Unit 4 Global warming
第一部分 听力（满分30分）（略）
第二部分 阅读理解(共两节，满分40分)
第一节 (共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
Even though you can watch a movie on your TV, laptop or iPad these days, great theatres still make going to the movies worth buying a ticket-and sometimes even worth a trip.
1.AMC Loews Uptown, Washington, D.C.
Local movie critics will tell you ＂The Uptown＂ is the best place to see a movie in the Washington, D.C. area. Opened in 1936, it’s not a movie theatre, but a movie palace featuring a single screen—a curved (弧形的), 70-foot long and 40-foot high screen, one of the largest in the area.
2.ArcLight Cinemas Hollywood, Los Angeles
This Hollywood theatre isn’t just a place to see stars on screen you might catch a few sitting next to you in the audience. The theatre offers 14 screens with reserved stadium seating (the seats are wider than average), and the famous Cinerama Dome (全景电影).
3.Tampa Theatre, Tampa, Florida
A classic movie palace designed by famed theatre architect John Eberson, the Tampa landmark was built in 1926. The theatre now shows both new and classic films. Come early to hear the Mighty Wurlitzer theatre organ played before most films.
4.Grauman’s Chinese Theatre, Los Angeles
It’s not just a movie theatre. It’s a Hollywood experience. Opened in 1927, the theatre was known in its early days for lavish (奢华的) Hollywood premieres (首映) and hosting three Academy Award ceremonies. Check out the nearby Hollywood Walk of Fame before watching a movie on the big screen, and when your movie is over, stop by the next-door Kodak Theatre, where the Oscars were once held.
1.What do ArcLight Cinemas Hollywood and Grauman’s Chinese Theatre have in common?
A. They both hosted the Oscars. B. They were built in the same year.
C. They offer presents to customers. D. They are situated in the same city.
2.What can we learn about Tampa Theatre?
A. It was opened in 1936. B. It has a single curved screen.
C. It has an outdoor courtyard. D. It offers Mighty Wurlitzer play.
3.What is the text mainly about?
A. Famous buildings in the USA.????
B. Four largest theatres in the world.
C. Four theatres worth visiting in America.?
?D. Modern theatres with advanced facilities.
B
Want to help fight global warming? Take off your tie, says the Italian health ministry.
It has urged employers to let their staff dress casually at work in the summer so that the air conditioning can be turned down.
＂Taking your tie off immediately lowers the body temperature by 2 or 3 degrees centigrade, ＂the ministry said in a statement. ＂Allowing a more sensible use of air conditioning brings about electricity savings and protects the environment.＂
It called on all public and private offices to let employees wear no tie during heat waves like the one that has brought Africa-like temperatures to many parts of Italy this week.
The move echoes (回应) a similar action from Italy’s biggest oil group, ENI, which told its staff earlier this month they need not wear a tie at work.
The tie makers, however, were left hot under the collar.
＂Italy confirms that it is a strange country,＂ Flavio Cima said angrily in a letter to financial daily Il Sole 24 ORE under the headline: ＂I, tie maker, am responsible for global warming.＂
＂We can now happily continue with our lifestyle, using cars, consuming fuel, heating and cooling our homes at leisure. On one condition: we should not wear a tie while we do so,＂ he wrote.
＂I should have listened to my friends and become an oil producer instead.＂
Italy is one of the European Union’s worst performers on the pollution front and is among the EU countries expected to exceed(超出) their greenhouse gas emission (排放) targets.
4.What’s the purpose of the move of taking off ties?
A. To dress casually. B. To fight global warming.
C. To keep the body temperature. D. To improve working conditions.
5.Who first encouraged employees to take off ties?
A.ENI. B. Flavio Cima.
C.A financial daily. D. The Italian health ministry.
6.What does the underlined part ＂hot under the collar＂ in Paragraph 6 probably mean?
A. Angry. B. Speechless.
C. Delighted. D. Puzzled.
7.Which of the following is TRUE about Flavio Cima?
A. He stands by the oil group.
B. He agrees with the ministry.
C. He admits his responsibility.
D. He argues against taking off ties.
C
Experts believe that storms and severe weather in North America and Asia have disrupted bird flight paths across the world and swept huge numbers of bird species towards the British Isles.
Birds flying to the other side of the Atlantic or to the Pacific to lay their eggs have been trapped in Britain and Ireland, adding their numbers to native species, and causing great excitement in the bird-watching community.
Local birdwatchers have already observed a total of 442 species in the British Isles this year. The highest number ever seen in one year is 445, in 2008.
＂We only need four more to break our record,＂ said Lee Evans, who runs the British Birding Association. ＂With three months to go, I’m sure we’ll do it.＂
Last month an extremely rare Siberian Rubythroat bird was seen in Scotland, sending hundreds of birdwatchers north in the hope of catching a glimpse of this colourful Asian beauty. Another very uncommon bird, the bufflehead duck was cited in Cornwell and caused similar excitement. ＂I couldn’t believe it,＂ said Evans. ＂The poor thing was completely?knackered. It must have been blown to England by the storms while trying to fly from Canada to the southern United States for the winter. That’s 3000 miles!＂
Evans said that global warming over the past decade was playing a key role in transforming bird movements across the world. In addition, melting Arctic sea ice may also be opening up bird flight paths over the North Pole, making it easier for birds from the Pacific—such as the slaty-backed gull and tufted puffin, both of which appeared in London earlier this year—to reach Britain.
Bird-watching is becoming an increasingly popular hobby among all age groups, added Evans. ＂A fifth of our members are under 18. This is a round-the-year hobby that you can enjoy from the kitchen window or from a car. More and more people are bird-watching, and as a result, more and more unexpected species are being spotted in the British Isles.＂zx&xk
8.What is the passage mainly about?
A. The results of global warming.
B. Changes in the British bird population.
C. Increasing environmental pollution.
D. Worsening British weather.
9.The underlined word ＂knackered＂ is closest in meaning to ________.
A. bored B. knocked
C. spotted D. tired
10.According to the passage, which of the following birds comes from Asia?
A. Slaty-backed gull. B. Bufflehead.
C. Rubythroat. D. Tufted puffin.
11.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible reason for seeing more bird species in Britain?
A. An increase in the number of birdwatchers.
B.A growth in the number of native species.
C. Storms due to global warming.
D. The melting Arctic ice cap.
D
Where should an adventurous tourist go? After you’ve done sightseeing in London, shopping in New York, enjoyed the local food in Paris, and danced to your heart’s content at the Brazilian carnival, where else can you go? What attractive tourist destination awaits you?
Well, Antarctica sounds like the holiday of a lifetime! It's considered the last great wilderness on Earth. Just a few scientists in research stations share the icy landscape with penguins and other animals which can struggle with the low temperatures.
Tourism began in Antarctica in the 1950s and it's still small part. About 37,000 tourists are expected there this season, but many won't even leave the boat.
The BBC’s Juliet Rix visited the frozen continent and asked herself if she should be there at all, causing potential problems to such a sensitive environment. Her tour guide admitted that all visitors leave a footprint and they all go to the same places, the accessible coastline, which is also where the penguins and seals go to raise.
But some people believe that if carefully controlled, tourism can be good for Antarctica. It has no native population and it needs advocates. Visitors to the icy continent might be ready to support and even to fund its preservation. And they're likely to engage in the discussion about global warming, which has led to the melting of glaciers.
According to Rix, guidelines are followed when you’re about to set foot in Antarctica and tourists have to disinfect(消毒)their boots to make sure no alien species are introduced.
And once on land, there's no eating or smoking. Rocks, bone fragments—nothing should be taken as a souvenir and nothing should be left behind.
Tourists fortunate enough to visit the Antarctic must be aware that this is not their home and keep their fingers crossed that future generations will also be able to enjoy such breathtaking views.
12.Who lives in Antarctica?
A.37,000 tourists. B. The BBC's Juliet Rix.
C.A few scientists and animals. D. People in London and Paris.
13.Why can tourism be good for Antarctica?
A. People can bring some animals into it.
B. People may take interest in the protection of it.
C. People can give advice to the native population.
D. People will go to the coastline to play with the seals.
14.What are the guidelines when you go on the shore?
A. You can leave rubbish on the shore.
B. You can smoke and eat on the shore.
C. You can take something as souvenirs.
D. You can help to protect the environment.
15.What is the author’s attitude towards the tourists going to Antarctica?
A. Positive. B. Ambiguous.
C. Subjective. D. Negative.
第二节 (共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
As warming continues, scientists warn the oxygen content of oceans across the planet could be more and more reduced, with serious consequences for the future of fish and other sea life.
16 One is the simple fact that as water gets warmer, it can hold less dissolved (溶解的) oxygen. The other reason is less obvious. The entire ocean gets its oxygen from the surface — either from the atmosphere, or from photosynthesizing algae floating at the top of the sea.? 17
Global warming is expected to reduce the mixing of the ocean by making surface seawater lighter. That’s because in a warmer world we can expect more rainfall and more melting(融化) of glaciers, icebergs, and ice sheets.? 18 The extra heat from the warming atmosphere will also make surface water expand and thus make it lighter still.? 19 Instead, more of the oxygen will remain near the surface, where it will be used up by oxygen-breathing organisms.
