new book for Mary .
b.It was not until…that…
昨天直到半夜我才上床睡觉。
It was not until midnight that I went to bed.
Not until midnight did I go to bed.
c.含有特殊疑问词的强调句词序
When and where was it that you were born?
I’ve already forgotten where it was that you put the dictionary.
d.强调句中的主谓一致问题
It is not help but obstacles that make a man.
It is the sales manager, rather than/instead of/not/other than the sales girls, that is to blame.
e.与其他从句的比较
①It was in the small house which/ that was built with stones by his father that he spent his childhood.(which/that)
②It was playing computer games that cost the boy plenty of
time (which/that) he ought to have spent doing his lessons.(which/that)
f.强调句的省略
---He was nearly drowned once. ---When was it?
---It was in 1998 when he was in middle school.
--Who is making so much noise in the garden?—It is the children.
2.do/does/did + 动词原形
Do come early. He does/did know Beijing well.
3
省略
状语从句中省略主语的情况：
a. 从属连词 + 动词: 不定式、现在分词、过去分词，如：
He opened his mouth as if to say something.
He looked around as if looking for something.
He let out a scream as if bitten by the snake.
b. 从属连词 + 非动词： 名词、形容词、副词、介词短语，如：
Unless necessary, you’d better not refer to the dictionary.
注意：before/after/since 不属此列
2. 不定式的省略：
He did not give me the chance, though he had promised
如果不定式中含有be, have, have been通常保留
---Are you an engineer? ---No, but I want to be.
---He hasn’t finished the task yet.---Well, he ought to have.
3. 省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。 (1) ---- Is he coming back tonight? ---- I think so.
(2)---- Is he feeling better today? ---- I’m afraid not.
形容词副词
序号
知识要点
已掌握
需巩固
1
多个形容词修饰名词时的位置，其语序通常为：限定语（The、A）+ 描绘性形容词 + size（大小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年龄、时间）+ color（颜色）+ origin（国籍、来源）+ material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名词。如：
a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,
the man’s first tow interesting little red French oil paitings
2
the+形容词/分词作主语时,如指一类人,谓语动词用复数;如表达的是抽象概念,谓语动词用单数形式.
The rich make slaves of the poor.有钱的人把穷人当成了奴隶
The beautiful lives forever.美是永存的。
3
形容词作状语，表伴随、原因、结果
He got home late, drunk.
Surprised at the results, he let out a cry. (注意：不用being)
4
以-ly结尾的词性辨析。
①下列单词以-ly结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、timely等。
②表愿意（无-ly）和引申意(有-ly)的副词：
deep深deeply深入地 wide宽广widely广泛地 high高highly高度地 low位置lowly地位卑微
③有无-ly意义大不相同的副词：
dead完全，绝对be dead asleep
deadly非常be deadly tired
pretty相当be pretty certain that…
prettily漂亮地be prettily dressed
close近Don’t sit close.
closely密切地Watch closely!
late晚、迟arrive late, come late
lately最近I haven’t seen him lately(recently).
5
A 与B 比较的的四种形式:
A be 倍数 + as +原级 +as B ;
A be倍数 +比较级+than B ;
A be 倍数 +what 从句
A be倍数 + the +n (size; height; width; depth) of B
6
more than 不仅仅，很，超过，; more ---than 与其…不如，比… 多; not more than 不多于; no more than 仅仅，最多，不超过; no less than多达，有…之多；简直，与…没差别no less…than与…一样，不比…差；not less than不下于，至少
7
The +比较级， the +比较级的用法 （时态一般是主将从现，语序是陈述句语序）
The higher you stand, the farther you will see.
