Unit 4
Astronomy: The Science of the stars
同步练习
A
Scientists have found what look like caves on Mars, and say they could be protecting life from the planet’s terrible environment.
The first caves discovered beyond the Earth appear as seven mysterious black dots on the pictures sent back by NASA’s Mars Odyssey orbiter. Each as large as a football field, they may be opening into natural caves below the Martian surface.
“If there is life on Mars, there is a good chance you’d find it in caves, ” said Jut Wynne, one of the researchers who noticed the features while working on a US Geological Survey Mars Cave Detection Program.
Jonathan Clarke, a geologist with the Mars Society of Australia, yesterday described the discovery as exciting.
One photo taken at night by an infrared imager(红外线成像器) showed one hole to be unusually warm, suggesting hot air trapped during the day is flowing out.
“Wow, that’s a cave” Dr. Clarke said excitedly. “People have been looking for these for a long time; now we have found them.”
He agreed such caves would be perfect places to hunt or life escaping from the bitterly cold, radiation-soaked(充满辐射的), dry surface.
“Tiny drops of water could collect inside, ” he said. “If there are gases coming out, they could provide energy for a whole range of bacteria. A cave is also a protection from radiation; the surface of Mars is exposed to high levels of space radiation.”
The caves probably formed when tube shaped lava flows(管状岩浆流) spread across the planet long ago. The outside of the tubes cooled, forming solid walls, while something hotter inside allowed the remaining lava to flow out, forming caves.
1. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A．How the caves were formed on Mars.
B．How scientists found these caves in Mars.
C．Caves on Mars may be full of hot air or a sign of life.
D．Scientists have completely recognized the surface of Mars.
2. We can learn from the passage that______.
A．water has already been found on Mars B．the scientists found all the caves at night
C．it is certain that there is life in these caves D．the surface of Mars is latterly cold, radiation-soaked and dry
3. Necessary condition for life on Mars mentioned in the passage may include______.
A．lava and energy B．water and radiation from space
C．gases and lava D．water and protection from radiation
B
All people on the earth share one home: our planet, circling the sun in the huge blue darkness of space.
All living things on the earth--varieties of plants and animals and human beings that grow and reproduce themselves and die--depend on the earth’s surroundings to strengthen them. They are--we are--part of the great net of life that has existed for millions of years, and will keep on existing for as long as the earth can support it. Therefore, we should "Think Globally, Act Locally".
Thinking globally means realizing the earth’s big problem--understanding that they’re connected, that they are affected by politics, population and poverty. It is just like looking at a whole forest and seeing beyond the beauty of the trees. It means thinking about the forest’s history, its wildlife, the resources it provides, the people it supports.
When you start thinking globally, it’s easier to see how acting locally fits in. Acting locally is planting one small tree, and caring for it, and then planting another one, too--maybe getting everyone in your town to plant trees. It means doing what you can, where you are, to help the surroundings.
The earth is always changing. Storms and fires, winds, earthquakes and floods change the land, the seas, the weather around them. Over long periods of time these natural changes have affected all life on the earth.
Today people are changing the earth faster than any force of nature. There are so many of us--more than five billion now, and thousands more are being born every hour. Each of these human beings needs food, clothing and house. But we have learned how to manage the earth’s resources so that everyone can have these basic things.
But we are also learning to save it.
Around the world, people are realizing the need to stop destroying the surroundings and start protecting it now, before it is too late. People are beginning to understand the connections between their own needs and wants and health of the whole planet. They are learning how to save the earth.
4. According to the text, if the earth could talk, what might she say to people?
A. Look, how great I am.
B. I am your father. You must love me.
C. I am so beautiful that you must love me.
D. Please stop destroying me if you want to have a better life.
5. When he says, "Think Globally, Act Locally”, the writer hopes that ______.
A. we will plant more trees on the earth
B. we will settle the serious problems on the earth
C. we should control the population
D. each of us will do our duty to protect the whole earth
6. Now on the earth people are trying to learn how to ______without using up the earth’s resources.
A. control their actions B. limit their extra needs
C. share the energy equally D. stop destroying the earth
7. The purpose of writing this text is______.
A. to advise us to save the earth
B. to declare the serious situation of the earth
C. to understand the earth has been destroyed
D. to suggest that all people should share one home--the earth
C
The earth is the only planet that scientists are certain has life. What does the earth have that the other planets don’t? For one thing, the earth has just the right temperature. As the third planet from the sun, the earth seems to be just the right distance away. The planets that are closer to the sun are so hot that their surfaces bake in the sun. The farthest planets are cold balls.
When the earth developed—which scientists believe may have happened about billions of years ago—many gases covered the earth. The gases caused the earth to be hot. But something wonderful happened. The temperature was just right for thick clouds to form. It rained very hard for a very long time. This gave the earth its oceans. Water made it possible for plants to grow. The plants created oxygen in the atmosphere. Oxygen is the gas that humans and animals breathe.
Only one other planet in the solar system seems to be something like the earth. That planet is Mars. Mars is smaller than the earth, and it is quite a bit cooler. But it is not too cold for humans. On some days, the temperatures are as cold as a winter day in the northern United States. If you wore a special space suit, you could walk around on Mars. You would have to bring your own air to breathe, though. The air on Mars is too thin to breathe.
Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system. It is sixteen miles high. The highest volcano on the earth is five miles high. The most unexpected sight on Mars is dried-up river beds. Scientists believe that Mars was once much wetter than it is now. Does this mean there could have been living things on Mars? Scientists are not sure, but there has been no sign so far.
8. It is the ________on the earth that makes life possible.
A. temperature B. water
C. oxygen D. temperature, water and oxygen
9. The underlined phrase “the third planet” means “______”.
A. the sun B. the earth
C. the moon D. Mars
10. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. The earth has a history of about 4 million years.
B. There is no air on Mars.
C. The largest volcano on Mars is over three times higher than the highest one on the earth.
D. Scientists believe there are living things on Mars.
11. The best title of the passage should be_____.
A. Living Things on Our Earth B. The Moon
C. Living Things on the Moon D. Mars Is Most Like the Earth
D
In July 1994 Jupiter, the largest planet in our solar system, was struck by 21 pieces of comet(彗星). When the fragments(碎片) landed in the southern part of the giant planet, the explosions were watched by scientist here on earth. But what if our own planet was hit by a comet?
The year is 2094. It has been announced that a comet is heading towards the earth. Most of it will miss our planet, but two fragments will probably hit the southern part of the earth. The news has caused panic.
On 17 July, a fragment four kilometers wide enters the earth’s atmosphere with a huge explosion. About half of the fragment is destroyed. But the major part survives and hits the South Atlantic at 200 times the speed of sound. The sea boils and an enormous wave is created and spreads. The wall of water rushes towards southern Africa at 800 kilometers an hour. Cities on the African coast are totally destroyed and millions of people are drowned. The waves moves into the Indian Ocean and heads towards Asia.
Millions of people are already dead in the southern part of the earth, but the north won’t escape for long. Tons of broken pieces are thrown into the atmosphere by the explosions. As the sun is hidden by clouds of dust, temperatures around the world fall to almost zero. Crops are ruined. Wars break out as countries fight for food. A year later civilization has collapsed. No more than 10 million people have survived.
Could it really happen? In fact, it has already happened more than once in the history of the earth. The dinosaurs(恐龙)were on the earth for over 160 million years. Then 65 million years ago they suddenly disappeared. Many scientists believed that the earth was hit by a space fragment. The dinosaurs couldn’t survive in the cold climate that followed and they became extinct. Will we meet the same end?
12. Which of the following in NOT true according to the author’s description of the disaster in
2094?
A. The whole world becomes extremely cold.
B. All the coastal cities in Africa are destroyed.
C. The whole mankind becomes extinct.
D. The visit of the comet results in war.
13. Why does the author mention dinosaur at the end of the passage?
A. Because they could only live in the warm climate.
B. Because they once dominated the earth.
C. Because their extinction indicates future disasters.
D. Because dinosaurs and humans never live in the same age
14. In writing the passage, the author intends to ____.
A. give an accurate description of the possible disaster in the future
B. prove that humans will sooner or later be destroyed
C. tell the historical development of the earth
D. warn of a possible disaster in the future
15. It can be concluded that the passage is most probably part of a(n) ____.
A. horror story B. news report
C. research paper D. article of popular science
根据短文内容, 从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
How to protect your ears
You and your friends are leaving a concert on a Friday night. When you get outside, your ears are ringing. You have to shout to be heard. 16 So no harm done…right?
