宾语从句

宾语从句
1.宾语从句的概说：宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。
整个复合句结构如下：
I think (that) I have lost it. 我想我已经把它丢了。
主语 + 谓语 +（引导词）+ 主语 + 谓语
主句 宾语从句
由此可见宾语从句就是作及物动词，介词或某些形容词的宾语的句子。
2.由that引导的宾语从句。(即陈述句作宾语从句)
(1) 主句的谓语。
① 很多及物动词后都可接由that引导的宾语从句，如：think, hope, say, tell, know, see, hear, remember, mean等。
② 一些表示人的感情的形容词如sure, happy, glad, pleased, surprised, sorry, afraid等后面也可接由that引导的宾语从句，表示产生这种感情的原因。
e.g. I’m sure (that) he will come tomorrow. 我肯定他明天会来。
I’m happy (that) I see you here. 我很高兴看到你在这里。
注意：如果主句与从句的主语一致，可把从句改为不定式，如果不一致，则只可用that从句。如②句可改写为
I’m happy to see you here. 而①句则不可改。
(2) 从句的引导词，即that。
在连词that引导的宾语从句中，that本身无意义，在句子中不但任任何成分，在口语或非正式文体中常常省略。
e.g. I hope (that) you’ll have a good holiday.
希望你们假日愉快。
He says (that) the Chinese people are very friendly.
他说中国人民很友好。
(3) 从句的语序：宾语从句永远用陈述语序。
e.g. Does he know (that) she is a scientist?
他知道她是科学家吗？
Are you sure (that) you will win? 你肯定你会赢吗？
(4) 从句的时态。
①若主句为一般现在时态时，则宾语从句要根据具体情况选择所需要的时态。
e.g. He says (that) he is ill now. 他说他现在病了。
He says (that) he has been ill for ten days.
他说他已经生病十天了。
He says (that) he was ill last week. 他说他上周生病了。
He says (that) he will return soon. 他说他很快就回来。
②若主句为一般过去时，则宾语从句也要用某种过去时态。
e.g. He said (that) he was ill then. 他说他那时病了。
He said (that) he was doing his homework then.
他说他那时正在做作业。
③若宾语从句说的是客观真理，自然现象等，要用一般现在时。
e.g. The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
老师说地球绕着太阳转。
(5) 否定的转移。
若主句的主语是第一人称(I, we)，且谓语动词是think, guess, believe, suppose等时，如果要否定，只能否定主句，而不能否定从句。
e.g. I don’t think he will come tonight. 我认为他今晚不会来。
(6) 含宾语从句的复合句的反意疑问句，一般情况下，根据主句主谓语来确定附加疑问句。
e.g. The teacher didn’t say that he would come here, did he?
但对于有否定转移的主从复合句来说，其附加疑问句的主谓语须根据从句来确定。
e.g. I don’t think he can swim, can he?
我认为他不会游泳，对吗？
I believe he is a student, isn’t he?
我相信他是个学生，不是吗？
3.由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。(即特殊疑问句作宾语从句)
(1) 主句的谓语：可由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句的动词有see, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, find out, show, choose, remember, forget等。
e.g. Do you know who will give us a talk?
你知道谁将给我们做演讲吗？
We asked him why he was late. 我们问他为什么迟到。
I am going to see how Kate is.
我准备去看凯特怎么样了。
(2) 从句的引导词。
①由连接代词who, whom, whose, what和which引导，这些词在宾语从句中可作主语.宾语.表语和定语，因而不能省略。
e.g. Do you know who will give us a talk?
你知道谁会给我们做演讲吗？(who在宾语从句中作主语)
Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?
你能告诉我你在等谁吗？(whom在宾语从句中作宾语)
She asked whose jacket it was.
她问这是谁的夹克衫。(whose在宾语从句中作定语，修饰jacket)
I don’t know whose that is.
