contain，affect
重要程度：★★★☆☆ 难易程度：★★★☆☆
1. This atlas(地图集)_________40 maps, _________that of Great Britain.
A. contains; including B. includes; containing
C. contains; containing D. includes; including
【参考答案】A
【易混辨析】contain/include
contain
指所包含或容纳的全部内容或某物的成分。
include
指作为整体中的一部分而被包括进去，通常指同类。常使用＂including+被包括部分＂或＂被包括部分+included＂的结构。
【巧学妙记】一句话识记contain与include
The book contains ten chapters, including American literature. =The book contains ten chapters, American literature included. 这本书含有10章，其中包括美国文学。
2. (2017·浙江改编) They _____________ (affect) by certain body chemicals.
【参考答案】are affected
【试题解析】句意：他们被特定的身体化学物质所影响。主语They与affect之间为被动关系，因此用被动语态，此处表示一般情况，故填are affected。
【拓展延伸】
affect vt. 影响；感动；侵袭
affect sb./sth. 影响某人/某事
be deeply affected by被深深打动了
【易混辨析】affect/effect
affect
动词，指＂产生的影响之大足以引起反应＂，着重＂影响＂的动作，有时含有＂对……产生不利影响＂的意思。
effect
名词，多用作名词指＂效果，作用＂，常用于have an effect on＂对……有影响＂。
1. 选词填空(contain/include)
①Our six-city tour _________ a visit to London.
②The container __________ many kinds of fruits, _________ apples/apples _________.
③She couldn’t _________ herself any longer — she simply had to tell him the good news.
2. 完成句子
①The south of the country was worst __________ by the drought.
该国南方旱情最严重。
②We _____________________the news of Nelson Mandela’s death.
纳尔逊·曼德拉去世的消息使我们深感悲痛。
③(2017·新课标全国卷II改编) Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other — but always with an underlying _____________ (affect).
④(2017·北京改编) Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them ___________(affect) the real world.
3. Healthy diet should ____________ some nutrition(营养素), ____________sugar, protein and calcium.
A. contain; included B. containing; including
C. be contained; included D. contain; including
4. We are concerned about the weather because it _____________ what we wear and even how we feel.
A. benefits B. guides C. affects D. causes
1. ①includes
②contains; including; included
③contain
2. ①affected
②were deeply affected by
③affection
④to affect
3. D 【解析】including sb./sth.和sb./ sth. included均为固定用法，故排除A、C；第一空少谓语，而containing是非谓语形式，故选D。
你受到的“影响”都“包括”哪些？
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incident，according to
重要程度：★★★☆☆ 难易程度：★★☆☆☆
1. (2017·江苏改编) The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical _______________ (incident/accident).
【参考答案】incidents
【易混辨析】accident/incident
accident
是＂意外事件＂，通常指偶然发生的不幸事件或事故，如＂天灾人祸＂等
incident
是＂事情＂或＂事件＂，它既可以指日常生活中的小事情、小插曲，也可以指外交、政治方面的重大事件、事变
【巧学妙记】图解大小事件：
2. (2017·天津改编)According _____________ the last paragraph, what do Alice and her father have in common?
【参考答案】to
【拓展延伸】
according to根据……所说，按照
?Philip stayed at the hotel, according to Mr Hemming. 据亨明先生所说，菲利普住在旅馆里。
【特别提醒】
according to后可接名词、代词和what从句。according to用来引出来自他人或他处的消息，不能与me或my opinion连用。in my opinion表示自己的观点，意为＂依我看，在我看来＂。
?依我看，这部电影很不错。
In my opinion, the film is wonderful.(正)
According to my opinion, the film is wonderful.(误)
According to me, the film is wonderful.(误)
1. There were not any track and field ____________ for women in the Olympic Games until 1928.
A. incidents B. accidents C. events D. affairs
2. 翻译句子
①被汽车撞了是大事故，不是小事情。
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②Accidents are becoming incidents on this railway.
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3. 完成句子
①_______________________, the train gets in at 8: 27.
根据时刻表，火车8: 27进站。
②Each man will be paid ____________________.
每个人将根据各自的能力获得报酬。
4. 语法填空
①(2017·北京改编)What has been improved _____________(according) the speaker?
②(2017·新课标全国卷II改编)Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, ______________ (according) Robert Mann, an airline industry expert.
③(2017·新课标全国卷I改编) What is unavoidable in the author’s rescue work according _____________ paragraph 1?
④According ________ a UN report, some 844 animals and plants have disappeared in the last 500 years.
2. ①Being hit by a car is a big accident, not an incident.
