选修7 Unit 1—5
词类复习（1）
【分类标准】根据语法填空中的没提示词的词类放在一起复习。即冠词，代词，连词，介词。
冠词
（1）考纲要求
冠词的泛指和特指是冠词学习的难点之一，也是高考考查的焦点所在。解题时考生要结合语境分析究竟设空处是表示“泛指”还是表示“特指”：
1．表泛指(指一类人或事物中的任何一个，而不具体指哪一个)，用不定冠词；
2．表特指(特指某人、某事、某物，指上文中提到的或正在谈论的人或物，或者是谈话双方都知道的人或事物)，用定冠词。
（2）命题规律
1. 抽象名词属于不可数名词，前面一般不用冠词；但用来表示具体的人或事时，其前用不定冠词。
2. 比较级和最高级前冠词的选择
“a/an＋比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比……更……的一个”，属于泛指；“the＋比较级”表示“两者中较……的一个”。“the＋最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最……的一个”；“a most＋形容词”表示“很……，非常……”。
3. 冠词的固定搭配。
冠词的考点归纳：
(1)定冠词的常考必备：①定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“这 / 那个”之意，但语气较弱，可以和名词连用，表示某个或某些特定的人或物。②叙述上文提到过的特定的事物或上文未提到，但听话者一定知其所指。③用于序数词、形容词的比较级、最高级以及形容词only，very，same之前。④用于表示地球、宇宙中的独一无二的事物尤指各种天体或世界上比较有影响的物体名词前。⑤用于表示具体的地点、方位，具体的时间或某天的一部分等。⑥用于表示山川、河流、海洋、群岛、报纸、杂志、朝代的专有名词及由普通名词构成的专有名词之前等等。
(2) 不定冠词的常考必备：①表示数量“一”，与one相近。②用在首次提到的人或物之前，表泛指。③用在物质名词、抽象名词之前，表示“一阵，一场，一种……”，也可以表示引起某种情绪的事，即抽象名词具体化使用。④用于be of a（an）+ n.结构中，表示“相同……的”。⑤ 用于so / as / too / how + 形容词 + a / an + 单数可数名词。⑥不定冠词a或an用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前，表示“每一”之意，”相当于every或one，但概念上没它们那么强烈。
(3) 零冠词的常考必备：①称呼语及表示头衔、职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时，其前一般不加冠词。②在as引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词前不加冠词。③专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前， 一般不加冠词。
考例分析
【例1】The head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to ______ small town some 20 kilometers away where there was a garage.
【解析】a 第一次提到的可数名词单数前用不定冠词，表示“一个”。
【例2】【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】As 65.________ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
【解析】a 考查冠词。固定短语as a result表示“结果是”。结果是，人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。故填a。
【例3】【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over 64.________ top.
【解析】 the 考查冠词。此处特指铁轨上方的顶部工程。
方法总结：做主语或宾语的名词或“形容词+名词”前无形容词性物主代词、不定代词等限定词时，根据上下文填冠词。
代词
（1）考纲要求
英语中，代词是代替名词的词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、
特征及在句中的作用可以分成以下几类：人称代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词、不定代词和相互代词等。?高考考纲对代词考点的要求是：了解代词的分类；掌握人称代词的格及其语法功能；掌握名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词的用法和区分；.掌握反身代词的用法及其语法功能； 掌握指示代词、不定代词和相互代词的用法，特别是不定代词的用法比较。对代词部分的备考注意力应集中于不定代词， 应重点学习不定代词的意义特征和语法特征。
（2）命题规律
一、代词是每年必考，贯穿于各个试题类型的一个基本知识。考纲要求在广泛掌握代词基础知识的前提下，强调在具体语境中理解和使用代词。
二、不定代词是代词中最重要、句法作用也是最为活跃的部分之一。因而，在复习中要注意总结、归纳，特别应熟记一批有特点的例句，以加深印象，更加准确地把握其用法。
?三、平时要多做练习，能够提高熟悉语境的能力，很多考题是要和语境相联系起来考查的，这方面一定要重视。
【代词高考常考点】
（1）人称代词：人称代词作主语一般用主格形式，做宾语用宾格形式，作表语用主格形式，做定语用所有格形式。反身代词一般做表语、同位语和宾语，作宾语的前提是宾语和主语一致。特别注意：①人称代词用作表语时，如说明主语，一般要用主格，如说明宾语则要用宾格。②在简单的答语中多用宾格形式替代主格形式。
（2）反身代词：反身代词在句中可以作enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce等动词和by, for, to等介词的宾语，还可以作主语或宾语的同位语，可译作“亲自，本人”，但不能作主语。
（3） 指示代词：指示词有this, that, these, those等。注意以下4点：①this, these是时间或空间上的“近指”，可与here连用；that, those是时间或空间上的“远指”，可与there连用。②指上文提到的事一般用that，有时也用this，指下文的事只能用this。③打电话时，用this来介绍自己，用that来问对方，不用I或you。④ this和that还可表示程度，意为“如此，那么”，相当于so，作状语。
（4）不定代词：①表示两者“都”用both，表示两者“都不”用neither/nor，表示两者中的“任一”用either。②表示多者“都”用all，表示多者“都不”用none，no one, neither, nobody, nothing等表示多者中的“任一”用any。③all单独使用，或者后接一个定语从句，或者前面有物主代词时，意为everything或the only thing(s)。④another或“another＋单数可数名词”泛指“另一个，有一个，再一个”，其复数形式是others或“other＋复数名词”泛指“别人或别的物”，有some…others(一些…另一些…)之搭配。the other(+单数可数名词)特指两者中的另一个，常有one…the other(一个…另一个…)的搭配；其复数形式the others或“the other ＋复数名词”特指在某些人或物中，除去一部分后，“其余的”“剩下的”人或物。another还可用于“another＋基数词或few＋复数名词”中，与“数词或some＋more/other ＋复数名词”相当。⑤everything(一切事，最重要的事), everyone =everybody (每个人，所有人); something(某事，重要的人或事物), someone =somebody(某/有人，重要的人); anything(什么事物，任何事物，无论什么事物), anyone =anybody(任何人，无论谁，重要的人); nothing(没有东西，什么也没有，不重要的人或事), no one=nobody(没有人，不重要的人)等。它们还与别有词构成很多习语，如for nothing(徒劳，免费)，nothing but(仅仅，只不过)，等等。
