【2018赢在中考】英语二轮专题解读与强化训练 专题十 动词时态和语态
动词时态一直是中考考查的重点内容，对时态的考查主要集中在一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时和现在完成时。对被动语态的考查主要以一般现在时的被动语态、一般过去时的被动语态、一般将来时的被动语态为主，而含情态动词的被动语态很少涉及。预计2018年对动词时态的考查将以一般现在时、一般过去时、过去进行时、现在完成时和现在进行时为主。对被动语态的考查则仍将以一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态为重点。
一、动词时态：
（一）一般现在时
1．一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示，如果主语是第三人称单数，一般在动词原形后面加s或es。
2．一般现在时的用法
（1）表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。经常与often，usually，every day，always，sometimes，twice a week，on Sunday等表时间的单词或短语连用。如：
Most of the students in our class usually go to school by bike.我们班里大部分学生通常骑自行车去上学。
I practice playing football every day.我每天练习踢足球。
（2）表示普遍真理或客观事实。如：
The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
（3）在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。如：
If it doesn't rain tomorrow，we will go for a picnic.
如果明天不下雨，我们将去野餐。
（4）一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以come, go为主。如：Here comes the bus. (车来了) / There goes the bell.(铃响了)。
（5）一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.
（6）人的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,常见动词有：like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(认为),understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如：I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在这儿)
（二）一般过去时
1．一般过去时的构成
一般过去时用动词的过去式表示。
【注意】不规则动词的过去式形式。
2．一般过去时的用法
①表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。经常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday，last Sunday，in 2010，just now，the other day，three days ago等。如：
I met him in the street yesterday.我昨天在街上见到了他。
②表示过去习惯或经常发生的动作。与之连用的时间状语有last…, in…, from…to…,often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。
如：
He often went to work by bus last year.去年他经常乘公共汽车去上班。
Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young.
③讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)
（三）一般将来时
1．一般将来时的构成
一般将来时的构成为：①will/shall＋动词原形；
②be going to ＋动词原形。
2．一般将来时的用法
①表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。一般情况下用“will＋动词原形”结构。当主语是第一人称I/we时，助动词也可用shall。如：
He will be back in two days.他将在两天后回来。
Lucy will go to visit her uncle tomorrow.明天露茜将要去看望她的叔叔。
We shall go to see you next Sunday.下个星期天我们将去看你。
②表示计划、打算、决定要做的事或有某种迹象表明要发生的事。一般情况下用“be going to＋动词原形”结构。如：
—What are you going to do this Sunday？这个星期天你打算干什么？
—I'm going to practice English.我打算练习英语。
Look at the clouds.It is going to rain.看那些乌云，天要下雨了。
③一般将来时常用的时间状语：tomorrow，next week，next year，in two days，in the future，from now on，soon等表示将来的时间状语。
④用will构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。“shall”用于第一人称,“will”用于所有人称。如：I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要从这所中学毕业了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一个人过了)
⑤shall和will 在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词。Shall一般与第一人称连用,will与第二人称连用。如：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我们下周六去动物园好吗？)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我把门打开好吗？)
(四)现在进行时
1．现在进行时的构成
现在进行时的构成为：am/is/are＋动词的现在分词
【注意】特殊动词的现在分词形式
2．现在进行时的用法
①表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。如：
—What is he doing？他正在干什么？—He is watching TV.他正在看电视。
②表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态(说话时不一定正在做)。如： They are picking apples on a farm these days.这些天他们一直在农场摘苹果。
③表示即将发生的动作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常见的动词有：come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如：I’m coming now.(我就来)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么？)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了)
④表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感彩。如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借钱,过一些时候就忘得一干二净)
⑤go，come，leave，arrive等表示位置移动的词通常用现在进行时表示将来。如： He is leaving for Japan tomorrow.他明天要前往日本。
⑥现在进行时常用的时间状语：now，all the time，these days，this year，at the moment等。
(五)过去进行时
1．过去进行时的构成过去进行时由“was(第一、三人称单数)或were(第二人称单数和各人称的复数)+现在分词”构成。
2．过去进行时的用法
①表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。如：
—What were you doing at this time yesterday？昨天这个时候你在干什么？
—I was doing my homework.我正在做我的家庭作业。
②用于宾语从句或时间状语从句中,表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长。句子中通常不用时间状语。如：She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路过时看到事情的发生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他们在黑暗的森林里走时唱了很多歌) I was watching TV while my mother was cooking.我在看电视，而我的妈妈正在做饭。
③过去进行时常用的时间状语：at that time，at nine yesterday，those days，when/while引导的时间状语从句等。过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。
④也可以表示过去一个阶段频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感彩。如：He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在这里时老向我借钱)
(六)现在完成时
1．现在完成时的构成现在完成时由“助动词have (has)+动词的过去分词”构成。
【注意】特殊动词的过去分词形式
2.现在完成时的用法
①表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。时间状语有：already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前从来没有看过这么好的画)/ He has just gone to England.(他刚去英国)
②表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态，可能还要持续下去，常与for或since连用，表示持续的动作或状态多为延续性动词。时间状语有：for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引导的状语从句。如：I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我离开家乡有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自从这家工厂开张,王叔叔一直在那儿工作)
【注意】非延续性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。必须把非延续性动词改为相应的表示延续性的动词或短语，这时可与表示一段时间的状语连用。
③口语中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如：They have got thousands of books in their library.(他们图书馆有上万本书)
④have been to与have gone to的区别：have gone to(“已经去了”)表示人不在这里,have been to(“去过”)表示人在这里。如：--Where is Mr Li? –He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里？他去了英国。)/ --Do you know something about Beijing? –Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (你知道北京的情况吗？是的,我去过那里三次。)
⑤在完成时中,一个瞬间性动词(一次性动作)不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,此时须将该瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。具体变化见下表：
瞬间性动词的完成时
→
延续性动词或状态动词的完成时
have
(already)
gone to…
have
been in / at …
for (two years)
has
come to…
has
been here
since (1990)
(had)
left…
(had)
Been away from…
arrived…
been in…
died
been dead
begun
been on
ended
been over
bought...