Not quite. Temporary buzzing may be easy to ignore, but repeated exposure to loud noise will eventually cause serious--- and irreversible(无法治愈的)--- hearing loss. A new study conducted by researchers at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston shows that one in five people between the ages of 12 and 19 are experiencing slight hearing loss, and one in 20 have mild hearing loss. 17
But the good news is that there are plenty of ways you can protect your ears from further damage — and still listen to the music you love:
Ask around. Put your earbuds in or your headphones on, and then ask a friend next to you whether or not he or she can hear what you’re listening to. 18 Turn it down.
Buy noise-canceling headphones. A pair of earbuds or headphones that fits comfortably will limit outside noise so that you can hear your music better at lower volumes.
Take breaks. 19 So when listening to music, take your headphones off for 15 or 20 minutes and let your ears enjoy the quiet.
20 You can buy a cheap pair at any drugstore as an easy way to lower volume at concerts — or while playing or practicing your own music — without changing the quality of the sound.
A. Use earplugs.
B. Keep the volume below 70 percent.
C. If the answer is yes, your music is too loud.
D. Like every other part of your body, your ears need rest.
E. But by morning, your hearing is totally back to normal.
F. Unfortunately, there’s no way to get back hearing you’ve already lost.
G.. The exposure to noise is louder and longer than in any previous generation.
阅读下面短文, 从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中, 选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Once upon a time, there was a forest where all the animals lived happily together. One day a __21__ went to spend the day in the countryside, and one little boy _22__ his socks there. Soon after the family left, a bear came by, __23__ the socks, and decided to try them on. They fit so well, and he __24__ them so much that he wouldn’t take them off.
All the animals __25__ the bear’s new look, and some of them __26__ him for getting so much attention. Before long, in that forest, there began __27__ squirrels (松鼠) in shirts, rabbits in boots (靴子), and __28__ rats wearing hats!
The forest doctor would __29__ his head, telling animals, “This can’t be good. Animals don’t wear clothes; we don’t __30__ them.”
But no one listened to him. They said he was just out of __31__, and didn’t know what was popular.
However, it wasn’t long before the first __32__ of fashion-fever came. Several times the squirrel caught his shirt on trees, _33__ him in mid-jump and sending him falling to the ground from a great height. The rat couldn’t fit into his __34__ without first taking his hat off. Even the bear, __35__ his socks, slipped (滑倒) from one of the river rocks and almost __36__ himself.
When the animals came to see the doctor, he gave them all the __37__ advice, “Take off those clothes __38__ one day they’re going to kill you.”
Those who listened to the doctor’s advice stopped having __39__.And the animals realized that they didn’t need clothes at all. Starting to wear them had been very __40__, and they had only done it to make others admire them, and to get attention.
21．A. boy B．team
C．class D．family
22．A. made B．left
C．repaired D．changed
23．A. wore B．knew
C．found D．threw
24．A. missed B．hated
C．liked D．gave
25．A. talked about B．worried about
C．thought of D．dreamed of
26．A. admired B．excused
C．comforted D．remembered
27．A. developing B．appearing
C．showing D．lying
28．A. later B．again
C．only D．even
29．A. hit B．nod
C．shake D．raise
30．A. collect B．need
C．own D．use
31．A. time B．memory
C．fashion D．business
32．A. news B．chances
C．results D．examples
33．A. landing B．stopping
C．following D．imagining
34．A. hole B．shirt
C．group D．neighborhood
35．A. besides B．including
C．according to D．thanks to
36．A. controlled B．lost
C．proved D．killed
37．A. main B．same
C．right D．general
38．A. until B．unless
C．before D．because
39．A. accidents B．mistakes
C．deaths D．falls
40．A. easy B．silly
C．strange D．dangerous
阅读下面材料， 在空白处填入适当的内容或括号内单词的正确形式。
Paul Lucas can often be seen walking around the city of San Francisco. Sometimes people are surprised to see him walking ___41___ any shoes or socks, ___42___ Lucas doesn’t mind at all. ___43___ likes to walk barefoot(赤脚), and so do 640 other members of Dirty Sole Society, the club that Lucas ___44___ (start) years ago. Lucas’ idea for this is to encourage others to live ___45___ (free) － free of shoes.
According to Lucas, the barefoot life has many advantages. ___46___ most important is simply that it feels good. He also says ___47___ walking barefoot allows you to experience the world directly by touching it with your feet. In addition, the feet do not smell so much __48___ they stay dry, ___49___ (make) it hard for bacteria (细菌)to grow. And, of course, walking barefoot keeps your feet in good shape, so it’s actually ___50___ (healthy) than wearing shoes.
假定英语课上老师要求同桌中间交换修改作文， 请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误， 每句中最多有两处，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：把缺词处叫个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;
2. 只允许修改10处, 多者（从第11处起）不计分。
It is Mother’s Day today. Though it’s a western festival, it’s popular in China now. Mom has a full－time job, so she has to do most of the houseworks. She is a great mother. Both Dad or I planned to do something on Mother’s Day. We get up early in the morning. Dad cleaned the house, and then went on shopping. When he came back, I found a bunch of flowers in her hand. I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in kitchen. The dishes what I cooked were Mom’s favoritest. At dinner, we said to her, “Happy Mother’s Day!” Mom was grateful and moving.
假如你是南京四中的学生会主席。为了普及科学知识、了解宇宙的奥秘, 你校将举办一次科学报告会。现请你以学生会的名义写一份80词左右的英文书面通知。
内容：
1．时间：下周六上午8：00～10：00;
2．地点：学校图书馆二楼报告厅;
3．主讲人：天文专家、南京大学吴教授;
4．主要活动：前一个半小时做主题为UFO(不明飞行物)的报告, 后半个小时答疑, 然后签名售书;
5．参会要求：注意不要大声喧哗, 不要乱扔垃圾。
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参考答案
A篇【语篇解读】火星上发现了洞穴, 探究这些洞的作用——为生命提供保护。
1. C。主旨大意题。文章首先告诉了我们一个大的发现——火星上存在洞。接下来又讲述了这些洞的作用——为生命提供保护。综合全文可得出结论。
2. D。推理判断题。由文章倒数第三段得知“这些洞将是寻找生命极好的地方, 这里可以摆脱极冷的、充满辐射的、干燥的表面”从而可以得出答案。
