课件156张PPT。Great ScientistsUnit 1Section Ⅰ Warming up, Pre-reading, Reading &ComprehendingUnit 1Ⅰ.下面是本部分的重点词汇，你能准确填出内容吗？
1．根据要求写出下列单词
(1)_____________ (n.)特征；特性
(2)_____________ (vt.)打败；战胜；使受挫 (n.)失败
(3)_____________ (vt.)照顾；护理；出席；参加
(4)_____________ (vt.)暴露；揭露；使曝光
(5)_____________ (n.)治愈；痊愈 (vt.)治愈；治疗
(6)_____________ (n.)挑战 (vt.)向……挑战
(7)_____________ (vt.)吸收；吸引；使专心characteristic
Defeat
attend
expose
Cure
challenge
absorb(8)_____________ (vt.)认为；怀疑 (n.)被怀疑者；嫌疑犯
(9)_____________ (vt.)预见；预知
(10)_____________ (vt.)责备；谴责 (n.)过失；责备
(11)_____________ (n.)柄；把手 (vt.)处理；操纵
(12)scientific (adj.)科学的
→_____________ (n.)科学
(13)conclude (vt. & vi.)结束；推断出
→_____________ (n.)结论；结束suspect
foresee
Blame
handle
science
conclusion(14)pollute (vt.)污染；弄脏
→_____________ (n.)污染
(15)announce (vt.)宣布；通告
→_____________ (n.)宣布；通告
(16)_____________ (vt.)命令；指示；教导→instruction (n.)命令；指示pollution
announcement
instruct
2．短语互译
(1)______________ 提出
(2)_________________ 得出结论
(3)expose...to ____________________
(4)be to blame _______________________
(5)link...to... ________________________put forward
draw a conclusion使显露；暴露
应受责备
将……和……联系或连接起来
Ⅱ.重点句式
1．________its cause ________its cure was understood.
人们既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治疗方法。
2．So many thousands of terrified people died________ ________there was an outbreak.
每次爆发霍乱时，就有大批惊恐的老百姓病死。
答案：1.Neither；nor 2.every timeⅢ.根据课文内容补全短文
John Snow was a/an __1__ doctor in London who __2__ Queen Victoria as her personal __3__. But he also wanted to help those ordinary people who were __4__ to cholera. The cause and the __5__ of the disease were not understood. So John Snow wanted to face the __6__ and solve this problem. He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people. Ⅲ.根据课文内容补全短文
The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. And the second suggested that people __7__ this disease into their bodies with their meals. John Snow __8__ that the second one was correct but he needed evidence. So he was ready to begin his __9__ in 1854. As the disease spread quickly through poor __10__， he began to gather information about the disease.
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________
5．________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________
9．________ 10.________
答案：1.famous 2.attended 3.physician 4.exposed
5．cure 6.challenge 7.absorbed 8.suspected 9.enquiry
10．neighborhoods1.discover v. 发现；发觉
①Columbus discovered America in 1492.
哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲大陆。
②Did you ever discover who sent you the flowers?
你到底有没有弄清楚是谁送花给你？
重点词汇比较网站
discover，invent，create活学活用
用invent，discover或create的适当形式填空
(1)Gilbert ________ electricity, but Edison ________ the light bulb.
(2)Shakespeare ________ many tragedy characters in his plays.
(3)She never ________ how to open the little box.
答案：(1)discovered；invented (2)created (3)discovered
2．characteristic n. & adj.
(1)n. 特征；特性
Who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed from parents to their children?
谁利用豌豆来展示身体特征是怎样从父母传给他们的孩子的？
Honesty is one of his characteristics.
诚实是他的特点之一。
(2)adj. (of)特有的，典型的
She spoke with characteristic enthusiasm.
她说话带着特有的热情。
The vase is characteristic of the 16th century Chinese art.