②这条铁路上出事故已成家常便饭。
3. ①According to the timetable
②according to his ability
4. ①according to
②according to
③to
④to 【解析】句意：根据一项联合国报告，在最近500年之内，大约844种动植物已经消失。according to根据。
“根据”你所掌握的信息，你能分出incident和accident吗？
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not…until…结构
重要程度：★★☆☆☆ 难易程度：★★★☆☆
(2017?天津改编) I had an early start at the age of nine with a role in a 1990s TV series, but it wasn’t _____________ (直到) I finished film studies _____________ I pursued my career as an actress.
【参考答案】until; that
【拓展延伸】
1. not …until…的用法：
(1)当not until位于句首时，句子要倒装。其结构为：Not until+从句/表时间的词+助动词+(主句)主语+谓语+…。
(2)not…until…句式的强调句型为It is/was not until…that…。
?It was not until yesterday that I noticed it. 直到昨天我才注意到此事。
?Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking. 直到老师进来学生们才停止讲话。
2. until＂直到＂，表示某一种行为一直持续到某一时间。用在肯定句中，句子的谓语动词必须是可延续性的；not…until… ＂直到……才＂，表示直到某一时间，某一行为才发生，之前该行为并没有发生。用在否定句中，主句中的谓语可以是延续性动词，也可以是短暂性动词。
?I studied English until 9 o’clock last night. 我昨晚学英语一直学到9点。
?I did not study English until 9 o’clock last night. 我昨晚直到9点才学英语。
【特别注意】
1. 在not…until句型中，主句中的动词均为短暂性动词，如leave，start等。而在until的肯定句型中，主句的谓语动词一定要用延续性动词，因为until作为连词和介词意为up to the time when; up to＂直到……时＂。
2. until只连接表示时间的短语和从句，不能用于地点和数量。
?We walked until the edge of the forest.(误)
?Our classroom can hold until fifty students.(误)
1. 一句多译
①直到下周才开运动会。
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②等到湖里的鱼全死光了，村民们才意识到污染是多么严重。
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2. (2013·天津)It was not until near the end of the letter ___________ she mentioned her own plan.
A. that B. where C. why D. when
1. ①The sports meeting will not be held until next week.
→Not until next week will the sports meeting be held.
→It is not until next week that the sports meeting will be held.
②The villagers didn’t realize how serious the pollution was until all the fish died in the river.
→Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.
not… until…结构的用法：
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pay attention to，appreciate
重要程度：★★★☆☆ 难易程度：★★☆☆☆
1. (2017·天津改编)Suppose you’re in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention _____________ your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble.
【参考答案】to
【拓展延伸】
pay attention to sb./sth. 注意某人/某物
pay attention to doing sth. 注意做某事
attract/catch/draw/get one’s attention 吸引某人的注意力
fix/focus one’s attention on 集中注意力于
devote one’s attention to 专心于
turn one’s attention to 将注意力转向
2. His talent was not fully ___________ (appreciate) in that company, which was why he gave up the job finally.
【参考答案】appreciated
【拓展延伸】
1. appreciate vt. 鉴赏；感激；意识到
appreciate sth. 感激……
appreciate (one’s) doing… 感激(某人)做某事
appreciate it if… 要是……将不胜感激
2. appreciation n. 欣赏；感激，感谢；(艺术方面的)鉴定，评估
in appreciation of... 作为对……的感谢；为感谢……
appreciative adj. 欣赏的，赏识的；感激的，感谢的
【特别提醒】
appreciate后面若跟when/if引导的从句作宾语时，从句之前应用it作形式宾语。类似用法的动词还有hate, love, like, dislike等。
1. 完成句子
①The colorful balloons ________________________.
彩色的气球吸引了孩子的注意力。
②____________________________the peace of the world.
应高度关注世界的和平。
③With _______________________his study, he made rapid progress.
因把大量精力集中在学习上，他进步很快。
④Attention _______________________your pronunciation.
你应该注意发音。
⑤She tried to _______________________.
她设法吸引服务员的注意。
⑥The child _______________________the toys.
那个孩子的注意力集中在玩具上。
2. 单句语法填空
①(2017·新课标全国卷I改编)Now, I _____________ (appreciation) the silence and the new way of communication it opens.
②(2017·天津改编) Like me, this woman was here to stop, sigh and ___________ (appreciation) the view.
3. (2017·江苏改编) In his first years of high school, Gabriel would look pityingly at music students, struggling across the campus with their heavy instrument cases, turning up at school for practice hours before anyone else had to be there. He swore to himself to music, as he hated getting to school extra early.