had…
borrowed…
kept…
joined…
been in …
或者使用下面这个句型：
It is / has been + (多久)+ since + 主语(人)+谓语(过去时)+……+过去时间状语
[注意] 在其它的时态中也存在类似问题,记住,关键是：瞬间动词不能和表达一段时间的状语连用。如：How long may I keep the book?(这本书我能借多久？)(句子中keep取代了borrow)
⑥常见的非延续性动词通常作如下变换：
come→be in，leave→be away，buy→have，borrow→keep，die→be dead，begin→be on，close→be closed，open→be open，join→be in/be a member of，go/come there→be there，get married→be married，catch a cold→have a cold，return→be back，fall ill→be ill，become→be，has gone to→has been in等。如：
【译】我买这台电脑有两年了。
【误】I have bought this computer for two years.
【正】I have had this computer for two years.
⑦一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
一般过去时，强调动作在过去发生，已经完成，与现在无关；而现在完成时，强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或过去发生的动作一直持续到现在，还有可能持续到将来。
二、常见易混时态辨析
1.一般现在时与现在进行时的易混辨析
一般现在时表示现在经常性、习惯性的动作，或现在的状态，强调长期性、稳定性；而现在进行时是指现在此刻或现在这一时期内正在进行的动作，强调暂时性、不稳定性。如：
He usually gets up at six in the morning.(经常性、习惯性动作)
She is an English woman.(现在的状态)
We are working on the farm these days.(现在这期间的动作，表示这几天暂时在农场上帮忙)
Look！The boys are fighting.(现在此刻所发生的动作)
注意：不宜用进行时态的动词：表示心理状态、情感的动词，如：love，like，hate，care，know，understand，forget，remember，believe，want，agree，wish，mean等；表示存在的动词，如：be，lie(位于)等；表示一瞬间就发生的动作，如：get，buy，end，receive等。如：2·1·c·n·j·y
I like English very much.我非常喜欢英语。(表示情感)
Mexico lies to the south of Texas.墨西哥位于得克萨斯州的南边。(表示存在)
2.一般过去时和现在完成时的易混辨析
两者都表示过去发生的事情。但一般过去时只强调过去发生的事情本身，不涉及与现在的关系；现在完成时则强调过去的动作对现在的影响。主要说明现在的情况。如：
I opened the door just now.我刚才打开了门。(指刚才做了“开门”的动作，但现在门是否开着，并未说明)
I have opened the door.我已经把门打开了。(门现在还开着)
3.一般过去时和过去进行时的易混辨析
一般过去时表示过去发生过，强调动作结束了，侧重于事实。而过去进行时表示动作在过去某时间内进行，强调动作的持续性和未完成性。如：
I wrote a letter to a friend last night.(信写完了，强调事实)
I was writing a letter to a friend last night.(信不一定写完；强调动作)
4.表示“将来时态”几种形式的易混辨析
在初中阶段，我们学了will/shall＋动词原形，be going to＋动词原形，be doing以及一般现在时等四种形式表达将来时。will/shall表示单纯的将来(即现在之后)。如：
He will be back in a few days.他几天之后回来。(单纯将来)
注意：在含有if的条件状语从句中，主句要用will表示将来时。如：
If it doesn't rain tomorrow，we will go climbing.如果明天不下雨，我们就去爬山。
be going to＋动词原形多用于口语，强调事先的“打算；计划”要做的事情或有某种迹象要发生的事情。如：
What are you going to do this evening？你今晚准备做什么？(打算)
Look！There are so many clouds in the sky.It's going to rain，I think.看，天空乌云密布。我觉得是要下雨了。(有迹象要发生的事情)
be doing现在进行时表示即将发生的将来，多与表示位移的动词come，go，arrive，leave，fly，start等连用。如：She is leaving for Beijing.她就要启程去北京。
一般现在时表示将来时，主要用于时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，或者用来表示按时刻表的规定将要发生的动作。如：I'll tell him about it as soon as I see him.一见到他我就会告诉他这件事。
三、动词的语态：
语态是动词的一种形式，表示句子之中主语和谓语动词的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
(一)被动语态定义：
被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者(即某人做某事),便叫主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被动语态。主动与被动的区别不是词序的区别,而是主语与谓语意义上的区别。在英语中只有及物动词和一些相当于及物动词的词组才有被动语态的形式。被动语态由“助动词be ＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be 的变化表现出来的。
(二)英语中被动语态由“助动词be +动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by短语有时可省去。各种时态的被动语态构成见下表：
现在时态
一般现在时
现在进行时
一 般 将 来 时
现在完成时
谓语动词构 成
am
is +p.p.
are
am
is +being+p.p.
are
will + be+p.p.
am
is +going to+ be + p.p.
are
have(has) +been+p.p.
过去时态
一般过去时
过 去 进 行 时
过 去 将 来 时
过去完成时
谓语动词构 成
was +p.p.
were
was
+being+p.p.
were
would +be+p.p.
was +going to+be+p.p.
were
had +been+p.p.
[注] p.p.表示过去分词。
(三) 被动语态的用法：
1.不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做)时用被动语态,省略by短语。如：A man was killed in the accident.(一个人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(这扇窗子是昨天被打破的)
2.不说或者众所周知是谁做时,用被动语态,省略by短语。如：Rice is also grown in this place.(这个地方也种水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后这里将要修建一条铁路)
3.强调动作的承受者,句尾加by短语。如：It was written by Lu Xun.(它(书)是鲁迅写的)/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(宠物狗是不会被主人宰杀的)
(四) 主动语态如何改写为被动语态：
主动句： 主语(人/物) + 谓语(及物动词) + 宾语(人/物) + 其他 + 状语
(动作的执行者) (各种时态形式) (动作的承受者)
被动句：主语(人/物) + 谓语(及物动词) + by +人 / 物 + 其他 + 状语
(动作的承受者) (be +过去分词) (动作的执行者)
1.把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
2.把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词)
3.把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。
4.含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。
例如：All the people laughed at him.—He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory. –The bikes are made by them in the factory.
