第十五讲 八年级下 Units9--10
Japan(n.)→_______(n.) 日本人
most (adj.&pron) → ____(adv.) 主要地
memory(n. ) →________ (v.) 记忆，记住
scarf (n.)→ ________ (复数) 围巾
make (v.) →_______ (n.) 机器
certain ( adj. ) →______ (adv.) 当然了
invent (v.) →________ (n. ) 发明→________(n.)发明者
fox (n.) → ______ (复数）狐狸
it (pron.)→______ (反身代词）它自已→_____(物主代词）它的
10.German (n.) →_______(复数)德国人→________ (名词）德国
11.social (adj.) → ________ (n.) 社会
12 collect(v.) → ______(n.)收藏品→_______ (n.)收藏家
13 simple(adj.)→ ______(adv.) 仅仅
14 hold (v.) →____(过去式）________(过去分词）举办，容纳
15 peace(n.) →______ (adj.)和平的
16 truth (n.)→_____ (adj.)诚实的
17 believe(v.)→_____(n.)相信，信服→_______(adj.)信服的→_______ (adj.)难以置信的
18 safe(adj.)→______(adv.)安全地→______(n.)安全
19 honest (adj.)→______(反义词）不诚实的
两个；一对；几个_____________
数以千计的；许许多多_______________
一方面....另一方面... _____________________
全年 ________________
鼓励某人做某事 ________________
面包机__________________
察看，观察 _______________
棋类游戏 ____________________
初级中学 _________________
清理，丢掉 __________________
不再，不复 _______________
放弃、交出（尤指不舍得的东西 ）________________
说实在的_________________
依据，按照__________________
几乎；接近_______________
去不同的地方___________________
四分之三的人口 ___________________
把......看作...________________
一个诚实的孩子 _________________
顺便问一下 ______________-
◆考点 progress n.
考向1 ：作名词。常用搭配：make progress取得进步
eg :We have made great progress in controlling inflation . 我们在抑制通货膨胀方面取得了巨大进展。21*cnjy*com
考向2 ：作动词“前进，进步，时行”。
eg : He progressed well in school . 他在上学期间取得了很大进步。
◆考点突破
1 （２０１6，福州）只要努力学习，你就会取得进步。（progress,as long as)_________________________________________________
(2015,江西） I believe you’ll make _____ progress if you work harder .2·1·c·n·j·y
A greater B. less C. the greatest D the least
◆考点2 fear n.&v.
考向1 :作动词，“害怕，畏惧，担心”。fear+名词，代词，to do sth , doing sth 或句子。
eg : He did not fear to die 他不怕死。
Experts fear that there will be new outbreak of the disease . 专家们担心这种疾病会再度爆发。
考向2： “害怕”的其他表达
afraid/scared
adj.害怕的
be afraid to sth 害怕某事物
be afraid /scared to do sth 害怕做某事
be afraid /scared that +从句 害怕...
考向3：作名词，“害怕，恐惧，敬畏”。
①for fear that +从句，以免；唯恐；担心；生怕；②for fear of +名词、代词 ③in fear of 提心吊胆。
eg : Shut the window for fear that it may rain . 恐怕会下雨，把窗户关上。
She has a great fear of water . 她很怕冻。
We’re in fear of more snow. 我们担心会再下雪。
◆考点突破
3 David said he had no time ______ his life when he stopped a man shooting at students .
A for fear of B. for fear that C. to fear for D. in fear of
4 （2015，湖北随州）他不敢在课堂上回答问题，因为他害怕出错。
He _______ not answer questions in class , because he is afraid of ______ mistakes
◆考点3 mostly adv.
考向：mostly,almost,nearly和most
mostly
adv.
大多数地
She is mostly out on Sundays. 她周日多半不在家。
almost
adv.
几乎
I almost got the answer. 我几乎快得到答案了。
nearly
adv.
几乎（有接近之意）
He’s nearly 80.他快80岁了。
most
adj.
多数的
Most students like the teacher 。大多数学生都喜欢这位老师。
◆考点突破
5 （2017,山东泰安改编）The monkeys threw so many bananas at the first seed(种子）that she was ______ cut into two . (most)
考点4 certain adj.
考向1： certain表“某种；某人；某事”作定语。
eg : A certain Mr. Brown phoned while you were out 你出去的时候，有位布朗先生来过电话。
考向2：表“肯定的”意思时作表语。
be certain to do sth
be certain of doing sth
be certain+that 从句
eg : He is certain to succeed . 他一定会成功。（对别人的估计）
He is certain of succeeding . 他有把握成功。（对自已的信心）
He is certain that he will succeed . 他肯定他能成功。
考向3 ：certainly =sure = of course 肯定地
拓展：for certain 肯定地，确凿地
make certain (of或从句）把....弄清楚，把...弄确实，保证
◆考点突破
(2016,甘肃) ---Are you the last one to go to school today?