（5）代词?it(they),one(ones)和that(those)的用法：①代词one和it都可以代替上文中提到的可数名词，但one指代的是与上文中提到的同类物（复数用ones,主格和宾格相同）；而it指代的是上文提到的同一物品（复数用they（主格）和them（宾格）。②one(ones)和that(those)这几个代词都可以代替上文中提到的名词，但使用时应注意：替代不可数名词时用that,或者省略不用名词，或者重复那个名词，但不可用one来代替。替代单数可数名词时用one和that均可，但泛指用one(相当于a/an+名词）；特指时用that（相当于the+名词）。?one(ones)可以有形容词等前置修饰语，也可以有后置修饰语（of短语除外）；而that(those)不能有前置修饰语，它（们）的修饰语只能后置。后跟of短语时，一般只能用that(those)。
【考例分析】
【例1】Jane was walking round the department store. She remembered how difficult ______ was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.
【解析】it 作宾语从句主语，替代动词不定式短语to choose……。
【例2】She did not hesitate for long: although her father smoked a pipe only once in a while, she knew that this was a present which was bound to please ______.
【解析】him please him (使他高兴)，填代词；根据句意，此处指代her father。
【例3】[2017·全国卷Ⅱ]However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25，000 people were using 67.________ every day.
【解析】 it 考查代词。it指代伦敦地铁。
【方法总结】句子缺主语或宾语，空格后没有提示词，填词多为代词。
连词
（1）考纲要求：连词是句子与句子之间连接的纽带，英语中连词起着很重要的作用。并列句之间需要并列连词连接；主从复合句之间需要从属连词连接。熟练使用连词才能准确地运用句子。
（2）命题规律：根据前几年的高考试题分析可知，在高考语法填空中，重点考查主从复合句的连词的使用。因此，定语从句中关系词的使用；状语从句和名词性从句中连接词的使用是主要的命题方向。同时，兼顾并列连词的考查。
【连词查考考点】
连词分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。并列连词是连接主语与主语，谓语与谓语，句子与句子，分词与分词的词，它要求前后两部分有相同的形式和语法作用；而从属连词一般连接主句与从句，从句形式有名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句等。
（1）并列连词：
并列连词可用来连接词与词，词组与词组，分句与分句。常用的并列连词有：and（和），as well as（既…又），both … and（不但…而且），not only … but also（不但…而且），not … but（不是…而是），neither … nor（既不…也不），either … or（不是…就是），or（或者），but （但是），yet（然而），for（因为），so（所以），while（而），when（这时）等。如：Both my brother and my sister are teachers./ His room is bright but mine is gloomy（暗沉沉的）./ He can not only repair radios but also fix them./ It is a glorious（光荣的）yet difficult task./ Strike while iron is hot.
（1）从属连词
从属连词是指在复合句中引导从句的连结词。常见的从属连词有：
引导时间状语从句的：after, before, when, as, while, since, until, till, as soon as
引导原因状语从句的：because, since, as
引导让步状语从句的：although, though, no matter（无论）, even if (though)
引导条件状语从句的：if, unless, once, so (as) long as
引导结果状语从句的：so … that …, such … that …
引导目的状语从句的：so that …, in order that …
引导比较状语从句的：as … as …, not so (as) … as …, … than …
引导方式状语从句的：as if …
引导主语，宾语或表语从句的连词主要有：that, what,whether, if三个。其中that 和whether间或还可以引起同位从句和状语从句。
（3）某些用法比较特殊的从属连词用法区别
1.当while, when, as引导时间状语从句时的区别：①while引导的状语从句中动词必须是持续性。谓语动词多为进行时，或状态动词的一般时。while 的这些用法可用when代替，等于 “at the time that”, “during the time that”。例如：Please keep quiet while (when) others are studying；② when除可指一段时间外，还可用来指一点时间，等于 “at the time”，也就是说when引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以是终止性的，也可以延续性的。因此主句和从句的谓语可以是一般时，进行时，或完成时。例如：When I went into the lab, the teacher was doing an experiment.（when不能换成while）He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English.（when可换成while）③as常可与when，while通用，但强调“一边、一边”。例如：As (when, while) I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of number 37.④when引导的状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致，主、谓是“主语+系动词”结构时，这时主语和系动词可以省略。例如：When (he was) young, he worked for a rich man./ She’ll be here to give you help when (if it is) necessary. ⑤when有时代替if，引导条件句，意为“如果”、“假如”，例如：I’ll come when (if) I’m free.