A low-oxygen ocean may become an inescapable feature of our planet. A team of Danish researchers wondered how long oxygen levels would drop if we could somehow reduce our carbon dioxide emissions to zero by 2100. They determined that over the next few thousand years oxygen levels would continue to fall, until they declined by 30 percent. The oxygen would slowly return to the oceans, but even 100,000 years from now they will not have fully recovered.? 20
A. It’s not known why the oxygen level of oceans has reduced.
B. Scientists point to two reasons to expect a drop in ocean oxygen.
C. Fresh water’s inpouring will make the water at the ocean’s surface lighter.
D. The oxygen then spreads to the deep ocean as the surface water slowly sinks.
E. Global warming has caused the reduction of the oxygen content of oceans worldwide.
F. The light surface water will be less likely to sink so the deep ocean will get less oxygen.
G. If they are right, we have every reason to worry about the major effect it has on sea life.
第三部分 语言知识运用(共两节，满分45分)
第一节 完形填空(共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分)
Green is a combination of the colors yellow and blue. Each of the two colors brings its own? 21 energy to the overall feeling of the color green. Blue? 22 calm and peace, while yellow shows liveliness and high levels of energy. As a marriage? 23 these two very different colors, green is a mixture of? 24 , offering both the excitement of yellow and the calm of blue. It improves blue’s obedience(恭顺) and? 25 yellow’s power, inspiring us to be both? 26 and peaceful. It is the foundation of the seasons of spring and summer, thus? 27 birth and growth.
Green is one of the reasons that? 28 brings about so much excitement and activity. As a visual? 29 of the end of winter, green stems and leaves? 30 from the bare branches of trees and the? 31 ground. In this way, green invites us to? 32 our layers of clothing and open ourselves to the? 33 world, not in an upsetting way? 34 with easy-going excitement that? 35 us outside just to sniff the spring air. Unlike almost any other color, green seems to have its own smell, a fascinating? 36 of the sun and sky. In the best-case situation, it stops us in our tracks and reminds us to? 37 the great experience of simply being alive.
Green also gives us the energy to value the overall? 38 of growth, to nurture (培养) ourselves? 39 , without becoming overly attached to one part in it. Green reminds us to let go and let nature do her work,? 40 giving us the energy to do our own.
21.A. universal B. unique C. creative D. supreme
22.A. describes B. explores C. conveys D. extends
23.A. between B. beyond C. to D. over
24.A. opposites B. inventions C. opportunities D. alternatives
25.A. increases B. gathers C. softens D. motivates
26.A. active B. natural C. aggressive D. explicit
27.A. postponing B. symbolizing C. accelerating D. strengthening
28.A. spring B. summer C. autumn D. winter
29.A. output B. reward C. trend D. sign
30.A. come away B. shoot up C. get around D. set out
31.A. dark B. muddy C. expansive D. fragile
32.A. search for B. pick out C. deal with D. take off
33.A. magic B. outside C. future D. peaceful
34.A. and B. or C. but D. so
35.A. recommends B. draws C. forces D. distracts
36.A. distinction B. connection C. appearance D. combination
37.A. share B. accumulate C. appreciate D. evaluate
38.A. process B. ability C. quality D. standard
39.A. occasionally B. patiently C. appropriately D. deliberately
40.A. though B. while C. once D. until
第二节 (共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The first practical cooling system for use in industry was invented in 1922? 41 Willis Carrier in New York, the USA. He continued to improve his? 42 (invent) and, in 1928, developed the first air conditioner for home use. In 1939, eleven years later, an American car company introduced the first air conditioner for cars, which made? 43 possible for people to drive in a more comfortable environment.
After World War Ⅱ, many American? 44 (company) began making air conditioners and, beginning in 1950, many homes in the USA? 45 (equip) with central air conditioning. Central air conditioning uses a single unit? 46 (heat) or cool a whole house. With this, people could escape the heat of summer and the cold of winter no matter? 47 they were in the house.zx*x&k
In the 1970s, electricity became more and more expensive, so people developed? 48 (good) air conditioners to save money. Later,? 49 cooling gas in air conditioners was found to pollute the environment, so engineers? 50 (work) to produce air conditioners more friendly to the environment since the 1980s.
第四部分 写作(共两节，满分35分)
第一节 短文改错(共10小题；每小题l分，满分10分)
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉。
修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：
1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Last weekend, my?classmate?and I went on a camping trip near the river. It was not?long distance, so we chose to get here by bike.
We started?with?early in the morning. On the way, we talked about? that?we saw around. It?takes?about half an hour to get to the place. On arriving, some girls sat down, had her??breakfast and listened to the birds sings. Some admired the river while others drew pictures. My friends and I found a? quietly?place and went fishing. To our surprise, we got?much?fishes.
Time passed so quickly and we had to say goodbye. I enjoyed the pleasant?or exciting trip.
第二节 书面表达(满分25分)
随着科技的发展，人们的生活越来越富有。但是，环境污染也变得越来越严重。假设你是李华，请你根据下面的提示给学校的英语报纸写一篇题为“How to protect the environment”的短文，呼吁大家来参加环境保护。
要点提示：
1.政府要教育人们意识到环保的重要性并指定法律来保护环境。谁毁坏环境谁被严厉惩罚；
2.号召(call on )人们过低碳生活，如走路出行、使用环保的购物袋等；
3.写一两件你认为个人能做的对环境有益的事情；
4.只要大家都行动起来，我们的环境一定会越来越好。
注意：
1.文章要语言连贯，卷面整洁；
2.100词左右。开头已经为你写好，不计入词数。
How to protect the environment
With the development of science and technology, people are becoming richer and richer. However,…
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第二部分 阅读理解
第一节
A
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了美国四个大剧院的特点。如，可以观看不同的电影等。
1.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段的小标题＂ArcLight Cinemas Hollywood, Los Angeles＂以及最后一段的小标题＂Grauman’s Chinese Theatre, Los Angeles＂可知，这两处都位于Los Angeles。故D选项正确。
B
【文章大意】解掉领带可以让体温下降2或3度，所以许多公司鼓励员工不戴领带上班，以抵制全球气候变暖；但是，这种主张遭到了领带制造商的反对。
4.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的＂Want to help fight global warming? Take off your tie＂可知，解掉领带是为了抵制全球变暖，故B项正确。
5.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第五段中的＂ENI, which told its staff earlier this month they need not wear a tie at work＂可知，ENI公司最早鼓励员工上班时不戴领带，故A项正确。
6.A 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第四段和第五段可知，包括ENI在内的许多公司，都鼓励员工不戴领带上班；根据常识可以判断，此举势必造成领带制造商的商品滞销；结合第七段中的＂Flavio Cima said angrily in a letter＂可以判断，画线部分意为＂愤怒的＂，故A项正确。B项意为＂(因愤怒等)说不出话的＂，C项意为＂高兴的＂，D项意为＂困惑的＂，都与语境不符。词义猜测题可以采用代入法检验答案。由上文可知，解掉领带可以让体温下降2或3度，所以许多公司鼓励员工不戴领带上班，以抵制全球气候变暖；但是，这种主张遭到了领带制造商的反对。由此可知，领带制造商肯定是angry，不可能是delighted，也不会是speechless，更不可能是puzzled。