----______not . I’m always the first one .
A Certainly B. Usually C. Generally D. Finally
考点5 honest adj.
eg : She is an honest woman, and she won’t tell lies . 她是个诚实的女人，不会撒谎的。
考向1： honest 以元音音素开头，前有不定冠词时用an .
an honest person/boy 一个诚实的人/男孩
考向2：honestly =to be honest 说实在的
eg :To be honest , I don’t know what to do next .
=Honestly , I don’t know what to do next . 说实在的，我不知道接下来该做什么。
◆考点突破
（2016，湖南邵阳） ---Look!Who’s ____ boy over there ?
---Oh, he is my cousin Bob . He is ______ honest boy .
A a; the B. the ; an C. the ; a
考点6 especially adv.
specially
多指为了某一特别的目的而做某事，主要用来修饰动词
especially
侧重强调某方面特别，可修饰多种成分，用于被强调词之前。
eg : The weather has been especially cold. I came specially to see you. 天气特别冷。我特地来看你。 21教育名师原创作品
◆考点突破
8 . （2016，山东德州）The basketball match was really fantastic , ____ when Shu-How Lin scored in the last second .
A probably B especially C exactly D. mostly
考点7 consider v.
eg: Have you considered both sides of the question ?
你把问题的两个方面都考虑到了吗？
考向1： consider 作“认为”讲时，常用consider ...as 把...视为/认为。
eg : We considered it as part of her work.
我们认为这是她的部分工作。
考向2 ：辨析consider 与regard
consider
强调经过考虑后得出比较客观的看法。
They consider his brother as an honest man . 他们认为他哥哥是个诚实的人。
regard
常指对外表的看法或凭眼睛所见面作的评价；强调主观上的认为。
We regard her as a poor woman . 我们把她当作穷女人。（但实际上她却有可能很有钱）
考向3：consider = think about 考虑
consider 作“考虑”讲时接动名词，consider doing sth “考虑做某事”。
eg : He is considering going to see her .
他正在考虑去见她。
拓展：（1）常接动名词作宾语的动词有：enjoy（喜欢）,finish(完成），practice (练习）,mind (介意）等。21世纪教育网版权所有
consideration 名词 “考虑，体谅”
◆考点突破
9 （2017，湖北襄阳）---Driving less,walking more is good for our health.
----So I’d rather _____ an hour’s walk to work than consider _____ a car . 21·世纪*教育网
（2015，湖北黄石）你曾考虑过出国深造吗？
Have you ever _______ ______ abroad for further study ?
考点8 memory n.
考向1：memory 作
“记忆力；记性”讲时不可数
“记忆中的人或事物”讲时可数（memories )
eg : Can a person improve his memory ?
一个人能提高自己的记忆力吗？
One of my earliest memories is playing in the garden .
我最早的记忆之一就是在花园里玩耍。
考向2： in memory of 为纪念
eg : He founded the charity in memory of his late wife .
他创办了这一慈善事业以纪念他已故的妻子 。
11 根据所给汉语完成的句子。
为了纪念那些勇敢的消防战士，一部电影即将开拍。
A film sill be shot _____ ______ ______ these brave firefighters .
◆现在完成时II
1 构成
含有be 动词的现在完成时的谓语部分由“have/has （助动词）+been构成。
2 含有be动词的现在完成时态的基本句式
肯定句：主语+have/has+been +其他
否定句：主语+haven’t/hasn’t+been +其他
一般疑问句：Have/Has +主语+been +其他？
肯定的简略回答 ：Yes , 主语+have/has
否定的简略回答：No, 主语+have/has not .
特殊疑问句：疑问词+have/has +been +其他？
3 用法
用来表示之前已经发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果却和现在有联系：动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在，可以和never ,ever , once, twice , three /four /...times 等副词（短语）连用。
They have been to Beijing . 他们去过北京 。
I have never been there . 我从未去过那里。
Have you ever been to Singapore ?我曾经去过新加坡吗？
4 “have/has been to +地点”与“have /has gone to +地点”的区别：
have/has been to +地点名词
表示“某人曾经去过某地”
现在已经回来了，不在那里了。
have /has gone to +地点名词
表示“某人去了某地”
现在还没回来，可能 在去的途中，也可能在目的地或在返回的途中。
She has been to Shanghai . 她去过上海。 （现在不在上海）
She has gone to Shanghai 她去上海了。 （现在已在上海或在途中）
5 现在完成时与一般过去时态的区别
一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态；现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。强调的是现在的情况。 21cnjy.com
I saw this film yesterday . 昨天我看过这部电影。（强调看的动作发生过了）【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
I have seen this film 我已经看过这部电影。（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）www-2-1-cnjy-com
一般过去时常与具体的表示过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday , last year .... ago , in 1990, in October , just now 等 。 现在完成时不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。 【出处：21教育名师】
现在完成时的时间状语有：ever , never , just , yet , in the past /last few years , recently , so far 等。 21教育网
◆考点突破
1 （2017?重庆）Sanya is a beautiful city . I _____ there twice .