我不知道那是谁的？(whose在宾语从句中作表语)
②由连接副词when, where, why和how引导，这些词在宾语从句中作状语，不能省略。
e.g. Do you know when he will be back? 你知道他何时回来吗？
We asked him why he was late. 我们问他为何迟到。
I want to know where she lives. 我想知道她住在哪里。
(3) 从句的语序：特殊疑问句坐宾语从句，仍用陈述句的语序。
e.g. What day is it today? Do you know? → Do you know what day it is today?
When will the train leave? I want to know. → I want to know when the train will leave.
Where does she live? Can you tell me? → Can you tell me where she lives?
How did you do it? Please tell me. → Please tell me how you did it.
(4) 从句的时态：与that引导的宾语从句的时态一样。
(5) 注意：① 当what, which, whom, who等疑问代词作宾语从句里句末介词的宾语，又引导宾语从句时，句末的介词不可随意省掉。
e.g. I don’t know what they are looking for?
我不知道他们正在找什么。
Do you know which room she lives in?
你知道她住在哪个房间吗？
②当宾语从句的主语与主句的主语（或宾语）一致，且从句谓语时态为将来时或表示将来意义，如should时，从句可简化为疑问词（why 除外）+不定式。
e.g. I don’t know where I should go. = I don’t know where to go. 我不知道要去哪里。
I’ll show you how you should do it. = I’ll show you how to do it.
我将教你该怎么做它。
4.由if和whether引导的宾语从句
(1) if和whether用以引导宾语从句时意为“是否”，该宾语从句是由一般疑问句变来的。其语序.时态变化和前两种宾语从句一致。
e.g. Did he like this coat? She asked. → She asked if / whether he liked this coat.
Will Mary be free tomorrow? I don’t know. → I don’t know if / whether Mary will be free tomorrow.
(2) 一般情况下，whether和if用于引导宾语从句时可以通用，但在下列情况下，whether和if的用法有区别：
A.whether后可以接不定式短语，而if不能。
e.g. I can’t decide whether to go to Beijing.
我不能决定是否去北京。
B.当引导的从句作介词宾语时，只能用whether，不能用if。
e.g. They’re talking about whether they can finish the work on time.
他们正在谈论他们是否能按时完成工作。
C.whether引导的从句可移至句首，if则不行。
e.g. Whether this is true or not, I can’t say.
这是不是真的，我不敢说。
D.动词discuss后面的宾语从句，只用whether引导，不用if。
e.g. We discussing whether we will have a sports meeting next week.
我们正在讨论下周是否举行运动会。
E.当从句中有 “or not” 时，or not可以紧接whether之后，也可以位于句末，此时，一般不用if。
e.g. Please tell me whether or not he’ll come here. = Please tell me whether he’ll come here or not.
请告诉我他是否会来这儿。
F.whether和if一般引导肯定形式的宾语从句，若宾语从句是否定形式，表示“是否”的连词只能用if。
e.g. We want to know if they won’t come truly.
我们想知道他们是不是真的不来。
（3）whether和if除共同可以引导宾语从句，各自还可以用来引导其他类型的从句。
① if可以引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”，whether不能。
e.g. The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny tomorrow.
如果明天天气晴朗，学生们要去野餐。
② whether可以引导让步状语从句，意为“不管，无论”之意。
e.g. Hainan Island is the place to be, whether it’s summer or winter.
