考点九 动词和动词短语
命题趋势:
动词是用来描述主语的动作行为或状态的一类词。动词在句中作谓语,用来说明主语是什么、处于什么状态或做什么。动词有不同的形式,这些形式体现了动作发生的时间、语态等信息。中考对动词的考查方式灵活、题型多样。在备战2018年中考时,考生要牢记近义动词及动词短语的不同含义,多做练习,在实践中加以区分。
中考考查重点:
1. 动词辨析;
2. 动词短语辨析。
考向一:动词的分类
分类
特点
例句
实义动词
表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,能独立作谓语。按其带不带宾语可分为及物动词和不及物动词。
Give me some in, please. 请给我一些墨水。
He wors hard. 他工作努力。
连系动词
本身有词义,不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语,说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份等。
He is a teacher. 他是一位老师。
They loo the same. 他们看起来一样。
助动词
本身无词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和实义动词一起构成谓语。可用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态、语气等。
I am watching TV. 我正在看电视。
I don’t spea English. 我不说英语。
情态动词
本身有一定的意义,表示人的语气和情态,不可单独作谓语,须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语。
Tom can swim. 汤姆会游泳。
May I come in? 我可以进来吗?
考向二:实义动词
分类
用法
例句
及物
动词
能直接跟宾语
She bought a hoo yesterday. 她昨天买了一本书。
【知识拓展】
1. 单宾语动词:即只可接一个宾语的动词,如:accept接受;discover发现;enjoy享受;forget忘记;borrow借入;buy买;catch抓;invent发明;found建造;lie喜欢;find寻找;forget忘记;receive接受;see看见;say说;show展示;mae做;tell告诉等。
I’m sorry that I forgot your address. 对不起,我忘了你的地址。
2. 双宾语动词:即后接间接宾语(指人)和直接宾语(指物)的动词,如:give给;buy买;pay付款;hand递;read读;return返还;sell卖等。
I am going to return him the boos tomorrow afternoon. 我明天下午要把书还给他。
3. 接复合宾语的动词:后接宾语和宾补的动词,如:believe相信;find发现;hear听见,听说;eep保持;mae使得;see看见等。
They ept him waiting at the door for twenty minutes. 他们让他在门口等了20分钟。
4. 接动名词作宾语的动词:如advise建议;consider考虑;finish完成;imagine想象;practise练习;suggest建议等。
She practises playing the piano every day. 她每天都练习弹钢琴。
5. 接不定式作宾语的动词:如agree同意;decide决定,下决心;hope希望;refuse拒绝;manage设法等。
Bill refused to tae responsibility for the accident. 比尔拒绝对那次事故负责任。
不及物动词
不能直接跟宾语
He is waiting for you at the gate. 他在门口等着你。
【知识拓展】
常见的不及物动词:ache疼痛;appear出现;arise出现,上升,起立;arrive到达;belong属于;care关心;come来;cough咳嗽;cry哭;die死亡;disappear消失;exist存在,生存;faint昏倒,变得微弱;fall落下;flow流动;go去;happen发生;laugh笑;lie躺;listen听;live生活,居住;loo看;occur发生;rise上升,起立;sit坐;smile微笑;swim游泳
考向三:连系动词
分类
常用词
例句
表示主语的状态、特征和身份等
be(是),loo(看起来),seem(似乎),feel(感觉),appear(出现),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来)
He is a good father. 他是一位好父亲。
She loos younger than before. 她看起来比以前年轻。
表示主语从一种状态到另一种状态,但侧重于转变后的结果
turn(转变),become(成为),get(得到),grow(增长),go(去),fall(跌落),come(来),prove(证明)
Everyone will grow old. 每个人都会变老。
After a few years, the things got worse and worse. 几年后,情况变得越来越糟糕。
表示主语保持某种身份、特征或状态不变
eep(保持),remain(仍旧),stay(保持),continue(继续)
The old man stays calm. 老人保持平静。
eep quiet while you’re going around. 参观时要保持安静。
—What will a science museum be lie if you are ased to build one?