8
a + 最高级 & the +最高级的区别 a表示又一，再一the 修饰最高级
9
以ly结尾的形容词 (friendly; lively; lovely; lonely; likely; deadly; silly; timely; orderly; elderly)
10
yet, still .though 的用法(注意：though 作连词及副词用法的区别)
though作连词时，不能与but连用，但能与yet,still连用
11
so … that … 与such … that … 的区别。
so + 形容词 / 副词 + ?that …
so + 形容词 + a（n）+ 单数可数名词 + that …
so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that …
such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that …
such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that …
such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that …
12
possible / probable / likely句型：
It is that possible / probable / likely Sb/sth be likely to do .
13
由as / so组成的形容词或副词短语。
as much as + 不可数名词数量。
Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.
She could earn as much as ten dollars a week.
②as many as + 可数名词数量 多达
I have as a many as sixteen referrence books.
③as early as早在
As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.
④as far as远到；就……而知（论）
We might go as far as (走到)the church and back.
As far as I know（就我所知），he has been there before.
⑤may (might, could)as well不妨、不如
Then you might as well stay with us here.
⑥as … as can be到了最……的程度，极其
They are as unreliable as they can be.他们极其不可信。
⑦as … as one can
He began to run, as fast as he could.
⑧as … as possible
Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.
14
not nearly / nowhere near / not anywhere near 远非，绝不
15
not really =not very much（委婉说法）不
not exactly（说反对话时用）根本不，决不，一点也不；（纠正对方的话）不完全
16
Otherwise （4种用法）
句首副词 否则，要不然
Seize the chance, otherwise you will regret it.
用别的方法；别样
We were going to play football, but it was so hot that we decided to otherwise.
除去这一点；在其他方面
He is noisy, but otherwise a good boy
不是这样；相反地
The truth came out otherwise.
17
special /particular
special 这个特别指的是那种“与众不同的特别”,即一个东西或人或事与相同的、相似的比较,截然不同,所带来的“本性”的特别.
She's a special one.她是与众不同的一个
particular 这个特别,更多的是,说话人主观的一个强调,更多的强调“这单独的一个”,至于这一个是不是根其他的相比很不同,可能是,也可能不是.
I'm particularly interested in her, because she's so special.
specially /particularly/ especially
三个词都可以用于强调程度,修饰形容词或者有时候可以修饰动词,意思是“特别”,三者可以互换 It is particularly/especially/specially cold today.今天特别冷
Specially 特意，专门 particularly/ especially 尤其是
18
Lonely孤独的，寂寞的/ alone 单独的，独一无二的，独自的表示(光，就的时候，放在名词后面)
let alone/ not to mention / even / still / much less 更不用说
19
historic具有重大历史意义的/ historical历史上的 electric电力的,以电为动力的/ electrical与电有关的,电气科学的 economic经济的、经济学的/economical节约的、有经济效益的
20
present 在场的（后置）all the people present;
目前的（前置）the present situation
concerned 有关的（后置）all the people concerned;
关心的，担心的（前置）the concerned look
21
exactly 准确地，确切地; definitely 肯定的=surely;absolutely 完全的= completely
22
rather &fairly的区别： rather +比较级/ rather+ too / or rather的用法
Our aim was not to punish the rich, but rather to bring justice to the poor. (而不是)
23
can’t -----too / enough can never -------too / enough
再怎么样都不为过
主谓一致
序号
知 识 要 点
已掌握
需巩固
1
主谓一致的原则：语法一致；意义一致；就近一致。
2
one or two+名词复数作句子的主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
3
表示总称意义的名词public，people(人们，人民)，cattle，police，youth作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
4
主语是board（董事会），family，class，team，group，crowd，audience，crew，committee等名词时，如果是作为整体，谓语动词用单数形式；如果作为其中一个个的成员，谓语动词用复数形式。
5
主语是时间、距离、价格、度量衡单位等名词或短语时，即使是复数，谓语动词也只能用单数形式。
6
主语是news，politics，physics，plastics，mathematics等名词时，谓语动词也只能用单数形式。
7
主语是书名，剧名，报刊、杂志名称或国家、单位名称时，即使名词是复数形式，谓语动词也只能用单数。
8
在算式里，谓语动词用单数形式。
9
主语是clothes, goods，glasses，trousers，scissors等名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
10
主语是分数/百分数+ of+名词时，谓语动词的形式须依照名词的数而确定。
11
主语是…kind/type of+名词时，谓语动词的形式须依照kind/type的数而确定。 区分：名词+of this kind/type作主语时，谓语动词的形式与of前的名词保持一致。
12
主语是the number of+名词的复数时，谓语动词用单数形式。
主语是a number of+名词复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。
13
主语是the population of…作主语时，谓语动词单数。The world’s population is increasing faster and faster.