2.before作连词一般表示时间，意为“在…之前”，但有些句子中转译成其他意思。试看以下句子的翻译：He almost knocked me down before he saw me.他几乎把我撞倒才看见我；Before I could get in a word he had measured me.我还没来得及插话，他已经给我量好了尺寸。
3.till, until作为介词式从属连词引导时间状语短语或状语从句，用于否定句时，结构为not …until (till)，主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可，意为“直到…才…”。用于肯定句时，只与延续性动词连用，表示“到…为止”。例如：They played volleyball until (till) it got dark./ They didn’t talk（延续性动词）until (till) the interpreter（译员）came./ He didn’t go to bed（非延续性动词）until (till) the his father came back.；until可以放在句首，till则不行，例如：Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing./ Not until he finished his work did he go home.（倒装）；till, until只用于时间，以下句子是错误的：We walked till the edge of the forest.（要用as far as或to）。
4.because, since, as引导原因状语时注意使用上的区别：①如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because ,因此because引导的从句往往放在句末。用why提问的句子，一定用because回答。例如：He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.；②如原因已为人们所知，或不如句子的其他部分重要，就用as，或 since。since比as更正式些。as和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如：As you are tired, you had better rest./ Since everyone is here, now let’s begin.
5.although和though引导让步状语从句往往用法一样，但注意以下区别：①although用于各种文体，而though则多用于非正式的口语或书面语中。注意由although, though引导的从句后，主句不能用but，但可用副词yet, still。例如：Although/ Though it rained all the morning, they still went on working.（或yet they went on working）②though常与even连用，even though表示强调，意为“即使”，但不能说even although，例如：Even though I didn’t understand a word, I dept smiling. ③though可用作副词，意为“然而”，常用逗号与句子分开。although则不能这样使用，它只作连词。例如：It was a quiet party, I had a good time, though.
6.once作副词译“曾经”，作为连词译“一旦”，引导条件状语从句。相当于if的加强形式。例如：I don’t believe he was once a thief. (once这里是副词)/ Once Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects, he taught it as a truth to his students. (once连词)
7.unless引导条件状语从句等于if … not …。例如：He’ll accept the job unless the salary is too low. ( = He’ll accept the job if the salary is not too low.)
8.在用as if引导的方式状语从句及表语从句中，根据情况要使用虚拟语气。例如：He talks as if he knew all about it. 但有时也可用直陈语气。例如：It looks as if it is going to rain.
9.whether, if引导从句的用法区别：①引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时，用whether，不用if。例如：Whether they will go to the Great Wall is not known./ The question is whether we can finish the task on time./ The question whether we will take part in the physics contest has not been decided. ②whether可接不定式，而if则不可。例如：I haven’t decided whether to leave or not. ③whether可作介词的宾语或置于句首表示强调，而if则不可。例如：Everything depends on whether we have enough money./ Whether he will come, I am not sure. ④whether和if均可引导宾语从句， whether引导的宾语从句一般都是肯定句，if引导的宾语从句可以是肯定的，也可以是否定的（此时不能用whether），例如：Could you tell us whether/ if it rains in winter in Australia?/ I wonder if it doesn’t rain. ⑤引导宾语从句的whether和if常可与or not连用。连用时要注意or not的位置，它一般与 whether、if分开使用，有时它可与whether合起来使用，但不能与if合起来使用。例如：I don’t know whether/ if they will come or not./ I don’t know whether or not they will come. ⑥if可用来引导条件状语从句，译“如果”，whether则不行。例如：If you work hard, you are sure to succeed.
10.as作从属连词可引导多种状语从句。①as引导时间状语从句，意为“当…时”。例如：As (he was) a young man, he was a storekeeper and later a postmaster./ He sang as he worked. ②as引导方式状语从句，意为“象…一样”。例如：We must do as the Party teaches us. ③as引导原因状语从句。意为“由于”，例如：As you are tired, you had better rest. ④as引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然”、“尽管”Child as he is, he can do it well. ( = Although he is a child, he can do it well.) 另外，as做为关系代词还可以引导定语从句，如：I have the same book as you.
11. What可以引导名词性从句，相当于the thing that. . . 译为：……的。
12. Whatever，whichever，however等既可以引导让步状语从句也可以引导名词性从句。
【考例分析】
【例1】 He was very tired from?doing this for a whole day, ______?he felt very happy since the crop did “grow”? higher.
【解析】but 句中very happy与very tired是转折关系，两句间是逗号且没有连词，故填连词but。
【例2】So Nick called to his son, “Go to the village and buy some salt, but pay a fair price for it: neither too much ______ too little.”
【解析】nor 并列连词“neither…nor…”表示“既不…也不…”。
【例3】In the days when an ice cream cost much less, Tom, an 8-year-old boy, entered a hotel coffee shop ______ sat at a table.
【解析】and 句中entered a hotel coffee shop和sat at a table是主语发出的两个并列的动作。
方法1：连接两个功能对等的单词、短语或句子时，应填并列连词and，or，but，while, when等。
【考例分析】
【例1】Cursing my misfortune, I was wondering where I was going to spend the night when I realized that the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to ______ should have the honor of receiving me as a guest in their house.
【解析】who 引导宾语从句且在从句中做主语，指人。
【例2】 One day, he came up with an idea ______?he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches.
【解析】that 引导同位语从句，说明idea的具体内容，从句意义完整且不缺句子成分。
【例3】The new boy looked at the teacher for a few seconds and all the other students wondered ______ the boy would do.
【解析】what 引导宾语从句并在从句中作do的宾语。
方法2：若判断连词所引导的从句起名词的作用（做主语/宾语/表语/同位语），则为名词性从句，根据引导名词性从句的连接词在从句成分和意义确定连词。
【考例分析】
【例1】Jane paused in front of a counter ______ some attractive ties were on display.