A have gone B. have been C. have gone to D. have been to
2 （2015，黑龙江绥化）---Where is Bob?
---He____ to Harbin for a meeting
A went B. has been C. has gone
◆现在完成时III
现在完成时的用法
表示从过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示“从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间状语”连用，如“for +时间段”“since+过去的时间点” “since+过去时的从句”“since+一段时间+ago”,how long 等 。且for 与since 引导的时间状语可以进行相互转换。
My uncle has worked at this factory for five years =My uncle has worked at this factory since five years ago. 我的叔叔已经在这个工厂工作了5年。 www.21-cn-jy.com
Mr Black has taught in China since 2000. 自从2000年以来布来克先生一直在中国执教 。 【版权所有：21教育】
How long have you been here ?你来这里多久了？
2 句中动词的特点
此种用法中表示持续性的动作或状态的动词必须是延续性动词（否定句除外）。
这本书我已经买了3年了。
I’ve had the book for three years.
你哥哥参军多长时间了？
How long has your elder brother been in the army /been a soldier ?
3 延续性动词和非延续性动词
延续性动词表示经验、经历；非延续性动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
I’ve known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。 （表经历）
He has finished the work . 他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果）
延续性动词与非延续性动词的用法：
①非延续性动词与短暂性时间（点）连用。
He joined the league three years ago . 他入团3年了。（他3年前入的团）
②用“It is /has been +时间段+since ...”句型。
It is /has been three years since I bought the book 这本书我买了3年了。 （从买这本书到现在3年了）21*cnjy*com
③用相应的延续性动词替换非延续性动词，句子用现在完成时，时间状语为“for+时间段”或“since +从句（过去时）”“since+一段时间+ago”.
The old man died 4 years ago =The old man has been dead for 4 years . 那位老人去世4年了。
I borrowed the book 5 days ago = I have kept the book since 5 days ago . 这本书我借了5天了。
现在完成时态时延续性动词与非延续性动词的转换：
①非延续性动词也被称为终止性动词、瞬间性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如：open, die , close ,begin , finish, come , go , move , borrow , lend , buy 等 。
非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如two years ago, at 5 o’clock .
He died 5 years ago . 他5年前去世了。
②延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，如：learn , work , stand ,lie , know , walk , keep , “for+时间段”“since +时间点”“since+从句（过去时）”“since +一段时间+ago”, how long 等连用。
非延续性动词和延续性动词之间的转换：
①转化为相应的延续性动词，用于现在完成时态。
borrow -- keep buy -- have catch a cold --have a cold
put on --wear get to know --know get to sleep --sleep
②转化为“be+形容词/副词/介词/名词“。
begin/start --be on go out -- be out get to /arrive/reach --be (in )
die ---be dead open ---be open leave --be away
finish-- be over fall ill ---be ill get up ---be up
fall asleep --be asleep join ---be in/be a member of
Go to school --be in school become --be
make friends --be friends go to bed --- be in bed
close -- be closed go to bed ---be in bed
◆考点突破
3（2017，广东）Our English teacher is very nice . We ____ friends since three years ago .
A were B. became C have been D. has made
选择题
1 ---Where is your father ,Tom?
---He ______ to Changsha .
A goes B. has been C. has gone D. went
---Have you ever been to Shanghai?
--- Yes . I ______ there a few months ago
A have been B went C have gone D. will go
3 I____ to Hainan twice . It’s beautiful .
A will go B have gone C have been D. went
4 (2017,广东) ---You haven’t been to the West Lake , have you ?
---______ .But I will go there with my parents this summer vacation
A No, I haven’t B. No, I didn’t C. Yes, I have D. Yes, I did
5 ----How do you go to school every day , by bike or by bus ?
----_______ . I go to school on foot .
A Both B. Either C None D Neither
6 ______ of the students in our school have seen the film .
A Third quarters B. Three quarter C. A three quarter D. Three quarters .
7 Please be quiet . I have ______ to tell you .
A important anything B. important something
C something important D. anything important
8 He can hardly speak English , _____?
A can he B. can’t he C. does he D. doesn’t he 21·cn·jy·com
9 They gave away ______ books to our school last year .
A thousand of B. two thousands C. thousands of D. two thousand of
10 I’ve never seen _____ bird before .
A so a beautiful B. such a beautiful C. so beautiful D. such beautiful
11 You can come and play with me _____ you’re free .
A whatever B. wherever C. however D whenever .