(五) 注意点：
1.“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”改为被动时,可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如：
His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老师给他一本字典→他得到老师一本字典)也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语,但是需用to或者for引出原句的间接宾语。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老师给他一本字典→一本字典由老师送给了他)/His father made him a kite.→A kite was made for him by his father.(他的父亲给他做了一个风筝→一个风筝由他的父亲做给了他)
2.“动词+宾语+动词原形”改为被动时,动词原形前要加to.如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板让这个可怜的人一天工作12小时→这个可怜人被迫一天工作12小时)
3.“动词+…+介词”改为被动时,介词一般在原位不动。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顾小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顾着)
4.“be+过去分词”未必表示被动语态,而可能是系表结构。如：
He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)(他高兴/焦虑/疲劳……)
He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….(被动)(他被击中/撞倒/关照/射中……)
( )1. Don’t disturb Allen now. He ____ for the Spelling Bee competition. （2017·广东）
A.prepares B.prepared C.is preparing D.will prepare
( )2. Lei Feng ____ for many years, but his spirit is still encouraging us. （2017·广东）
A.died B.has died C.was dead D.has been dead
( )3.— I didn't see you at the beginning of the party last night.
— I ____ on my biology report at that time. （2017·广东）
A. worked B. work C. was working D. am working
( )4.— What do you think of the new foreign teacher Thomson?
— Pretty good. I think he____ a great job so far. （2017·广东）
A. does B. did C. has done D. was done
( )5. Today's young people can't live without smart phones. They keep their hands on the phones whenever they go, even while they ____ meals. （2017·广东）
A. had B. will have C. are having D. were having
( )6.— Your shoes are so old. Why don't you buy a new pair?
— Because I ____ all my money on an MP5.（2017·广东）
A. spend B. have spent C. am spending D. was spending
( )7. Jenny ____ in the chicken when you called her at 5 o'clock this afternoon. （2016·广东）
A. is cooking B. was cooking C. cooks D. cooked
( )8. Our English teacher is very nice. We ____ friends since three years ago.（2017·广东）
A. were B. became C. have been D. have made
( )9.Johnson won't answer the phone if he ________ the number.(2017，广东)
A．knew B．doesn't know C．will know D．didn't know
( )10. —Did you do anything interesting last Sunday?
—Not really. I just ________ at home.(2017，昆明)
A．stay B．stayed C．will stay D．am staying
( )11. —Hi，Nora.Is your mother at home?
—Just a minute！She ________ flowers in the garden.(2016，南京)
A．plant B．is planting C．planted D．was planting
( )12. Alice，please turn down the music，I ________ an important phone now.(2017，孝感)
A．answer B．answered C．have answered D．am answering
( )13.My mother ________ some washing when the telephone rang.(2016，北京)
A．does B．did C．is doing D．was doing
( )14. Just go down this road，and you ________ the library next to the bank.(2016，河北)
A．see B．saw C．have seen D．will see
( )15.Lily is my classmate. We ________ each other since she came to our school.(2017，北京)
A．know B．knew C．have known D．will know
( )16. This museum ______ here for over 80 years.It ____one of the oldest buildings in this city.(2016，黄石)
A．is；was B．had been；is C．was；has been D．has been；is
( )17.Football______to our school subjects last year．（2016?陕西）
A．is added B．adds C．was added D．added
( )18.﹣How often do I need to feed the dog？﹣It food every day，or it will be hungry．（2017?孝感）
A．must give B．must be give C．must gave D．must be given
( )19.—Did you enjoy the party? —Yes,we_____by our hosts. （2017·北京）21
A.were treated B.would be treated C.treated D.had treated21教育
( )20. —Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment. —All right. I ______ him later. (2017·北京)
A. will call B. have called C. call D will be calling
巩固练习
( )1. Don't disturb Allen now. He ________for the Spelling Competition.
A．prepares B．prepared C. is preparing D．will prepare
( )2. —I didn't see you at the beginning of the party last night.
—I ________ on my biology report at that time.
A．worked B．work C．was working D．am working
( ) 3 .Today's young people can't live without smart phones. They keep their hands on the phones wherever they go, even while they ________meals.
A．had B．will have C．are having D．were having
( ) 4.—Your shoes are so old. Why don't you buy a new pair?
—Because I ________ all my money on an MP5.
A．spend B．have spent C．am spending D．was spending
( )5.—Alan, it's late.Why not go to bed?
—Jenny hasn't come back yet. I ________ for her.
A．waited B．have waited C．am waiting D．was waiting
( ) 6.—Shush, be quiet! The baby ________ in the next room. —OK, sorry.
A．sleeps B．slept C．is sleeping D．sleep
( ) 7 .Lei Feng ________ for many years, but his spirit is still encouraging us.
A．died B．has died C. was dead D．has been dead
( ) 8.—What do you think of the new foreign teacher Thomson?
—Pretty good. I think he ________ a great job so far.
A．does B．did C．has done D．was done
( ) 9.Our English teacher is very nice. We ________ friends since three years ago.
A．were B．became C．have been D．have made
( )10.—Do you know her well?—Sure.We ________ friends since ten years ago.
A．were B．have made C．have been D．have become
( )11.Sam________ Chinese since he came to China. He speaks good Chinese now.
A．learns B．learned C．has learned D．will learn
( )12.Our math teacher ___ in our school for 20 years and he ______ here when he was 23 years old.
A．has taught; has come B．taught; comes C．taught; came D．has taught; came
( )13.My aunt is a writer. She more than ten books since 1980.
writes B. wrote C. has written D. will write
( )14.Don’t worry. Bill will help you look after your dog when you _______away on business.