【解析】where 句子+句子，中间必填连接词；后句修饰前句，关系副词where在从句中作地点状语。
【例2】 He filled his leather container so that he could bring some back to an elder ______ had been his teacher.
【解析】who/that 代替an elder，引导定语从句并在从句中做主语。
【例3】Behind him were other people to ______ he was trying to talk, but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me, looking annoyed.
【解析】whom 还原talk to sb.可知，用whom引导定语从句。
方法3：若判断连词所引导的从句起形容词的作用（做定语），则为定语从句，根据引导定语从句的先行词和关系词在从句中的成分确定关系代词或者关系副词。关系代词在从句做主语和宾语，做状语用关系副词（可转换为介词+关系代词）。
【考例分析】
【例1】We understand this lesson best ______ we receive gifts of love from children.
【解析】when 引导时间状语从句，表示“当……时”。
【例2】My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me ______ the bus arrived.
【解析】until/till 表示“一直到……”。
【例3】______ he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong.
【解析】If 表条件。he thought…与he was wrong是两个句子，没有连词。
方法4：若判断连词所引导的从句起副词的作用（做状语），则为状语从句，再根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系或者从属连词在从句中的作用和意义，来确定合适的连词。
介词及介词短语
（1）考纲要求
介词在英语中比较活跃，然而在高考中直接考查介词的题不是很多，但是介词却是考生最容易犯错误的语法项目之一。
（2）命题规律
一、对介词句法功能的考查：介词构成的短语，可以在句子中充当定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语等；介词有时在句子中活用为副词，充当状语。
二、对常用介词的辨析：介词用法多且复杂，相近的意思又可以有不同的介词表示，介词更着重与动词、形容词和其他从句结合在一起进行考查，所以要根据语境和交际条件灵活运用介词；同时对常用的介词要重点进行区别整理。
?三、对介词短语搭配的考查：介词常和某些形容词、动词和名词联合运用，形成固定搭配，表示各种不同的意思，只要记住这些固定搭配，准确把握词组的语义。
介词与介词短语高考常考点：
（1）常见介词的活用
by，with，against，over，on，in，at，besides，for等是常考的介词。掌握这些介词的用法和意义、准确把握句子语境是解题的关键。下面是近年高考考查最多的几个介词，应重点掌握：①over可表位置，意为“在……上方，越过；遮住，盖住”，也可表时间，意为“在……期间，(多年)以来”等，它还有“在……(问题)上，对(某事)”等引申意义。②by的主要意思有“在……旁，靠近；乘(车、船等)；不迟于；到……为止；被，由；根据，按照(关系)；通过……方式”等，还可以用来表示增加或减少的程度。by构成的常见短语有：by and by不久，迟早；by and large大体上；by oneself单独；by the way顺便说说；by far……得多，最…… by chance碰巧；by accident偶然地；by means of借助；by no means绝不，一点也不；by mistake错误地。③with可以用来表示“带有，拥有；随着；就……来说；用，以；和，与；对于，关于”等意思。with还可用来表示原因。④beyond表示“(时间)过了，比……晚，迟于；(位置)在……那边，超出……之外；(范围)超过，为……所不及，超出……的范围”等意思。
（2）介词短语的主要类型
高考主要考查学生对固定短语的掌握程度、对短语意义的了解以及介词在这些固定搭配中的应用：①介词+名词：on the contrary相反；in turn依次；in one’s opinion根据某人的看法；in detail详细地；out of reach够不着；beyond description难以描述地；out of question不成问题；out of the question不可能。②动词+介词：remind sb. of sth.提醒某人某事；rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人的……；result from由……引起；call at访问(某地)。③形容词+介词：be curious about对……好奇；be proud of因……而自豪；be popular with受到……的欢迎；be absorbed in全神贯注于；be enthusiastic about热衷于。④介词短语：apart from除……之外；in addition to除……之外(还)；because of因为；instead of代替；in fear of为……提心吊胆；for fear of以免；in case of防备；thanks to由于；in the middle of在……中间；according to根据；in front of在……前面；in return for作为对……的回报；in charge of负责；as a result of作为……的结果；in exchange for与……交换等
【考例分析】
【例1】【2017·北京卷】35. Many people who live along the coast make a living _______ fishing industry.
【例2】He did so the next day. He was very tired ______ doing this for a whole day.
【解析】after/from A.用介词after表示“在……之后”；B. be tired from doing sth.为“因做某事而累”。
【例3】When Jane got home, with her small but well-chosen present in her bag, her parents were already ______ table having supper.
【解析】at at table表示“在进餐”，是习惯搭配。
【方法总结】当“……（+限定词）+名词”或“……+代词/doing/从句”在句中不做主语或宾语时，通常填介词。
词类复习（1）（时间50分钟；满分100分）
班级_________________姓名_____________考号_________________得分_______________________
I 语言知识及应用 (共两节，满分45分)
第一节 完形填空 (共20小题；每小题2分，满分30分) 【安徽师范大学附属中学2018届高三上学期9月考】读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
In a world where comparisons happen non-stop, it is difficult to look outside yourself and to?ever be ____1____with who you are. There's always someone who's a bit ____2____. The only solution is to reach ___3___ and measure against what Warren Buffett calls your own inner yardstick. There is no more ___4___ measure for comparison than who you were yesterday, last week or last?decade, when you were at your ____5____.
Nothing useful ever comes from comparison to others. ___6___ you see yourself as better than?someone and you get ___7___, or you see someone else as better than you and you feel like all your?hard work is for ___8___. It is a fool's game. Not one of us is ___9___ alike. The only direct and honest?comparison is ___10___ yourself. Everything else is apples to oranges.