12 We didn’t have any problems ______ the bookstore .
A finding B. find C. to find D. found
13 I want to know _____ .
A where does he live B. how old is he
C what he is doing D. how soon will he come back
14 Look! Can you see the children _____ in the park ?2-1-c-n-j-y
A be playing B. playing C. to play D. play
15 She _____ this book for nearly three weeks
A has borrowed B. has lent C. has bought D. has kept
16 (2017.哈尔滨）How time flies! Several years _____ since we started our middle school life . We will keep the pleasant experiences in our minds .
A have pass B. has passed C. will pass
17 Ten years has passed _____ the CCTV event People Who Moved China took place in 2002.
A when B. while C. before D. since
18 The volunteers _____ a lot of help to the community for nearly ten years .
A offered B. will offer C are offering D. have offered
19 My aunt is a writer . She _____ more than ten books since 1980.
A writes B. wrote C. has written D. will write .
20 ____ wasn’t easy to win the match .
A It B. That C. This D. One
21 ---How long have you _____ the book ?
--- For three days .
A borrowed B. kept C. lent D. bought
22--- How long has the film been on ?
---______ twenty minutes .
A Before B. After C. For D. Since
23 She is one of _____ singers . I like her very much . 【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
A famous . B the most famous C more famous D. most famous
I think the question is ______ difficult to answer.
A most B .many C a lot D a bit
25 Mary is an _____ girl . She lives with her grandmother
A y8-years-old B. 8-year-old C. 8-years old D 8 years old
26 He used to ____ up early , and now he gets used to _____ up early.
A get; getting B get ; get C. getting ; get D. getting ; getting
27 According _____ Mr. Wang . we’ll go on a trip this weekend .
A in B. to C. at D. for
The basketball _____ I bought yesterday cost me 80 yuan .
A when B. that C. who D. what
29 Look! She’s standing _____ the ten children .
A among B. between C. of D. from .
第十五讲 八年级下 Units9--10
Japan(n.)→Japanese(n.) 日本人
most (adj.&pron) → mostly (adv.) 主要地
memory(n. ) → memorize (v.) 记忆，记住
scarf (n.)→ scarves (复数) 围巾
make (v.) →maker (n.) 机器
certain ( adj. ) →certainly (adv.) 当然了
invent (v.) →invention (n. ) 发明→ inventor (n.)发明者
fox (n.) → foxes (复数）狐狸
it (pron.)→itself (反身代词）它自已→its(物主代词）它的
10.German (n.) →Germans(复数)德国人→Germany (名词）德国
11.social (adj.) → society (n.) 社会
12 collect(v.) → collection(n.)收藏品→collector (n.)收藏家
13 simple(adj.)→ simply(adv.) 仅仅
14 hold (v.) →held(过去式）held (过去分词）举办，容纳
15 peace(n.) →peaceful (adj.)和平的
16 truth (n.)→truthful (adj.)诚实的
17 believe(v.)→belief(n.)相信，信服→believable(adj.)信服的→unbelievable (adj.)难以置信的
18 safe(adj.)→safely(adv.)安全地→safety(n.)安全
19 honest (adj.)→dishonest(反义词）不诚实的
两个；一对；几个 a couple of
数以千计的；许许多多 thousands of
一方面....另一方面... on the one hand ....on the other hand ...
全年 all year round
鼓励某人做某事 encourage sb to do sth
面包机 bread maker
察看，观察 check out
棋类游戏 board game
初级中学 junior high school
清理，丢掉 clear out
不再，不复 no longer
放弃、交出（尤指不舍得的东西 ） part with
说实在的to be honest
依据，按照 according to
几乎；接近close to
去不同的地方 go somewhere different
四分之三的人口 three quarters of the population
把......看作.... regard....as....
一个诚实的孩子 an honest boy
顺便问一下 by the way
◆考点 progress n.
考向1 ：作名词。常用搭配：make progress取得进步
eg :We have made great progress in controlling inflation . 我们在抑制通货膨胀方面取得了巨大进展。【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
考向2 ：作动词“前进，进步，时行”。
eg : He progressed well in school . 他在上学期间取得了很大进步。
◆考点突破
1 （２０１6，福州）只要努力学习，你就会取得进步。（progress,as long as)_________________________________________________
[答案] As long as you work hard , you will make progress .
(2015,江西） I believe you’ll make _____ progress if you work harder .【出处：21教育名师】
A greater B. less C. the greatest D the least
[答案] A
[解析] 考查比较级。由后面的harder知前面应表示取得更大的进步。
◆考点2 fear n.&v.
考向1 :作动词，“害怕，畏惧，担心”。fear+名词，代词，to do sth , doing sth 或句子。21教育名师原创作品
eg : He did not fear to die 他不怕死。
Experts fear that there will be new outbreak of the disease . 专家们担心这种疾病会再度爆发。 21*cnjy*com
考向2： “害怕”的其他表达
afraid/scared
adj.害怕的
be afraid to sth 害怕某事物
be afraid /scared to do sth 害怕做某事
be afraid /scared that +从句 害怕...