A. are B. were C. will be D. have been
( )15.I _______ the History Museum twice. I’ve learned a lot there.
A.visit B.am visiting C.have visited D.will visit
二、完型填空
Farley worked for the Canadian government. One day, he was __1__ to learn more about wolves. Do wolves kill lots of caribou(北美驯鹿)? Do they kill people? They gave him lots of food and clothes and guns. Then they put him on a plane and took him to __2__. The plane put him down and went away. There were no houses or people in this place. But there were lots of animals and lots of wolves. People tell terrible stories about wolves. They say wolves like to kill and eat people. Farley remembered these stories, and he was __3__. He had his gun with him__4_.Then one day, he saw a group of wolves. There was a mother wolf with four baby wolves. A father wolf and another young wolf lived with them.Farley watched these wolves every day. The mother was a very __5__ mother. She gave milk to her babies. She gave them lessons about life. They learned how to __6__ food. The father wolf got food for the mother. The young wolf __7__ the children. They were a nice, happy family—wolf family! Farley did not need his __8__ any more. In a short time, he got on well with the family. Farley watched them for five months. He learned that many stories about the wolves were __9__. Wolves do not eat people, and they do not eat many large animals. And he also learned bad things about men. It was men who killed many caribou and wolves. Later, Farley wrote a book about wolves. He wanted people to __10__ them and not to kill them. （ ）1. A. seen B. told C. heard D. found （ ）2. A. a small town B. a big city C. a far place D. a lonely village （ ）3. A. afraid B. happy C. angry D. tired （ ）4. A. at times B. all the time C. once a week D. every afternoon （ ）5. A. bad B. good C. hungry D. thirsty （ ）6. A. cook B. make C. get D. pick （ ）7. A. shouted at B. looked into C. laughed at D. played with （ ）8. A. food B. clothes C. gun D. plane （ ）9. A. not good B. not true C. not easy D. not clear （ ）10. A. grow B. have C. teach D. understand
【2018赢在中考】英语二轮专题解读与强化训练 专题十 动词时态和语态
动词时态一直是中考考查的重点内容，对时态的考查主要集中在一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时和现在完成时。对被动语态的考查主要以一般现在时的被动语态、一般过去时的被动语态、一般将来时的被动语态为主，而含情态动词的被动语态很少涉及。预计2018年对动词时态的考查将以一般现在时、一般过去时、过去进行时、现在完成时和现在进行时为主。对被动语态的考查则仍将以一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态为重点。
一、动词时态：
（一）一般现在时
1．一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示，如果主语是第三人称单数，一般在动词原形后面加s或es。
2．一般现在时的用法
（1）表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。经常与often，usually，every day，always，sometimes，twice a week，on Sunday等表时间的单词或短语连用。如：
Most of the students in our class usually go to school by bike.我们班里大部分学生通常骑自行车去上学。
I practice playing football every day.我每天练习踢足球。
（2）表示普遍真理或客观事实。如：
The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
（3）在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。如：
If it doesn't rain tomorrow，we will go for a picnic.
如果明天不下雨，我们将去野餐。
（4）一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以come, go为主。如：Here comes the bus. (车来了) / There goes the bell.(铃响了)。
（5）一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.
（6）人的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,常见动词有：like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(认为),understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如：I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在这儿)
（二）一般过去时
1．一般过去时的构成
一般过去时用动词的过去式表示。
【注意】不规则动词的过去式形式。
2．一般过去时的用法
①表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。经常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday，last Sunday，in 2010，just now，the other day，three days ago等。如：
I met him in the street yesterday.我昨天在街上见到了他。
②表示过去习惯或经常发生的动作。与之连用的时间状语有last…, in…, from…to…,often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。
如：
He often went to work by bus last year.去年他经常乘公共汽车去上班。
Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young.
③讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)
（三）一般将来时
1．一般将来时的构成
一般将来时的构成为：①will/shall＋动词原形；
②be going to ＋动词原形。
2．一般将来时的用法
①表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。一般情况下用“will＋动词原形”结构。当主语是第一人称I/we时，助动词也可用shall。如：
He will be back in two days.他将在两天后回来。
Lucy will go to visit her uncle tomorrow.明天露茜将要去看望她的叔叔。
We shall go to see you next Sunday.下个星期天我们将去看你。
②表示计划、打算、决定要做的事或有某种迹象表明要发生的事。一般情况下用“be going to＋动词原形”结构。如：
—What are you going to do this Sunday？这个星期天你打算干什么？
—I'm going to practice English.我打算练习英语。
Look at the clouds.It is going to rain.看那些乌云，天要下雨了。
③一般将来时常用的时间状语：tomorrow，next week，next year，in two days，in the future，from now on，soon等表示将来的时间状语。
④用will构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。“shall”用于第一人称,“will”用于所有人称。如：I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要从这所中学毕业了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一个人过了)
⑤shall和will 在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词。Shall一般与第一人称连用,will与第二人称连用。如：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我们下周六去动物园好吗？)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我把门打开好吗？)
(四)现在进行时
1．现在进行时的构成
现在进行时的构成为：am/is/are＋动词的现在分词
【注意】特殊动词的现在分词形式
2．现在进行时的用法
①表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。如：
—What is he doing？他正在干什么？
—He is watching TV.他正在看电视。
②表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态(说话时不一定正在做)。如： They are picking apples on a farm these days.这些天他们一直在农场摘苹果。
③表示即将发生的动作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常见的动词有：come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如：I’m coming now.(我就来)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么？)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了)