这只花瓶是16世纪中国艺术的典型代表。
characteristically adv.特有地
characterize v．是……的特征，以……为典型，使……具有特点
character n．品质；特点，特性；人物知识拓展比较网站
characteristic, feature, character
以上各词均有“特色，特征”的含义。
(1)characteristic指“特殊的、易于辨认的特性或特征”；即：某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征。①A useful characteristic of the car is its ability to see in the dark.
这种汽车的一个有利特点是在黑暗中能看清东西。
②A characteristic of the camel is its ability to live for a long time without water.
骆驼的特点是不喝水也能活很长时间。(2)feature指“引人注意的显著特征或细节”，多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征。
①Teamwork is a key feature of the training programme.
团队合作是这项训练计划的重要特色。
②His eyes are his most striking feature.
他面部最突出的部分是那双眼睛。
(3)character多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征。
①He has a strong but gentle character.
他有坚强但温柔的性格。
②The new buildings have changed the character of the village.
新建筑改变了这个村庄的特点。
活学活用
用恰当形式填空
Apart from blue eyes, blonde hair is also ________ (character)of Swedish people.
答案：characteristic be characteristic of为固定用法，意思是“是……的特点，是……特有的”。句意为“除了蓝眼睛外，金发也是瑞典人的特点”。 3．conclusion
(1)n.结论
①According to the result, I draw a conclusion that she doesn't work hard enough.
根据结果我得出结论：她工作还不够努力。
②We will have a further discussion before we draw a final conclusion.
我们将作进一步的讨论，然后再作出最终结论。reach/make/draw/arrive at/come to a conclusion得出结论
in conclusion最后，总之
bring sth. to a conclusion使……结束
lead to a conclusion得出结论
jump/leap to conclusions匆忙下结论知识拓展
They came to the conclusion that it was a thief who had stolen their diamond necklace.
他们断定是小偷偷走了他们的钻石项链。
In conclusion, I think there is hope for the future.
总之，我认为将来还有希望。
(2)vt.& vi 结束；得出结论；断定
①We will conclude our concert with the National Anthem.
我们将以国歌结束我们的音乐会。
②From the evidence I must conclude that you are wrong.
从证据看，我敢断定你错了。
活学活用
(1)真题改编
(2013·浙江，9)When the group discussion is nearing its end, make sure to conclude it ________ important points.
答案：with 句意：当小组讨论接近尾声的时候，确保要以重点结束。conclude“结论，结束”；conclude...with...“用……结束”。
(2)用恰当形式填空
After two years' talk, the two countries finally came to a(n) ________(conclude)that they should give up their prejudice and work together for their peaceful development.
答案：conclusion come to a conclusion意为“得出结论”。句意：经过两年的会谈之后，那两个国家最后达成共识，他们应该放弃他们的偏见，为了他们的和平发展而共同奋斗。4．analyse vt.分析，剖析
①We analysed the causes of our failure.
我们分析了失败的原因。
②By analysing the parts of the sentence we can learn more about English grammar.
通过分析句子成分我们就能了解更多的英语语法知识。
③He tried to analyse his feelings.
他试图分析自己的感情。
注意：analyse是英式英语的写法，美式英语中写作analyze。analysis n．分析；(成分)分析 (pl.)analyses
in the last/final analysis总之，归根结底知识拓展
活学活用
补全句子
对这个问题，我们要抓紧调查研究，作出正确的分析。
We must investigate and study this question right away and ________________________.
答案：analyse it correctly
5．infectious adj.
(1)传染的，感染的
What do you know about the infectious diseases?
关于这些传染疾病你知道什么？
(2)(情感、笑声等)极富感染力的
He expressed infectious enthusiasm to his voters.
他对他的选民表现出了很有感染力的热情。infect v. 感染，传染
infected adj. 受到感染的
infection n. 感染
infectiously adv.感染地
highly infectious 极强传染性的
be infected with...感染上……知识拓展
活学活用
用恰当形式填空
________(infect)by the teacher, the students studied more carefully.
答案：Infected 过去分词短语作原因状语。句意：被老师所感染，学生们学习更加仔细认真。
6．defeat
(1)v.打败；战胜；使受挫
The army was well-trained and well-armed, and had little difficulty defeating the enemy.