7.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第六段＂The tie makers, however, were left hot under the collar＂以及第七段中的＂‘ Italy confirms that it is a strange country, ’Flavio Cima said angrily in a letter＂可知，对于鼓励员工不戴领带上班一事，作为领带制造商的Flavio Cima非常生气；据此可以判断，他对不戴领带工作的观点有异议，故D项正确。
C
【文章大意】本文是科普类短文。文章叙述了由于暴风和恶劣的天气的影响，一些鸟飞往了不列颠岛。使英国鸟的数量发生了很大的变化。
8.B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据＂swept huge numbers of bird species towards the British Isles.＂可知，由于天气变化的影响了英国的鸟的数量。故选B。
11.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据＂global warming over the past decade was playing a key role in transforming bird movements across the world. In addition, melting Arctic sea ice may also be opening up bird flight paths over the North Pole, making it easier for birds from the Pacific. Bird-watching is becoming an increasingly popular hobby among all age groups＂可知，全球天气变暖、北极冰的融化及观鸟者数量的增加，没有提到本地物种的增加。故选B。
D
【文章大意】环境保护类的文章。南极洲是值得人们保护的一个奇特环境。目前只有研究站的一些科学家和企鹅等其他动物生存在南极洲。实施一定的保护措施，那么开发南极洲的旅游业是很有益的。
12.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Just a few scientists in research stations share the icy landscape with penguins and other animals which can struggle with the low temperatures.”可知，目前一些研究站的科学家和企鹅等其他动物生存在南极洲。
13.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Visitors to the icy continent might be ready to support and even to fund its preservation. And they're likely to engage in the discussion about global warming, which has led to the melting of glaciers.”可知，前往南极洲的游客将意识到冰川融化导致的全球温室效应。因此将积极支持和赞助南极洲的保护。
14.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第六、七两段中的“tourists have to disinfect(消毒)their boots to make sure no alien species are introduced. And once on land, there's no eating or smoking. Rocks, bone fragments—nothing should be taken as a souvenir and nothing should be left behind.”可知，游客一踏入南极洲，鞋子要消毒，不准吃东西和吸烟，不能拿走石块，骨片或不能留下什么等。这些措施都是为了保护南极洲的特有环境。
15.A 【解析】态度观点题。纵观全文及其重点用词“attractive tourist destination…the holiday of a lifetime…”以及最后一段提出的保护南极洲是为后代着想的积极态度。
第二节
【文章大意】本文是说明文。文章简要介绍了海水中氧气含量降低的主要原因及其可能对海洋生物带来的长期的影响。
16.B 【解析】从文章篇章结构分析，本空为段落主旨句。本段介绍了全球变暖使海洋含氧量降低的原因，并且"One" "The other reason"与B项中的"two reasons"相呼应，故选B。
17.D 【解析】根据段落主旨和空前的"The entire ocean gets its oxygen from the surface...at the top of the sea"可知，此处是通过说明海洋中氧气的来源与循环来解释海洋含氧量下降的原因的，故D项"然后，随着表层海水的慢慢下沉，氧气扩散至海洋深处"符合语境。
系，故F项符合语境。
20.G 【解析】G项中的"they"与上文中的"A team of Danish researchers"相呼应，且上文讲到即使我们把二氧化碳的排放降低到零，海洋含氧量也需要很长时间才能恢复，其对海洋生物造成的影响将是长期的，故G项"如果他们是对的，那么我们完全有理由对它对海洋生物的重大影响感到担忧"符合语境。
第三部分 语言知识运用
完形填空
【文章大意】绿色是春天和夏天的色彩，是象征着出生和成长的色彩。它没有蓝色那样恭顺，也没有黄色那样张扬，但它却提醒我们保持活力和平静。
21.B【解析】根据下文中比较了两种颜色不同的特点可知，这两种颜色中的每种都给绿色的整体感觉带来了独特的(unique)力量。universal"普遍的，通用的"；creative"具有创造力的"；supreme"最重要的"。
22.C【解析】根据下文中的"while yellow shows. . . "可知，蓝色传达(conveys)着平静和安宁。 explore"探索"；extend"扩展，延伸"。
23.A【解析】作为这两种非常不同的颜色之间的密切结合。marriage在此表示"密切结合，紧密联系"，常与介词between"在……之间"连用。
24.A【解析】根据下文的"offering both the excitement of yellow and the calm of blue"可知，绿色是这两种对立颜色的混合，提供了黄色的兴奋和蓝色的平静。opposite"对立的事物"符合语境。
25.C【解析】根据上文提及的绿色是黄色和蓝色的混合物及黄色传达着高活力可知，绿色改善了蓝色的恭顺、缓和(softens)了黄色的活力。increase"增加"；gather"聚集"；motivate"激励，激发"。考生易误选A项。考生看到上文中的"improves blue’s obedience(恭顺)"很容易误选increases。根据上文内容可知，绿色是黄色和蓝色的混合物，故应是充当中和二者的角色，故考生要理解improve在该语境中的意思为"改善"而不是"提高"。而黄色象征着高活力，故应是缓和黄色的活力而非增加，故可排除A项。
土地中迅速生长出来。output"输出"；trend"趋势"。
30.B 【解析】参见上题解析。shoot up"迅速生长"符合语境。come away"离开，脱落"；get around"四处走动，传播"；set out"出发"。
31.A 【解析】结合上文的"the bare branches of trees"可知，此处表示"黑暗的土地中"。muddy"泥泞的"；expansive"广阔的"； fragile"脆弱的"。
32.D【解析】绿色吸引着我们脱掉(take off)一层又一层的衣服，去见识外面的(outside)世界。pick out"挑选"；deal with"处理"。
33.B【解析】参见上题解析。下文中的". . . outside just to sniff the spring air"亦是暗示。
34.C【解析】根据语境可知，此处指绿色不是以令人心烦意乱的方式而是(but)伴随着悠闲的兴奋，吸引(draws)我们到外面嗅嗅春天的空气。
35.B【解析】参见上题解析。recommend"推荐"；force"迫使"；distract"使……分心"。
36.D【解析】根据上文的"Unlike almost any other color， green seems to have its own smell"可知，绿色似乎有专属于自己的味道，这种味道是太阳和天空的迷人的混合物(combination)。distinction"区别"；connection"联系"；appearance"外观"。
37.C 【解析】绿色的春天的美景让我们驻足，提醒我们要感恩(appreciate)我们还活着。share"分享"；accumulate"积累"；evaluate"评估"。
38.A【解析】根据下文中的"without becoming overly attached to one part in it"可知，绿色也使我们要注重成长的整体进程(process)，恰当地(appropriately)培养我们自身，而不是只关注其中的一个部分。ability"能力"；quality"质量"；standard"标准"。
39.C【解析】参见上题解析。occasionally"偶尔"；patiently"耐心地"；deliberately"故意地"。
40.B【解析】绿色提醒我们放手，顺其自然，同时又给予我们做我们自己的事的力量。while"与……同时"符合语境。
第二节
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，作者介绍了家用空调的发展过程。
41.by
【解析】考查介词。该空前面的was invented说明该句是被动语态，Willis Carrier是动作的执行者，故在其前加介词by。
42.invention
【解析】考查名词。形容词性物主代词his之后应用名词，故用invent的名词invention。
43.it
45.were equipped
【解析】考查时态语态。由结构可知，该空是句子的谓语动词；叙述过去的事情应用一般过去时；且句子主语复数名词many homes与equip是被动关系，故填were equipped。
46.to heat
【解析】考查非谓语动词。use sth. to do是固定结构，表示“用……做……”，故用to heat。
47.where
较级better。
49.the
【解析】考查冠词。该空特指空调机里的冷空气，故用定冠词the。
50.have been working
【解析】考查时态语态。句子中的时间状语since the 1980s说明科学家们一直在工作以研发更环保型的空调，表动作的持续性应用现在完成进行时；句子主语复数名词engineers与work是主动关系，故填have been working。
第四部分 写作
第一节 短文改错
【答案】
Last weekend, my??and I went on a camping trip near the river. It was not ?long distance, so we chose to get here by bike.
We started?with? early in the morning. On the way, we talked about??we saw around. It??about half an hour to get to the place. On arriving, some girls sat down, had??breakfast and listened to the birds. Some admired the river while others drew pictures. My friends and I found a??place and went fishing. To our surprise, we got??fishes.
Time passed so quickly and we had to say goodbye. I enjoyed the pleasant?exciting trip.
【解析】
第一处：考查名词单复数。根据第二段中的“some girls...”可知，作者是与一些同学一起去野营，所以此处应用classmate的复数形式。故将classmate改为classmates。
第二处：考查冠词。distance在此为可数名词，表示一段距离，故在long前加a。
第三处：考查介词。start是不及物动词，意为“出发”，后面不接宾语，不用介词。故将with去掉。
第四处：考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知， talked about后是一个宾语从句，且从句中缺少宾语，所以用what引导该宾语从句；而that引导宾语从句时，在句中不充当任何成分，且没有意义。故将that改为what。
第五处：考查动词。根据时间状语last weekend可知，本文讲述过去发生的事情，该句应用一般过去时，故将takes改为took。
第六处：考查代词。本句主语为some girls，所以物主代词要用their。故将her改为their。
第七处：考查非谓语动词。本句中已有谓语动词listened to，故此处应用非谓语动词形式，sing与其逻辑主语birds为主谓关系，故此处用现在分词在句中作宾语补足语，表示鸟正在唱歌。故将sings改为singing。
第八处：考查形容词。此处修饰名词place，应用形容词，故将quietly改为quiet。
第九处：考查不定代词。fishes此处指鱼，不是鱼肉，是可数名词其前用many修饰。故将much改为many。
第十处：考查连词。 pleasant与exciting之间为并列关系，故将or改为and。
第二节 书面表达
How to protect the environment
With?the?development?of?science?and?technology,?people?are?becoming?richer?and?richer.However,?our environment is increasingly damaged. We have only one earth, so what should we do to protect the environment?
Firstly, the government should educate the people to realize the importance of protecting the environment. And it also needs to pass laws to protect the environment. Anyone who damages the environment should be seriously punished. Secondly, people should live a low carbon life. For example, when people go traveling they should use bicycles or walk and use bags that can be recycled instead of plastic ones when shopping.
As for me, I think I can plant more trees and flowers and don’t waste paper. Turn off the lights when I leave the room. I will try my best to void using disposable chopsticks and so on.
If everyone tries their best to protect the environment, our world will become more and more beautiful.