考向3：作名词，“害怕，恐惧，敬畏”。
①for fear that +从句，以免；唯恐；担心；生怕；②for fear of +名词、代词 ③in fear of 提心吊胆。21·cn·jy·com
eg : Shut the window for fear that it may rain . 恐怕会下雨，把窗户关上。
She has a great fear of water . 她很怕冻。
We’re in fear of more snow. 我们担心会再下雪。
◆考点突破
3 David said he had no time ______ his life when he stopped a man shooting at students .
A for fear of B. for fear that C. to fear for D. in fear of
[答案] C
[解析] 考查动词不定式的用法。 have no time to do sth . 为固定结构。
4 （2015，湖北随州）他不敢在课堂上回答问题，因为他害怕出错。
He _______ not answer questions in class , because he is afraid of ______ mistakes
[答案] fear ; making
[解析]考查dare 用情态动词及be afraid to ding 的用法。
◆考点3 mostly adv.
考向：mostly,almost,nearly和most
mostly
adv.
大多数地
She is mostly out on Sundays. 她周日多半不在家。
almost
adv.
几乎
I almost got the answer. 我几乎快得到答案了。
nearly
adv.
几乎（有接近之意）
He’s nearly 80.他快80岁了。
most
adj.
多数的
Most students like the teacher 。大多数学生都喜欢这位老师。
◆考点突破
5 （2017,山东泰安改编）The monkeys threw so many bananas at the first seed(种子）that she was ______ cut into two . (most) www.21-cn-jy.com
[答案] mostly
[解析]句意：猴子们朝第一个种子扔了如此多的香蕉，以致她几乎被砍成两半。
考点4 certain adj.
考向1： certain表“某种；某人；某事”作定语。
eg : A certain Mr. Brown phoned while you were out 你出去的时候，有位布朗先生来过电话。
考向2：表“肯定的”意思时作表语。
be certain to do sth
be certain of doing sth
be certain+that 从句
eg : He is certain to succeed . 他一定会成功。（对别人的估计）
He is certain of succeeding . 他有把握成功。（对自已的信心）
He is certain that he will succeed . 他肯定他能成功。
考向3 ：certainly =sure = of course 肯定地
拓展：for certain 肯定地，确凿地
make certain (of或从句）把....弄清楚，把...弄确实，保证
◆考点突破
(2016,甘肃) ---Are you the last one to go to school today?
----______not . I’m always the first one .
A Certainly B. Usually C. Generally D. Finally
[答案] A
[解析] 此题采用情景与文化背景分析法。certainly 当然；usually 通常；generally 广泛地 ; finally 最终；
考点5 honest adj.
eg : She is an honest woman, and she won’t tell lies . 她是个诚实的女人，不会撒谎的。
考向1： honest 以元音音素开头，前有不定冠词时用an .
an honest person/boy 一个诚实的人/男孩
考向2：honestly =to be honest 说实在的
eg :To be honest , I don’t know what to do next .
=Honestly , I don’t know what to do next . 说实在的，我不知道接下来该做什么。
◆考点突破
（2016，湖南邵阳） ---Look!Who’s ____ boy over there ?
---Oh, he is my cousin Bob . He is ______ honest boy .
A a; the B. the ; an C. the ; a
[答案]B
[解析]考查冠词的用法。上句句意“看！那边的男孩是谁？”表特指，故用定冠词the ，下句后一句意“他是一个诚实的男孩。”表泛指，故用不定冠词，又因honest 以元音音素开头，故用an .
考点6 especially adv.
specially
多指为了某一特别的目的而做某事，主要用来修饰动词
especially
侧重强调某方面特别，可修饰多种成分，用于被强调词之前。
eg : The weather has been especially cold. I came specially to see you. 天气特别冷。我特地来看你。
◆考点突破
8 . （2016，山东德州）The basketball match was really fantastic , ____ when Shu-How Lin scored in the last second .
A probably B especially C exactly D. mostly
[答案] B
[解析] probably 很可能；especially 尤其是 exactly 确切地；mostly大多数地。 由语境知答案为B，表示一人特殊的场合。
考点7 consider v.
eg: Have you considered both sides of the question ?
你把问题的两个方面都考虑到了吗？
考向1： consider 作“认为”讲时，常用consider ...as 把...视为/认为。
eg : We considered it as part of her work.
我们认为这是她的部分工作。
考向2 ：辨析consider 与regard
consider
强调经过考虑后得出比较客观的看法。
They consider his brother as an honest man . 他们认为他哥哥是个诚实的人。
regard
常指对外表的看法或凭眼睛所见面作的评价；强调主观上的认为。
We regard her as a poor woman . 我们把她当作穷女人。（但实际上她却有可能很有钱）
考向3：consider = think about 考虑
consider 作“考虑”讲时接动名词，consider doing sth “考虑做某事”。
eg : He is considering going to see her .