百分数+of the population时，谓语动词用复数。About seventy percent of the population in China are farmers.
14
主语是means，works(工厂)，sheep，fish，Japanese，Chinese等名词时，谓语动词的形式须依照它们在句中的意义来确定。
15
用引号引起来的词、短语、句子作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
16
and连接的两个成对的名词，如bread and butter；knife and fork, try and trial等，虽有and连接，但仍表示单一的概念，谓语动词常用单数形式。
17
and连接的两个名词若是指同一个人，即：and前的名词前有冠词，而and后面的名词前没有冠词。谓语动词常用单数形式。The singer and dancer is going abroad next month.
18
and所连接的两个名词前分别有：every，each，no，many a等修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。
19
主语是连接词or，either．．．or…，neither．．．nor．．．，not…but…，not only…but also…等连接的名词或代词时，谓语动词采用就近原则。
20
主语是介词及介词短语(along/together) with，except/but，besides，in addition to, without，as well as，rather than，more than，like，including等）连接的两个名词时，谓语动词的形式应与介词前面的名词的数保持一致。
21
one and a half+名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
22
many a+名词单数；more than one+名词单数；a+名词单数+or two等作句子的主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
23
定语从句中谓语动词必须跟先行词的单、复数形式保持一致。 注意：在“one of+名词复数+定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词一般用复数形式，但当one前面有the，the very，the only修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词一般用单数形式。
24
A．The+形容词指人作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。 B．The+形容词指抽象概念作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
如： the new 新生事物
25
主语是不定式，或动名词，谓语动词常用单数形式。主语是从句时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；
但what引导的从句作主语时，若表语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式，若表语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式。如：What he needs is time/
are books.
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在强调句型“It+ be+被强调的部分+that／who…”中，be总是用单数形式(is/was或must/may/can’t be)；that／who后的谓语动词的形式必须跟被强调的主语保持一致。如：It’s not he but you who/that are to blame.
状语从句
序号
知识要点
已掌握
需巩固
1
as引导从句时侧重主从句动作同时或几乎同时进行，从句的动作可以是持续性的，也可以是短暂的。意为”当……时，一边……一边，随着”。
Sometimes I watch TV as I am having breakfast．
They sang as they danced at the party.
As the day went on, the weather got worse.
注意：with也有“随着”的意思，但它是介词，其后不能跟句子。
2
when的用法（1）当(2)就在那时（3）在…情况下，既然(4)本该…而却
when常用于以下句型中：
①…was/were doing…when…（正在做…这时）
②…was/were about to do…when…（正要做…这时）
③…was/were on the point of doing…when…(刚要做…这时)
④…had just done…when….(刚一…就)
⑤Hardly/Scarcely had…done…when…(刚一…就)
3
while的用法(1)当，在…时候(主从句试题)(2)趁着(3)而(4)虽然（句首）
4
as的用法(1)当，一边…一边(2)随着（3）因为，由于（4）像，按照（4）as…as (5)虽然（倒装结构）（6）定语从句中用法（见定语从句）
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as作“像’”按照、像”平衡句子结构用法：He sings well, as do many of his colleagues.
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It’s/ has been +段时间+since…did (动词为短暂性，句子是顺译及延续性时，句子是倒译)
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It was +时间点+when…（当……的时候时间是）
It was 5 am when we arrived at the village.
It was/will be+时间段+before…(过了…才)
It was/will be two weeks before we met/meet again.