Unit 4 Global warming
1. consume vt. 消费；消耗；耗尽；吃完
? The factories consume a large amount of coal. 这些工厂消耗了大量的煤。
? We should consume most of our time in reading. 我们应该把大部分时间花在读书上。
? The kids soon consumed all the food on the table. 孩子们一会儿功夫便把桌上的食品全部吃光了。
【归纳拓展】
be consumed with 被（某种情感）所折磨
consumer n. 消费者
consumption n. 消费(量)；消耗(量)
time-consuming adj. 耗时的
汉译英
① 她把大部分时间都花在读书上了。
__________________________________________________________________________________
② 这辆汽车很费汽油。
__________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】① She consumed most of her time in reading. ② The car consumes a lot of fuel.
2. come about 出现；发生
?How did it come about that you were an hour late on such a short trip?
这样一次短途旅行你还迟到一小时，这是怎么回事？
? How did this come about? 这是怎么发生的？
【归纳拓展】
① come about是不及物动词短语，其后不能接宾语，也没有被动语态，主语一般为物。常指情况不受人控制地突然发生。常用句型：How did it come about that...？＂某事是怎么发生的？＂；It come about that...＂……发生了＂。
② 与come有关的其他短语也要记住：
come across 被理解；偶然碰见，无意中找到
come along 跟着来；进步；赶快
come back回来；记起
come on开始；上场；赶快；得了吧
come out （花）开；出版，发行
come to 总计，达到
come up 走近；（从土中）长出，发芽；被提出
come up with 赶上；提出（建议）
【易混辨析】
come about/happen/take place/break out/occur
come about 多指事情已经发生了，但还不知道为什么。
happen 强调偶然发生，主语往往是事件、事故等，其后可接不定式；常用于＂It happened that...＂句型中。
take place ＂发生；举行＂，常指计划或安排好的事情的发生与进行，不含偶然性。
break out 多指（战争、火灾、疾病、疫情等的）突然爆发
occur 可指＂发生＂偶然事件或＂产生＂抽象事物（如思想等）；常用于It occurs to sb that...结构。
【名师点津】
表示“发生”的词或短语：come about，happen，occur，take place，break out，都是不及物动词或短语，都没有被动语态。
New-comer as you are, if you spend a little more time on your work, I am sure you’ll ________ ahead in the end.
A.come up B.come about C.come through D.come out
【答案】D
3. subscribe
（1）v. 同意，赞成；捐助，出资；订阅。常见搭配：
subscribe to…同意/赞成……(=agree with…)；订阅（报刊等）
subscribe… to…为……捐助（金钱等）(=contribute… to…)
? They haven’t subscribed to newspapers yet. 他们还没有订阅报纸。
（2）vt. 在……签名；签。常见搭配：
subscribe… to…在……上签……
? I subscribed my name to the document.我在文件上签了名。
【名师点津】
和subscribe连用的to是介词，其后要跟名词、代词、动名词作宾语。
(1)I don’t ____________ the view that girls are slower than boys in science.
A. refer to B. see to C. subscribe to D. stick to
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我不同意女孩比男孩在科学方面反应慢的观点。refer to参考，谈到，提到，涉及；see to负责，处理，注意；subscribe to同意，赞同；stick to坚持，其宾语多为原则、规则、诺言或某一想法，根据句意可知选C。
(2)—What do you think of the plan to build a power station in the village?
—I don’t ______ to it at all. It will ruin the village.
A.respond B.submit C.subscribe D.contribute
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词辨析。respond回应，回复；submit顺从，屈服，提交；subscribe同意，赞成，订阅；contribute贡献。句意：“你认为在这个村子里建一个电站这个计划怎么样？”“我一点也不赞成。它会毁掉这个村子的。”由句意可知，C选项切题。
4. quantity n. 量；数量
?Huge quantities of oil were shipped to Japan last year.
去年大量的石油被海运到日本。
?As a result of destroying the forests，a large quantity of desert has covered (cover) the land.
由于破坏了森林，大量的沙漠覆盖了陆地。
?He likes reading and always buys books in quantity.
他喜欢阅读，总是成批地买书。
【归纳拓展】
a large/small quantity of＝large/small quantities of“大/少量的”，既可以修饰
可数名词也可以修饰不可数名词
a(large)quantity of 后接名词作主语时，谓语常用单数形式
(large)quantities of 后接名词作主语时，谓语常用复数形式
②in quantity 在数量上；大量地
in large quantities 大量地
a quantity of和quantities of既可修饰可数名词，又可修饰不可数名词，谓语动词由quantity本身的数决定。
? There is a large quantity of rain in this area. 这一地区雨量大。
? There are large quantities of rain in this area.
【巧学妙记】
With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth ____________ each year.
A. is washing away B. is being washed away
C. are washing away D. are being washed away
【答案】D
5. tend vi.趋向；易于；照顾；vt.照顾，护理
tend to do sth.倾向于做某事
tend to/towards sth.倾向于某事
tend (to) sb./sth.照顾……（=attend to）
?Janet tends to get angry if you disagree with her.
你如果不顺着珍妮特，她往往容易大发脾气。
?Mom was usually busy tending (to) my younger sisters.
妈妈通常要忙于照顾我的妹妹们。
【归纳拓展】
tendency n. 倾向；偏好
have a tendency to do sth. 倾向于做某事
（1）Take it easy. People to make mistakes when doing things in a hurry.
A.promise B.tend C.offer D.expect
【答案】B
【解析】句意:放松些,人们在着急做事时总容易犯错。tend to意为"倾向",符合句意。promise答应,允诺;offer提供;expect期待,预料。
（2）As many students will graduate from colleges, there is a for unemployment to rise in the summer.
A.custom B.tendency C.tension D.supply
【答案】B
6. go up上升，增长，升起
为不及物动词短语，不能用于被动语态。近义词有rise和increase。常见的搭配：
go up by上升了……（by表示上升的程度或幅度）
go up to上升到……（to表示上升的后果）
?Prices of fruit and vegetables have already gone?up．水果和蔬菜的价格已经上涨了。
【归纳拓展】
go短语总结：
go down 倒下，下沉；(物价)下降
go out 出去，(灯)灭
go on 继续
go over 仔细检查；复习
go through 经历，遭受；穿过；完成(工作等)
go in for爱好；对……感兴趣；参加……
语法填空
①I don’t go ______ for rock ‘n’ roll. It’s much too noisy for me.
②If you go _______ nature, you will be punished sooner or later.
③With prices going ______ so fast, we can’t afford luxuries.(奢侈品)
④If you want to use my dictionary, go _______. It’s a spare one.
⑤She went _______ a lot of hardships in her childhood.
【答案】
① in ② against ③ up ④ ahead ⑤through
7. result in导致，造成……的结果
其中in是介词，后面跟名词、动名词作宾语。近义词（组）有cause,bring about,lead to, contribute to。
?Stress and tiredness often result in a lack of concentration.
紧张和疲劳常使人精神不集中。
?The accident resulted in two deaths.
这场意外事故造成两人死亡。
【易混辨析】result in/result from
result in意为“导致，造成”，指引起某种结果，即主语是原因，宾语是结果。
result from意为“因……而发生，随……发生”，指某种结果是由于某种原因而产生的，即主语是结果，宾语是原因。
?Lack of exercise results in many illnesses. 缺乏锻炼会引起很多疾病。
?His stomachache resulted from his eating too much.
由于吃得太多，他肚子疼。
【归纳拓展】
as a result结果
as a result of...由于……的结果
without result没有结果；白费
He has got lung cancer__________ smoking twenty cigarettes a day.
A.so B.as a result of C.as a result D.so that
【答案】B
8. oppose vt.反对；反抗；与(某人)较量 opposed adj.相反的；对立的
常见搭配：
oppose
oppose sth.to/against sth.使某事物与另一事物对照或对抗
be opposed to...反对……；与……对立（to是介词）
?The parents strongly opposed their daughter going there alone.
父母极力反对女儿单独去那里。
?Most company bosses say they are opposed to employees working a lot of overtime.
大多数公司老板说，他们反对雇员频繁加班。
My parents strongly _________ my _________ to go to college out of Beijing, because they don't like my being far away from them.
A.enjoy; wish B.oppose; attempt
C.advocate; effort D.object; desire
【答案】B
9. consequence n．[C] 结果；后果；影响
常见搭配：
as a consequence＝in consequence结果，因此
in consequence of＝as a consequence of由于，因为……的缘故
answer for the consequences对后果负责
take the consequences of承担……责任
?The city was in ruins in consequence of/as a consequence of a severe earthquake.
由于严重的地震，这座城市变成了废墟。
?She studied hard，and in consequence/as a consequence she passed the examination.
她努力学习，结果通过了考试。
?I was caught in the heavy rain and consequently(consequent)I was late.
我碰上了大雨，所以迟到了。
The problem of smog is becoming increasingly serious. ______, the citizens need to wear masks when going out.