A. betray B. accept C. avoid D. appreciate
4. (2014·陕西)I’d appreciate __________ if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.
A. it B. you C. one D. this
1. ①attracted/caught/got the baby’s attention
②High attention should be paid to
③much attention focused on
④should be paid to
⑤attract the waiter’s attention
⑥fixed his attention on
2. ①appreciate
②appreciate
3. C 【解析】考查动词。根据＂as he hated getting to school extra early＂可知，Gabriel讨厌过早到校，因此他发誓＂不学＂音乐。A. 背叛；B. 接受；C. 避免，避开；D. 欣赏。故选C。
你“注意”到如何使用“appreciate”了吗？
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with复合结构
高考频度：★★☆☆☆ 难易程度：★★★★☆
The?murderer?was?brought?in,?with?his?hands?_____________?behind?his?back.
A.?being?tied ? B.?having?tied
C.?to?be?tied D.?tied
【参考答案】D
【拓展延伸】
with的复合结构为＂with +宾语(n. /pron. )+宾语补足语＂。在句中with复合结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式、伴随情况、时间、原因或条件等。with复合结构在句中也可以作定语。with复合结构的具体形式：
?He often sleeps with the windows open. 他经常开着窗睡觉。
?The building looks more beautiful with all the lights on. 所有的灯都开着，这楼看起来更加漂亮。
?The teacher went into the classroom with some books in his hand. 老师手里拿着几本书走进教室。
1. 用with复合结构完成句子
①___________________, I finished the work in time.
有了汤姆的帮助，我及时完成了这项工作。
②The thief was brought in _____________________.
小偷双手被捆着带了进来。
③The guard stood at the gate ____________________.
卫兵双手握枪站在门口。
④____________________, we’ve got more room.
约翰不在，我们有了更多的地方。
2. _________ production up by 60 %, the company has had another excellent year.
A. As B. For C. With D. Through
3. ____________and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctor’s help to end her life.
A. Having given up hope of cure
B. With no hope for cure
C. There being hope for cure
D. In the hope of cure
4. The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already ____________ for a meal to be cooked.
A. laid B. laying
C. to lay D. being laid
1. ①With Tom helping me
②with his hands tied
③with a gun in his hands
④With John away
2. C 【解析】本题考查介词with的复合结构＂with + n. / pron. +介词短语)＂的用法。as作连词，意为＂因为、由于＂，其后必须跟从句；作介词，意为＂作为＂，从语法和句意方面都不适合。而for和through在这里从语法和句意方面也不能用。在这里应用with，意思是＂因为、由于＂。 句意：由于生产（产品）上升了60% ，这家公司又有了一个辉煌年。
4. A 【解析】with复合结构的构成是＂with+宾语+宾语补足语＂，由于table与lay(搁放)之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，所以空格处用过去分词表示被动和完成。
＂with复合结构＂用法总结：
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周末培优
重要程度：★★☆☆☆ 难易程度：★★★☆☆
1. ____________ more and more forests damaged, some animals and plants are facing the danger of dying out.
A. As B. For C. With D. By
【参考答案】C
2. It was not until midnight ____________ the noise of the street stopped.
A. that B. this
C. since D. at which
【参考答案】A
【试题解析】句意：直到半夜，喧闹的街道才安静下来。本题考查对＂not… until…＂的强调，因为强调的是时间状语，所以用that。故答案为A。
1. ____________all the representatives(代表) still not there, the meeting was postponed for several months.
A. Without B. With C. By D. Because
2. With so many things ____________, I have to work late into the night.
A. to deal with B. dealt with
C. dealing with D. being dealt with
3. 一句多译
He didn’t go to bed until his mother came back.
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2. A 【解析】考查非谓语动词的用法。由空格后的部分可以看出，＂so many things＂很多事情还没有处理，所以用不定式表示将来。句意：有很多事情有待处理，我得工作到深夜。
3. →It was not until his mother came back that he went to bed.
→Not until his son came back from school did he go to bed.
每周一测
I. 阅读理解
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
Wildlife faces threats(威胁) from habitat destruction, pollution, and other human actions. Although protecting wildlife may seem too hard at times, even small actions in your own neighborhood can help protect many different animals. Here are some tips on how to protect wildlife through small actions.
1. Create wildlife friendly areas in your backyard.
When trying to make your garden more beautiful, you can choose plants that can provide food and shelter to native wildlife. This will also help cut down on pollution. And bird or bat houses to your yard or garden to attract and shelter these species.
2. Avoid harming the natural ecosystem(生态系统) in your area.
Some plants from other places can kill or harm native plants that provide food and shelter for wildlife.