My opinion is that you are only ___11___ to compare yourself to someone else if their life ___12___ is the same as your own. Good luck finding that match. And one thing is for sure. No matter how?hard you work and how ___13___ you are, there will always be someone who can run a little faster, jump a little higher, score a little better or look a little nicer in a swimsuit. And if there's not, you can ___14___ someone is coming up fast behind you. So how can you always win in life? Become your best ___15___.
Having an image of your most recent past limits is the perfect thing to ___16___ you to the next level.?If you ran 7 flights of stairs yesterday, then do 8 today. Who ___17___ if the guy next to you did 15? It?doesn't make a bit of ___18___. You are a more fit person today than you were yesterday. Your?own ___19___ is all you need.
If you ___20___ to a slightly higher standard of yourself every day, you will always be at the top of your game.
1. A. patient B. strict C. content D. concerned
2. A. stronger B. wiser C. lazier D. better
3. A. out B. up C. inside D. outside
4. A. accurate B. careful C. useful D. powerful
5. A. end B. best C. side D. convenience
6. A. Whether B. If C. Once D. Either
7. A. lazy B. inspired C. busy D. satisfied
8. A. fun B. nothing C. sure D. success
9. A. really B. fully C. exactly D. actually
10. A. to B. by C. for D. within
11. A. allowed B. suggested C. instructed D. directed
12. A. Position B. situation C. occasion D. accommodation
13. A. diligent B. dedicated C. optimistic D. addicted
14. A. declare B. conclude C. announce D. bet
15. A. assistant B. coach C. competitor D. teacher
16. A. lead B. push C. expose D. cause
17. A. wonders B. says C. cares D. asks
18. A. difference B. sense C. change D. effort
19. A. benefit B. result C. habit D. progress
20. A. commit B. devote C. tend D. contribute
【答案】1. C 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. D 11. A
12. B 13. B 14. D 15. C 16. B 17. C 18. A 19. D 20. A
3. C考查副词： out在外， up向上，inside内在的， outside 外面，从后面的句子：measure against what Warren Buffett calls your own inner yardstick.可知唯一的解决办法是看自己的内在，和自己比。
4. A 考查形容词： accurate精确的，useful有用的， careful仔细的， powerful强大的，有力的，没有比和你昨天上星期，几年前相比更准确的比较了，选A
5. B:考查名词：A. end结束，B. best 最好的，C. side边，D. convenience方便，when引导的定语从句，修饰yesterday, last week or last decade, 说明那时你是最好的，选B
6. D 考查并列连词either … or… 要么… 要么… 。本句的意思为：要么你认为自己比别人好，从而你变得懒惰，要么你认为别人比你好，你觉得你的努力工作毫无意义。
7. A考查形容词： A. lazy懒惰的，B. inspired受到激励的，C. busy忙的，D. satisfied满意的，从前面的句子：Either you see yourself as better than someone可知看见你比别人好，你就会懒惰下来，选A
11. A考查动词： A. allowed允许， B. suggested建议， C. instructed指导， D. directed指导，我的意见是你只被允许和别人相比，当他们的情况和你的一样。
12. B考查名词：A. Position位置， B. Situation形势，情况，C. Occasion机会，场合，D. Accommodation食宿，这里指别人的生活情况，选B。
13. B考查形容词：A. diligent 勤勉的 B. dedicated 专注的，用心的 C. optimistic 乐观的 D. addicted 上瘾的，沉迷的。无论你的工作多么努力，多么用心，总有一个人能跑得更快，跳得更高，成绩更好，或者穿着泳装看起来更漂亮。干扰项A. diligent （勤奋的），跟前一句work hard（用功）意思重复，故排除。选B。
14. D考查动词：A. declare宣称， B. conclude下结论， C. announce宣布，D. bet打赌，从前面的句子：there will always be someone who can run a little faster, jump a little higher, score a little better or look a little nicer in a swimsuit. 可知总是有人做的比你好，如果没有，那你可以肯定的说，有人在你后面很快的赶上你，选D。
15. C考查名词：A. assistant助手，B. coach教练，C. competitor竞争者， D. teacher老师，从前面的句子：So how can you always win in life?可知这句话是成为自己最好的竞争者，选C。
16. B 考查动词：A. lead 领导 B. push 推动 C. expose 暴露 D. cause 引起 ，看清你最近的极限是将你推向一个新的高度的极好的事情。
第二节 语法填空 (共10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分)
21． In the forest, I really want to see ________ elephant close up.
22． The small damage may not seem worth all ________ trouble, but what if I had been seriously injured?
23． Scott was ________ much better student than his sister, and has been working so hard for the last few months.
24．(2016·四川高考)The female hormones also protect the body in another way.They help the body defend________ against some kinds of infections.
25．(2016·四川高考)Some think that a woman’s body cells have a tendency to age more slowly than a man’s.________ think that a man’s body cells have a tendency to age more quickly.
26．(2016·北京高考)For the first time，I feel good about ________(me)because I’m doing something，not because someone told me I was doing good.
27．She’s got the job because she has the advantage________others of knowing many languages.
28．—I was surprised to see wild flowers in Alaska.
—Many people think there is nothing apart ________ice and snow.
29．He is a shy man, ________ he is not afraid of anything or anyone.
30．Some animals carry seeds from one place to another，________ plants can spread to new places.