—I hope it will _____________ lie a boo.
A. taste B. sound C. loo D. smell
【答案】C
【解析】问句中的a science museum为建筑物,故答语中应该用loo lie,表示"看上去像……",其余选项不符合句意。
考向四:助动词
be
人称
数
现在时态
过去时态
现在分词
过去分词
第一人称
单数
am
was
being
been
复数
are
were
第二人称
单数
are
were
复数
are
were
第三人称
单数
is
was
复数
are
were
【知识拓展】be的用法:be主要用来构成进行时态和被动语态。
1. "be+现在分词"构成进行时态。
My boy friend is reading a newspaper in the sofa. 我的男朋友正坐在沙发上看报纸。
2. "be+及物动词的过去分词"构成被动语态。
The truth will be nown to everyone. 真相将会大白于天下。
助动词do
形式
肯定式
否定式
缩略否定式
原形
do
do not
don’t
第三人称单数
does
does not
doesn’t
过去式
did
did not
didn’t
【知识拓展】助动词do的用法:do主要用来构成否定句、疑问句或对谓语动词进行强调。
1. 用do构成否定句和疑问句。
I don’t lie this ind of music. 我不喜欢这种音乐。
2. "do+动词原形"构成强调句。
I do need your help. 我的确需要你的帮助。
助动词have
形式
肯定式
否定式
缩略否定式
原形
have
have not
haven’t
第三人称单数
has
has not
hasn’t
过去式
had
had not
hadn’t
【知识拓展】助动词have的用法:have 与过去分词构成各种完成时态。
We haven’t seen for a long time. 我们很久没见面了
考向五:动词的甚本形式
形式
规则变化
例句
一般现在时第三人称单数
一般情况在动词后直接加-s
loo→loos;wor→wors
以o、s、x、sh、ch结尾的动词,后加-es
catch→catches;go→goes
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i,再加-es
study→studies;try→tries
现在分词
一般情况在动词后直接加-ing
read→reading;go→going
以ee、oe、ye结尾的动词,直接加-ing
see →seeing;toe→toeing
以不发音字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e,再加-ing
love→loving;write→writing
以重读闭音节结尾,词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,先双写辅音字母,再加-ing
cut→cutting;put→putting
少数以ie结尾的动词,先变ie 为y再加-ing
die→dying;lie→lying
过去式和过去分词
一般情况在动词后直接加-ed
as→ased;help→helped
以不发音字母e结尾的动词,只加-d
lie→lied;live→lived
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i,再加-ed
cry→cried;study→studied
以重读闭音节结尾,词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,先双写辅音字母,再加-ed
stop→stopped;plan→planned
考向六:动词短语
构成方式
常见短语
动词+冠词+名词
give a concert开音乐会,give a tea进行测试,have a rest休息,have a picnic野餐,have a try试一试,eep a record保持纪录,leave a message留言,mae a face做鬼脸,mae a living谋生,mae a speech进行演讲,pay a bill付账,tae a ris冒险
动词+名词
catch fire着火,eep watch守望/值班,mae repairs维修,play sports做运动,tae action采取行,tae measures采取措施,tae place发生/举行
动词+名词+介词
catch hold of抓住,catch sight of看见,mae contributions to对……做贡献,mae room for给……腾地方,mae use of利用,pay attention to注意,tae advantage of利用,mae contact with和……接触/联系,tae pride in以……为豪
动词+介词+名词
come into use开始使用,get into trouble陷入麻烦,play with fire玩火/冒险,wait in line排队等候
动词+宾语+介词+名词
bring... to mind使想起,put... into use应用,put... into practice实行/实施,tae... for example以……为例
动词+副词+介词
add up to合计达,brea away from脱离,come up with想出/提出,catch up with赶上,追上,go ahead with开始,着手,go in for参加/追求,go along with一起去,hold on to坚持,eep away from远离,loo down upon瞧不起/轻视,put up with忍受/容忍,run out of用完
Spring has come. We can’t _____________ the plan. The trees must be planted this wee.