3. D。推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段“小水滴可以在里面收集, ……, 洞可以避免辐射, ……”得出D项正确。
B篇【语篇解读】通过描述我们的生存环境——地球所面临的严重问题, 作者呼吁人们采取行动拯救地球。
4．D．推理判断题。纵观全文, 地球正面临着严重的破坏, 人们想更好地生活, 必须停止破坏地球, 并采取措施保护地球。
5．D．细节理解题。文章第三、四两段对“Think Globally, Act Locally”作了具体的解释。即每个人都有责任和义务为保护地球尽一份职责。
6．B。推理判断题。答案出自第六段的“Each of these human being needs food, clothing and house．But we have learnt how to manage the earth’s resources so that everyone can have these basic things．”。
7．A。主旨大意题。通过描述我们的生存环境——地球所面临的严重问题, 作者呼吁人们采取行动拯救地球。
C篇【语篇解读】通过火星和地球的比较, 地球之所以适合人生存的原因, 探究火星是否适合人类生存。
8. D。细节理解题。文章第一段和第二段提到了温度、水和氧气对人类生存的必要性, 故选D。9. B。词义猜测题。根据短语所在句子可以看出“the third planet”指的是“the earth”。
10. C。由文章最后一段前三句可知C正确。
11. D。主旨大意题。文章前两段讲了地球之所以适合人生存的原因, 后两段讲了火星上的一些情况, 故D项适合作标题。
D篇【语篇解读】作者讲述了2094年彗星碎片撞击地球后可能产生的灾难, 其目的是警告人们在地球的未来可能会发生灾难。
12. C。正误判断题。在倒数第二段中作者写道“A year later civilization has collapsed. No more than 10 million people have survived.”说明人类文明灭绝了, 而不是人类灭绝了。
13. C。主旨推断题。为了证明这种灾难发生的可能性, 作者列举了恐龙的例子。曾经在地球上生活了1亿6千万年, 但是在6千5百万年前突然消失, 以此证明未来地球上可能发生灾难。
14. D。主旨推断题。在这篇短文中, 作者讲述了2094年彗星碎片撞击地球后可能产生的灾难, 其目的是警告人们在地球的未来可能会发生灾难。
15. D。推理判断题。根据短文讲述的内容可以判断, 这是一篇科幻小说, 所以它可能是某篇科普文章的一部分。
【篇章解读】本文讲述听力损害是无法治愈的, 研究表明当前12到19岁人群中五分之一的人听力受损现象严重。针对此现象本文提出了四大保护耳朵免受更深远损害的方法。
16. E。根据前后句You have to shout to be heard. 1 So no harm done…right你必须大叫才能听见, 因此没有伤害了吗, 可知空格表达的是耳朵又好了, 即到了早上你的耳朵又正常了, 故选E
17. F。根据后一句But the good news is that there are plenty of ways you can protect your ears from further damage好消息是有很多方法保护你的耳朵免受更多伤害, 可知上句是说没有方法使你恢复你丢失的听力, 故选F。
18. C。根据后句Turn it down, 关小音量, 可知表达的应是你的音乐声音太大, 故选C。
39. D。根据标题Take breaks休息一下, 可知这一段是讲耳朵也需要休息, 故选D。
20. A。根据后句You can buy a cheap pair at any drugstore as an easy way to lower volume at concerts 你能在药店买一对来降低音量, 可知此处是讲使用耳塞, 故选A。
【语篇解读】 本文是记叙文。从前, 在一个森林里, 为了引起其他动物的注意, 很多动物都纷纷开始穿戴衣服鞋帽, 结果如何呢？
21．D根据下文的Soon after the family left可知答案。
22. B根据下文的decided to try them on可知, 他们在郊外玩, 可一个小男孩把他的袜子“落(left)”在那儿了。
23. C 一只熊路过那儿, “发现了(found)”小男孩的袜子。
24. C 根据前面的fit so well以及后面的wouldn’t take them off可知, 这只熊很“喜欢(liked)”小男孩的袜子, 穿上就不想脱了。
25. A 参见下题解析。
26.A 根据后面的getting so much attention可知, 森林里所有的动物都在“谈论(talked about)”这只熊的新造型, 有的还很“羡慕(admired)”他可以得到那么多关注。
27.B 参见下题解析。
28. D 没过多久, 森林里就开始“出现(appearing)”穿着衬衫的松鼠, 穿着靴子的兔子, “甚至(even)”还有戴着帽子的老鼠。
29. C 根据下文的This can’t be good可知, 森林医生“摇摇(shake)”头, 觉得那样不好。
30. B 根据前面的Animals don’t wear clothes和最后一段的they didn’t need clothes at all可知, 动物本就不穿衣服, 他们根本不“需要(need)”衣服。
31. C 根据后面的didn’t know what was popular可知, 森林里的动物不认同医生的看法, 觉得他不懂“时尚(fashion)”, 根本不知道当下流行什么。
32. C 根据下文所举的动物们遇到麻烦的例子可知, 没过多久, 他们所热衷的时尚就产生了一些“后果(results)”。
33. B 根据caught his shirt on trees以及sending him falling to the ground可知, 松鼠的衬衫几次被树挂住, “阻碍(stopping)”了他的跳跃。
34. A 老鼠不摘掉帽子就进不了“洞(hole)”。
35. D 这只熊也是“因为(thanks to)”穿了袜子才滑倒的。
36. D根据下文的they’re going to kill you可知答案。
37. B 根据Take off those clothes可知, 医生还是给出“同样的(same)”建议, 动物不需要穿衣。
38. D Take off those clothes与one day they’re going to kill you之间存在因果关系。
39. A 上文中提到的被树挂住衬衫从高处摔下以及穿着袜子滑倒等都属于“意外事故(accidents)”, 那些听了医生建议的动物就不再发生类似的意外了。
40. B 根据上文的realized that they didn’t need clothes at all可知, 现在动物们才意识到他们根本不需要衣服, 一开始穿衣服是很“愚蠢的(silly)”。
【语篇大意】Paul Lucas通过自身体验, 提倡“赤足生活”。
41. without 通过下文中的barefoot可知道应该是没有穿鞋子。
42. but/which 空前与空后两句话的逻辑关系通过语意可以知道, 表示转折; 或者是非限制性定语从句, 对主句进行解释。
43. He 句子缺少主语, 可根据上下文确定动作的发出者。
44. started 考查时态问题, 后面的years ago明确时间是过去, 因此使用一般过去时态。
45. freely 考查词性的变化 此处修饰live, 因此使用副词形式freely。
46. The 形容词副词的最高级前面应加定冠词the。
47. that 此处考查宾语从句, 根据语意可判断此处的连词无需词义, 因此填that。
48. because 考查上下句的逻辑关系为因果关系。
49. making 考查非谓语动词, 此处的make与前句的关系为主动关系, 因此使用现在分词。
50. healthier 后面的than表明此处的形容词使用比较级结构。
It is Mother’s Day today. Though it’s a western festival, it’s popular in China now. Mom has a
full－time job, so she has to do most of the houseworks. She is a great mother. Both Dad or I
but housework and
planned to do something on Mother’s Day. We get up early in the morning. Dad cleaned the
got
house, and then went on shopping. When he came back, I found a bunch of flowers in her hand. I
去掉on his
asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in ^kitchen.The dishes what I cooked were
^the which/that, 去掉which
Mom’s favoritest. At dinner, we said to her, “Happy Mother’s Day!” Mom was grateful and
favorite
moving.
moved
【参考范文】
Notice
Do you hope to learn more about science or the secret of the universe？Then you can attend a science report by Professor Wu, who is an expert at astronomy from Nanjing University. The report is going to be given in the lecture hall on the second floor of our school library from 8：00 to 10：00 a．m. next Saturday. You will be able to learn about the latest developments about the research on UFOs around the world from 8：00 to 9：30 am. You are encouraged to ask any questions about science in the last thirty minutes. At the end of the report, you can buy books written by Professor Wu that he has signed. Don’t make noise and don’t litter.
Students’ Union
Nov. 9th, 2016
Unit 4
Astronomy: the science of the stars
本单元的主要内容是边缘科学、地球生命的起源，万有引力、黑洞和太空旅行等天文学知识。通过本单元的学习，培养学生对科学的兴趣，激发学生探究科学的热情。
1. Warming Up部分共有三组问题，第一组问题引导学生讨论边缘科学(Frontier Science)，即以两种或多种学科为基础而发展起来的科学。例如，生物化学是以生物学和化学为基础的边缘科学。第二组问题探讨科学研究的方法。第三组问题让学生思考要成为真正的科学家所必须掌握的技能。
2. Pre-reading部分主要让学生弄清楚什么是科学思想，什么是宗教信仰或文化传统。学生总喜欢听故事或讲故事，在探讨生命的起源的科学道理之前，让学生交流一下有关宇宙的起源的种种传说，既有趣味性，又能调动学生的相关知识，激活学生的思维。
3. Reading部分讲述了地球上生命的起源。水的形成使得地球有别与其他星球，它使得地球上生命的诞生成为可能。科学家认为，地球上的生命首先诞生于水中，上百万年后，陆地上才长出绿色植物，随后出现了陆栖动物和水陆两栖动物。最初的动物靠孵化繁衍后代，后来出现了哺乳动物，人类也随之诞生了。文章最后讲述的现象发人深省：The earth may become too hot for the lives on it.它关系到地球上生命的未来。
4. Comprehending部分通过四个选择填空题检测学生对本文核心问题的理解：地球上生命的起源和延续需要哪些条件?随后通过排序的方式帮助学生弄清本文的行文线索，也就是地球上生命的起源和发展历程。最后提出两个问题，考查学生的深层理解和推断能力。
5. Learning about Language部分首先通过英文解释帮助理解课文中的生词，然后，通过短文填空、词语分类等形式将这些词语用于一个相关的情境中。语法部分也是采用先发现后应用的学习方法。先通过到课文中找句子，让学生认识主语从句，然后，设置一个用手机发短信息的情境，让学生进行简单句与主语从句之间的转换练习。最后设置情境来复习第三单元出现的表语从句。
6. Using Language部分综合训练听说读写的能力。听力部分的内容介绍三位科学巨匠，不仅通过听力填表的形式训练学生捕捉细节的能力，还通过四选一的形式帮助学生找主题思想。在解释对与错的过程中，教师可以适当地介绍一下概括主题的方法。阅读部分是一个科幻小故事，通过“我”和“我的朋友”乘宇宙飞船登月球的经历，介绍了重量、失重和地球引力等科学道理。说和写部分以Visiting the moon为话题，要求学生讨论登月球需要携带的物品和在月球上可能遇到的困难，并要求学生找出克服这些困难的方法。教师可以根据课本上的提示，向学生介绍“先分述后总结”的写作方法。提出问题的解决方案时，要求学生选用适当的“指示”用语。
1. Language skills
(1).To be able to get the main idea from the text.
(2).To be able to use the different learning strategies for different reading purposes.
Emotion attitude
To have the correct attitude of environment.