【答案解析】
21．an [elephant为可数名词，表泛指要用不定冠词an。]
22．the [小损伤好象不值得这么麻烦。此处表示特指。]
23．a [斯科特是一个比他姐姐成绩更好的学生。此处为描述，故要用不定冠词。]
24．itself 25.Others 26.myself
II阅读 (共两节，满分30分)
第一节 阅读理解 (共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
C【黑龙江省双鸭山市第一中学2018届高三9月考】
Dazha Crabs from Yangcheng Lake
With the Mid-Autumn Festival coming, the time for crabs is around the corner! Dazha Crabs from Yangcheng Lake in China are believed to be the best freshwater crabs.
“They are delicious, because the bottom of Yangcheng Lake is hard and the crabs grow strong by walking on such a hard surface,” said one sales manager in Suzhou.
Li Lei, a crab lover from Beijing, said “It’s very delicious! But there are too many fake Yangcheng Lake Dazha Crabs”.
“Maybe the crabs from other regions can appear to be glistening green back, white belly after people wash them, but the golden fine hair on crab claws is still a point of pride and is exclusive to Dazha Crabs from Yangcheng Lake,” said the manager.
The best time for enjoying them is during September and October of Chinese lunar calendar. “When the season for crabs arrives, the Dazha Crabs from Yangcheng Lake are flown to various cities so that people’s appetites can be satisfied,” said the sales manager. “They are really expensive here, sometimes more than 320RMB/500g, 10% of my salary!” said Li Lei.
Dazha Crabs are usually steamed or boiled for within 20 minutes before they come on the dinner table. They are often enjoyed with vinegar mixed with minced ginger to add flavor and get rid of the cold. People who are particular about how they eat crabs also need to have high-grade Shaoxing rice wine to warm their stomachs.
There is much work required to eat crabs. So much shell!Most people use both hands and teeth while eating Dazha Crabs. “The eating way is not graceful or elegant,” said Huck. “However, some professionals of eating crabs can use tools to take all the meat out of the crab without damaging a single bite and the crab can be restored to its original shape if the empty shells are pieced together!” said Han Mei, another Dazha crab lover.
31. What do we know about Dazha Crabs from Yangcheng Lake from the text?
A. They belong to seawater crabs.
B. You must use tools to eat them.
C. The best time for eating them lasts over three months.
D. Vinegar, ginger and rice wine can be enjoyed together with them.
32. The underlined word “exclusive” in Paragraph 4 probably means ___________.
A. expensive B. unique
C. entire D. similar
33. Which of the following is correct according to the passage?
A. The sales manager believes the living environment contributes nothing to the good taste of Dazha Crabs from Yangcheng Lake.
B. Li Lei has mixed feelings about Dazha Crabs from Yangcheng Lake.
C. Han Mei thinks little of some professionals of eating crabs.
D. Huck supports the way that most people eat crabs.
【答案】31. D 32. B 33. B
【解析】文章给我们介绍了有关阳澄湖大闸蟹的一些知识，如美味的原因、如何辨别真假、价格及具体的吃法。
31. D
细节推理题。根据倒数第二段They are often enjoyed with vinegar mixed with minced ginger to add flavor and get rid of the cold. People who are particular about how they eat crabs also need to have high-grade Shaoxing rice wine to warm their stomachs.可知吃阳澄湖大闸蟹时蘸着醋和姜末，再加上绍兴米酒是绝佳的美味，故选D.
B
【安徽师范大学附属中学2018届高三上学期9月考】
Tipping isn’t a big part of British culture, unlike in North America, where waiters and waitresses are paid below minimum wage. Tips are usually appreciated, but offering a tip of some services can cause confusion.
In casual restaurants, where you pay for your order at a counter but food is brought to your table, tipping is uncommon. You are welcome to leave a pound or two if you wish. In restaurants where you place your order with a waiter or a waitress and receive your food and bill at your table, it’s customary to tip around 10 percent. In some restaurants, a service charge may be added to the bill automatically, typically 10 or 12.5 percent. In this case, you don’t need to add a further tip. When you pay by credit card, the machine may ask if you want to add a tip. Check your bill to see if a service charge has already been added before paying—if so you don’t need to add a tip on the machine. You can request the service charge be removed from your bill if you are unhappy with the service. In some cases a restaurant may print “service not included” on the bill or menu. This is a request for a tip. You’re not forced to offer anything, but 10 percent would be normal in this situation. Tipping in cafes and fast food restaurant is not expected.
If you use a taxi, round the fare up to the nearest pound shown on the meter. On a journey from or to the airport in a booked minicab you might wish to trip 2 or 3 pounds if the driver helps with your bags.
Be sure to check a country’s tipping culture before you start your tip. For more information, visit TripAdvisor.com.
34. According to the text, ________ in British culture.
A. it is necessary to tip if you are served in cafes
B. it is confusing to tip if you receive your bill at your table
C. it is customary to tip if “service not included” is printed on the bill
D. it is compulsory to tip even if the service is unsatisfying in some restaurants
35. When you pay by credit card, _________.
A. the service charge can be added on the machine
B. the service charge must have been included in the bill automatically
C. the service charge can’t be refused
D. the service charge needn’t be checked before you pay
36. If the British taxi meter shows 58.4 pounds, you are expected to pay ________.
A. 58.4 pounds B. 59 pounds
C. 61 pounds D. 64 pounds
37. What is the best title for the text?
A. Introduction of TripAdvisor.com B. Occasions for Tipping
C. Advice on Tipping in Restaurants D. British Ways to Tipping
【答案】34. C 35. A 36. B 37. D
36. 细节理解题。第三段第一句If you use a taxi, round the fare up to the nearest pound shown on the meter.（如果你使用出租车，给车费仪器表显示的最接近的整数英镑就可以了。）可知，与58.4英镑最接近的整数是59英镑，选B。
37. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章介绍英国文化中给小费的一些常识，故选D。
C
【山东省青岛第二中学2018届高三上学期期初考试】
Growing up in one of the poorest communities with most crimes in Los Angeles, US, being raised by a poorly-educated single mother and attending the worst-quality public school, not many people expected much of me, so I chose to expect something of myself.