④表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感彩。如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借钱,过一些时候就忘得一干二净)
⑤go，come，leave，arrive等表示位置移动的词通常用现在进行时表示将来。如： He is leaving for Japan tomorrow.他明天要前往日本。
⑥现在进行时常用的时间状语：now，all the time，these days，this year，at the moment等。
(五)过去进行时
1．过去进行时的构成
过去进行时由“was(第一、三人称单数)或were(第二人称单数和各人称的复数)+现在分词”构成。
2．过去进行时的用法
①表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。如：
—What were you doing at this time yesterday？昨天这个时候你在干什么？
—I was doing my homework.我正在做我的家庭作业。
We were reading when the teacher came in.当老师进来时我们正在读书。
②用于宾语从句或时间状语从句中,表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长。句子中通常不用时间状语。如：She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路过时看到事情的发生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他们在黑暗的森林里走时唱了很多歌) I was watching TV while my mother was cooking.我在看电视，而我的妈妈正在做饭。
③过去进行时常用的时间状语：at that time，at nine yesterday，those days，when/while引导的时间状语从句等。过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。
④也可以表示过去一个阶段频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感彩。如：He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在这里时老向我借钱)
(六)现在完成时
1．现在完成时的构成
现在完成时由“助动词have (has)+动词的过去分词”构成。
【注意】特殊动词的过去分词形式
2.现在完成时的用法
①表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。时间状语有：already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前从来没有看过这么好的画)/ He has just gone to England.(他刚去英国)
②表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态，可能还要持续下去，常与for或since连用，表示持续的动作或状态多为延续性动词。时间状语有：for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引导的状语从句。如：I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我离开家乡有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自从这家工厂开张,王叔叔一直在那儿工作)
【注意】非延续性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。必须把非延续性动词改为相应的表示延续性的动词或短语，这时可与表示一段时间的状语连用。
③口语中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如：They have got thousands of books in their library.(他们图书馆有上万本书)
④have been to与have gone to的区别：have gone to(“已经去了”)表示人不在这里,have been to(“去过”)表示人在这里。如：--Where is Mr Li? –He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里？他去了英国。)/ --Do you know something about Beijing? –Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (你知道北京的情况吗？是的,我去过那里三次。)
⑤在完成时中,一个瞬间性动词(一次性动作)不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,此时须将该瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。具体变化见下表：
瞬间性动词的完成时
→
延续性动词或状态动词的完成时
have
(already)
gone to…
have
been in / at …
for (two years)
has
come to…
has
been here
since (1990)
(had)
left…
(had)
Been away from…
arrived…
been in…
died
been dead
begun
been on
ended
been over
bought...
had…
borrowed…
kept…
joined…
been in …
或者使用下面这个句型：
It is / has been + (多久)+ since + 主语(人)+谓语(过去时)+……+过去时间状语
[注意] 在其它的时态中也存在类似问题,记住,关键是：瞬间动词不能和表达一段时间的状语连用。如：How long may I keep the book?(这本书我能借多久？)(句子中keep取代了borrow)
⑥常见的非延续性动词通常作如下变换：
come→be in，leave→be away，buy→have，borrow→keep，die→be dead，begin→be on，close→be closed，open→be open，join→be in/be a member of，go/come there→be there，get married→be married，catch a cold→have a cold，return→be back，fall ill→be ill，become→be，has gone to→has been in等。如：
【译】我买这台电脑有两年了。
【误】I have bought this computer for two years.
【正】I have had this computer for two years.
⑦一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
一般过去时，强调动作在过去发生，已经完成，与现在无关；而现在完成时，强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或过去发生的动作一直持续到现在，还有可能持续到将来。
二、常见易混时态辨析
1.一般现在时与现在进行时的易混辨析
一般现在时表示现在经常性、习惯性的动作，或现在的状态，强调长期性、稳定性；而现在进行时是指现在此刻或现在这一时期内正在进行的动作，强调暂时性、不稳定性。如：
He usually gets up at six in the morning.(经常性、习惯性动作)
She is an English woman.(现在的状态)
We are working on the farm these days.(现在这期间的动作，表示这几天暂时在农场上帮忙)
Look！The boys are fighting.(现在此刻所发生的动作)
注意：不宜用进行时态的动词：表示心理状态、情感的动词，如：love，like，hate，care，know，understand，forget，remember，believe，want，agree，wish，mean等；表示存在的动词，如：be，lie(位于)等；表示一瞬间就发生的动作，如：get，buy，end，receive等。如：2·1·c·n·j·y
I like English very much.我非常喜欢英语。(表示情感)
Mexico lies to the south of Texas.墨西哥位于得克萨斯州的南边。(表示存在)
2.一般过去时和现在完成时的易混辨析
两者都表示过去发生的事情。但一般过去时只强调过去发生的事情本身，不涉及与现在的关系；现在完成时则强调过去的动作对现在的影响。主要说明现在的情况。如：
I opened the door just now.我刚才打开了门。(指刚才做了“开门”的动作，但现在门是否开着，并未说明)
I have opened the door.我已经把门打开了。(门现在还开着)
3.一般过去时和过去进行时的易混辨析
一般过去时表示过去发生过，强调动作结束了，侧重于事实。而过去进行时表示动作在过去某时间内进行，强调动作的持续性和未完成性。如：21*cnjy*com
I wrote a letter to a friend last night.(信写完了，强调事实)
I was writing a letter to a friend last night.(信不一定写完；强调动作)
4.表示“将来时态”几种形式的易混辨析
在初中阶段，我们学了will/shall＋动词原形，be going to＋动词原形，be doing以及一般现在时等四种形式表达将来时。
will/shall表示单纯的将来(即现在之后)。如：
He will be back in a few days.他几天之后回来。(单纯将来)
注意：在含有if的条件状语从句中，主句要用will表示将来时。如：
If it doesn't rain tomorrow，we will go climbing.如果明天不下雨，我们就去爬山。
be going to＋动词原形多用于口语，强调事先的“打算；计划”要做的事情或有某种迹象要发生的事情。如：
What are you going to do this evening？你今晚准备做什么？(打算)
Look！There are so many clouds in the sky.It's going to rain，I think.看，天空乌云密布。我觉得是要下雨了。(有迹象要发生的事情)
be doing现在进行时表示即将发生的将来，多与表示位移的动词come，go，arrive，leave，fly，start等连用。如：
She is leaving for Beijing.她就要启程去北京。
一般现在时表示将来时，主要用于时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，或者用来表示按时刻表的规定将要发生的动作。如：
I'll tell him about it as soon as I see him.一见到他我就会告诉他这件事。
My plane takes off at seven tomorrow morning.我的航班明天早上11点起飞。
三、动词的语态：
语态是动词的一种形式，表示句子之中主语和谓语动词的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
(一)被动语态定义：
被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者(即某人做某事),便叫主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被动语态。主动与被动的区别不是词序的区别,而是主语与谓语意义上的区别。在英语中只有及物动词和一些相当于及物动词的词组才有被动语态的形式。被动语态由“助动词be ＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be 的变化表现出来的。
(二)英语中被动语态由“助动词be +动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by短语有时可省去。各种时态的被动语态构成见下表：
现在时态
一般现在时
现在进行时
一 般 将 来 时
现在完成时
谓语动词构 成
am
is +p.p.