这支部队装备精良而且又受过良好的训练，打败敌人没有困难。
Although there were lots of difficulties to overcome, she never let her problems defeat her.
虽然有许多困难要克服，但她从不让困难打败自己。
(2)n.失败
Tom suffered defeat in the English examination.
汤姆英语考试失败了。比较网站
win，beat & defeat
(1)win的意思是“赢得；获胜；取得成功”。作及物动词用时，它的宾语通常是奖品、奖学金、名誉、财产、战争或各种运动比赛等等。
(2)beat也有“赢；取胜；战胜”的意思。但跟win的用法不同，其后跟的是比赛、竞争中的对手或战争中的敌人；beat还有“连续敲打；(心脏)跳动”之意；其过去式为beat，过去分词为beat或beaten。
(3)defeat本来用于描述战争中打败敌人，现在可与beat换用，以表示击败对手。
①Hard work won him the first prize in the music competition.
艰苦努力使他在这场音乐比赛中获得了一等奖。
②We beat their team by 10 points.
我们以10分的优势战胜了他们队。
③The Americans defeated the British in 1781.
美国人在1781年打败了英国人。
活学活用
选词填空
No difficulty could ________(win/defeat)this brave man since he is so confident and capable.
答案：defeat 根据句意可知此人勇敢、自信、有能力，所以可以推断出他肯定不会被困难“打垮，打败(defeat)”。而win一般表示“赢得(比赛项目或奖励)”，不符合语境。
7．attend v.
(1)看护，照顾
There was no one to attend him but Tian.
除了Tian外，没有人照顾他。
(2)出席，参加
Will you attend the wedding ceremony tomorrow?
你要参加明天的结婚典礼吗？
(3)经常去，定期去(某处)
Our children attend the same school.
我们的孩子上同一所学校。
注意：作“照顾，护理”讲时，可用attend，也可用attend on/upon；作“出席，参加”讲时，attend多作及物动词。
图解助记
多义：attend[at-(ad-，向)＋tend(伸)]原义“伸向”：心向着某人或某事为“注意，照顾”；脚步向着某一地方为“出席，参加”。attendance n．出席，到场；出席人数；照顾，护理
attendant n．服务人员，侍者 adj.伴随的知识拓展
I attended the meeting at which some Young Pioneers were accepted to join the League, all of whom made up their minds to take an active part in school activities and entered the coming round-the-city race.
我参加了少先队员的入队宣誓大会。大家都决心积极参加学校各项活动，并报名参加了即将举办的环城赛跑。
活学活用
用attend/join/join in/take part in完成句子
(1)My father______a revolutionary organization in 1938.
(2)May I ________ your conversation?
(3)She was sick, so she didn't ________ her classes.
(4)We are going to ________ the singing competition.
答案：(1)joined (2)join in (3)attend (4)take part in
8．expose v.
(1)暴露，显露，露出
Their scheme was exposed.
他们的阴谋暴露了。
(2)揭露，揭穿
Lu Xun exposed the evil of the old society in his works.
鲁迅在他的作品中揭露了旧社会的罪恶。
(3)expose sb. to sth.使接触，使体验
The student has been exposed to English for some six years.
这个学生接触英语六年左右了。
(4)expose sb./sth./oneself(to sth.)使面临，使遭受(危险或不快)
Do not expose your babies to strong sunlight.
不要让婴儿受到强烈的日光照射。图解助记exposed adj.暴露的，无遮蔽的；无保护的知识拓展
She was left feeling exposed and vulnerable.
她感到自己孤立无助，非常脆弱。
注意：expose的过去分词用作状语时，强调主句的主语处于无遮蔽的状态，相当于“主语＋be＋exposed to sth.”。
活学活用
(1)补全句子
我认为让孩子接触电视上的暴力行为几乎是一种犯罪。
I think it is almost a crime ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________.
答案：to expose children to violence on TV
(2)用恰当形式填空
—What made your skin look so terrible?