It is /has been +时间段+since…（自从…以来有…）
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引导时间状语从句的名词性短语等：the day/week/year; the first time /last time/next time/every time/by the time…；
immediately/directly/instantly+从句;the moment/the instant/the minute+从句？
hardly/scarcely/barely… when…; no sooner… than…
hardly/scarcely…when, no sooner…than这一结构的时态搭配：hardly/scarcely与no sooner引导的句子谓语动词应用过去完成时，而when与than引导的句子谓语动词应用一般过去时。如果hardly, scarcely, no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。
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not…until还有强调式和倒装式：
强调句：It is not until he returns home that she will go to bed.
倒装句：Not until he returns home will she go to bed.
注：till一般不放在句首，也不用在以上强调句和倒装句中。
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时间、条件、让步状语从句中的主将从现（时态），从句中可用一般现在时或现在完成时；
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引导地点状语从句：where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere
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注意区分where引导的地点状语从句和定语从句. 如引导的是定语从句，则前面一定有地点名词作为先行词。
13
because/ since/ as/ for 的区别：
because表直接的原因或理由，着重点在从句；
since 表示人们已知的事实，不需强调的原因，常放在句首；
as 表示十分明显的原因，说明因果关系，着重点在主句，语气较弱，常译成由于。
for作并列连词, 常用来补充说明原因或用来表示推断的依据, 前面常带逗号, 且位于句中。
As you didn’t turn up at yesterday’s get-together, we missed you very much．
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet．
除了状语从句外，一些介词短语同样可以表示原因，如because of, thanks to, owing to, due to, on account of, as a result of等。
表原因的连词还有：now that；in that；seeing that；given (that)；considering (that)
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so/such…that…和so/such…as的区别（见语法复习之定语从句）.
It is such an advanced theory that few people understand it.(结果状语从句)
→It is such an advanced theory as few people understand．(定语从句)
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so + adj./adv. + that so + adj. + a/an + 单数名词+ that
so + many much few little +n. + that such + a/an + adj. + 单数名词+ that such + adj. + 复数名词或不可数名词+ that
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the same….as与the same…that区别（见定语从句）
the same place where….（先行词place在从句中充当地点状语）
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so that引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句的区别
so that引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语部分常有can, could, may, might, will, would；
引导结果状语从句时，从句的谓语部分一般没有这类词。
They started early so that they might arrive in time.
He made a wrong decision, so that half of his property was lost.
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条件状语从句常见连词：if, unless, as/so long as(只要) , on condition that（条件是） , in case(万一) , for fear that (唯恐), providing/provided that（倘若……，在……条件下）, suppose /supposing that（假如，如果有……）, the+比较级……， the+比较级……。
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关注before, after用法：介词用法before/after doing(being done);连词用法before/after+句子
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as if/ though引导的方式状语从句陈述及虚拟；as if/though +doing /done /to do /adj. / pp.等结构；
从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反；有时也可用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。
He looks as if/as though he had been hit by lightning.(与事实相反，用虚拟语气)
It looks as if/ as though the weather may pick up very soon. (可能性较大，用陈述语气）
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no matter +疑问词，（如：no matter what, no matter when, no matter where,…）用来引导让步状语从句。 疑问词+ever (如：whatever, whoever, whichever,…)既可引导状语从句，也可引导名词性从句，它们之间可转换。
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引导让步状语从句的连词有：
1.though, although, while, even if, even though
although，while常位于句首, though既可用于正常语序，也可用于倒装结构
2. as引导让步状语从句，从句部分用倒装语序。
句型为：形容词副词名词（不带冠词）动词（原形）+ as +主语+ 其他
表示让步还可用介词短语despite或in spite of 或for all.
For all his efforts, he failed.
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句型：As…., so is / do / does…… A is to B as/what C is to D.
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A与B的比较句型：A ….twice larger than B./A…twice as large as B./A…twice the size of B./A…twice what 从句