不管是夏天还是冬天，海南岛都是应该去的地方。
专项练习题
I．从下列A、B、C、D中选择一个正确选项填空。1. I don't know _________ he will come tomorrow. _________ he comes, I'll tell you． A. if; Whether B. whether; Whether C. if; That D. if; If2. I don't know _________ the day after tomorrow. A. when does he come B. how will he come C. if he comes D. whether he'll come3. Could you tell me _________ the nearest hospital is? A. what B. how C. whether D. where4. Could you tell me _________ the radio without any help? A. how did he mend B. what did he mend C. how he mended D. what he mended5. I want to know _________. A. whom is she looking after B. whom she is looking C. whom is she looking D. whom she is looking after6. Do you know where _________ now? A. he lives B. does he live C. he lived D. did he live7. Do you know what time _________? A. the train leave B. does the train leave C. will the train leave D. the train leaves8. I don't know _________. Can you tell me, please? A. how the two players are old B. how old are the two players C. the two players are how old D. how old the two players are9. The small children don't know _________. A. what is their stockings in B. what is in their stockings C. where is their stockings in D. what in their stockings10. I can't understand _________. A. what does Christmas mean B. what Christmas does mean C. what mean Christmas does D. what Christmas meansII. 按要求转换句型。1. Does Mr. Brown enjoy living in China? Could you tell us?（改写句子） →Could you tell us _________ Mr. Brown _________ living in China?2. "Does the girl need any help?” he asked me.（变为复合句） →He asked me _________ the girl _________ some help．3. Jim is not a student. Tom is not a student, either.（合并为一个句子） _________ Jim _________Tom is a student.4. When does the train leave? I want to know.（改为含宾语从句的复合句） I want to know _________ the train _________.5. They went home after they had finished their homework. (用not．．．until改写) They _________ go home _________ they had finished their homework．6. Did Peter come here yesterday? Li Lei wants to know. (改为含宾语从句的复合句) Li Lei wants to know _________ Peter _________ here yesterday.宾语从句专项训练参考答案：I. 1—5DDDCD 6—10ADDBDII. 1. if／whether; enjoys 2. if／whether; needed 3. Neither; nor 4. when; leaves 5. didn't; until 6. whether; came
习题（一）1 The girls asked if they ____ some food and drink with them. A. took B. take C. takes D. will take2 Catherine said that she ___ to Guangzhou. A. has never gone B. had never gone C. has never been D. had never been3 The students want to know whether they___ dictionary today. A. had B. has C. will have D. are4 She asked Linda if___ go and get some. A. could she B. she could C. she can D. she may5 Linda said the moon___ round the earth. A. travelled B. has travelled C. travells D. had travelled答案：1-5 A D C B C习题（二）1 Can you tell me___ you were born, Betty? A. who B. what C. when D. that2 I don't know ___ they have passed the exam. A. what B. if C. when D. where3 I hardly understand. ___ he has told me. A. that B. what C. which D. who4 She didn't know___ back soon. A. whether he would be B. if would he be C. he will be5. I don't know _____ he still lives here after so many years. A. whether B where C. what D. when6. Do you know _____ they listened to yesterday evening? A. what B when C why D how7. He asked me _____told me the accident. A whom B which C who D whose答案：1-7 C B B A A A C习题（三）1. They don't know ______their parents are. A that B what C why D which2. Please tell me _____ last year. A. where does your sister work B where did your sister work C where your sister works D where your sister worked3. She asked me if I knew ______. A. whose pen is it B. whose pen it was C. whose pen it is D. whose pen was it4. You must remember ________. A. what your mother said B. what did your mother say C. your mother said what D. what has your mother said5 Did you know ____? A. who he was looking after B. who was he looking for C. who he is looking for D. who he is looking after6 Could you tell me ___? A. when will they leave Beijing B. when would they leave Beijing C. when they will leave Beijing D. when did they leave Beijing答案：1-6 B D B A A C习题（四）1. In the bookshop, a reader asked the shop