A.On the contrary B.In other words
C.As a consequence D.On the whole
【答案】C
10. state vt. & n. 陈述，说明
（1）vt. 陈述，叙述；说明，声明
sth/wh- to do sth 说（明）某事
state oneself to be... 宣称自己是……
that... 说……
It is stated that... 据说……
? The facts are already clearly stated in the report. 报道已经对事实作了清楚的说明。
? Please state whether you are married or single. 请说明你是已婚或单身。
? It is stated that the service in that hotel is better than before. 据称那家旅馆的服务水平比以前好多了。
? They sated that the diamond had been stolen. 他们宣称钻石已被偷。
（2）[C] n. 状态（况），情况；国家；州，邦
in a(n)...state/in a state of 处于……的状态
keep up a good state of 保持良好的心态
in a bad/good state 处于坏的/好的状况中
? Everything was in a state of disorder. 一切都处于紊乱的状态。
? We must pay taxes to the state. 我们必须向国家纳税。
【归纳拓展】
statement n. 陈述，声明
make a statement 声明
? The minister at first declined to make a statement, but later she agreed. 部长起初拒绝发表声明，但后来她同意了。
I ____________ my destination. The driver acknowledged my instructions but did not move off.
A. stated B. ordered C. decided D. chose
【答案】A
【解析】句意：我说出了我的目的地。司机听到我的指示，却没有出发。此处表示＂我＂说出目的地。state作动词，表示＂说明，陈述＂。
11. even if即使；尽管
与even though同义，引导让步状语从句，从句常用一般时代替将来时。可位于句首或句中
?I wouldn't tell you even if I knew.即使我知道我也不会告诉你。
?He never apologizes, even though he knows that he is wrong.
他从不道歉，即使他错了。
?I won't go to the wedding even if I am invited.
即使被邀请我也不会去参加婚礼。
【归纳拓展】
引导让步状语从句的连词小结
①用although，though，even though，even if 等引导让步状语从句，意思是“尽管”或“虽然”。
②用when 和 while 引导让步状语从句，意思是“尽管；虽然”。
③用as 引导让步状语从句，意思是“虽然；尽管”。用作此意时必须将表语、状语或动词原形提到as前面。
The engineers are so busy that they have no time for sports activities, they have the interest.
A.even if B.as if C.whenever D.wherever
【答案】A
12. keep on 继续
（1）用作不及物动词短语，在句中单独使用
（2）构成短语keep on doing sth. “继续做某事”
?Keep on until you come to a filling station.继续前进，直到加油站为止。
?They kept on working although they were tired.
他们虽然很疲劳，但还是继续工作。
?The heavy rain didn't keep them from watching the football match.
大雨没能阻止他们看足球赛。
【归纳拓展】
keep 构成的短语还有：
keep back(与……)保持距离；抑制；隐瞒
keep off不接近 keep out挡住；使不进入
keep away from避开 keep up with赶上；跟上
keep one’s word /promise履行诺言
keep...from (doing) sth阻止某人做某事
keep in touch with与……保持联系
keep to坚守；遵守；坚持
keep...in mind记住
用适当的介词或副词填空。
①We will reach the goal if we keep ________ the plan.
②The captain tried his best to keep our spirits ________．
③He told the boys playing football to keep ________ the grass.
④Keep the children away ________ the machine.
【答案】
to ②up ③off ④from
13. glance vi.看一下；瞥一眼；扫视；n.[C]一瞥
glance over/through/at浏览
at first glance/sight乍一看
give/take a glance (at)(朝……)一瞥
?He glanced through/over the newspaper.
他大致浏览了一下报纸。
?At first glance the problem seemed easy.
乍看之下这个问题似乎很简单。
?She glanced at her watch and then went out in a hurry.
她匆匆看了看表然后匆忙出去了。
【易混辨析】glance/glare/stare
glance 指快速地看某人或某物一眼，强调动作
glare 指怒视，强调敌对、威胁的态度
stare 指由于害怕或吃惊而睁大眼睛注视某人或某物，也指盯着看
Lily is so shy that whenever she is introduced to strangers, she always at them quickly and then looks down at the ground.
A.stares B.glances C.laughs D.points
【答案】B
14. on the whole 大体上；基本上
? The two buildings are similar on the whole. 从整体来看，这两幢楼是相似的。
? Is the collection going to be divided up or sold as a whole? 这批收藏品是零售还是一起卖？
【归纳拓展】
as a whole作为一个整体；总体上
in general大体上；总的来说
generally speaking一般来说
? The business as a whole was successful. 那笔生意整体来看是成功的。
? Generally speaking, I don’t go out on sundays. 一般来说，我周末不出去。
You have made a few grammar mistakes in your essay but ___________ you have done well.
A. on the whole B. on the other hand
C. first of all D. generally speaking
【答案】A
【解析】on the whole总的来说；on the other hand另一方面；first of all首先，最重要的是；generally speaking通常来说。句意：虽然你的论文中有一些语法错误，但是总的来说你写得很出色。
15. average adj. 平均的；普通的
n. 平均数
? On average，people who don’t smoke are healthier than people who do.
通常，不吸烟的人比吸烟的人健康。
? Tom’s work at school is above (the) average，while Harry’s is below (the) average.
汤姆在学校的功课在一般以上，而哈利的功课在一般以下。
【归纳拓展】
on average平均来看
above average高于平均水平
below average低于平均水平
up to average 达到平均数；达到一般水准
average v. 平均数为……；算出……平均数
average out算出……平均数
完成句子
①汤姆的功课在学校是中游以上水平。
Tom’s work at school is ___________________________.
②一般地说，男子比女子吸烟多。
___________________________ men smoke more cigarettes than women.
【答案】 ①above average ②On average
16. on behalf of代表……一方；作为……的代言人
?On behalf of everyone here，I wish you a pleasant journey.
我代表在座各位祝你旅途愉快。
?Mr Knight cannot be here，so his wife will accept the prize on his behalf.
奈特先生不能来，因此由他的夫人代他领奖。
I, my parents and myself, thank you for all the trouble you have taken to help us out.
A.in favor of B.on behalf of
C.by means of D.in respect of
【答案】B
17. advocate vt.拥护；提倡；主张
n．拥护者；提倡者
常见搭配:
advocate (doing) sth.提倡(做)某事
advocate that …提倡……(从句谓语用should＋动词原形，should可省)
an advocate for/of ……的支持/拥护者
?Our government advocates the use of energy-saving lights.
我国政府提倡使用节能灯。
?I don't advocate building (build)large factories.
我不主张建造许多大工厂。
?Many teachers advocate that the education system(should)be reformed (reform)．
很多教师主张改革现有的教育制度。
完成句子
①许多人主张增设医院。
Many people ___________ ___________ more hospitals.
②有时她主张我应该存些钱。
Sometimes she would advocate that I ___________ some of the money.
【答案】①advocate building ②(should) save
18. put up with 容忍，忍受
? I don’t know how she puts up with him. 我不明白她怎么受得了他。
? I’m not going to put up with their smoking any longer. 我再也不能容忍他们抽烟了。
【归纳拓展】
(1)“动词+up with”型短语：
come up with 找到（答案）
catch up with 追上；赶上
end up with以……结尾
team up with 合作，与……结成一队
(2) put构成的其他短语
put up 举起；张贴；建造；投宿；搭起
put away收拾，积蓄，放好
put back 放回原位；拖延，延误
put down放下；记下；镇压
put off 推迟，使延期，使失去兴趣
put on穿上；发胖；上演
put out 将……扔到外面；扑灭
put forward把……提前；提出建议
用put短语填空
①I can ___________ ___________ ___________ the house being untidy, but I hate it if it’s not clean.
②The exam results will be ___________ ___________ on Friday afternoon.
【答案】①put up with ②put up
19. so long as 只要
用作连词，引导条件状语从句，此时可用as long as替换。
? I’ll help you so long as I have time. 只要我有时间我就会帮助你的。
? You may borrow this book, so long as you keep it clean. 这本书你只要能保持整洁，就可以借给你。
【归纳拓展】
条件状语从句有两种：真实条件句和非真实条件句（即虚拟条件句）。能引导真实条件句的连词除了so/as long as外，还有if，unless，suppose/supposing(that)，providing/provided that，given(that)，on condition that，only if等。
完成句子
①只要你有自信，你就会获胜的。
___________ ___________ ___________ you have confidence in yourself, you’ll win.
②It is so cold that you can’t go outside ___________ fully covered in thick clothes.
【答案】①So/As long as ②unless
1. There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer and that it is human activity that has
caused this global warming rather than a random but natural phenomenon.
毫无疑问，地球正变得更加暖和。全球变暖是人为的，而不是随意的自然现象。
There’s no doubt that...意为“……是毫无疑问的”。
①There is (some) doubt之后常接whether引导的从句，表“怀疑是否会……”；there is no doubt后常接that引
导的从句，表“对……毫不怀疑”。
②doubt用作动词时，意为“怀疑，不相信”。在肯定句中doubt后面的从句由whether/if引导；在疑问句或否
定句中doubt后面的从句由that引导。
There is no doubt at all that we did the right thing.
毫无疑问我们做得对。
I doubt(＝I have my doubt)whether/if he is the best man for the job.
我怀疑他是否是做这项工作的最佳人选。
There is some doubt whether/if he is fit for the job.