On my 12th birthday, I bought a poster of Harvard University to hang in my room. Being at Harvard became my dream: I saw myself attending class in Sanders Theater, studying in Widener Library and eating in Annenberg Hall. Driven by this dream, I kept studying hard. I’d begin my day by asking myself these two questions: “What do I want in my life?” and “Are the things I am doing today going to get me closer to that life?”
Asking myself the questions gave me the courage to ask over 50 Harvard, students for advice on my application essays; it gave me the energy to study just one more hour on my SATs when others were asleep; and it gave me the determination to apply for just one more scholarship when already refused many times. Moreover, reminding myself of my goal each day made it easy to say no to the same choices my friends made, because they would never get me closer to my goal. I found that even being poor could not take away my power to decide what I choose to do with my life.
Every day I could feel myself getting closer and closer to my goal as my writing got better, my SAT score increased, and my scholarship offers started coming in. On March 31st, 2011, an email arrived from Harvard. The first word was “Congratulations!”. Tears of joy filled my eyes.
Who you are today is the result of the decisions you made yesterday, and who you will be tomorrow will be the result of the choices you make today. Who do you want to be tomorrow?
38. What does the first paragraph mainly tell us?
A. It describes the author’s early living conditions.
B. It proves that the author once lived an unhappy life.
C. It shows how many people treated the author badly.
D. It shares the author’s dreams with readers.
39. What is the author’s attitude to the hardship?
A. Disappointed. B. Positive.
C. Thankful. D. Sorrowful.
40. What did the author want to tell us most?
A. A famous university, a successful life.
B. The earlier you set yourself a goal, the better.
C. What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger.
D. Your choices determine who you are.
【答案】38. A 39. B 40. D
【解析】 作者虽早年生活于一个很差的环境，在12岁时有了一个哈佛梦。从此在这个梦的驱使下，一直不断地努力学习，最终达到了自己的目标。作者要告诉我们的是即使贫穷也无法剥夺我们决定人一生选择的权力。你的选择决定了你是谁。
40. D
主旨大意。作者虽早年生活于一个很差的环境，在12岁时有了一个哈佛梦。从此在这个梦的驱使下，一直不断地努力学习，最终达到了自己的目标。作者要告诉我们的是即使贫穷也无法剥夺我们决定人一生选择的权力。以及最后一段中的 “Who you are today is the result of the decisions you made yesterday, and who you will be tomorrow will be the result of the choices you make today.”你今天是谁，是你昨天做出的决定的结果，明天你将是谁，这将是你今天做出的选择的结果。通过分析可知D你的决定了你是谁。故选D。
第二节【安徽省合肥市2018届高三年级第一次英语联考】 根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项,选项中有两项为多余选项。
A new report says plastics are responsible for $13 billion in damage to the oceans and the undersea environment. The findings were announced recently at a United Nations conference．____41____.
Plastic thrown away carelessly makes its way into rivers and other waterways. ____42____. After a while, it collects in the sea. And plastic never goes away. Plastic is not biodegradable—destroyed by bacteria or natural processes. Instead, it just breaks up into smaller pieces over time. The oceans contain a lot of chemicals and other pollutants(污染物).____43____.That means harmful material may get into our food supply.
___44___. Human beings cause pollution and they can take steps to stop it. They can use fewer single use product containers and throw plastics away correctly. Plastic recycling programs also works—where old bottles and other plastics are collected, broken down and used to make new products. We could reuse bottles in our households many times if we wish to, rather than end it after the first use. We could, when we get rid of that plastic, recycle it and reuse it, which replaces the need for raw materials.
The report also calls on companies to improve methods for using plastics. _____45_____. And it calls for information about the way plastic is thrown out or removed from use. By putting a new value on plastic, industry has a special reason to clean up the environment.
But all of the companies must join to deal with the problem.
A. Then, fish may eat the plastics.
B. But people can make a big difference.
C. Plastics should be gathered together and reused.
D. It is convenient to use plastic bags in everyday life.
E. It asks for them to better measure and control plastic use.
F. The plastic eventually reaches coastal areas and ocean waters.
G. The report tells about harm to sea life and what might be done to improve the situation.
43.A 根据下文的“That means harmful material may get into our food supply.”可知，我们的食物来源鱼类有可能吃到塑料，故选A。
44.B 根据下文可知，人类引起污染也可以采取措施制止污染，所以此句应是转折，故选B。
45.E 根据前一句讲述“报道呼吁公司要改进塑料的使用方法。”故E项“它要求他们更好地测量和控制塑料的使用。”承接上一句，E项中的It代指前一句提到的The report。
III 写作 (满分25分)
【山东省青岛第二中学2018届高三上学期期初考试】假设你是李华，你刚收到外国朋友Tom的来信，他想了解你的学校以及你在校的学习和生活情况。请你给他写一封100词左右的回信，要点如下：
1.收到来信很高兴且愿意告知他关于你的情况
2.介绍你的学校和你的学习生活
3. 期待他能来你校参观
Dear Tom,
I am very delighted to receive your letter.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Dear Tom,
I am very delighted to receive your letter. I am willing to tellyou about my school and my study life.