3. Have a greener lifestyle.
By using less water and fewer fuels, you will be helping to protect the wildlife around you. Take buses or the subway when you can, turn off electric devices when you’re not using them, take shorter showers, and keep your room temperature at or below 68 Fahrenheit degrees during the winter.
4. Buy products that are wildlife friendly.
Don’t buy products that are made from endangered animals. Keep in mind that some endangered animals are killed by traps, catches or hunters who are after other wildlife within the same habitat.
5. Donate money or time to organizations that protect wildlife and their habitats.
You can give money to organizations or groups that protect wildlife species in your neighborhood.
1. We infer that the purpose of this passage is to ____________.
A. tell us why protecting wildlife is extremely important now
B. suggest that we protect wildlife through actions
C. explain why protecting wildlife is not as hard as people think
D. give us some tips on how to protect wildlife through small actions
2. Which of the following threats to wildlife is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A. Animal diseases. B. Loss of habitat.
C. Pollution. D. Hunters.
3. What behaviour do you think the author can disagree with?
A. Planting right trees in gardens.
B. Buying an ivory vase for a gift.
C. Donating some money to WWF.
D. Reading books about wildlife.
4. In which section of a newspaper would you most probably read this passage?
A. Environment. B. Teaching.
C. Business. D. Geography.
B
Sitting on the peaceful coast(海岸) of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, watching the sun move quietly into the sea, you shouldn’t forget that Charles Darwin(1809—1882)arrived here in 1835. He stayed on the islands for five weeks, observing various animals. This finally inspired(激发) his famous work, On the Origin of Species. You can certainly follow Darwin’s footsteps and enjoy a trip from four to seven days to the islands.
The islands are certainly a paradise(天堂) for wildlife, as there are no natural killers on the islands and the number of boats and visitors is under government control. Though you cannot walk freely as Darwin did about 200 years ago, each day is as impressive as it could be.
The most well-known animal of the Galapagos is the giant tortoise, which can be seen moving slowly around the highlands of Santa Cruz, the second largest island in the archipelago(群岛). Some of these creatures are so old that they might have been seen in their youth by Darwin himself.
Despite strict control over activities and timing, your stay on the Galapagos will be remembered as a chain of incomparable pictures: diving with sea lions that swim and play within inches of you; feeling small sharks touch your feet as you swim; and, most magically, seeing a whale and her baby surface with a great breath of air.
Travelling between the islands and observing the wildlife that so inspired Darwin, you will feel as though you are getting a special view of an untouched world. At night you will sleep on board the ship, leaving the wildlife in complete occupation of the islands, which are as undisturbed now as they have been since the beginning of time.
5. What do we know about Darwin’s visit to the islands?
A. He studied different creatures on the islands.
B. He completed his famous book on the islands.
C. He was touched by the geography of the islands.
D. He was attracted by well-known animals of the islands.
6. Which of the following plays a role in making the islands ＂a paradise for wildlife＂?
A. Animals on the islands feed on grass.
B. Local government forbids killing wildlife.
C. People cannot visit the islands as they wish.
D. Tourists are not allowed to touch the animals.
7. Your stay on the islands will be most impressive mainly because of _____________.
A. the beautiful sea views
B. Darwin’s inspiring trip
C. a closer view of animals
D. various daring activities
8. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. A Unique Attraction for Wildlife Lovers
B. Galapagos as a Paradise for Adventurers
C. Charles Darwin as a Symbol of Galapagos
D. A Successful Example of Wildlife Protection
II. 七选五
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
How can you smile when you feel like you can’t smile? Whether you are feeling too sad to look happy, or cannot smile because you don’t feel well, you can still show others your wonderful character. 1
Force that smile on your face, no matter how upset you are. Even if you hate the person you are looking at, try to look pleasant. A simple smile will do.
Even if you physically cannot smile because of an injury, you can still make a smile through body language! ____2____
Wear clothes that smile. Add to your positive body language the color of happiness. Yellow is the color for dependability (可信赖性). 3 Warm colors are welcoming if from the yellow family. Browns, golden-oranges, are all colors of friendship.
4 Every color, shape, and form has a meaning that speaks to everyone and every creature. Learn the meanings of communication and you can smile without even moving a lip.
When you smile, others will smile back. 5 Sometimes you need to start the ball rolling to change the mood(心情) from sad to happy. A simple smile can change a lot! Think of something happy. Focus on it until whatever is bothering you is in the background. This will help you smile. Clean yourself up, brush your hair, and put on something good and clean. A positive self image can be just started with a fresh look. A smile is sure to follow.