—________(expose)to the sunlight for a long time.
答案：Being exposed 考查固定结构。句意：“是什么让你的皮肤看起来这么难看？”“是长时间暴露于阳光下所致。”be exposed to“暴露于……”，答语是省略句，此处用作主语，故用动词-ing形式。9．cure
(1)n.治愈，痊愈
①Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.
人们既不知道其起因，也不知道其治疗方法。
②There is no cure for AIDS at present.
目前仍没有治愈艾滋病的良药。
(2)vt.治愈，治疗
①I'm sure the pure girl's wound will be cured.
我确定这个纯洁的女孩的伤会被治愈的。
②That fatal disease can't be cured.
那种致命的疾病治不好。cure sb. of＋疾病名称 治愈某人的疾病
cure sb. of＋不良行为 矫正某人的不良行为知识拓展
①The doctors cured her of cancer.
医生治好了她的癌症。
②She tried every means to cure her child of the bad habit.
她想尽一切办法试图改掉她孩子的这个恶习。
比较网站
cure，treat，heal，recover
这些动词都有“治疗，医治”之意，但是cure主要指治愈疾病；treat指接受并诊治病人，只强调过程，不强调结果是否“痊愈”；heal侧重指治愈伤口、伤痛，如灼伤等；recover意为“痊愈，复原”，主要是指从病中痊愈了，常与from连用。
①90% of patients can be cured of the disease.
90%的患有这种疾病的人都可以痊愈。
②As soon as he was sent to the hospital, the doctors began to treat his disease.
他一被送到医院，医生们就开始治疗他的疾病了。
③It took three months for my arm to heal properly.
我胳膊上的伤口过了三个月才愈合。
④He's now fully recovered from his bad cold.
他现在已完全从重感冒中康复了。活学活用
(1)用treat和cure的恰当形式填空
—Has the doctor ________the old woman of her illness?
—No, he ________ her but didn't ________her.
答案：cured；treated；cure
(2)用恰当介词填空
Although the medicine can cure you________ your illness, it has a bad effect________ you.
答案：of; on
10．challenge
(1)v.向……挑战
I challenged him to a game of chess.
我向他挑战下象棋。
(2)n.挑战
The role will be the biggest challenge of his acting career.
这个角色将是他演艺生涯中最大的挑战。face a challenge 面临挑战
meet a challenge 迎接挑战
challenge sb. to do sth. 激励某人做某事
challenge sb. to sth. 向某人挑战某事
challenging adj. 具有挑战性的知识拓展
活学活用
根据提示写出正确单词
My brother is a shy boy, so it is a great ________(挑战)for him to sing in front of the judges and audience.
答案：challenge 作为一个腼腆的男孩，当着评委和观众的面唱歌无疑是一个极大的“挑战”。
11．absorb v.
(1)吸收(液体、气体等)
Aspirin is quickly absorbed into the body.
阿司匹林很快被身体吸收了。
(2)使并入，吞并，同化
The surrounding villages have been absorbed by/into the growing city.
周围的村庄已经并入了那不断扩展的城市。
(3)理解，掌握
Children absorb knowledge quickly.
孩子接受知识快。
(4)吸引全部注意力，使全神贯注
This work had absorbed him for several years.
这项工作曾使他沉迷了好几年。absorbed adj.集中精神的
absorbing adj.引人入胜的
be absorbed in全神贯注于，专心致志于知识拓展
①He was absorbed in writing a letter and didn't even look up when I came in.
他在聚精会神地写信，当我进来时他甚至都没有抬头。
②The novel was so absorbing that she read on without a break even forgetting food and sleep.
这本小说非常引人入胜，她一口气读了下去，甚至废寝忘食。
活学活用
(1)用恰当介词填空
The writer was so absorbed ________ his writing that he forgot to flick the ashes from his cigar.