Learning strategies
(1). To be able to solve the problem by analyses.
(2). To communicate ideas with their classmates in groups.
1. Teaching important points
(1).To be able to get the main idea from the text.
(2).To be able to solve the problem by analyses.
2. Teaching difficult point
(1). To be able to use the different learning strategies for different reading purposes.
(2). To be able to write explanation passages in accordance with some explanation methods.
Key sentences：
(1) It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.
(2) What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.
(3) So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.
Analysis, brainstorm
reading and discussion
A recorder, a computer, a multimedia classroom
Step 1 Warming up
Leading-in
Play a video “Human and universe”. After that, ask students to think about the relationship between human and relationship for 1 minute.
Warming up
Can you name these heavenly bodies? (show a picture)
A survey
1. What interests you in astronomy?
2. Do you know any questions that astronomers are interested in?
3. How many books or news do you know about astronomy? Make a list of them and share them with your classmates.
Free talk
How the universe began? How life began?
Is there life on other planets?
Are there other life forms in the universe?
How are galaxies formed?
What happened to all the matter after the “Big Bang”?
Step 2 Reading
Let’s get to reading
HOW LIFE BEGAN ON THE EARTH?
Pre-reading
The origin of life on earth is a question that interests astronomers.
What do you know about it?
Each religion and culture has its own ideas about how life began on earth. What do you know?
Read the title and look at the pictures.
Predict what the reading will be about.
Then read it quickly to check if you are right.
While-reading
Scanning
Scan the passage quickly to answer the following questions.
1.What is the original earth’s atmosphere made up of?
2. why did scientists believe water is fundamental to the development of life?
3. How did water come into being on the earth?
4. Which kind of life-being first appeared on the earth, plants or animals? Why?
5. Why were mammals different from all life forms in the past?
Skimming:
Read the passage carefully and analyze its structure:
Main body
Para 1: A widely accepted theory about the formation of the universe.
Para 2: The formation of the earth.
Para 3: The importance of water for life.
Para 4: The development of plants and animals on the earth.
Para 5: The arrival of humans and their impact on the earth.
Careful –reading
Read the passage carefully and analyze its structure:
Para 1: A widely accepted theory about the formation of the universe.
Para 2: The formation of the earth.
Para 3: The importance of water for life.
Para 4: The development of plants and animals on the earth.
Para 5: The arrival of humans and their impact on the earth.
Detailed reading
Put the order of development of life into a time line.
（ ）1 Insects and amphibians appeared.
（ ）2 Dinosaurs appeared.
（ ）3 The earth became a solid ball.
（ ）4 Small plants grew on the water.
（ ）5 Reptiles appeared.
（ ）6 Plants began to grow on dry land.
（ ）7 The earth was a cloud of dust.
（ ）8 Water appeared on the earth.
（ ）9 Shellfish and other fish appeared.
（ ）10 The universe began with a “Big Bang”.
（ ）11 Clever animals with hands and feet appeared.
（ ）12 Mammals appeared.
Post reading
After reading the passage, discuss the following questions.
1. Why was the earth different from the other planets?
2. Why did the plants grow before the animals came?
3. Why is it wrong to show films with dinosaurs and people together?
4. There used to be nine planets in the solar system. Recently scientists have decided that one of them can no longer be considered a planet. Do you know the name of it? Do you know why they removed it?
5. What problem is caused by human beings?
Read the passage again and underline all the discourse markers and sentence connectors.
Discourse markers: however, next, after that, ... Later, finally, thus, as a result of this
Sentence connectors: and, but, ...because, or
Step 3 Discussion
Discuss in groups and give a report to the class.
How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve.
What other puzzles are hidden in the passage? Find them out and do some research.
Other puzzles are hidden in the passage:
How did the earth’s atmosphere develop?
Why did water stay on the earth but not on the other planets?
How did life forms develops？
What did some life forms disappear?
Let’s review the evolution of life on the earth.
After the “Big Bang”, the earth was full of water.
Original cells appeared in the ocean.
The cells in the water began to separate. Marine animals came into being.
Reptile appeared
dinosaurs
mammals
Man had evolved from apes.
They developed new methods of growing food, hunting and moving around. As time went by they covered the earth and have become the most important animals on the planet.
Discussion 1
We are making the world better.
We are making the world worse.
Brainstorm
(1) What humans developed?
developed new methods of growing food
developed new methods of hunting
developed new methods of moving around
(Greenhouse effect)
(2) But they are not taking care of the earth very well. What problem are humans causing?
putting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere →the earth may become too hot →
Discussion 2
As a student, what little things can we do for the earth?
Whether life will continue on the earth depends on human beings.
Only if we care will we help, only if we help shall all be saved!
Step 4 Language points
1.（课文句子）However, according to a widely accepted theory, the universe began with a “Big Bang” that threw matter in all directions.
“然而，根据一种普遍为人们所接受的理论，宇宙起源于一次大爆炸，这次大爆炸将物质投射到四面八方。”
begin with … 以… …开始
to begin with 首先，第一点
The party that was held last Sunday __________ a song.
_____________, we must realize the serious situation. Then we must take action to deal with it.
2.（课文句子）It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earth’s atmosphere. “它（地球）猛烈的爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石，最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。”
be to do sth. 常表示将要发生的事
翻译下列句子：
(1)She is to be married next month. _______________________________________
(2) The Queen is to visit America in a week’s time.
_______________________________________
in time 意为“及时”时相当于early enough, soon enough；意为“最终；迟早”时相当于sooner or later。
The doctor came in time to save her life. 医生及时赶来救了她的命。
You’ll succeed in time if you keep on working hard. 假若坚持努力下去，你迟早会成功的。
【短语归纳】time短语：
in time for sth./ to do sth. 及时；不迟
in no time 立刻；马上
at no time永不……
at one time 有个时期；曾经；一度
at a time 一次；每次
at times = sometimes 有时
all the time 一直；始终；老是
on time 按时；准时
from time to time 不时地，间或
at the same time 同时；尽管如此
ahead of time 提前，提早
【经典考题】
—I was disappointed in time when I didn’t pass the examinations.
—Don’t be so discouraged. You’ll be successful in time. (2009·12河南平顶山检测)
A./; / B. a; a C./; a D. a; /
解析：D。句意为：——我没通过考试那段时间我很失望。——别灰心。你迟早会成功的。第一个空考查的是when 引导的定语从句，表示在某段时间里，故应用in a time。而第二个空表示“迟早”，故用in time。
用time短语填空。
1). We got to the station just_____ _____to catch the bus.
2). William arrived at the theatre just _____ _____ for the play was to be on.
3). Hurry up! The concert will begin _____ _____ _____.
4). _____ _____ _____ will I give up.
5). The boy laughed and cried ______ _____ ____ ______.
6). _____ _____ _____ he was addicted to playing web games, but now he devotes himself to writing, which delights his parents.
7). Don’t try to do everything at once; take it a bit _____ _____ _____.
3. （课文句子）What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. “很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。”
allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
sb. be allowed to do sth. 某人被允许做某事
allow doing 准许做某事
翻译下列句子：
(1) 她的父母不允许她晚上10点之后外出。
Her parents don’t allow her to go out after 10 o’clock in the evening.
(2) 学生不能吸烟。
Students are not allowed to smoke.
(3) 我们不允许在这里停车。
We don’t allow parking here.
4. （课文句子）This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop. “这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命有可能开始发展。”
make it possible for sb. to do sth.
使某人做某事成为可能
it 做形式宾语，to develop 是真正的宾语
(1) His hard working made it possible for him ___________(pass) the exam.
(2) Jim found it difficult ___________(persuade) his father to stop smoking.
5. （课文句子）They produced young generally by laying eggs.
“它们一般是通过孵蛋而繁衍后代。”
by doing sth. 用于说明做某事的手段、方式
lay - laid - laid laying lays 放置; 产卵
lie – lay – lain lying lies 躺; 位于
lie – lied – lied lying lies 说谎
【常见短语】
lay eggs 下蛋
lay sth. aside 把某物放在一边；积蓄（钱）
lay sth. down 把某物放下
lay the table 摆桌子
lay emphasis / stress on sth. 把重点放在某事上
(1)Mary靠画画为生。 Mary earns her living by painting.
(2) Jim _____(lie) to his parents about the test result, which made them angry.
(3) The novel is _______(lie) on the table.
(4) The hen ______(lay) two eggs yesterday.