keeper _____ Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book. （北京市东城区） A. that B. how C. what D. if 2. —I don't know _____ Mr. Green will come to see us. —He will help us with our English. （杭州市） A. why B. when C. how D. where 3. —We never know _____ the old man is. —They say he is a teacher. （鄂州市） A. what B. who C. which D. where 4. I was told _____ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers. （重庆市） A. that how B. how that C. when that D. that when 5. —Do you know _____ ? I'm going to see him. —Sorry, I don't know. （北京市海淀区） A. where does Mr. Li live B. where did Mr. Li live C. where Mr. Li lives D. where Mr. Li lived 6. —W here do you think _____ he _____ the computer? —Sorry, I have no idea. （南京市） A. ／; bought B. has; bought C. did; buy D. does; buy 7. I don't feel very well. Mum asked me _____ this morning. （重庆市） A. what the matter is B. what is wrong C. what the matter was D. what wrong was 8. —Where is Jack? —He is away to spend his holiday. He's gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan, but I'm not sure _____ . （南昌市） A. that B. which C. where D. there 答案：1—4 D A A D 5—8 C A C C
if或whether引导宾语从句时，作“是否”讲，常放在动词ask 、see 、say 、know和find out等后面。一般情况下，两者常可换用，在口语中多用if。如：例1 Nobody knows whether (if) it will rain tomorrow. 没有人知道明天是否下雨。例2 Lucy asked whether (if) they had a cotton sweater .露西问他们是否有棉制的羊毛衣。二、if或whether引导宾语从句时，要注意三个方面，即连词、语序和时态。1 if或whether不能和that 或其它连词（副词）同时使用，也不能省去。如：例3 我不知道他今天是否会来。[误] I don’t know that if(whether) he will come here today .[正] I don’t know if(whether) he will come here today .例4他走过来看看猫是否出了毛病。[误] He came to see what if (whether) there was wrong with his cat .[正] He came to see if (whether) there was wrong with his cat .2 if或whether引导的宾语从句时，虽具有疑问意义，但从句语序应用陈述句语序。如：例5 Did you know the way to the hospital ? The old woman asked me .The old woman asked me .if (whether) I knew the way to the hospital .老妇人问我是否知道去医院的路。3 if或whether引导的宾语从句应和主句的时态保持一致。即主句为一般现在时，从句用任一种时态；主句为一般过去时，从句则用过去时中的任一种时态。如：例6 I don’t know if (whether) he has come here . 我不知道他是否来过这儿。例7 Tom asked if (whether) I had read the book . 汤姆问我是否看过这本书 。三、if和whether的区别：1 在动词不定式之前只能用whether 。如：例8 I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。2 在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中。如：例9 I want to know whether it’s good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。3 在介词后，只能用whether。如：例10 His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。4宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用whether 。如：例11 Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem . 他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。5用if会引起歧义时，只用whether。如：例12 Could you tell me if you know the answer ?这句话有两种意思：“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗？”或“如果你知道答案，请告诉我，好吗？”如用whether可避免歧义。
中考英语专项练习之复合句
句子中有一个或更多成分由从句担任，这样的句子叫做复合句。初中阶段常见的复合句包括宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句。
一、宾语从句
在复合句中作宾语成分的从句叫做宾语从句。
◆引导词
作宾语从句的句子 引导词
陈述句 that
一般疑问句 if / whether
特殊疑问句 原句中的疑问词
◆宾语从句使用陈述句语序。
【练习导航】
Ⅰ. 单项选择
( )1. He asked which film they _____ about.
A. will talk B. are going to talk
C. was going to talk D. were talking
( )2. Do you know _____ bike this is?
A. that B. who C. why D. whose
( )3. Polly said no news _____ good news.
A. was B. were C. is D. are
( )4. We didn’t know _____ she was ready or not.
A. when B. that C. whether D. what
( )5. —What did your PE teacher say about your high jump at the sports meeting?
—He said that I _____ better.
A. can do B. am C. will do D. could do
( )6. —I want to know when _____ have a field trip.
—We’ll have it when all the work _____.
A. you are; will finish B. you will; finishes
C. you will; is finished D. you; finish
( )7. —Could you tell me when _____?
—At 10:25, in ten minutes.
A. the bus will leave B. will the bus leave
C. the bus has left D. had the bus left
( )8. －Do you know ______ he’ll arrive here at 9:00 this morning?
－I’m afraid he’ll be late.
A. that B. how C. why D. whether
( )9. —Could you tell me _____?
—She is a student in Eton School.
A. where Kate is studying B. how Kate was studying
C. why Kate was studying D. when Kate studied
( )10. —Do you know _____ going to stay in London?