他正在考虑去见她。
拓展：（1）常接动名词作宾语的动词有：enjoy（喜欢）,finish(完成），practice (练习）,mind (介意）等。21世纪教育网版权所有
consideration 名词 “考虑，体谅”
◆考点突破
9 （2017，湖北襄阳）---Driving less,walking more is good for our health.
----So I’d rather _____ an hour’s walk to work than consider _____ a car .
[答案] C
[解析] 此题采用固定搭配法。would rather do sth .意为“宁愿干某事”，would rather 后面接动词原形；consider doing sth 意为“考虑做某事”，后面接动名词。 【版权所有：21教育】
（2015，湖北黄石）你曾考虑过出国深造吗？
Have you ever _______ ______ abroad for further study ?
[答案]considered going
考点8 memory n.
考向1：memory 作
“记忆力；记性”讲时不可数
“记忆中的人或事物”讲时可数（memories )
eg : Can a person improve his memory ?
一个人能提高自己的记忆力吗？
One of my earliest memories is playing in the garden .
我最早的记忆之一就是在花园里玩耍。
考向2： in memory of 为纪念
eg : He founded the charity in memory of his late wife .
他创办了这一慈善事业以纪念他已故的妻子 。
11 根据所给汉语完成的句子。
为了纪念那些勇敢的消防战士，一部电影即将开拍。
A film sill be shot _____ ______ ______ these brave firefighters .
[答案] in memory of
◆现在完成时II
1 构成
含有be 动词的现在完成时的谓语部分由“have/has （助动词）+been构成。
2 含有be动词的现在完成时态的基本句式
肯定句：主语+have/has+been +其他
否定句：主语+haven’t/hasn’t+been +其他
一般疑问句：Have/Has +主语+been +其他？
肯定的简略回答 ：Yes , 主语+have/has
否定的简略回答：No, 主语+have/has not .
特殊疑问句：疑问词+have/has +been +其他？
3 用法
用来表示之前已经发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果却和现在有联系：动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在，可以和never ,ever , once, twice , three /four /...times 等副词（短语）连用。
They have been to Beijing . 他们去过北京 。
I have never been there . 我从未去过那里。
Have you ever been to Singapore ?我曾经去过新加坡吗？
4 “have/has been to +地点”与“have /has gone to +地点”的区别：
have/has been to +地点名词
表示“某人曾经去过某地”
现在已经回来了，不在那里了。
have /has gone to +地点名词
表示“某人去了某地”
现在还没回来，可能 在去的途中，也可能在目的地或在返回的途中。
She has been to Shanghai . 她去过上海。 （现在不在上海）
She has gone to Shanghai 她去上海了。 （现在已在上海或在途中）
5 现在完成时与一般过去时态的区别
一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态；现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。强调的是现在的情况。 21*cnjy*com
I saw this film yesterday . 昨天我看过这部电影。（强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film 我已经看过这部电影。（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）
一般过去时常与具体的表示过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday , last year .... ago , in 1990, in October , just now 等 。 现在完成时不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。
现在完成时的时间状语有：ever , never , just , yet , in the past /last few years , recently , so far 等。
◆考点突破
1 （2017?重庆）Sanya is a beautiful city . I _____ there twice .
A have gone B. have been C. have gone to D. have been to
【答案】B
【解析】由题干中twice可知“我去过那里两次了”。Have been to 表示“去过某地”have gone to 表示“去了某地”。由空格后地点副词there可知其前to 应省略，故选B。
2 （2015，黑龙江绥化）---Where is Bob?
---He____ to Harbin for a meeting
A went B. has been C. has gone
【答案】C
【解析】have/has been to 意思是“去过某地”；have /has gone to 意思是“去了某地”。根据句意：“鲍勃在哪里？”“他去哈尔滨开会了”。可知C项符合句意。 2-1-c-n-j-y
◆现在完成时III
现在完成时的用法
表示从过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示“从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间状语”连用，如“for +时间段”“since+过去的时间点” “since+过去时的从句”“since+一段时间+ago”,how long 等 。且for 与since 引导的时间状语可以进行相互转换。
My uncle has worked at this factory for five years =My uncle has worked at this factory since five years ago. 我的叔叔已经在这个工厂工作了5年。
Mr Black has taught in China since 2000. 自从2000年以来布来克先生一直在中国执教 。
How long have you been here ?你来这里多久了？
2 句中动词的特点
此种用法中表示持续性的动作或状态的动词必须是延续性动词（否定句除外）。
这本书我已经买了3年了。
I’ve had the book for three years.
你哥哥参军多长时间了？
How long has your elder brother been in the army /been a soldier ?