6. （ 课文句子）Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet. “于是，他们接着成为了这个行星上最重要的动物。”
in one’s turn 轮到某人，接着
Now that I have finished buying, Tom, in his turn, should cook. 既然我已经买来了菜，就该由Tom来做菜了。
【拓展归纳】
in turn依次；轮流；转而；反过来 by turns轮流；交替 take one’s turn轮到某人做……了 take turns依次；轮班，轮流
take turns to do sth. 轮流做某事
(1) We ___________ do the housework.
(2) The children called out their names ______.
【经典考题】
People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars，and this _____ creates further problems.
A．in short B．in case C．in doubt D．in turn (2007年湖北卷)
解析: D。in short “总之，简言之”；in case “假使，免得，以防万一”；in doubt “感到怀疑，被怀疑的”；in turn “反过来，依次，轮流”。
7. （课文句子）They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. “他们把过多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热不能释放到太空中去。”
prevent … (from) doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
from后面可跟 doing sth，from可以省略。
His back injury may prevent him from playing in tomorrow’s game. 他背部的伤可能使他参加不了明天的比赛。
【拓展归纳】
prevent, stop, keep与protect四者的常见结构为：
prevent ...(from) doing sth.；
stop ...(from) doing sth.；
keep ...from doing sth.; 均表示“阻止……做某事”。
protect sb. from...保护某人不受……侵袭，挡住，防御
注意：上述前三个结构中，在主动语态中stop 与prevent后可省去from，但在被动语态中不可省略;
而keep ...from ...中的from在任何情况下都不能省略。
另外，protect ...from ...表示“保护……不受……侵袭；阻挡；防御”。from后接能带来伤害或损害的事物。
【例如】
The boss kept the workers from having a rest. 老板不让工人们休息。
The boss kept the workers working day and night. 老板让工人们夜以继日地工作。
The heavy rain prevented us from going there. 这场大雨使我们没能到那里去。
This plan will be kept from being carried out.这个计划将被阻止实施。
【练习】根据句子的意思完成句子或翻译。
1). Doctors took action to _______ ___ ____ _______ _______
(防止这种疾病的蔓延).
prevent/stop/keep the disease from spreading
2).Of course I can’t _____________ your going abroad.
prevent / stop
3). 警察阻止他们携带武器。
______________________________
The police prevented/stopped/kept them from carrying weapons.
= They were prevented/stopped/kept from carrying weapons.
句子改错：
(1) Nothing could prevent him to going camping this Saturday.
(2) The rain prevents us from play basketball on the playground.
8. （课文句子） Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved. 在几百万年之后，在地球上是否存在生命将取决于这个问题是否得到解决。
depend on意为“依靠；信赖；”，on可以换成upon，可构成depend on / upon sb for sth，意为“依靠某人供给某物”，或depend on sb to do sth意为“依靠某人做某事”。
The country depends heavily on its tourist trade.这个国家主要依靠旅游业。
The poor man depends his son to earn money.这个穷人依靠他的儿子去赚钱。
【拓展归纳】
1) rely on / upon; trust; count on等，三个动词(组)皆表“依靠”。 如：
Can you rely on Tom to bring the food here? 你能依靠Tom把食物带回来吗？
2) It all depends和That depends意思为“看情况而定”，二者都用于口语中。如：
Depend on it, he’ll turn up.请放心，他一定会来的。?
It depends how you tackle the problem.那取决于你如何解决这个问题。
【立竿见影】
1)—Is your father coming tomorrow?
— _______ _______ (那要看情况).He may not have the time.
2)—We don’t know if we can offer help.
—_______ _______ _______ (一切看情况而定).
3)—What is your attitude?
—_______ _______ _______ (请放心).We won’t give up.?
Step 5 Grammar
Subject clause
主语从句
【情景感悟】
What part does the underlined part serve as in each sentence?
1. You are a student.
2. Smoking is bad for you
3. To find your way can be a problem.
4. “How do you do?” is a greeting.
5. What she said is not yet known.
6. That we shall be late is certain.
7. It is certain that we shall be late.
A sentence serving as subject is called Subject Clause.
用横线画出下列句子的主语从句。(课文句子)
1. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.
2. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.
3. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.
4. What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.
5. Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.
6. So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.
【要点精析】
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
How the book will sell depends on its author.
That he is the best student in the class is obvious.
= It is obvious that he is the best student in the class.
引导主语从句的关联词有三类： (1)从属连词that 如：
That they were true sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。
(2)从属连词whether 如：
Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear.??他是否会来这里还不清楚(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why.如：
What she did is not yet known.??她干了什么尚不清楚。
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。
Whoever comes is welcome.??不论谁来都欢迎。
主语从句三要素
How he became a great scientist is known to us all.
Is what you told me really true?
从句用陈述语序
谓语动词用单数
不能省略关联词
【语法拓展】
1.在主语从句中，谓语一般用单数。
Whatever he says is of no importance 无论他说什么都不重要。
无论谁说这话都不对。 Whoever says this is wrong．
但谓语动词用单数还是复数，不可一概而论，而要视句子的意义而定
What I need is money.
What I need are books.
2.what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语，而that 则不然。
1) What you said yesterday is right.
2) That she is still alive is a consolation.
3. Whatever and whoever
Whatever＝anything that
Whoever＝anyone who
不管是谁犯了法，他都应该受到惩罚。
Whoever breaks the law should be punished。
＝Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
4.whether 与 if
在下列情况下，whether 不能被 if 所取代：
1).whether 引导主语从句 如：
Whether it is true remains a problem.
2). 引导表语从句用whether， 如：
The question is whether you should accept it.
3). whether可以引导从句作介词的宾语， 如：
I’m not interested in whether they’ll go or not.
It depends on whether we have got enough money.
4). whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用， 如：
I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
She hasn’t decided whether to go or not.
If Mary really heard him was doubtful.
Whether Mary really heard him was doubtful.
It was doubtful if Mary really heard him
主语从句置于句首时, 不能用if 引导
如果用it 作形式主语, 就可以用if 引导
5. 不可省略的连词：
1).引导主语，同位语，表语从句的连词不可省略。
2).it作形式宾语的宾语从句
3).并列宾语从句中，后面的从句引导词。
That she was chosen made us very happy.(主语)
We heard the news that our team had won.(同位语)
The reason is that he is too careless.(表语)
I think it necessary that you should read aloud.
He told (that) his father had died and that he had to make a living by himself.
6. it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句
It is a fact that … 事实是…
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that …是常识
(2) It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
(3) It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
It appears that… 似乎…
(4) It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句
It is reported that… 据报道…
It has been proved that… 已证实…
It is said that… 据说…
1. It is pretty well understood ___ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today. (2003上海) A. that B. when C. what D. how
【试析】主语从句中缺少做主语的成分，故选C.
2. _____ made the school proud was______ more than 90％ of the students had been admitted to key universities. （2003上海春季）
A. What; because B. What ; that
C. That ; what D. That ; because
【试析】what 在此作连接代词，引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。that引导主语从句时，只起引导作用，不作任何成分.
用法总结
类别
词义
在从句中的作用
连词 that
无任何词义
仅起连接作用，
不做成分
连词 whether, if
“是否”
起连接作用，
不做成分
连接代词 what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever whichever
有各自含义
连接从句，并在
从句中充当
主语、表语、
宾语、定语
连接副词how,
when, why, where,
however, whenever,
wherever
有各自含义
连接从句，
在从句中作状语。
意义
例句
what
……的话
What he said was familiar to us.
……的东西 （事情）
What they did has done great harm to us.
……的状况 （样子）
My hometown isn’t what it used to be.
……的地方
In some countries, what are called “public schools” are not owned by the state.
【实战演练】
一、用适当的连词填空
1. It is decided __________ the meeting will be put off till next Monday.
2. I am not sure __________ he will come here or not.
3. My advice is __________ we should start tomorrow.
4. __________ he said was true.
二、 单句改错
1. It didn’t matter that I would win the match or not.
2. That he is looking for is a dictionary.
3. If you can pass the test is up to you.
4. That is what he likes the place so much.
5. Whether she comes or not don’t concern me.
6. That he said is quite reasonable.
Step 6 Writing
采访类英语写作指导
【写作指导 】
采访类的文章通常是针对某件事或某种现象而提出相应的措施和解决方法。
写作时，第一句开门见山地交待采访的基本情况，即阐述采访的时间、对象、主题等，接着便阐述采访情况或被访人所述的相关信息等。最后陈述被访人提出的个人观点或对解决该问题的建议。
【常用套语】
1. 交待采访的时间、对象和主题。
(1) Last weekend, I had an interview with Professor Wang, an eye-doctor, concerning about the issue of short-sightedness of school children in China. 上周末， 我就中国学生的近
视问题采访了眼科医生王教授。（广东高考书面表达）
2. 罗列采访对象所述相关信息。
(1) According to Professor Wang, slightly more than half of the school children in our
country are shortsighted, ranking the first in the world. 据王教授所说， 我国略多于一半的
学生都是近视， 居世界第一位。（广东高考书面表达）
(2) He also pointed out that the causes for short-sightedness are so complicated that no
medicine can cure short-sightedness. 他还指出说， 导致近视的原因很复杂， 没有药物能治愈近视。（广东高考书面表达）
3.陈述专家的个人观点或建议。
He suggested that school children avoid overuse of their eyes and do more outdoor activities.