—No, I don’t. Maybe a few days.
A. when he is B. how long he is
C. when is he D. how long is he
Ⅱ. 句型转换
11. He asked his teacher how he could play the violin well. (改为简单句)
He asked his teacher _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____.
12. Sam asked me, “Do you often ride a bike?” (改为复合句)
Sam asked me _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____.
13. I don’t know what I should do with the letter. (改为简单句)
I don’t know what _____ _____ with the letter.
14. “Does light travel faster than sound?” Tom asked. (改为复合句)
Tom asked _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____.
15. She doesn’t know how she gets to the bank. (改为简单句)
She doesn’t know how _____ _____ _____ _____ _____.
Ⅲ. 用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。
16. I don’t think the watch will _____ (mend) well in 2 days.
17. She said that the sun _____ (be) brighter than the moon.
18. I will take back what I _____ (say).
19. I wanted to know if he _____ (can) mend the car.
20. She said that she _____ (go) fishing last Sunday.
21. She told me that they _____ (talk) about a new book at this time yesterday.
22. I’m sure everything _____ (go) well.
23. I hope that I _____ (visit) Beijing soon.
24. I hear that Tom _____ (be) here for a week.
25. Tom told his boss that he _____ (finish) the work well if he _____ (give) another chance.
二、定语从句
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词，并充当其定语的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句常放在先行词的后面，由关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that和关系副词when, where, why等引导。
【练习导航】
Ⅰ. 根据汉语完成下列英语句子，每空一词。
1. 这就是那个帮助过我的人。
This is the man _______ _______ me.
2. 你在寻找的医生在房间里。
The doctor _______ you are looking for _______ in the room.
3. 你认识那个名叫李萍的女士吗？
Do you know the lady _______ name _______ Li Ping?
4. 我收到的那封信是我父亲写来的。
The letter _______ I received _______ from my father.
5. 你还有什么要说的吗？
Is there anything _______ you _______ to say?
6. 你还记得我们几天前拜访过的那个人吗？
Do you still remember the man _______ _______ _______ a few days ago?
7. 那个在事故中断了左臂的工人被送进了医院。
The worker _______ left arm _______ _______ in the accident was sent to hospital.
8. 这就是我出生的地方。
This is _______ _______ _______ I was born.
9. 这是我看过的最好的小说。
This is _______ _______ _______ _______ I have read.
10. 这是你第二次给我们讲这个故事了。
This is your second time _______ _______ _______ us the story.
Ⅱ. 单项选择
( )11. The boy _____ helped me yesterday is playing soccer with his friends.
A. whom B. who C. which D. whose
( )12. The music _____ the U2 band played was very popular.
A. which B. who C. whom D. whose
( )13. The girl _____ skirt is red is Tom’s sister.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. that
( )14. This is the best way _____ can help us earn lots of money.
A. which B. who C. that D. when
( )15. Anyone ______ breaks the rules must be punished.
A. whom B. whose C. which D. who
( )16. We talked the things and persons ______ we were interested in.
A. that B. which C. who D. when
( )17. There is a girl ______ is waiting for you.
A. whose B. which C. whom D. who
( )18. I’ll never forget the day _____ I first come here.
A. when B. where C. why D. who
( )19. This is the room ______ he lived last year.
A. when B. where C. why D. which
( )20. That’s the reason _______ he was late for school.
A. when B. where C. why D. which
Ⅲ.将下列句子合并成为含有定语从句的复合句。
21. I remember everything. You did everything to help us.
___________________________________________
22. Look at the boy and his dog. They are running over there.
___________________________________________
23. He is the man. He has done lots of things to help these homeless people.
____________________________________________
24. This is the reason. We must value time.
____________________________________________
25. He told me the date. He joined the music club.
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三、状语从句
在复合句中，修饰主句中动词、形容词或副词的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为时间、条件、原因、结果、比较、目的、让步、方式和比较九大类。初中阶段我们需要重点掌握的有时间状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句和结果状语从句。
◆时间状语从句常由从属连词when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as引导。the moment, every time, each time可引出一个从句，相当于时间状语从句。
◆条件状语从句常由从属连词if, unless, so long as, as long as引导。
◆原因状语从句常由从属连词because, for, since, as引导。
◆结果状语从句常由从属连词so that, so…that, such…that引导。
◆在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时或具有将来的含义，从句的谓语动词常用一般现在时表将来。
【练习导航】
Ⅰ. 单项选择
( )1. He spoke so quickly ______ no one could follow him.