答案：in 句意：作家全神贯注地进行写作，忘了弹去雪茄烟的烟灰。be absorbed in为固定搭配，意思是“全神贯注于”。
(2)用恰当形式填空
When he came back three hours later, they were still sitting on the sofa，________(absorb)in conversation.
答案：absorbed 考查非谓语动词。句意：当他三个小时后回来时，他们仍坐在沙发上，聚精会神地交谈。be absorbed in为固定搭配，意为“专心于”，所以此处应用absorb的过去分词形式，表示状态。
12．severe adj.
(1)severe (on/with sb.)严厉的，重的
I think you are too severe on the boy.
我认为你对那个男孩子太严厉了。
(2)十分严重的
There is severe shortage of fuel.
燃料严重短缺。
(3)严厉的，苛刻的
His severe look frightened me.
他严厉的表情使我恐慌。
(4)艰难的，艰巨的，难度很大的
The pace of the race was too severe to be maintained for long.
比赛的速度极快，很难持久。
活学活用
(1)用恰当介词填空
We must not be too severe________her. After all, she is still a child.
答案：on 句意：我们对她千万不要太严厉。她毕竟还是个孩子。severe用于人时表示“严格的；严厉的”，常用于be severe on sb.搭配，符合题意。
(2)选词填空
Mankind is facing ________(severe/crazy)challenges in the seeking of development because of energy and food shortage and poverty.
答案：severe 句意：因为能源、食物短缺和贫困，人类在追求发展的同时面临严峻挑战。severe“严重的；严峻的”，符合题意。crazy“疯狂的”。13．blame
(1)vt.责备，谴责
①Don't blame me for that; it's not my fault.
不要因为那件事责怪我，那不是我的错。
②He always blamed that fault on me.
他总是把那个错归咎在我身上。
(2)n.过失，责备
Why do you always put/lay the blame for everything that goes wrong on me?
为什么一有事你总认为是我的过失？ (1)be to blame(for sth.)对(坏事)负有责任
Which driver was to blame for the accident?
这事故是哪个司机的责任？
(2)bear/take/accept/get the blame(for sth.)(对某事)承担责任
The government will have to take the blame for the riots.
政府将不得不对骚乱承担责任。知识拓展(3)lay/put the blame(for sth.)on sb.＝blame sb. for sth.把某事归咎于某人
We shouldn't lay the blame for our failure on him.
我们不应该把失败归咎于他。知识拓展比较网站
blame，scold
①When he arrived late, Mr. Drake blamed the bad traffic.
由于德雷克迟到了，他抱怨糟糕的交通。
②He was scolded for being lazy.
他因懒惰而受到斥责。
活学活用
用恰当形式填空
It was the boy, rather than his teachers, that________ (blame) for what the boy had done.
答案：was to blame be to blame表示“应该受责备”。从结构分析主语应当为the boy，因此填was to blame。
14．pollute vt.污染，弄脏
①He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.
他发现它(水源)来自被伦敦的污水污染的河流。
②The river has been polluted by factory waste.
这条河已被工厂废料所污染。pollution n．污染；玷污
polluter n．污染者；污染源知识拓展
活学活用
用恰当形式填空
Parents are afraid that their children's minds will ______ (pollute) with the violence that they see on television.
答案：be polluted 句意为“父母担心电视上的暴力行为会对孩子产生精神上的污染”。pollute“污染，弄脏”。根据句意，应填被动语态形式。
15．handle
(1)v.处理；操纵
①He refused to allow his secreatary to handle confidential letters.
他不让秘书处理机密文件。
②His wise father knows how to handle him.
他睿智的父亲知道如何管教他。
(2)n.柄；把手
①Hold on to the handle, or you might fall off.
抓紧把手，不然你就会掉下去。
②She turned the handle and opened the door.
她转动把手，打开了门。get/have a handle on sb./sth.弄懂，理解，搞明白
give sb. a handle (on sth.)(使)弄懂，理解，明白知识拓展活学活用
选词填空
As nobody here knows what is wrong with the machine, we must send for an engineer to ________ (handle/face)the problem.