A. Why not smile a lot?
B. A soft yellow is friendly.
C. Learn the art of communication.
D. We want more and more smiles in our life.
E. Stand up straight, hold your head up, and smile with your eyes.
F. The more people smile back at you, the more you will want to smile.
G. Show your smile in a different way so that your friends can know how happy you feel.
III. 语法填空
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
It is important to fix our eyes on the protection of wildlife, because at present they are in danger. Every day some species of animals or plants are dying out.
On the one hand, people hunt animals for food or for clothing 1 some have thick furs 2 can be made into clothes. On the other hand, men think some animals are 3 (fiercely) and attack them to death. __4__ this reason, they can’t get along well with wildlife. And as a result, what they do 5 (endanger) the wildlife.
In order to protect the wildlife 6 extinction (灭绝), it is necessary to set up wildlife reserves (保护区) __7__ some special zones for wildlife. What’s more, 8 (lead) the consciousness of wildlife protection to come into being is the 9 (much) important. Only when the above has 10 good effect on wildlife can it be protected and the species develop gradually and safely.
IV. 书面表达
假如你是李华，上周日去动物园，看到游客对动物乱扔石子，甚至向一头熊的脑袋上泼水，对此你感到非常气愤。现在请你用英语就此事给某报社的编辑写一封信，并提出你的建议：请求该报社帮助呼吁人们保护和尊重动物。
词数：
1. 100~120个词；
2. 开头已给出，不计入总词数。
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I. 阅读理解
A
【语篇解读】本文就如何保护野生动物方面提出了一些建议。
3. B 【解析】细节理解题。比较选项，并结合常识可知B项就是作者所不能同意的。
4. A 【解析】文章出处题。本文主要讲了保护野生动物的一些建议，这些建议与环境有关。
B
【语篇解读】本文为应用文，主要推荐the Galapagos Islands这个旅游景点。
5. A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第二句中的＂...observing various animals.＂可知答案。
6. C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的＂...the number of boats and visitors is under government control.＂可知人们不能随意上岛参观。
II. 七选五
【语篇解读】微笑能给人带来快乐，使人心情愉快！但是当你不开心的时候，你应该如何对他人微笑呢？
1. G 【解析】结合文章第一句提出的问题(不开心时，你应该怎样微笑呢？)及下文可知，此处指出应该怎样微笑，以使他人感受到你很快乐。因此，G项符合语境，并引出下文。
2. E 【解析】本段提出了运用肢体语言来＂微笑＂，故E项符合语境。
3. B 【解析】根据语境可知，黄色系暖色调的衣服能给人友好的感觉，因此B项符合语境。
4. C 【解析】根据下文可知，每个颜色、形状和类型都传达着意义，因此了解这些有助于你了解交流的含义与交流的艺术。C项符合语境。
5. F 【解析】F项承接上一句。你对他人微笑，他人就会对你微笑。人们对你笑得越多，你就越想微笑。
III. 语法填空
【语篇解读】本文号召大家行动起来，保护环境，避免更多的物种灭绝。
1. because 考查连词。此处表直接原因。
2. which/that 考查关系代词。在限制性定语从句中，先行词是物且作主语，引导词既可以用which，又可以用that。
3. fierce 考查词类转换(形容词)。此处用形容词作表语。fierce是fiercely的形容词。
4. For 考查介词。for this reason固定搭配。
5. endangers 考查动词时态。endanger ＂使……有危险＂，作谓语，而且主语是从句，所以用第三人称单数形式。
6. from 考查介词。protect...from...＂保护……不受……＂。
7. or 考查连词。由上下文可知，此处表示选择，故填or。
8. leading 考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词作主语，lead与逻辑主语之间为主动关系，故填leading。
9. most 考查副词(最高级)。根据句意，结合定冠词the可以确定此处应用最高级。
10. a 考查冠词。have an effect on是固定搭配，但effect前有good修饰，所以要用a。
IV. 书面表达
Dear Editor,
Here I write to tell you about what I saw in the zoo last Sunday. I feel terribly sorry and ashamed of what people did to the animals. It seemed that many animals kept in the zoo were not being treated well. I saw many visitors throw some stones at them and some visitors even poured water onto a big bear’s head. Some people just looked and laughed, but no one thought those were wrong.
Here is what we should do. First, we should make people know animals are not only our friends but also important to people’s life. Second, anyone who treats animals badly should be fined. Last, if people can’t stop doing so, my suggestion is that these animals should be set free in nature.
I hope you can help educate people to love and respect animals. Thank you.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