至于他能否胜任这项工作，还有疑问。
（1）I am sure he will come. I have about it.
A.no problem B.no hurry C.no doubt D.no wonder
【答案】C
（2）There is no doubt ________ you are bound to have an accident if you drive so fast down the motorway.
A.which B.whether C.that D.if
【答案】C
【解析】考查连词（固定句型）。There is no doubt that…是固定句型，意思是“毫无疑问……”，其中，that引导同位语从句。句意：如果你在高速公路上开得这么快，毫无疑问会出事故的。故选C。
2. That probably does not seem much to you or me, but it is a rapid increase when compared to other natural changes. 这个数值对你我来说很可能无关紧要，但是跟其他自然变化相比较而言，这却是一种快速的增长。
when compared to...是时间状语从句的省略，其完整形式为：when it is compared to...，状语从句的省略的用法： 省略成分：从句主语＋be
适用的从句：时间、条件、让步等状语从句
省略条件：主从句主语一致或从句主语是it，且从句谓语含有be
? When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the piano. 她很小就开始学弹钢琴。
? If (it is) necessary, ring me at home. 如果有必要，往我家里打电话。
【巧学助记】
巧记状语从句的省略
时，条，让，方，地，主语同，谓语be，
二者省去不可惜，从句主语是it，省去it’s也可以。
Children, when ____________ by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium.
A. to be accompanied B. to accompany
C. accompanying D. accompanied
【答案】D
3. As I’m not sure where to start with my project, I would appreciate any suggestions you may have. 因为我还不清楚我该从哪里着手开始我的研究，我会感激你们的任何建议。
（1）本句为主从复合句，as引导原因状语从句，在该从句中where to start...作I’m not sure的宾语；you may have为定语从句，修饰suggestions。
where to start with my project为＂疑问词＋不定式＂结构。疑问代词(who，what，which等)和疑问副词(when，where，how等)后面跟不定式，构成＂疑问词＋不定式＂结构，这种结构在句中可以作主语、宾语(一般用在tell，understand，explain，advise，discuss等后面)、表语等。
? Where to go tomorrow has not been decided. 明天到什么地方去尚未决定。
? He has to learn how to hunt for food, and make fire. 他得学会如何寻找食物以及生火。
? The most difficult challenge is how to survive without friends. 最难的挑战就是生活中孤独无友。
【温馨提示】
将该结构改成从句时，需在疑问词后加上适当的主语，并将不定式改成适当形式的谓语。
? How to do it is a question. ＝How we should do it is a question. 我们该怎样做是一个问题。
? Which to choose is important. ＝Which we should choose is important. 我们要选哪个很重要。
（2）此处为be sure＋疑问词＋不定式结构＋...；另外be sure后面可以跟从句或跟介词of/about＋动名词或名词，意为＂确信……，对……有把握＂。be sure＋不定式表示＂必定，必然会，准会＂。
? I’m sure what to do next. 我确定下一步要做什么。
? I’m not sure when to finish the task. 我不确定什么时候完成任务。
完成句子
有二十名学生要去听如何快速阅读的课。
Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach ________ ________ ________ ________.
【答案】how to read fast
4. It takes a lot of energy to make things from new materials，so，if you can，buy things made from recycled materials.用新材料来做这些东西要耗费大量的能源，因此，如有可能，就买那些用再生材料制成的物品吧。
It takes sth.to do...是固定句式，表示“做某事需要……”。It 在此作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式短语。
It takes sb...to do.../It takes...for sb.to do...做某事花某人(时间、精力等)
? It took great courage to tell the truth. 说出真相需要很大的勇气。
?It usually takes half an hour for me to arrive(arrive)at my school.
我通常花半小时到达学校。
翻译句子
Persistence is a good quality and that’s what it takes to achieve your dream.
_____________________________________________________________
【答案】坚持不懈是一种好品质，是实现你的梦想所需要的品质。
it的用法(Ⅱ)
it可用于强调结构中。在语言的使用过程中，有时我们要根据具体语境的需要对句中的某些部分进行强调，这时候我们就需要一种特殊的句型——强调句。
1. 强调句型的基本结构
强调句型的基本结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分。
强调句型的一般疑问句：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分？
强调句型的特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋is/was it＋that＋其他成分？
?Is it in 2012 that the 30th Olympic Games will be held in London？
是在2012年第30届奥运会将在伦敦举行吗？
?How was it that your brother succeeded in finishing the difficult task？
你哥哥是怎样成功完成了那个困难的任务的？
2. 强调句型强调的成分
强调句型强调的成分：主语、宾语、状语。被强调部分指人时，用who或that皆可；指物时，只能用that；被强调部分是时间、地点，原因或方式状语时，不用when，where，why或how而用that。
? It was the beautiful lady that/who I met in the hotel yesterday.
我昨天在旅馆里遇到的正是这位漂亮女士。(强调宾语)
? It was in Beijing that we visited the Bird’s Nest and Water Cube.
正是在北京我们参观了鸟巢和水立方。(强调地点状语)
? It is my mother who/that reminds me to get up on time every day.
每天都是我妈妈提醒我按时起床。(强调主语)
3. 强调句型的时态
如果原句中谓语动词的时态是现在或将来时间范畴的时态(如：一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时/现在完成进行时、一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时等)，用It is＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分。
如果原句中谓语动词为过去时间范畴的时态(如：一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等)，则用It was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分。
? It is you that/who are to blame. 是你该受谴责。
? It was at the railway station that we first met 10 years ago. 我们10年前第一次相逢是在火车站。
4. 在强调句型中，强调原句中的主语时，that/who后的谓语单复数的确定。
在强调句型中，若强调原句中的主语，that/who后的谓语动词的单复数应与被强调的主语的单复数形式保持一致。
? The little boy has broken a beautiful jar. →It is the little boy who/that has broken a beautiful jar.
? They are going to attend your birthday party tomorrow. →It is they who/that are going to attend your birthday party tomorrow.
5. 对not...until结构的强调
not...until结构的强调句型为＂It is/was not until...that...＂在这一固定句型中，由于not已经前移，that后只能用肯定形式。
? He didn’t go to bed until ten o’clock.→It was not until ten o’clock that he went to bed. 直到10点他才睡觉。
? I didn’t realize it until I got off the bus.→It was not until I got off the bus that I realized it.
6. 如何识别强调句型
强调句型中的it is/was和that无实际意义，去掉后，句子结构仍然完整、正确，句意仍然明确；而其他句型去掉it is/was和that后，句意不完整。
? It is for three hours that they have worked. 他们已经工作三个小时了。（强调句型）
? It is a wonder that he is still alive. 他还活着真是个奇迹。（it作形式主语）
7. 使用强调句型的几个注意事项
(1)若被强调成分是主语，who/that之后的谓语动词应该在人称和数上与被强调的主语保持一致。
?It is he who/that often helps me with my English.是他经常帮我学英语。
?It is trees that we plant on the hillside every year.我们每年都在山坡上种的是树。
(2)若被强调成分是作主语的代词，用主格；若是作宾语的代词，则用宾格。
?It was he that helped me yesterday.昨天帮我的人是他。
?It was me that he helped yesterday.他昨天帮的人是我。
(3)强调句中只用两种时态，即一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was...that/who...，其余的时态用It is...that/who...
?It is you who/that are to blame.是你该受到指责。
怎样写海报
海报是向大众发布某种消息的布告。海报的形式多为招聘广告、活动宣传和人物介绍。英文海报的内容常为球讯、影讯、商业报道、展览会、报告会、专题讲座等。一般的英文海报由标题、正文和落款组成。
一、海报的格式
1. 标题
海报中往往把内容作为大字标题。如：Football Match，Film News，Good News，New Year’s Eve Entertainment 或者注明Poster等字样。
2. 正文部分
正文部分要写清楚具体内容。活动内容、地点以及参加规定、主持或举办单位等。语言多用十分简略的形式，开门见山地说明主题、活动内容。活动时间和活动地点另起一行。最后提出活动要求和注意事项。
3. 落款
出海报的单位署名通常放在右下角；日期位于署名的下一行，既可以写在右下角，也可以写在左下角。
二、写作要求
海报写作的注意事项有：
1. 时态：用一般将来时和一般现在时。
2. 语言：海报语言要简明扼要，有感染力，能够唤起公众的关注。句子要短小精悍，通俗易懂。文中可以用些鼓动性的词语，但不可夸大其词。
3. 要求：海报一定要具体真实地写明活动的时间、地点、主要内容、参加规定及主办单位。
1. We’ll have a show/football match on July 16th.
2. There is a piece of news that we’ll hold a ...＋地点＋时间。
3. ...is holding＋活动＋地点＋时间
4. We hope to raise money to help...
5. The time is from...to...
6. It will be held... The match will be wonderful.
7. Call ... at 5254324 or email...
8. Please come and cheer for them.
9. I hope you don’t miss it.
10. All are warmly welcome.
11. Everyone is welcome.
12. Catch the chance, or you will regret.
13. Sigh up and have a good time.
14. Hurry up to...
Unit 4 Global warming
I. 单词拼写
1. As a ____________ (结果，后果) of enjoying the paintings, Shelley wanted to become an artist.
2. The ____________ (曲线图) shows how house prices have risen since the 1980s.
3. The information is processed in a(n) ____________ (任意的) order.
4. In dealing with this new ____________ (现象), I have two points to make.
5. Wood, coal, oil, petrol and gas are all different kinds of ____________ (燃料).
6. The ____________ (数据) suggests you are heavy cigarette smokers.
7. There’s been an upward ____________ (趋势) in sales in the last few years.
8. Early warnings of rising water levels prevented another major ____________ (大灾难).
9. The heavy rain has caused ____________ (洪水) in many parts of the country.
10. A(n) ____________ (一瞥) at my watch showed that it was nearly five and I was bored to death.
II. 单句语法填空
1.Do you still remember what Mary said at? end of the email?