A. put off B. mae up
C. come up with D. loo up
【答案】A
【解析】由句意可知,春天来了,我们不能推迟计划。这周必须把树种好。put off推迟;mae up编造;come up with跟上;loo up向上看。故选A。
1. I want to be a basetball player when I grow up, and my parents ________ my dream very much.
A. develop B. imagine C. remain D. support
2. —The colours of the dress ________ her very well.
—Yes, red ________ her characteristics.
A. suit; matches B. match; suits
C. suit; suits D. match; matches
3. —How can I pass the exams, Mr. Right?
—Well, you ________ a lot of hard wor first.
A. offer B. spend C. waste D. require
4. —Do people in your community ____________ each other?
—Yes. People are ready to ___________ others’ problems.
A. help; help B. help with; help
C. help; help with D. help with; help with
5. —Why do Chinese people use red paper to mae Spring Festival couplets(春联)?
—Because they thin red can _________ people good luc.
A. mae B. tae C. bring D. get
6. —How was the chess competition last wee, Jac?
—Bad luc! David beat(击败) me in the competition and _________first place.
A. shared B. touched C. won D. broe
7. —How long can she _______ the boo?
—Two wees.
A. borrow B. lend C. eep D. return
8. Eating lots of vegetables and enough meat can ___________ you healthy all the time.
A. have B. get C. eep D. stay
9. My grandfather is over seventy years old. He is very well because he always_______.
A. stays up B. sleeps late
C. plays computer games D. taes exercise
10. —What should I do if my parents don’t agree ________ me?
—You’d better find a chance to communicate________ them.
A. with;on B. to;with
C. to;to D. with;with
1.(2017﹒安徽)It is necessary for schools to ____________ the need of all the students’ development.
A. cut B. hide C. refuse D. satisfy
2.(2017﹒山东青岛)These oranges loo nice, but ___________very sour.
A. feel B. taste C. sound D. loo
3.(2017﹒山东德州)While travelling in a strange place, you’d better ____________ the local people and follow their customs(习俗).
A. watch B. change C. control D. teach
4.(2017﹒山东泰安)—If you always ____________ yourself with others, you may have tons of pressure.
—I agree, we should believe in ourselves.
A. compare B. complain C. connect D. consider
5.(2017﹒苏州)—Sorry, I’ve forgotten your name. Can you ____________ me?
—I’m Daniel.
A. remind B. receive C. respect D. remember
6. (2017﹒四川南充)—Many young people usually offer their seats to the old on the bus.
—That’s good. The old should be ____________.
A. looed for B. listened to
C. depended on D. cared for
7. (2017﹒安徽】Our geography teacher told us to ____________ more information about our city and share it next wee.
A. find out B. eep away
C. turn off D. use up
8.(2017﹒山东青岛)You can ____________ the word in the dictionary if you don’t now it.
A. give away B. cut off
C. tae after D. loo up
9.(2017﹒湖北随州)The teacher ased the students to ____________ a story about a trip to the moon.
A. give up B. turn up C. cut up D. mae up
10.(2017﹒湖北宜昌)—What do you thin is important for the players on a team?
—It’s to play together and ____________ the best in each other.
A. bring out B. loo up
C. believe in D. blow out
11.(2017﹒吉林)The teenagers often help ____________ water and food to those people in need.
A. put out B. give out C. find out
12.(2017﹒江苏宿迁)Andrew once tried to ____________ a brighter light in his bedroom, but he failed in the end.
A. put in B. put on
C. put out D. put up
13.(2017﹒陕西)When going upstairs or downstairs, we need to wal on the right, leaving the left space for the people who ____________ .
A. hurry up B. loo around C. run away
14.(2017﹒云南昆明)As we ____________ on our new journey, we shouldn’t forget where we came from.
A. tae out B. set out
C. cut out D. blow out
15.(2017﹒苏州)As soon as she ____________ at home, Sally new she had bought the wrong dress.