他建议学生避免过度使用眼睛， 多做户外活动。（广东高考书面表达）
He particularly reminded us that how to hold a pen is also related to short-sightedness.
他特别地提醒我们如何握笔也和近视有关。（广东高考书面表达）
【实战演练 】
你是校报小记者， 最近进行了一次采访。以下是这次采访的情况。
时间： 上周星期三
对象： 王老师
主题： 中学生英语单词拼写的问题
基本信息：
(1) 约54%高中同学英语书法很差；
(2) 约45%的英语词汇只会说而不会写。
老师解读：
原因： 考试未设拼写题型； 平时训练不够； 学生懒于记忆。
建议：提高认识，引起重视；加强训练，掌握方法。
[写作内容]
根据以上情况用英语写一篇采访报道， 包括如下内容：
1. 采访的时间、对象和主题；
2. 中学生英语单词拼写的现状；
3. 老师解读。
[写作要求]
只能使用5 个句子表达全部内容。
【解题指导】
首先， 用一句话介绍该访问的时间、主题以及对象， 并以这句话作为文章的开头句， 达到开门见山，点明主题的作用。
Last Wednesday, I had an interview with Mr. Wang, an English teacher, concerning the issue of English word spelling among middle school students.
其次， 用三句话分别谈谈采访中几个信息点的内容以及信息中所反映的问题。
According to Mr. Wang, the English handwriting of slightly more than half of the senior middle school student is very poor, and about 45% of them can not spell words correctly although they are able to speak. He also pointed out that the causes of spelling problems are that there are no specific word spelling checks in exams, and there is no enough training. The students are too lazy to memorize words.
最后， 用一句话简单介绍专家给我们提出的希望和建议。
He suggested that we should raise the awareness and place great emphasis on that, and above all, that we should master skills while we are training ourselves.
【参考范文】
Last Wednesday, I had an interview with Mr. Wang, an English teacher, concerning the issue of English word spelling among middle school students.
According to Mr. Wang, slightly more than half of the senior middle school students’ English handwriting is very poor and about 45% of them can not spell words correctly although they are able to speak. He also pointed out that the causes for spelling problems are that there are no specific word spelling checks in exams, and there is no enough training. Worse still, the students are too lazy to memorize words. He suggested that we should raise the awareness and place great emphasis on that, and above all, that we should master skills while we are training ourselves.
【原创练习】
你是当地报社小记者， 上周进行了一次采访， 以下是这次采访的情况：
对象： 杨教授
主题： 中学生网络成瘾问题
基本内容：
(1)据统计，我国网民已经上升到3.38 亿，其中学生的比例占到25%，大部分的上网学生都在玩游戏。
(2) 网络成瘾造成缺少睡眠， 直接地影响学生的身体健康和学习。
专家建议： 减轻负担， 减少压力， 丰富活动， 营造温馨家庭气氛。
【写作内容】
根据以上情况写一篇采访报道，包括如下内容：
1. 采访时间， 对象和主题；
2. 中学生上网成瘾的现状；
3. 专家的建议。
【写作要求】
只能使用5个句子表达全部内容。
【评分标准】
句子结构完整， 信息内容准确， 篇章结构连贯。
【参考范文】(One possible version)
Last week, I had an interview with Professor Yang about the Middle School Students’ addiction to the Internet.
According to the statistics, the Internet-users in our country has increased to 338 million, and 25% of them are middle school students, most of whom are playing computer games while surfing the Internet. Internet addiction will certainly cause them lack of sleep and will have a bad influence on their health and studies. He suggested that schools should try not only to reduce students’ heavy burden and relieve their stress, but also enrich their after -class activities. He also pointed out that it is useful to improve the relationship between teachers and students and create a warm and harmonious atmosphere in schools and families.
Step 7 Homework
1. Retell the passage according to the key words.
2. Read the passage carefully and make marks where you have any questions.
3. Read the key sentences in the text and do the exercises on Page 27-28.
略
课件92张PPT。Can you name these heavenly bodies?Warming upSunVenusMercuryMarsJupiterSaturnEarthPlutoNeptuneUranusA survey1. What interests you in astronomy?
2.Do you know any questions that astronomers are interested in?
3. How many books or news do you know about astronomy? Make a list of them and share them with your classmates.How the universe began? How life began?Is there life on other planets?Are there other life forms in the universe?How are galaxies formed?What happened to all the matter after the “Big Bang”?Free talkHOW LIFE BEGAN ON THE EARTH?ReadingThe origin of life on earth is a question that interests astronomers. What do you know about it?Pre-readingBig BangEach religion and culture has its own ideas about how life began on earth. What do you know?Read the title and look at the pictures.
Predict what the reading will be
about. Then read it quickly to check
if you are right.1.What is the original earth’s atmosphere made up of?
2. why did scientists believe water is fundamental to the development of life?
3. How did water come into being on the earth?
4. Which kind of life-being first appeared on the earth, plants or animals? Why?
5. Why were mammals different from all life forms in the past?ScanningScan the passage quickly to answer the following questions.carbon, nitrogen, water vapour, and other gases2. Why did scientist believe water is fundamental to the development of life?Because water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas to ensure a following chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop. 1. What is the original earth’s atmosphere made up of?3. How did water come into being on the earth?The explosion of the earth produced water vapor, which turned into water when the earth cooled down.4. Which kind of life-being first appeared on the earth, plants or animals? Why?At first, small plants began to appear on the surface of the water, they produce oxygen, which encouraged the later development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.5. Why were mammals different from all life forms in the past?They were different because they produced their young from within their bodies and produce milk to feed them.Main bodyPara 1: Para 2:
Para 3:
Para 4:
Para 5: A widely accepted theory about the formation of the universe.The formation of the earth.The importance of water for life.The development of plants and animals on the earth.The arrival of humans and their impact on the earth.Read the passage carefully and analyze its structure:earth, atmosphere and waterlife developmentHuman beingsCareful -reading（ ）1 Insects and amphibians appeared.
（ ）2 Dinosaurs appeared.
（ ）3 The earth became a solid ball.
（ ）4 Small plants grew on the water.
（ ）5 Reptiles appeared.
（ ）6 Plants began to grow on dry land.
（ ）7 The earth was a cloud of dust.
（ ）8 Water appeared on the earth.
（ 9 Shellfish and other fish appeared.
（ ）10 The universe began with a “Big Bang”.
（ ）11 Clever animals with hands and feet appeared.
（ ）12 Mammals appeared.875）64110392 Detailed readingPut the order of development of life into a time line. 12 11 After reading the passage, discuss the following questions.1. Why was the earth different from the other planets?3. Why is it wrong to show films with dinosaurs and people together?2. Why did the plants grow before the animals came?Because the water remained on the earth.Because dinosaurs died out long before human beings developed on the earth.Because plants provide oxygen for animals to breathe.Post reading4. There used to be nine planets in the solar system. Recently scientists have decided that one of them can no longer be considered a planet. Do you know the name of it? Do you know why they removed it?5. What problem is caused by human beings?The name is Pluto. Scientists now think it is too small to be called a planet.Human beings causes global warming.After reading the passage, discuss the following questions.Read the passage again and underline all the discourse markers and sentence connectors.Discourse markers:
however, next, after that, ...
Sentence connectors:
and, but, ...
Later, finally, thus, as a result of thisbecause, orDiscuss in groups and give a report to the class.Other puzzles are hidden in the passage:
How did the earth’s atmosphere develop?
Why did water stay on the earth but not on the other planets?
How did life forms develops？
What did some life forms disappear?How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve.