答案：handle handle“处理；解决”；face“面对；面临”。句意：因为这儿没有人知道机器出了什么故障，所以我们必须去请一位工程师来解决这个问题。根据句意应选handle。
16．link
(1)vt.连接；联系
①The highway link Shanghai to/with Beijing.
这条公路连接着上海和北京。
②The new bridge will link the island to the mainland.
新的桥梁将把该岛与大陆连接起来。
(2)n.环；连接；联系；纽带
①A lot of links fitted together form a chain.
许多链环连在一起组成链条。
②One link broken, the whole chain is broken.
一环脱，全链断。
图解助记比较网站
join，connect，combine
(1)join指的是任何事物的直接连接，连接的程度可紧可松，含有“还能分开”之意，常用结构join...to，join up。
(2)connect指的是通过某种媒介物把事物连接起来，事物的特征还保持着，常表示与技术有关的连接以及火车、飞机等实行联运，常用结构connect...with/to。
(3)combine着重指两个或两个以上的人或事物为了共同的目的而结合在一起，结合后原来的部分可能仍不改变，但也可能失去其本性，常用结构combine...with。
①Please join this pole to that one.
请把这根竿子和那根竿子接起来。
②This flight connects with the New York one.
这班飞机在纽约可接上另一趟航班。
③We should combine theory with practice.
我们应该理论联系实际。
活学活用
补全句子
你最好把烟戒掉，汤姆，你应知道，很多疾病都与抽烟有关系。
Better give up smoking, Tom, for many diseases ________ ________ ________ ________， you know.
答案：are linked to smoking
17．announce v．宣布；通告
①The government announced the plan to the media yesterday.
昨天政府向媒体宣布了其计划。
②The bright flowers and warm winds announced that spring was here.
鲜艳的花朵和暖和的风已表明春天到来了。
announcement n．(一项)公告，布告，通告；(指行动)宣布，宣告知识拓展
①The government's announcement is seen as a move towards settling the strike.
政府的通告已被视为迈向解决罢工问题的一步。
②Our cook's sudden announcement that she was leaving took us quite by surprise.
我们的厨师突然说要离去，这使我们非常惊奇。
活学活用
(1)选词填空
Everyone was silent as he ________ (announce/tell)the winner of the competition.
答案：announced 句意：当他宣布竞赛的获胜者时，大家都很安静。announce“宣布”，指对公众或特定人群进行宣布，常指大家感兴趣的事。tell后常跟双宾语。
(2)补全句子
有人通知明天放映新影片。
________ ________ ________ ________ there will be a new film tomorrow.
答案：It is announced that announce意为“宣布，通告”；常用于“It is announced that...”句型中，符合题意。
18．instruct v.
(1)命令；指示；教导
①The young should not instruct their elders.
年轻人不应该对老年人发号施令。
②Greater effort is needed to instruct children in road safety.
在指导儿童交通安全方面需要更大的努力。
注意：instruct作“命令；吩咐；指令”讲时，后面的宾语从句应用虚拟语气，即从句中的谓语用“should＋动词原形”，其中should可以省略。
(2)通知，告知
①I instructed my lawyer that I wanted to sell the house.
我通知我的律师我想卖掉这所房子。
②We are instructed by our clients that you owe them ￡300.
我们的委托人通知我们说你欠他们300英镑。知识拓展
(1)instruction n．[C，常pl.]指导；指令；操作指南
①They had carried out my instructions to the letter.
他们严格地按我的指示把事办了。
②The instructions for assembling the toy are very clear.
如何组装玩具的说明非常清楚明了。知识拓展
(2)instructor教练；导师；大学讲师
①The driving instructor told me to pull up at the post office.
驾驶教练让我在邮局停车。
②The college jumped him from instructor to full professor.
大学突然把他从讲师提升为正教授。
活学活用
用恰当形式填空
(1)The college will need an additional teacher ______ (instruct)boys in cooking.
答案：to instruct 句意：这所学院还需要一名老师教授这些男孩子烹饪知识。instruct“教导”。此处用动词不定式作目的状语。
(2)Always read the ________ (instruct)on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine.