A. handed it in B. tried it on
C. cut it out D. made it up
1. (重庆市万盛经济技术开发区2017届九年级期末)—We should ____________ the light when we leave the room.
—Yes. We must learn how to save electricity.
A. turn up B. turn on
C. turn off D. turn down
2. (山东泰安2017年中考模拟)Many people in this area are used ____________ going to bed late, but I don’t. I pay more attention ____________ my health.
A. to; on B. for; on
C. to; to D. for; to
3. (山东省临沭县青云镇中心中学2016-2017学年期末)—The old songs always ____________ me of my childhood.
—I have the same feelings.
A. explain B. remember C. remind D. hurry
4. (湖北省武汉市2017届中考模拟押题卷3)—Your clothes seem to get all wet.
—Yes. My umbrella was broen and it didn’t ____________ away from the rain.
A. protect B. provide C. eep D. produce
5. (江苏省无锡市南菁高级中学实验学校2017届九年级期中)According to the rule, children should ____________ a nearby school to receive education in Nanjing.
A. enter B. afford C. support D. present
6. (云南省大理市2017年中考模拟)—Let’s do something for our parents.
—Good idea. We should ____________ our parents’ love for us.
A. create B. promise C. value D. allow
7. (湖北省武汉市第二中学广雅中学2017届九年级月考)—What’s the matter?
—I can’t stand the loud music here. It’s nearly ____________ me mad.
A. eeping B. driving C. turning D. giving
8. (江苏省盐城市响水县2017届九年级中考二模)They all said that the man caused the accident, but he ____________ he had nothing to do with it.
A. advised B. insisted C. supposed D. doubted
跟踪训练
1. D 【解析】句意:我长大后想当一名篮球运动员,我的父母非常支持我的梦想。A. develop 发展;B. imagine设想;C. remain保留;D. support支持。故选D。
3. D 【解析】句意:——Mr. Right,我怎样才能通过考试呢?——好吧,你首先需要努力学习。根据句意,结合动词区别,offer提出,提供;spend花费;waste浪费;require需要,要求。故答案为D。
4. C 【解析】句意:——你们社区的人们彼此帮助吗?——是的。人们乐于帮助其他人解决问题。help sb帮助某人,help with sth帮助某事,help后加帮助的对象,即人;help with后加帮助的事件。help sb with sth,帮助某人某事。结合句意及结构,故选C。
5. C 【解析】考查动词辨析。句意:——为什么中国人用红纸做春联?——因为他们认为红色能给人带来好运。A. mae制作;B. tae拿走; C. bring带来; D. get获取,得到。结合句意和语境可知选C。
6. C 【解析】句意:——杰克,上周的象棋比赛怎么样?——真糟糕!大卫在比赛中击败了我,取得了第一名。A. shared分享;B. touched 触摸;C. won获胜;D. broe击败。由beat me(击败我)可知,大卫赢得了第一名,win the first place取得第一名,win的过去式为won,故答案为C。
7. C 【解析】句意:——这本书她可以保存多长时间?——2周。How long提问的是一段时间,句子中应使用延续性动词。故选C。
真题再现
1. D 【解析】考查动词辨析。句意:对于学校来说满足所有学生发展的需求是必要的。A. cut砍,切,割;B. hide隐藏;C. refuse拒绝;D. satisfy满足。结合句意,故选D。
2. B 【解析】考查系动词的用法。句意:这些橘子看起来很好但是尝起来非常酸。A. feel感觉;B. taste尝起来;C. sound听起来;D. loo看起来。这四个选项都是感官动词,后面加形容词。根据sour是一种味道,故选B。