3 延续性动词和非延续性动词
延续性动词表示经验、经历；非延续性动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
I’ve known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。 （表经历）
He has finished the work . 他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果）
延续性动词与非延续性动词的用法：
①非延续性动词与短暂性时间（点）连用。
He joined the league three years ago . 他入团3年了。（他3年前入的团）
②用“It is /has been +时间段+since ...”句型。
It is /has been three years since I bought the book 这本书我买了3年了。 （从买这本书到现在3年了）
③用相应的延续性动词替换非延续性动词，句子用现在完成时，时间状语为“for+时间段”或“since +从句（过去时）”“since+一段时间+ago”.
The old man died 4 years ago =The old man has been dead for 4 years . 那位老人去世4年了。
I borrowed the book 5 days ago = I have kept the book since 5 days ago . 这本书我借了5天了。 2·1·c·n·j·y
现在完成时态时延续性动词与非延续性动词的转换：
①非延续性动词也被称为终止性动词、瞬间性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如：open, die , close ,begin , finish, come , go , move , borrow , lend , buy 等 。
非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如two years ago, at 5 o’clock .
He died 5 years ago . 他5年前去世了。
②延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，如：learn , work , stand ,lie , know , walk , keep , “for+时间段”“since +时间点”“since+从句（过去时）”“since +一段时间+ago”, how long 等连用。
非延续性动词和延续性动词之间的转换：
①转化为相应的延续性动词，用于现在完成时态。
borrow -- keep buy -- have catch a cold --have a cold
put on --wear get to know --know get to sleep --sleep
②转化为“be+形容词/副词/介词/名词“。
begin/start --be on go out -- be out get to /arrive/reach --be (in )
die ---be dead open ---be open leave --be away
finish-- be over fall ill ---be ill get up ---be up
fall asleep --be asleep join ---be in/be a member of
Go to school --be in school become --be
make friends --be friends go to bed --- be in bed 21cnjy.com
close -- be closed go to bed ---be in bed
◆考点突破
3（2017，广东）Our English teacher is very nice . We ____ friends since three years ago .
A were B. became C have been D. has made
【答案】C
【解析】由题干中的时间状语since three years ago可知用现在完成时，可排除A，B 两项；又因make 是非延续性动词，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。故选C项。
选择题
1 ---Where is your father ,Tom?
---He ______ to Changsha .
A goes B. has been C. has gone D. went
【答案】C
【解析】have/has been to 表示“去过某地”，现在已经回来了；have/has gone to 意为“去了某地”，表示不在说话者处。句意“你爸爸在哪里，汤姆？”“他去长沙了。”故选C。
---Have you ever been to Shanghai?
--- Yes . I ______ there a few months ago
A have been B went C have gone D. will go
【答案】B
【解析】“一段时间+ago”用于一般过去时，故选B。
3 I____ to Hainan twice . It’s beautiful .
A will go B have gone C have been D. went
【答案】C
【解析】由句中twice “(去过）两次”知用现在完成时，排除A，D两项；表示“去过某地”要用have/has been to .故远C。
4 (2017,广东) ---You haven’t been to the West Lake , have you ?
---______ .But I will go there with my parents this summer vacation
A No, I haven’t B. No, I didn’t C. Yes, I have D. Yes, I did
【答案】A
【解析】问句用了现在完成时，答语应与其一致，排除B，D两项；由答语中“但是今年暑假我将和我的父母一起去那里”可知此处应作否定回答 ，故选A。
5 ----How do you go to school every day , by bike or by bus ?
----_______ . I go to school on foot .
A Both B. Either C None D Neither
【答案】D
【解析】由答语中“我步行去上学”可知既不是骑自行车，也不是乘公共汽车。表示“两者都不”用“neither”.故选D。
6 ______ of the students in our school have seen the film .
A Third quarters B. Three quarter C. A three quarter D. Three quarters .
【答案】D
【解析】在表达分数时，分子用基数词，分母用数词，如果分子大于一，分母用复数形式。 “四分之三”应表示为“three quarters” ， 故选D。 www-2-1-cnjy-com
7 Please be quiet . I have ______ to tell you .
A important anything B. important something
C something important D. anything important
【答案】C
【解析】形容词修饰不定代词时要后置，故排除A，B两项；一般情况下，something 用于肯定句中， anything 用于否定句或疑问句中，故选C。
8 He can hardly speak English , _____?
A can he B. can’t he C. does he D. doesn’t he
【答案】A
【解析】因为陈述句有否定词hardly,所以反意疑问部分用肯定形式，又因句中有情态动词can , 故选A 。
9 They gave away ______ books to our school last year .
A thousand of B. two thousands C. thousands of D. two thousand of
【答案】C
【解析】当thousand前有具体数字修饰时，thousand必须用单数形式，故排除B 项；当其表示概数时，用复数形式，并且后加of ，即thousands of ，意为“数以千计的，许许多多的”。故选C。
10 I’ve never seen _____ bird before .
A so a beautiful B. such a beautiful C. so beautiful D. such beautiful
【答案】B
【解析】空格后的bird为可数名词单数；“such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数”可与 “so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数”进行互换。故选B。
11 You can come and play with me _____ you’re free .
A whatever B. wherever C. however D whenever .