A. which B. after C. as D. that
( )2. We cannot be sure what you want ______ you tell us.
A. if B. since C. as soon as D. unless
( )3. －When will he call you up?
－_______ he comes back.
A. As soon as B. Since C. Because D. Unless
( )4. He will not go to the cinema _____ he’s ill.
A. though B. unless C. why D. because
( )5. His father is _____ busy _____ he seldom goes back home.
A. too; to B. so; that C. enough; to D. such; that
( )6. He was reading _____ his sister was writing.
A. after B. while C. because D. as soon as
( )7. ______ you have to stay at home, you’d better go over your lessons.
A. Though B. After C. Before D. Since
( )8. Alice will come to my party _____ she’s free.
A. after B. why C. if D. though
( )9. －Wait a moment, please. He’ll be back in ten minutes.
－All right. I’ll ______ here ______ he comes back.
A. leave; until B. reach; till C. stay; till D. wait for; until
( )10. The question is _____ that nobody can answer it.
A. very hard B. too difficult
C. strange enough D. so strange
Ⅱ. 根据汉语完成下列英语句子，每空一词。
11. 他很小的时候就会骑自行车了。
He was able to ride a bike _____ he _____ very young.
12. 直到我叫他的名字，他才看见我。
He _____ _____ me _____ I called his name.
13. 既然你需要这本书，你就拿走吧。
_____ _____ _____ the book, you may take it.
14. 天气太热了，以至于我想去游泳。
It was _____ _____ _____ I want to go swimming.
15. 除非下雨，我会跟你一起去那儿。
I’ll go there with you _____ _____ _____.
16. 如果你有困难，找我帮忙。
_____ you are _____ trouble, ask me for help.
17. 我看电视的时候，我弟弟正在外面打篮球。
My brother was playing basketball outside _____ I _____ _____ TV.
18. 我一得到消息就会马上过来。
I’ll come here right away _____ _____ _____ I get the news.
19. 他没有听见敲门，因为他正在听收音机。
He didn’t hear the knock at the door ________ he ________ ________ ________ the radio.
20. 如果你不知道这个词的意思，最好查查字典。
________ you don’t know the meaning of the word, you’d better ________ ________ ________ in the dictionary.
Key：
一、Ⅰ. 1-5 DDCCD 6-10 CADAB
Ⅱ. 11. how to play the violin well
12. if / whether I often rode a bike
13. to do
14. if light travels faster than sound
15. to get to the bank
Ⅲ. 16. be mended 17. is 18. said 19. could
20. went 21. were talking 22. goes 23. will visit
24. has been 25. would finish; was given
二、Ⅰ. 1. who / that helped 2. whom; is 3. whose; is 4. that / which; was
5. that; want 6. who / whom / that we visited
7. whose; was broken
8. the place where 9. the best novel that 10. that you told
Ⅱ. 11-15 BACCD 16-20 ADABC
Ⅲ. 21. I remember everything that you did to help us.
22. Look at the boy and his dog that are running over there.
23. He is the man who has done lots of things to help these homeless people.
24. This is the reason why we must value time.
25. He told me the date when he joined the music club.
三、Ⅰ. 1-5 DDADB 6-10 BDCCD
Ⅱ. 11. when; was 12. didn’t see; until 13. Since you need
14. so hot that 15. unless it rains 16. If; in
17. while; was watching 18. as soon as
19. because; was listening to 20. If; look it up