are
am
is +being+p.p.
are
will + be+p.p.
am
is +going to+ be + p.p.
are
have(has) +been+p.p.
过去时态
一般过去时
过 去 进 行 时
过 去 将 来 时
过去完成时
谓语动词构 成
was +p.p.
were
was
+being+p.p.
were
would +be+p.p.
was +going to+be+p.p.
were
had +been+p.p.
[注] p.p.表示过去分词。
(三) 被动语态的用法：
1.不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做)时用被动语态,省略by短语。如：A man was killed in the accident.(一个人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(这扇窗子是昨天被打破的)
2.不说或者众所周知是谁做时,用被动语态,省略by短语。如：Rice is also grown in this place.(这个地方也种水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后这里将要修建一条铁路)
3.强调动作的承受者,句尾加by短语。如：It was written by Lu Xun.(它(书)是鲁迅写的)/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(宠物狗是不会被主人宰杀的)
(四) 主动语态如何改写为被动语态：
主动句： 主语(人/物) + 谓语(及物动词) + 宾语(人/物) + 其他 + 状语
(动作的执行者) (各种时态形式) (动作的承受者)
被动句：主语(人/物) + 谓语(及物动词) + by +人 / 物 + 其他 + 状语
(动作的承受者) (be +过去分词) (动作的执行者)
1.把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
2.把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词)
3.把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。
4.含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。
例如：All the people laughed at him.—He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory. –The bikes are made by them in the factory.
(五) 注意点：
1.“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”改为被动时,可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如：
His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老师给他一本字典→他得到老师一本字典)
也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语,但是需用to或者for引出原句的间接宾语。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老师给他一本字典→一本字典由老师送给了他)/His father made him a kite.→A kite was made for him by his father.(他的父亲给他做了一个风筝→一个风筝由他的父亲做给了他)
2.“动词+宾语+动词原形”改为被动时,动词原形前要加to.如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板让这个可怜的人一天工作12小时→这个可怜人被迫一天工作12小时)
3.“动词+…+介词”改为被动时,介词一般在原位不动。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顾小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顾着)
4.“be+过去分词”未必表示被动语态,而可能是系表结构。如：
He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)(他高兴/焦虑/疲劳……)
He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….(被动)(他被击中/撞倒/关照/射中……)
1. Don’t disturb Allen now. He ____ for the Spelling Bee competition. （2017·广东）
A.prepares B.prepared C.is preparing D.will prepare
【解析】根据句意“现在不要打扰Allen。他正在为比赛做准备”可知应用现在进行时。故选C。
2. Lei Feng ____ for many years, but his spirit is still encouraging us. （2017·广东）
A.died B.has died C.was dead D.has been dead
【解析】根据句意“雷锋已经去世很多年了，但是他的精神仍然在鼓励着我们”可知应用现在完成时，且与一段时间连用时应用延续性动词，故选D。
3.— I didn't see you at the beginning of the party last night.
— I ____ on my biology report at that time. （2017·广东）
A. worked B. work C. was working D. am working
【解析】由第一句中的didn't和空格后的at that time（在那时）可知，这里应用过去进行时，表示“我那时正在写我的生物学报告。”故选C。
4.— What do you think of the new foreign teacher Thomson?
— Pretty good. I think he____ a great job so far. （2017·广东）
A. does B. did C. has done D. was done
【解析】由句中的标志词so far可知，这里应该用现在完成时，表示“迄今为止，他一直做得很好。”故选C。
5. Today's young people can't live without smart phones. They keep their hands on the phones whenever they go, even while they ____ meals. （2017·广东）
A. had B. will have C. are having D. were having
【解析】while引导状语从句时，强调主从句中的动作同时发生，从句中常用进行时态。结合语境可知从句中强调的是动作正在进行的状态，故选C。
6.— Your shoes are so old. Why don't you buy a new pair?
— Because I ____ all my money on an MP5.（2017·广东）
A. spend B. have spent C. am spending D. was spending
【解析】句意“——你的鞋太旧了。为什么不买一双新的？——因为我把所有的钱都花在MP5上了”。结合句意可知把钱花在MP5上是已经完成的动作，且这一动作对现在有影响，应用现在完成时。故选B。
7. Jenny ____ in the chicken when you called her at 5 o'clock this afternoon. （2016·广东）
A. is cooking B. was cooking C. cooks D. cooked
【解析】根据句意“当你今天下午5点打电话给她时，Jenny正在煮饭”可知，这里表示今天下午5点钟正在发生的动作，应该用过去进行时was cooking，故选B。
8. Our English teacher is very nice. We ____ friends since three years ago.（2017·广东）
A. were B. became C. have been D. have made
【解析】句中的时间状语since three years ago是现在完成时的标志。become 是短暂性动词，不能和一段时间连用，所以用延续性动词 have been。故选C。
9.Johnson won't answer the phone if he ________ the number.(2017，广东)
A．knew B．doesn't know C．will know D．didn't know
【解析】考查动词的时态。根据“主将从现”原则可知，if引导的条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句应用一般现在时表将来。故选B。
10. —Did you do anything interesting last Sunday?