3. A 【解析】考查动词辨析。句意:当在陌生地方旅行时,你最好观察一下当地人并且遵从他们的习俗。you’d better do sth,你最好做某事。A. watch看,观察,侧重于场景,表示全神贯注地观察,观看事物的活动;B. change改变,变化;C. control控制;D. teach教。结合句意,故选A。#
4. A 【解析】句意:——如果你总是把自己和其他人进行比较,你可能就会有大量的压力。——我赞同,我们应该相信我们自己。A. compare 比较级;B. complain 解释;C. connect 联系;D. consider考虑。compare…with …把……和……进行比较,结合句意,故选A。
5. A 【解析】考查动词的词义辨析。句意:——对不起,我忘了你的名字。你能提醒我吗?——我是丹尼尔。A. remind 提醒,使记得;B. receive收到;C. respect尊重;D. remember记得,想起。故选A。
6. D 【解析】考查动词短语的用法。句意:——许多年轻人经常在公交上为老人让座。——那是很好的。老人应该受到关心。A. looed for寻找;B. listened to 听;C. depended on依靠;D. cared for关爱,关心。结合句意,故选D。
7. A 【解析】考查动词短语的用法。句意:我们的地理老师告诉我们找出关于我们市的更多的信息,以便下周分享。A. find out找出,查出;B. eep away远离,离开;C. turn off关闭;D. use up用光。结合句意,故选A。
8. D 【解析】考查动词短语的用法。句意:如果你不知道这个单词你可以在在字典中查阅它。A。give away捐献;B. cut off切除;C. tae after相像;D. loo up查阅(在资料等中)。结合句意,故选D。
11. B 【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意:青少年们经常帮助需要帮助的人们提供水和食物。A. put out 熄灭;B. give out 分发;C. find out找到。根据句意,故选B。
12. C 【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意:Andrew曾试图把卧室里刺眼的灯关掉,但最后失败了。A. put in放入;B. put on打开;C. put out熄灭;D. put up举起。根据句意,Andrew嫌卧室的灯太亮,想关掉它。故选C。
13. A 【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意:在上下楼时,我们需要走右边,留下左边的空间给那些匆忙的人。A. hurry up赶忙; B. loo around东张西望;C. run away逃跑。根据常识和句意,可以排除B、C选项。故选A。
14. B 【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意:当我们出去旅行的时候,我们不应该忘记我们来自哪里。A. tae out取出;B. set out出发;C. cut out删去;D. blow out吹熄。根据on our new journey可知,这里指的是动身去旅行。故选B。
15. B 【解析】考查动词短语。句意:莎丽在家里一试,她就知道她买错了衣服。A. handed it in上交;B. tried it on 试穿;C. cut it out 切去; D. made it up组成。故选B。
模拟检测
1. C 【解析】句意:——当我们离开房间时,应该把灯关上。——是的。我们必须学习如何节约用电。A. turn up 开大;B. turn on 打开;C. turn off关掉;D. turn down 关小。离开房间,关掉灯是合理的。故选C。
2. C 【解析】句意:这个地区的很多人都习惯晚睡,但我不喜欢。我更注重我的健康。be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事;pay attention to关注,注重。结合句意可知,答案为C。
3. C 【解析】句意:——这些老歌总是使我想起我的童年。——我也有相同的感觉。A解释;B记起;C使想起;D匆忙。故选C。
5. A 【解析】句意:根据规定,在南京的孩子们应该进入一个附近的学校来接受教育。A. enter进入;B. afford支付;C. support支持;D. present礼物。故选A。
6. C 【解析】句意:——让我们为父母做些什么吧。——好主意。我们应该重视父母给我们的爱。A. create创造;B. promise承诺,许诺;C. value珍惜,重视;D. allow允许。孩子们应该珍惜父母的爱。故选C。
7. B 【解析】句意:——发生了什么事?——我受不了这里吵闹的音乐。快把我逼疯了。A. eeping保持; B. driving 推动,发动(机器等),驾驶(马车,汽车等),驱赶;C. turning 变得;D. giving给。drive sb. + 形容词,意思是:逼迫/推某人……,故选B。
8. B 【解析】句意:他们都说那个人造成了交通事故。但是他坚持说此事与他无关。A. advised建议;B. insisted坚持;C. supposed猜测;D. doubted怀疑。故选B。