【答案】D
【解析】由句意“无论你何时有空，都可以来和我玩”知，whenever符合题意。
12 We didn’t have any problems ______ the bookstore .
A finding B. find C. to find D. found
【答案】A
【解析】have problems (in) doing sth “做某事很费事”，为固定结构。
13 I want to know _____ .
A where does he live B. how old is he
C what he is doing D. how soon will he come back
【答案】C
【解析】宾语从句用陈述语序，而A，B和D 三项都用了疑问语序，可排除，故选C。
14 Look! Can you see the children _____ in the park ?
A be playing B. playing C. to play D. play
【答案】B
【解析】see sb do sth “看见某人做某”，强调全过程；see sb doing sth “看见某人正在做某事”,强调动作正在进行。由句中的“Look!”可知强调动作正在进行，故选B。 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
15 She _____ this book for nearly three weeks
A has borrowed B. has lent C. has bought D. has kept
【答案】D
【解析】句中时间状语for nearly three weeks 表示一段时间，故谓语动词必须用延续性动词，A,B，C三项中的动词borrow,lend , buy 均为非延续性动词，keep为延续动词，故远D。
16 (2017.哈尔滨）How time flies! Several years _____ since we started our middle school life . We will keep the pleasant experiences in our minds .
A have pass B. has passed C. will pass
【答案】B
【解析】由从句since we started our middle school life 可知，主句用现在完成时态；表示时间的复数名词或短语作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。故选B。
17 Ten years has passed _____ the CCTV event People Who Moved China took place in 2002.
A when B. while C. before D. since
【答案】D
【解析】since引导的主从复合句中，主句一般现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。
18 The volunteers _____ a lot of help to the community for nearly ten years .
A offered B. will offer C are offering D. have offered
【答案】D
【解析】由句中的时间状语“nearly ten years (将近10年了）”可知，应用现在完成时态。故选D。
19 My aunt is a writer . She _____ more than ten books since 1980.
A writes B. wrote C. has written D. will write .
【答案】C
【解析】由“since 1980（自1980年以来）”知句子应用现在完成时，其结构为“have/has+动词的过去分词“。故选C。
20 ____ wasn’t easy to win the match .
A It B. That C. This D. One
【答案】A
【解析】动词不定式作主语时，可以用it作形式主语放在句首。
21 ---How long have you _____ the book ?
--- For three days .
A borrowed B. kept C. lent D. bought
【答案】B
【解析】how long 表示一段时间，句中谓语动词须用延续性动词，而borrow,lend , buy 都是非延续性动词，keep为延续性动词，故选 B。
22--- How long has the film been on ?
---______ twenty minutes .
A Before B. After C. For D. Since
【答案】C
【解析】how long引导的特殊疑问句的答语，既可用“for+时间段”也可用 “since+时间点”，由于所给的答语是一段时间，故之前词须用介词for .
23 She is one of _____ singers . I like her very much .
A famous . B the most famous C more famous D. most famous
【答案】B
【解析】 “one of +the+形容词最高级+名词复数”结构表示“最....之一”。
I think the question is ______ difficult to answer.
A most B .many C a lot D a bit
【答案】D
【解析】空格后的difficult 为形容词，故用a bit “一点儿，稍微”修饰。
25 Mary is an _____ girl . She lives with her grandmother
A y8-years-old B. 8-year-old C. 8-years old D 8 years old
【答案】 B
【解析】“数词+名词+形容词”构成复合形容词，作前置定语。这类复合形容词中词与词之间要用连字符“-”连接，且数词后面的名词必须用单数形式。21教育网
26 He used to ____ up early , and now he gets used to _____ up early.
A get; getting B get ; get C. getting ; get D. getting ; getting
【答案】A
【解析】used to do sth . “过去常做某事”， get used to doing sth “习惯于做某事”。句意“他过去常早起，现在他习惯于早起了”。故远A。
27 According _____ Mr. Wang . we’ll go on a trip this weekend .
A in B. to C. at D. for
【答案】B
【解析】according to sb “依某人来看“，为固定短语。
The basketball _____ I bought yesterday cost me 80 yuan .
A when B. that C. who D. what
【答案】 B
【解析】因先行词the basketball 表事物，需用关系代词that或which 引导定语从句。故选 B。21·世纪*教育网
29 Look! She’s standing _____ the ten children .
A among B. between C. of D. from .
【答案】A
【解析】among表示“三者或在者以上之间”，between 表示“两者之间”。由句意“看！她正站在那10个孩子中间”可知A 项符合题意。