—Not really. I just ________ at home.(2017，昆明)
A．stay B．stayed C．will stay D．am staying
【解析】由时间状语last Sunday可知该动作发生在过去，应用一般过去时态。故选B。
11. —Hi，Nora.Is your mother at home?
—Just a minute！She ________ flowers in the garden.(2016，南京)
A．plant B．is planting C．planted D．was planting
【解析】句意：——你好，诺拉。你妈妈在家吗？——稍等！她正在花园里种花。由此可知说话时诺拉的妈妈正在花园里种花，应用现在进行时，其构成为“am/is/are＋动词ing”，故选B。
12. Alice，please turn down the music，I ________ an important phone now.(2017，孝感)
A．answer B．answered C．have answered D．am answering
【解析】句意：艾丽斯，请把音乐关小点，我正在接一个重要的电话。根据now可知应该用现在进行时。故选D。
13.My mother ________ some washing when the telephone rang.(2016，北京)
A．does B．did C．is doing D．was doing
【解析】本句是含时间状语从句的复合句，从句是一般过去时态，所以主句动作应发生在过去。句意：当电话响的时候，我母亲正在洗碗。故应用过去进行时选D。
14. Just go down this road，and you ________ the library next to the bank.(2016，河北)
A．see B．saw C．have seen D．will see
【解析】本题题干是“祈使句＋and＋简单句”结构，祈使句相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句，and后面的简单句应用一般将来时，故选D。
15.Lily is my classmate. We ________ each other since she came to our school.(2017，北京)
A．know B．knew C．have known D．will know
【解析】考查句子的时态。本题是对现在完成时的考查。句意：Lily是我同学。自从她来到我们学校，我们就互相认识了。since she came to our school是现在完成时态的标志词，故选C。
16. This museum ______ here for over 80 years.It ________ one of the oldest buildings in this city.(2016，黄石)
A．is；was B．had been；is C．was；has been D．has been；is
【解析】句意：博物馆在这儿有八十多年了。它是这座城市最古老的建筑之一。前句表示从过去一直延续到现在的状态，for over 80 years是现在完成时态的标志词，故应用现在完成时态；后句表示的是一个事实，用一般现在时态，故选D。
17.Football______to our school subjects last year．（2016?陕西）
A．is added B．adds C．was added D．added
【解析】首先根据句中的时间状语 last year，判断句子中的谓语动词用一般过去时，主语 Football 是谓语动词 add 的承受者，二者形成被动关系所以用被动语态，故该空处为一般过去时的被动语态，其结构为：主语+wa s/were+及物动词的过去分词，主语 Football 是单数名词， be 动词用 was，add 的过去分词是 added，套用结构，故选 C21·世
18.﹣How often do I need to feed the dog？﹣It food every day，or it will be hungry．（2017?孝感）
A．must give B．must be give C．must gave D．must be given
【解析】句子主语是 it，代指狗，it 和 give 之间应是被动关系，选项中含有 must，所以是含有情态动词的被动语态，结构是情态动词+be+动词的过去分词．故答案为 D。
19.—Did you enjoy the party? —Yes,we_____by our hosts. （2017·北京）21
A.were treated B.would be treated C.treated D.had treated21教育
【解析】考查动词的时态及语态。句意：—你喜欢这个聚会吗？—是的，我们得到了主人款待。根据上一句中的did可知用一般过去时；且we和treated是动宾关系，用被动语态。空中应用一般过去时的被动语态，故选A。
20. —Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment. —All right. I ______ him later. (2017·北京)
A. will call B. have called C. call D will be calling
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：—Dr. Jackson现在不在办公室。—好的，我待会再打给他。由later可知，表示将来要执行的动作，用一般将来时。故选A。
巩固练习
( )1. Don't disturb Allen now. He ________for the Spelling Competition.
A．prepares B．prepared C. is preparing D．will prepare
【解析】C 考查时态。句意为：现在不要打扰艾伦，他正在为拼写竞赛_______。由now, 可以判断用现在进行时，所以答案选C。
( )2. —I didn't see you at the beginning of the party last night.
—I ________ on my biology report at that time.
A．worked B．work C．was working D．am working
【解析】C 考查时态。句意为：—昨天晚上宴会开始的时候我没有看到你。—我那个时候正在忙我的生物演讲。at the time在那个时候，由此可见是过去那个点正在做某事。因此应用过去进行时，所以答案选C。
( ) 3 .Today's young people can't live without smart phones. They keep their hands on the phones wherever they go, even while they ________meals.
A．had B．will have C．are having D．were having
【解析】C 此题考查 while引导的从句常用现在进行时。句意为：现在的年轻人离不开手机。无论去哪都拿着手机，甚至在他们吃饭的时候都拿着。根据题意，当他们正在吃饭的时候，所以答案选C。
( ) 4.—Your shoes are so old. Why don't you buy a new pair?
—Because I ________ all my money on an MP5.
A．spend B．have spent C．am spending D．was spending
【解析】B 句意为—你的鞋旧了，为什么不新买一双呢？—因为我把钱都花在MP5上了。根据句子的意思，我把所有的钱都花在买MP5上了，强调影响，应用现在完成时。
( )5.—Alan, it's late.Why not go to bed?
—Jenny hasn't come back yet. I ________ for her.
A．waited B．have waited C．am waiting D．was waiting
【解析】C 句意为：—艾兰，很晚了。为什么还不去睡觉？—珍妮还没有回来，我在等她。由题意可知是“正在等她”，且由“it‘s late”可知表示现在，故用现在进行时。
( ) 6.—Shush, be quiet! The baby ________ in the next room. —OK, sorry.
A．sleeps B．slept C．is sleeping D．sleep
【解析】C 句意为：安静点，婴儿在隔壁房间里________。好的，对不起。由题意可知是“宝宝正在睡觉”，故用现在进行时。
( ) 7 .Lei Feng ________ for many years, but his spirit is still encouraging us.