2.I doubt? he has any real understanding of Shakespeare.
3.She? well? (educate), having good habits and agreeable manners.
4. People went outdoors? (refresh) by the cool breeze of autumn.
5.What are the factors? (contribute to) his success?
6.In protecting our environment, what kids do can also make a? (different).
7.Don’t leave her? (wait) in the sun. It is impolite.
8.—Mary looks rather unhappy today.
—So she does. You? not have told her the news.
9.—Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?
—Yes.? possible, I’m going to visit some nursing homes in the city.
10.Environmentalists advocate that some measures? (take) to protect the environment.
III. 用所给词的正确形式填空
1.This is often done in the literature for reasons of a simpler? (present).
2.She is known chiefly for her? (commit) to nuclear disarmament.
3.The problem of environmental? (pollute) has been discussed heatedly recently.
4.People are living a wealthier life with the? (grow) of the economy.
5.An electric motor turns? (electric) energy into mechanical energy.
6.He somehow got himself to Germany in the role of an? (educate).
7.He made outstanding? (contribute) in the area of foreign affairs.
8.The interest of? (individual) is closely linked with that of the country.
9.The recent? (disagree) points up the differences between the two sides.
IV.单项填空
1.（2017·江苏卷）In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _______ purposes is to relieve
worldwide starvation.
A. which B. it’s C. whose D. whom
2.（2017·天津卷）We offer an excellent education to our students. ________, we expect students to word hard.
A. On average B. At best
C. in return D. After all
3. Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 ℃___________ the average.
A. below B. on C. at D. above
4. When Richard said, ＂You are much more agreeable and prettier now,＂ Joan’s face turned red at the unexpected ___________.
A. command B. comparison C. compliment D. contribution
5. We tend to have a better memory for things that excite our senses or___________ our emotions than for straight facts.
A. block off B. appeal to C. subscribe to D. come across
6.You won’t find paper cutting difficult___________ you keep practicing it.
A. even if B. as long as C. as if D. ever since
7.—Can you tell us your for happiness and a long life?
—Living every day to the full, definitely.
A. recipe B. record C. range D. receipt
8. Was it because Jack came late for school __________ Mr Smith got angry?
A. why B. who C. where D. that
9.It was the culture, rather than the language, __________ made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.z&xxk
A. where B. why C. that D. what
10. It’s not doing the things we like, but liking the things we have to do __________ makes life happy.
A. that B. which C. what D. who
参考答案
I. 单词拼写
1. consequence 2. graph 3. random 4. phenomenon 5. fuel(s)
6. data 7. trend 8. catastrophe 9. floods 10. glance
II. 单句语法填空
1.the 2.whether/if 3.is; educated 4.to be refreshed
5.contributing to 6.difference 7.waiting 8.should
9.If 10. (should) be taken
III. 用所给词的正确形式填空
1.presentation 2.commitment 3.pollution 4.growth 5.electrical
6.educator 7.contributions 8.individuals 9.disagreement
IV.单项填空
2. C【解析】句意：我们给我们的学生们提供极好的教育，作为回报，我们期待我们的学生们努力学习。A. 平均起来，一般说来；B. 最多，充其量；C. 作为汇报；D. 毕竟，终究。根据句意故选C。
3. D【解析】本题考查介词短语的搭配，below the average ＂在平均值之下＂，above the average ＂在平均值之上＂，根据句意可知＂去年是有记录以来最暖和的一年＂故选D。average与on, at的正确搭配应为on average, at the average of。
4. C【解析】compliment的意思是＂恭维＂。译文：当理查德说：＂你现在更友善和漂亮＂时，简因为这意外的恭维而脸红。干扰项是B项。要看话语的意图，不能停留在形式上。
还可以表示"秘诀"。
8. D 【解析】句意：是因为杰克上学迟到史密斯先生才生气的吗？去掉it was和空处后本句意思完整，不缺少成分，由此判断本句是强调句型，被强调部分是because引导的状语从句，故选D。
9. C 【解析】句意：是文化，而不是语言，使得他很难适应国外的新环境。这个句子中含有it was，首先要 考虑所给题目是不是一个强调句。把It was和空处去掉后，发现句意仍然完整清楚，所以说这里是强
调句，要用that，故选C。
10. A 【解析】句意：不是做我们喜欢做的事情，而是喜欢我们不得不做的事情让生活幸福。强调句型：It is/ was+被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+that/who(当强调主语且主语指人)+其他部分。本题强
调主语not doing the things we like, but liking the things we have to do。故A正确。
Unit 4 Global warming
全球变暖可能会使人类变矮
Global warming could make humans shorter, warn scientists who claim to have found evidence that it caused the world’s first horses to shrunk nearly 50 million years ago.
In fact, a team from the universities of Florida and Nebraska says it has found a link between the earth heating up and the size of mammals—horses, in this case, the last time the world heated up. The scientists used fossils to follow the evolution of horses from their earliest appearance 56 million years ago.
As temperatures went up their size went down, and vice versa; at one point they were as small as a house cat, said Dr. Jonathan Bloch, curator of the Florida museum of natural history, was quoted by the ＂daily mail＂ as saying. The scientists say that the current warming could have the same effect on mammals—and could even make humans smaller.
＂Horses started out small, about the size of a small dog like a miniature schnauzer. what’s surprising is that after they first appeared, they then became even smaller and then dramatically increased in size, and that exactly corresponds to the global warming event, followed by cooling. ＂It had been known that mammals were small during that time and that it was warm, but we hadn’t understood that temperature specifically was driving the evolution of body size,＂ Dr. Bloch said in the ＂Science＂ journal.
科学家警告说，全球变暖可能会使人类变矮。科学家宣称已经找到证据：近5000万年前全球变暖就曾让世界上最早的马个头变小。
事实上，来自佛罗里达州和内布拉斯加州的大学的一支研究团队称，他们已经找到地球变暖和哺乳动物个头之间的联系。这一案例中马变矮的现象是上一次全球变暖时发生的。科学家用化石来追溯马从5600万年前诞生至今的进化历程。
随着气温的上升，马的个头变小，反之马的个头就变大。《每日邮报》援引佛罗里达自然历史博物馆馆长乔纳森?布洛赫博士的话说，它们曾一度像家猫那么小。科学家称，当前的全球变暖可能也会对哺乳动物产生同样的影响，甚至可能会让人类的个子也变小。
布洛赫博士在《科学》杂志中写道：＂马最初的个头很小，和一只小狗的个头差不多，大约也就像一只迷你型雪纳瑞犬那么大。令人惊讶的是，在马诞生后过了一段时间，它们的个子变得更小，之后个头又显著变大，而这些变化与全球变暖和变冷正好是相对应的。＂我们已经知道哺乳动物在那个时期个头较小，而那个时期气候也较暖，但我们还未意识到正是温度驱动着身体大小的进化。＂
地球再变暖或使蜥蜴进化成恐龙
Global warming 300 million years ago triggered the evolutionary burst which caused lizards to evolve into dinosaurs, scientists revealed today. The new research is focused on the carboniferous period, when the supercontinent of Pangea was covered in tropical rainforests ruled by reptiles. Scientists now believe that the earth became significantly hotter during this age— turning rainforests into＂islands＂surrounded by arid deserts. This climatic change caused lizards to adapt to live in drier conditions and led to the evolution of different varieties of dinosaurs.