My school is very beautiful and broad. It is surrounded by manytrees and flowers. There is a teaching building and a library as well as a bigplayground in my school. What’s more, all my teachers are friendly. I get alongwith my classmates. I am used to living in my school. I am busy with my studyevery day.
I am good at studying math, physics.Although I have some difficulty in learning English, I will not give up. Ibelieve I will learn it well if I study hard with the help of my teachers andclassmates.
I hope you can come toChina. I would like to show you around my school. I am really looking forwardto your coming soon.
Best wishes!
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
亮点分析：这篇范文里较好的运用了连接词，如as well as ，What’s more ，Although等，同时使用了状语从句如I will learn it well if I study hard with the help of my teachers and classmates中由if引导的状语从句.和althohgh引导的状语从句：Although I have some difficulty in learning English, I will not give up.还使用了一个复杂句：I believe I will learn it well if I study ha would like to show you around rd with the help of my teachers and classmates,get along with my classmates,be used to living，和look forward to your coming等。
总之，文章内容完整，使用了一些连词让文章连续流畅，使用复句和复杂句，给文章增色不少。
词类复习（1）
语法知识精练
I．单句填空
1.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】She looks like any other schoolgirl, fresh-faced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to the challenge of her new A-level course. But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term resting. Instead, she is earning ￡6，500 a day as 62.________ model in New York.
2.[2017·浙江卷6月考]For Pahlsson, its return was 65.________ wonder.
3.[2017·全国卷Ⅱ]In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometres and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and 62.________ work. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method.
4.[2017·全国卷Ⅲ]After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree 68.________ engineering or architecture.
5．(2016·全国Ⅰ)In still another use，persons in Asian cultures may view silence as________ sign of respect，particularly to an elder or a person in authority.
6．(2016·全国Ⅰ)In ________ 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own.
7．(2016·浙江高考)In many ways，the education system in the US is not very different from ________ in the UK.
8．(2016·浙江高考)My mother and father were united in their way of raising children，but it mostly fell to my mother to actually carry ________ out.
9．(2016· 天津高考)I hate ________ when she calls me at work—I’m always too busy to carry on a conversation with her.
10．(2016·浙江高考)—Are you sure you’re ready for the test?
—No problem.I’m well prepared ________ it.
11．(2016·浙江高考)That young man is honest，cooperative，always there when you need his help.________ short，he’s reliable.
12．(2016·浙江高考)The study suggests that the cultures we grow up ________ influence the basic processes by which we see the world around us.
13．(2016·四川高考)It was time for her to have a new baby，________ __it was also time for the young panda to be independent.
14．(2016·全国Ⅰ)You probably know who Marie Curie was，________ you may not have heard of Rachel Carson.
7．that [句意：在很多方面，美国的教育体系和英国的教育体系不是很不相同。指代上文的名词education system，用that，而且后面有介词短语作后置定语。]
8．it [句意：我的父母在抚养孩子的方式上是一致的，但在切实执行时大部分还是落在了我妈妈身上。it代指上文提到的their way of raising children。]
9．it [句意：我讨厌她在上班的时候给我打电话。我总是太忙了不能和她进行谈话。it 作形式宾语，代指when引导的从句。]
10．for [句意：——你确定你准备好考试了吗？——没问题。我已经做好准备了。 be prepared for 为……做好了准备。]
11．in [句意：这个年轻人是诚实的，有合作精神的，当你需要他的帮助的时候，总是在那里。简言之，他是可靠的。in short简言之。]
12．in [句意：研究表明我们成长的文化影响了我们看周围世界的基本过程。the cultures后面是定语从句，省略了which，定语从句中cultures作宾语，那么还缺少一个介词，和cultures搭配用介词in。]
13．and 14.but
II．语法填空（语篇填空）
【黑龙江省双鸭山市第一中学2018届高三9月（第一次）月考】阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
In Hangzhou, borrowing books from the library is now as simple as shopping online: click, pay____1____ wait for delivery.
The city’s public library recently launched a program on WeChat, ____2____ popular Chinese messaging software, enabling its readers to check out books online and get them ____3____(deliver) to their homes at low prices.
To enjoy the “Hangzhou enjoyable reading” service, one first needs to follow the library’s official WeChat account, ___4___ provides a list of books. After picking books, borrowers are required____5____ (present) the information such as their library membership cards, cell phone numbers and so on. The selected items will be delivered by express within three days after payments. Each reader can borrow up to 5 books once and 20 books at most ____6____ total. The books can be borrowed for up to 40 days. Readers now can borrow the library’s most popular books in this way. The online books will be renewed and enriched ______7______ (gradual) according to readers’ borrowing habits and____8____ (prefer). At the end of December, the library’s old and classic books _____9_____(put) online too, making the total number of books available and ______10______(bring )borrowers a lot of convenience.
【答案】1. and 2. a 3. delivered 4. which 5. to present 6. in 7. gradually
8. preferences 9. will be put 10. bringing
3. delivered
考查过去分词。此处them指books，与动词deliver是被动关系用过去分词，指书被递送，故填delivered.
4. which
考查关系代词。句中包含定语从句，先行词是the library’s official WeChat account指物，在定语从句中做主语，且此处是非限制性定语从句用which引导，故填which.
5. to present
考查动词不定式。require sb.to do sth.“要求某人做某事”，用动词不定式，此处指借书者被要求提供个人信息，故填to present.
6. in
考查固定短语。in total“总计”是固定短语，故填in.
7. gradually
考查副词。此处修饰动词renewed and enriched用副词，指慢慢更新和充实，故填gradually.