What other puzzles are hidden in the passage? Find them out and do some research.DiscussionLets review the evolution of life on the earth.After the “Big Bang”, the earth was full of water.Original cells appeared in the ocean.The cells in the water began to separate. Marine animals came into being.Some animals (amphibian & insects) came to land.Reptile appeared. dinosaurs MammalsMan had evolved from apes. They developed new methods of growing food, hunting and moving around. As time went by they covered the earth and have become the most important animals on the planet.But can you guess what is around the corner?We are making the world better.We are making the world worse.ABDiscussion developed new methods of growing food(1) What humans developed?developed new methods of hunting developed new methods of moving aroundBrainstormGreenhouse effect(2) But they are not taking care of the earth very well. What problem are humans causing ?putting carbon dioxide into the atmospherethe earth may become too hotAs a student, what little things can we do for the earth? solar energy plant trees recycle rubbish prevent desertificationsave water purify airWhether life will continue on the earth depends on human beings.Only if we care will we help,
only if we help shall all be saved!1. （课文句子）However, according to a widely accepted theory, the universe began with a “Big Bang” that threw matter in all directions.
“然而，根据一种普遍为人们所接受的理论，宇宙起源于一次大爆炸，这次大爆炸将物质投射到四面八方。”
begin with … 以… …开始
to begin with 首先，第一点
(1) The party that was held last Sunday __________ a song.
(2) _____________, we must realize the serious situation. Then we must take action to deal with it.began withTo begin withLanguage Points2. （课文句子）It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earth’s atmosphere. “它（地球）猛烈的爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石，最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。”
be to do sth. 常表示将要发生的事
翻译下列句子：
(1) She is to be married next month. _______________________________________
(2) The Queen is to visit America in a week’s time.
_______________________________________她下个月结婚。女王将于一个周后访问美国。 in time 意为“及时”时相当于early enough, soon enough；意为“最终；迟早”时相当于sooner or later。
The doctor came in time to save her life. 医生及时赶来救了她的命。
You’ll succeed in time if you keep on working hard. 假若坚持努力下去，你迟早会成功的。
【短语归纳】time短语：
in time for sth./ to do sth. 及时；不迟
in no time 立刻；马上
at no time永不……
at one time 有个时期；曾经；一度
at a time 一次；每次
at times = sometimes 有时
all the time 一直；始终；老是
on time 按时；准时
from time to time 不时地，间或
at the same time 同时；尽管如此
ahead of time 提前，提早 【经典考题】
—I was disappointed in time when I didn’t pass the examinations.
—Don’t be so discouraged. You’ll be successful in time. (2009·12河南平顶山检测)
A./; / B. a; a C./; a D. a; /
解析：D。句意为：——我没通过考试那段时间我很失望。——别灰心。你迟早会成功的。第一个空考查的是when 引导的定语从句，表示在某段时间里，故应用in a time。而第二个空表示“迟早”，故用in time。
用time短语填空。
1). We got to the station just_____ _____to catch the bus.
2). William arrived at the theatre just _____ _____ for the play was to be on.
3). Hurry up! The concert will begin _____ _____ _____.
4). _____ _____ _____ will I give up.
in time in time in no time At no time 5). The boy laughed and cried ______ _____ ____ ______.
6). _____ _____ _____ he was addicted to playing web games, but now he devotes himself to writing, which delights his parents.
7). Don’t try to do everything at once; take it a bit _____ _____ _____.
at the same time At one time at a time3. （课文句子）What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. “很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。”
allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
sb. be allowed to do sth. 某人被允许做某事
allow doing 准许做某事翻译下列句子：
(1) 她的父母不允许她晚上10点之后外出。
Her parents don’t allow her to go out after 10 o’clock in the evening.
(2) 学生不能吸烟。
Students are not allowed to smoke.
(3) 我们不允许在这里停车。
We don’t allow parking here.4. （课文句子）This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop. “这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命有可能开始发展。”
make it possible for sb. to do sth.
使某人做某事成为可能
it 做形式宾语，to develop 是真正的宾语
(1) His hard working made it possible for him ___________(pass) the exam.
(2) Jim found it difficult ___________(persuade) his father to stop smoking.to passto persuade5. （课文句子）They produced young generally by laying eggs.
“它们一般是通过孵蛋而繁衍后代。”
by doing sth. 用于说明做某事的手段、方式
lay - laid - laid laying lays 放置; 产卵
lie – lay – lain lying lies 躺; 位于
lie – lied – lied lying lies 说谎【常见短语】
lay eggs 下蛋
lay sth. aside 把某物放在一边；积蓄（钱）
lay sth. down 把某物放下
lay the table 摆桌子
lay emphasis / stress on sth. 把重点放在某事上Mary靠画画为生。
_________________________________
(2) Jim _____(lie) to his parents about the test result, which made them angry.
(3) The novel is _______(lie) on the table.
(4) The hen ______(lay) two eggs yesterday.Mary earns her living by painting.liedlyinglaid6. （ 课文句子）Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet. “于是，他们接着成为了这个行星上最重要的动物。”
in one’s turn 轮到某人，接着
Now that I have finished buying, Tom, in his turn, should cook. 既然我已经买来了菜，就该由Tom来做菜了。
【拓展归纳】
in turn依次；轮流；转而；反过来 by turns轮流；交替 take one’s turn轮到某人做……了 take turns依次；轮班，轮流
take turns to do sth. 轮流做某事
(1) We ___________ do the housework.
(2) The children called out their names ______.
take turns toin turn 【经典考题】
People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars，and this _____ creates further problems.
A．in short B．in case C．in doubt D．in turn (2007年湖北卷)
解析: D。in short “总之，简言之”；in case “假使，免得，以防万一”；in doubt “感到怀疑，被怀疑的”；in turn “反过来，依次，轮流”。
7. （课文句子）They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. “他们把过多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热不能释放到太空中去。”
prevent … (from) doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 from后面可跟 doing sth，from可以省略。
His back injury may prevent him from playing in tomorrow’s game. 他背部的伤可能使他参加不了明天的比赛。 【拓展归纳】
prevent, stop, keep与protect四者的常见结构为：
prevent ...(from) doing sth.；
stop ...(from) doing sth.；
keep ...from doing sth.; 均表示“阻止……做某事”。
protect sb. from...保护某人不受……侵袭，挡住，防御 注意：上述前三个结构中，在主动语态中stop 与prevent后可省去from，但在被动语态中不可省略;
而keep ...from ...中的from在任何情况下都不能省略。
另外，protect ...from ...表示“保护……不受……侵袭；阻挡；防御”。from后接能带来伤害或损害的事物。
【例如】
The boss kept the workers from having a rest. 老板不让工人们休息。
The boss kept the workers working day and night. 老板让工人们夜以继日地工作。
The heavy rain prevented us from going there. 这场大雨使我们没能到那里去。
This plan will be kept from being carried out.这个计划将被阻止实施。
【练习】根据句子的意思完成句子或翻译。
1). Doctors took action to _______ ___ ____ _______ _______
(防止这种疾病的蔓延).
2).Of course I can’ t _____________ your going abroad.
3). 警察阻止他们携带武器。
______________________________ prevent/stop/keep the disease from spreading
prevent / stop The police prevented/stopped/kept them from carrying weapons.
= They were prevented/stopped/kept from carrying weapons.句子改错：
(1) Nothing could prevent him to going camping this Saturday.
(2) The rain prevents us from play basketball on the playground.
fromplaying8. （课文句子） Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved. 在几百万年之后，在地球上是否存在生命将取决于这个问题是否得到解决。
depend on意为“依靠；信赖；”，on可以换成upon，可构成depend on / upon sb for sth，意为“依靠某人供给某物”，或depend on sb to do sth意为“依靠某人做某事”。
The country depends heavily on its tourist trade.
这个国家主要依靠旅游业。
The poor man depends his son to earn money.
这个穷人依靠他的儿子去赚钱。 【拓展归纳】
1) rely on / upon; trust; count on等，三个动词(组)皆表“依靠”。 如：
Can you rely on Tom to bring the food here? 你能依靠Tom把食物带回来吗？
2) It all depends和That depends意思为“看情况而定”，二者都用于口语中。如：
Depend on it, he’ll turn up.请放心，他一定会来的。?
It depends how you tackle the problem.那取决于你如何解决这个问题。 【立竿见影】
1)—Is your father coming tomorrow?
— _______ _______ (那要看情况).He may not have the time.
2)—We don’t know if we can offer help.
—_______ _______ _______ (一切看情况而定).
3)—What is your attitude?
—_______ _______ _______ (请放心).We won’t give up.?
That depends It all depends Depend on it3. To find your way can be a problem. What part does the underlined part serve as in each sentence? 2. Smoking is bad for you.1. You are a student.4. “How do you do?” is a greeting.5 .What she said is not yet known.6. That we shall be late is certain.7. It is certain that we shall be late.subjectA sentence serving as subject is called Subject Clause. Grammar情景感悟用横线画出下列句子的主语从句。(课文句子)
1. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.
2. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.
3. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.4. What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.
5. Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.
6. So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
How the book will sell depends on its author.