这是一个信息大爆炸的时代，也是一个生活大爆炸的时代，但谁也没想过，早已远去的时代未来会在亿万年后又重新回归。伦敦大学的科学家通过研究发现，30亿年前的一波全球变暖让当时的蜥蜴进化成了恐龙，这一推断让人不禁想到30亿年后的今天，全球气候变暖重演，蜥蜴是否会再次进化成恐龙。在30亿年前的石炭纪时代，大陆被热带雨林覆盖，并由爬行动物所统治。科学家分析，若变暖趋势加剧，蜥蜴会调整自身以适应干燥气候，再次进化成不同种类的恐龙。
Dr. Howard Falcon-lang of royal Holloway, university of London, who carried out the research, revealed this global warming indirectly caused the evolution of mammals. he said, ＂we now know that this climate change caused the rainforests to fragment into small ‘islands’ of forest. This change isolated populations of reptiles and caused each community to evolve in a different direction leading to an increase in diversity.＂
伦敦大学皇家霍洛威学院的科学家指出，全球变暖将首先作用于哺乳类动物，推进它们的进化。博士Dr. Howard Falcon-lang说：＂我们了解到气候变暖加剧后，会使得大片的热带雨林碎成小的森林岛，而群居的蜥蜴一旦被强行分开就会成为一个个小群体，随之，每个群体之间开始向不同方向进化，最终差异促进进化成功。而蜥蜴进化的最终结果有可能成为恐龙。＂
＂We have discovered for the first time how this evolution occurred after analysing hundreds of fossils from around the globe. This initial burst of global warming significantly affected the evolution of the world and led reptiles to evolve into dinosaurs, birds and mammals.＂
据悉，科学家大胆推断出这一结论是通过搜集并研究全球各地的化石而得到的，他们认定，第一波的全球变暖的确影响了生物的进化过程。
Unit 4 Global warming
I. 阅读理解
Passage1（2017·江苏卷）
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全球变暖创造性适应方法
689
★★★☆☆
7分钟
Old Problem, New Approaches
While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions(排放) peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today, we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.
When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least, the US National Climate Assessment says that: "There is no ‘one-size fits all’ adaptation." Nevertheless, there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.
Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries, schools, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity(连接) to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.
Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers(冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel’s inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200,000m3 of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norphel’s ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.
Increasing Earth’s reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses(which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.
In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its list of "100 ideas to save the planet".
More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this — either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we’ve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it’s a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.
Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.
65. The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies .
A. adaptation is an ever-changing process
B. the cost of adaptation varies with time
C. global warming affects adaptation forms
D. adaptation to climate change is challenging
66. What is special with regard to Rezwan’s project?
A. The project receives government support.
B. Different organizations work with each other.
C. His organization makes the best of a bad situation.
D. The project connects flooded roads and highways.
67. What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?
A. Storing ice for future use.
B. Protecting the glaciers from melting.
C. Changing the irrigation time.
D. Postponing the melting of the glaciers.
68. What do we learn from the Peru example?
A. White paint is usually safe for buildings.
B. The global warming trend cannot be stopped.
C. This country is heating up too quickly.
D. Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.
69. According to the author, polluting industries should .
A. adapt to carbon pollution
B. plant highly profitable crops
C. leave carbon emission alone
D. fight against carbon pollution
70．What’s the author’s preferred solution to global warming?
A. Setting up a new standard.
B. Reducing carbon emission.
C. Adapting to climate change.
D. Monitoring polluting industries.
【话题解读】尽管清洁能源在如今的生活中被越来越多地使用，全球变暖仍将在未来的几十年中继续。面对这个问题，人们想出了不同的创造性的方法来适应它。
66. C【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段首句可知，世界范围内尤其是一些贫穷地区的人们使用了令人意想不到的方法去适应环境的改变，化劣势为优势，再结合下文的内容可知,Rezwan就是这么做的，故答案为C。
67. A 【解析】考查细节理解。由第四段中的"...He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring..."可知，他把水引入盆地，水在那里结冰并被存储到春天使用，故A正确。
68. D【解析】考查细节理解。根据第六段的内容可知，在秘鲁当地的农民会把整个山峰涂成白色来增强对阳光的反射，希望借此来保护冰不被融化，再结合第五段的内容可知，反射太阳光可能会减轻全球变暖，故D 项正确。
70. B 【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段第二句"But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution"可知，作者认为最明智的应对全球变暖的方法是减少碳排放，故B正确。
Passage2（2016·江苏卷）
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厄尔尼诺现象给全球带来了巨大的影响
413
★★★☆☆
6分钟
El Ni?o, a Spanish term for "the Christ child," was named by South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Ni?o sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.z*xxk
The weather effects, both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Ni?os, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Ni?o in 1997-98 helped America’s economy grow by $15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvests: farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones.
But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought (干旱) in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Ni?o may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.
The most recent powerful Ni?o, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Ni?os come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.
Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施) can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道) make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Ni?o’s harmful effects — and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Ni?o, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.
61. What can we learn about El Ni?o in Paragraph 1?
A. It is named after a South American fisherman.
B. It takes place almost every year all over the world.
C. It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.
D. It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.
62. What may El Ni?os bring about to the countries affected?
A. Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.
B. Droughts become more harmful than floods.
C. Rich countries’ gains are greater than their losses.
D. Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically.
63. The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that .
A. more investment should go to risk reduction
B. governments of poor countries need more aid
C. victims of El Ni?o deserve more compensation
D. recovery and reconstruction should come first
64. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?
A. To introduce El Ni?o and its origin.
B. To explain the consequences of El Ni?o.
C. To show ways of fighting against El Ni?o.
D. To urge people to prepare for El Ni?o.
【语篇解读】厄尔尼诺现象的发生给全球带来了巨大的影响，作者通过具体的数据呼吁人们做好防范和准备工作。
63. A 【解析】考查推理判断。根据文中的"however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance"与"This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at
least two on reconstruction"可知，这些数据说明了减少风险的投入太少，政府应该加大这方面的投入，因此答案为A。
64. D 【解析】考查写作意图。根据最后一段中的"Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Ni?o, reducing their losses needs to be the priority"可知，作者通过此文呼吁人们为厄尔尼诺现象提前做准备，因此D项正确。
Passage3（2016·上海卷）
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减少温室气体排放的目标和做法
262
★★★☆☆
6分钟
Is there link between humans and climate change or not? This question was first studied in the early 1900s. Since then, many scientists have thought that our actions do make a difference. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol explained our role in the Earth’s changing atmosphere and set international limits for gas emissions(排放) from 2008 to 2012. Some countries have decided to continue these reductions until 2020. More recently, the Paris Agreement, stuck by nearly 200 countries, also aims to limit global warming. But just now how much warmer it will get depends on how deeply countries cut carbon emissions.
3.5℃
This is how much temperatures would rise by 2100 even if nations live up to the initial Paris promises to reduce carbon emissions; this rise could still put coastal cities under water and drive over half of all species to extinction.
2℃
To meet this minimum goal, the Agreement requires countries to tighten emissions targets every five years. Even this increase could sink some islands, worse drought(干旱) and drive a decline of up to a third in the number of species.
1.5℃
This is the most ambitious goal for temperature rise set by the Paris Agreement, after a push by low-lying island nations like Kiribati, which say limiting temperature rise to 1.5℃ could save them from sinking.
0.8℃
This is how much temperatures have risen since the industrial age began, putting us 40% of the way to the 2℃ point.
0℃
The baseline here is average global temperature before the start of the industrial age.
70. It can be concluded from paragraph 1 that _______.
A. the problem of global warming will have been quite solved by 2020
B. gas emissions have been effectively reduced in developed countries
C. the Paris Agreements is more influential than the Kyoto Protocol
D. humans have made continuous efforts to slow down global warming
71. If nations could only keep the initial promises of the Paris Agreement, what would happen by the year 2100?
A. The human population would increase by one third.
B. Little over 50% of all species would still exist.
C. Nations would not need to tighten their emissions targets.
D. The Agreement’s minimum goal would not be reached.
72. If those island nations not far above sea level are to survive, the maximum temperature rise, since the start of the industrial age, should be_______.
A. 0.8℃ B. 1.5℃ C. 2℃ D. 3.5℃
【话题解读】本文介绍了人们一直努力减少温室气体的排放，并设立了到2100年我们应该达成的目标以及达成目标要符合的条件。
71.D 推理判断题。根据文章第二段This is how much temperatures would rise by 2100 even if nations live up to the initial Paris promises to reduce carbon emissions…可知如果各国的气体排放能够符合巴黎协议的要求，到2100年气温会比现在高三度。而根据第三段中的To meet this minimum goal可知最小的目标是上升两度。也就是说即使各国的气体排放能够符合巴黎协议的要求，也达不到最小的目标。故D正确。
72.B 细节理解题。根据第四段中的This is the most ambitious goal for temperature rise set by the Paris Agreement, after a push by low-lying island nations like Kiribati, which say limiting temperature rise to 1.5℃ could save them from sinking.可知对于那些低海拔的国家来说温度上升不超过1.5度，就可以避免他们被淹没。故B正确。
II. 短文改错
（2015·新课标卷I）When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city. I think I would be happy there. Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside. There the air is clean or the mountains are green. Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted. Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem. The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. Much rare animals are dying out. We must found ways to protect your environment. If we fail to do so, we’ll live to regret it.zx&xk
【参考答案】
When I was a child, I hoped to live in city. I I would be happy there. Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside. There the air is clean the mountains are green. Unfortunately, the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted. Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very problem. The we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. rare animals are dying out. We must ways to protect environment. If we fail to do so, we’ll live to regret .
【解析】
第七处： much→many 形容词用法错误。animal为可数名词，故要用many修饰。
第八处：found→find 动词用法错误。情态动词must后接动词原形。
第九处： your→our 代词用法错误。这里应该是保护我们的环境。
第十处： 去掉it 代词用法错误。我们将生活在遗憾中。