A．died B．has died C. was dead D．has been dead
【解析】D 考查现在完成时。句意为：雷锋已经去世很多年了，但是他的精神仍然鼓舞着我们。由for many years 得知用现在完成时。因为die是瞬间动词，用于现在完成时的时候需要用be dead。
( ) 8.—What do you think of the new foreign teacher Thomson?
—Pretty good. I think he ________ a great job so far.
A．does B．did C．has done D．was done
【解析】C 本题考查动词时态，句意为：—你觉得新来的外教汤姆斯先生怎么样？—很好。我认为目前他已经做得很好了。so far表示到目前为止，用现在完成时,所以选C。
( ) 9.Our English teacher is very nice. We ________ friends since three years ago.
A．were B．became C．have been D．have made
【解析】C 句意为：我们的英语老师非常好，我们已经做了三年的朋友了。由since three years ago可以判断该句用现在完成时。make friends交朋友，make是短暂性动词，不能和一段时间连用,故用be friends。
( )10.—Do you know her well?—Sure.We ________ friends since ten years ago.
A．were B．have made C．have been D．have become
【解析】C —你很了解她吗？—当然。我们已经做了十年的朋友了。根据后面的since ten years ago可知用现在完成时，且make和become均为短暂性动词，不能与一段时间连用，应用be friends。故选C。
( )11.Sam________ Chinese since he came to China. He speaks good Chinese now.
A．learns B．learned C．has learned D．will learn
【解析】C 句意为：自从山姆来中国他就开始学习汉语。现在他汉语已经说得很好了。根据后面的since可知应用现在完成时。因此选C。
( )12.Our math teacher ___ in our school for 20 years and he ______ here when he was 23 years old.
A．has taught; has come B．taught; comes C．taught; came D．has taught; came
【解析】D 我们数学老师在我们学校教书20年了，当他23岁的时候他就来到这里了。由for 20 years可知，动作从20年前持续到现在，故要用现在完成时；由时间状语从句“when he was 23 years old”可知，动作发生在23岁时，故要用一般过去时,故选D。
( )13.My aunt is a writer. She more than ten books since 1980.
writes B. wrote C. has written D. will write
【解析】C 由since 1980“自1980年以来”可知，用现在完成时，所以选择C。
( )14.Don’t worry. Bill will help you look after your dog when you _______away on business.
A. are B. were C. will be D. have been
【解析】A 句意：不要担心，你离开出差时比尔会帮你照看狗。根据“主将从现”的原则，主句为一般将来时，时间状语从句要用一般现在时，故选A。
( )15.I _______ the History Museum twice. I’ve learned a lot there.
A.visit B.am visiting C.have visited D.will visit
【解析】C考查时态。句意：我已经参观过历史博物馆两次了。我在那里学到了很多东西。根据句中关键词twice可知要用现在完成时，表示“去过……两次” ,故选C
二、完型填空
Farley worked for the Canadian government. One day, he was __1__ to learn more about wolves. Do wolves kill lots of caribou(北美驯鹿)? Do they kill people? They gave him lots of food and clothes and guns. Then they put him on a plane and took him to __2__. The plane put him down and went away. There were no houses or people in this place. But there were lots of animals and lots of wolves. People tell terrible stories about wolves. They say wolves like to kill and eat people. Farley remembered these stories, and he was __3__. He had his gun with him__4_.Then one day, he saw a group of wolves. There was a mother wolf with four baby wolves. A father wolf and another young wolf lived with them.Farley watched these wolves every day. The mother was a very __5__ mother. She gave milk to her babies. She gave them lessons about life. They learned how to __6__ food. The father wolf got food for the mother. The young wolf __7__ the children. They were a nice, happy family—wolf family! Farley did not need his __8__ any more. In a short time, he got on well with the family. Farley watched them for five months. He learned that many stories about the wolves were __9__. Wolves do not eat people, and they do not eat many large animals. And he also learned bad things about men. It was men who killed many caribou and wolves. Later, Farley wrote a book about wolves. He wanted people to __10__ them and not to kill them. （ ）1. A. seen B. told C. heard D. found （ ）2. A. a small town B. a big city C. a far place D. a lonely village （ ）3. A. afraid B. happy C. angry D. tired （ ）4. A. at times B. all the time C. once a week D. every afternoon （ ）5. A. bad B. good C. hungry D. thirsty （ ）6. A. cook B. make C. get D. pick （ ）7. A. shouted at B. looked into C. laughed at D. played with （ ）8. A. food B. clothes C. gun D. plane （ ）9. A. not good B. not true C. not easy D. not clear （ ）10. A. grow B. have C. teach D. understand
1. B。Farley是政府工作人员。从上下文得知, 他是被派去进行调查和研究狼的习性的，故选told。 2. C。根据下文飞机把Farley送到了一个没有房屋和人的地方, 说明了这个地方不可能是城市,小镇和村庄故a far place为正确答案。 3. A。狼吃人的恐怖故事给孤身一人的Farley带来的应是afraid。 4. B。因为Farley害怕, 所以枪应始终不能离身。all the time意为“一直、始终”。 5. B。根据下文的描述，狼妈妈给孩子们喂奶，对孩子们进行训练，可见是一位好妈妈，故选good。 6. C。狼只能猎取食物, 而不能烧食物, 生产食物。get合乎文意，为正确答案。 7. D。shout at意为“朝……大声叫喊”;look into意为“调查、观察”;laugh at意为“嘲笑……”。这三个词组都不符文意。play with意为“和……一起玩耍”，合文意为正确答案。 8. C。the nice happy wolf family让Farley不再害怕，因此也就不再需要枪了，故选择gun.。 9. B。因为他的亲身体验与他所听到的相违背，说明以前关于狼的说法是不对的, 故选not true。 10. D。understand意为“了解”合乎文意，为正确答案。