That he is the best student in the class is obvious.
= It is obvious that he is the best student in the class.主语从句要点精讲引导主语从句的关联词有三类： (1)从属连词that 如：
That they were true sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。
(2)从属连词whether 如：
Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear.??他是否会来这里还不清楚。(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why.如：
What she did is not yet known.??她干了什么尚不清楚。
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。
Whoever comes is welcome.??不论谁来都欢迎。主语从句三要素 he became a great scientist is known to us all.Is what you told me really true?谓语动词用单数从句用陈述语序不能省略关联词Notice :What we need most
are books.HowareAgreement in subject clauses1.在主语从句中，谓语一般用单数。
无论他说什么都不重要。Whatever he says is of no importance 无论谁说这话都不对。 Whoever says this is wrong.但谓语动词用单数还是复数，不可一概而论，而要视句子的意义而定
What I need is money.
What I need are books. 2.what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语，而that 则不然。
1) What you said yesterday is right.
2) That she is still alive is a consolation. 3.Whatever and whoeverWhatever＝anything that
Whoever＝anyone who
不管是谁犯了法，他都应该受到惩罚。
Whoever breaks the law should be punished。
＝Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.在下列情况下，whether 不能被 if 所取代：
1.whether 引导主语从句 如：
Whether it is true remains a problem.
2. 引导表语从句用whether， 如：
The question is whether you should accept it.
3. whether可以引导从句作介词的宾语， 如：
I’m not interested in whether they’ll go or not.
It depends on whether we have got enough money.
4. whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用， 如：
I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
She hasn’t decided whether to go or not.4.whether 与 ifIf Mary really heard him was doubtful.
Whether Mary really heard him was doubtful.
It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.主语从句置于句首时, 不能用if 引导
如果用it 作形式主语, 就可以用if 引导×√√
不可省略的连词：
1.引导主语，同位语，表语从句的连词不可省略。
2.it作形式宾语的宾语从句
3.并列宾语从句中，后面的从句引导词。
That she was chosen made us very happy.(主语)
We heard the news that our team had won.(同位语)
The reason is that he is too careless.(表语)
I think it necessary that you should read aloud.
He told (that) his father had died and that he had to make a living by himself.That的省略的问题用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句
It is a fact that … 事实是…
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that …是常识
(2) It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
用it 作形式主语的结构
(3) It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
It appears that… 似乎…
(4) It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句
It is reported that… 据报道…
It has been proved that… 已证实…
It is said that… 据说…
1. It is pretty well understood ___ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today. (2003上海) A. that B. when C. what D. how 【试析】主语从句中缺少做主语的成分，故选C.2. _____ made the school proud was______ more than 90％ of the students had been admitted to key universities. （2003上海春季）
A. What; because B. What ; that
C. That ; what D. That ; because
【试析】what 在此作连接代词，引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。that引导主语从句时，只起引导作用，不作任何成分.要点总结1. 用适当的连词填空
1. It is decided __________ the meeting will be put off till next Monday.
2. I am not sure __________ he will come here or not.
3. My advice is __________ we should start tomorrow.
4. __________ he said was true.thatwhetherthatWhat实战演练5. __________ he came late made the teacher angry.
6. We’ve offered her the job, but I don’t know _________ she doesn’t accept it.
7. It’s said _________ a year ticket for traveling will be sold.
8. That is _______ he is worrying about.thatThatwhatwhy2. 单句改错
1. It didn’t matter that I would win the match or not.
2. That he is looking for is a dictionary.
3. If you can pass the test is up to you.
4. That is what he likes the place so much.
5. Whether she comes or not don’t concern me.
6. That he said is quite reasonable.whetherwhatWhetherwhydoesn’tWhat采访类英语写作指导Writing采访类英语写作指导
采访类的文章通常是针对某件事或某种现象而提出相应的措施和解决方法。
写作时，第一句开门见山地交待采访的基本情况，即阐述采访的时间、对象、主题等，接着便阐述采访情况或被访人所述的相关信息等。最后陈述被访人提出的个人观点或对解决该问题的建议。
常用套语
1. 交待采访的时间、对象和主题。
(1) Last weekend, I had an interview with Professor Wang, an eye-doctor, concerning about the issue of short-sightedness of school children in China. 上周末， 我就中国学生的近视问题采访了眼科医生王教授。（广东高考书面表达）写作指导2. 罗列采访对象所述相关信息。
According to Professor Wang, slightly more than half of the school children in our country are shortsighted, ranking the first in the world.
据王教授所说， 我国略多于一半的学生都是近视， 居世界第一位。
(2) He also pointed out that the causes for short-sightedness are so complicated that no medicine can cure short-sightedness.
他还指出说， 导致近视的原因很复杂， 没有药物能治愈近视。（广东高考书面表达）
3.陈述专家的个人观点或建议。
He suggested that school children avoid overuse of their eyes and do more outdoor activities.
他建议学生避免过度使用眼睛， 多做户外活动。（广东高考书面表达）
He particularly reminded us that how to hold a pen is also related to short-sightedness.
他特别地提醒我们如何握笔也和近视有关。（广东高考书面表达）你是校报小记者， 最近进行了一次采访。以下是这次采访的情况。
时间： 上周星期三
对象： 王老师
主题： 中学生英语单词拼写的问题
基本信息：
(1) 约54%高中同学英语书法很差；
(2) 约45%的英语词汇只会说而不会写。
老师解读：
原因： 考试未设拼写题型； 平时训练不够； 学生懒于记忆。
建议：提高认识，引起重视；加强训练，掌握方法。
[写作内容] 根据以上情况用英语写一篇采访报道， 包括如下内容：
1. 采访的时间、对象和主题；
2. 中学生英语单词拼写的现状；
3. 老师解读。
[写作要求] 只能使用5 个句子表达全部内容。实战演练解题指导 首先， 用一句话介绍该访问的时间、主题以及对象， 并以这句话作为文章的开头句， 达到开门见山，点明主题的作用。
Last Wednesday, I had an interview with Mr. Wang, an English teacher, concerning the issue of English word spelling among middle school students.解题指导其次， 用三句话分别谈谈采访中几个信息点的内容以及信息中所反映的问题。
According to Mr. Wang, the English handwriting of slightly more than half of the senior middle school student is very poor, and about 45% of them can not spell words correctly although they are able to speak. He also pointed out that the causes of spelling problems are that there are no specific word spelling checks in exams, and there is no enough training. The students are too lazy to memorize words.解题指导最后， 用一句话简单介绍专家给我们提出的希望和建议。
He suggested that we should raise the awareness and place great emphasis on that, and above all, that we should master skills while we are training ourselves.
参考范文:
Last Wednesday, I had an interview with Mr. Wang, an English teacher, concerning the issue of English word spelling among middle school students.
According to Mr. Wang, slightly more than half of the senior middle school students’ English handwriting is very poor and about 45% of them can not spell words correctly although they are able to speak. He also pointed out that the causes for spelling problems are that there are no specific word spelling checks in exams, and there is no enough training. Worse still, the students are too lazy to memorize words. He suggested that we should raise the awareness and place great emphasis on that, and above all, that we should master skills while we are training ourselves.你是当地报社小记者， 上周进行了一次采访， 以下是这次采访的情况：
对象： 杨教授
主题： 中学生网络成瘾问题
基本内容：
(1)据统计，我国网民已经上升到3.38 亿，其中学生的比例占到25%，大部分的上网学生都在玩游戏。
(2) 网络成瘾造成缺少睡眠， 直接地影响学生的身体健康和学习。
专家建议： 减轻负担， 减少压力， 丰富活动， 营造温馨家庭气氛。
【写作内容】根据以上情况写一篇采访报道，包括如下内容：
1. 采访时间， 对象和主题；
2. 中学生上网成瘾的现状；
3. 专家的建议。
【写作要求】只能使用5 个句子表达全部内容。
【评分标准】句子结构完整， 信息内容准确， 篇章结构连贯。
实战演练[参考范文] (One possible version)
Last week, I had an interview with Professor Yang about the Middle School Students’ addiction to the Internet.
According to the statistics, the Internet-users in our country has increased to 338 million, and 25% of them are middle school students, most of whom are playing computer games while surfing the Internet. Internet addiction will certainly cause them lack of sleep and will have a bad influence on their health and studies. He suggested that schools should try not only to reduce students’ heavy burden and relieve their stress, but also enrich their after -class activities. He also pointed out that it is useful to improve the relationship between teachers and students and create a warm and harmonious atmosphere in schools and families.Collect more information about the development of life and make a poster with your group members.
Read and retell the passage to learn the important and difficult language points.Homework