答案：instructions introduction“介绍”。句意为“仔细阅读瓶子上的使用说明，适量用药”。
19．suspect
(1)vt.怀疑；认为
①Never employ the man you suspect, nor suspect the man you employ.
[谚语]疑人不用，用人不疑。
②What makes you suspect him of stealing the money?
你凭什么怀疑钱是他偷的？知识拓展
(a)I suspect him of the thief.＝
(b)I suspect him to be the thief.＝
(c)I suspect that he is the thief.
我怀疑他就是那个小偷。
(2)n. [C]嫌疑犯
He is a prime suspect in the murder case.
他是这次谋杀案的主要怀疑对象。
活学活用
补全句子
没人想和那个被怀疑偷了钱的男孩儿做朋友。
Nobody wants to make friends with the boy______ ________ ________________ ________.
答案：suspected of having stolen money
1.know about sb./sth. 知道关于……的情况；知道，了解
①I feel that I know about the value of my own work.
我觉得我知道自己工作的价值。
②If someone in the classroom has AIDS, does the teacher know about it?
如果班里有人患了艾滋病，会让老师了解这一情况吗？重点短语know of sb./sth.表示“知道有……”，暗指通过他人间接地了解
know sb./sth. as sth.将……称作；把……叫做
be known/famous for 因……而出名
be known as 以……著称，闻名知识拓展①I know of a shop where you can get the things cheaper.
我听说有一家商店，那儿的东西较便宜。
②The drug is commonly known as Ecstasy.
这种致幻药通常叫做摇头丸。
③It is well known for its lead mines.
它因有铅矿而非常出名。
④He is known as a successful architect.
他以成功的建筑师闻名。
活学活用
用know或know about的恰当形式填空
I don't________ him but I________ him, so I can tell you something.
答案：know; know about
2．put forward提出，提议；拨快(时钟等)；把……提前
①She put forward a good plan at the meeting.
她在会议上提出了一个好计划。
②Put your watch forward; you are five minutes slow.
把你的手表往前拨；你的表慢了5分钟。
图解助记put...away把……收拾好
put(...) down平息(叛乱等)
put off推迟；除去，消除
put on穿上(衣服)
put out扑灭(火)；关灯；发表
put through接通(电话)
put up挂起；张贴
put up with忍受知识拓展
活学活用
(1)(真题改编)
(2013·全国Ⅰ，30)At the last moment, Tom decided to ______ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ (添加一个新人物)make the story seem more likely.
答案：put in a new character to
(2)用put短语的恰当形式填空
—What are the workers talking about?
—They are discussing the idea the old worker________ ________at the meeting yesterday.
答案：put forward 考查动词短语辨析。句意：“工人们在谈论什么？”“他们在讨论那位老工人昨天在会上提出的想法。”put forward提出，符合句意。
3．look into
(1)调查，审查
①Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.
另外，约翰·斯诺调查了这两条街的水源。
②His disappearance is being looked into by the police.
警察正在调查他失踪一事。
(2)向……的里面看
①He looked into the box but found nothing.
他往盒子里看了看，但什么也没发现。
②The girl stood on a chair, looking into the room.
那女孩站在椅子上向屋里看。
(3)浏览
I usually look into the book before deciding whether to read it.
我通常先把书浏览一下才决定是否看它。look on 观看，面向，旁观，看待
look over 从……上面看，察看，检查
look round 环顾，观光，察看
look through 看穿，审核，浏览，温习，从……中显露
look up 向上看，尊敬，仰望，查寻
look up and down 仔细打量(某人)
look up to 尊敬，仰望
look out 当心，留神，看守
look after 目送，寻求，照顾，关心
look back 回顾，倒退知识拓展
活学活用
用look短语填空
(1)They have________the cause of the accident, but the result is still not known to us.
答案：looked into
(2)________！ There's a train coming.
答案：Look out
4．die of/from因……而死
①His mother died of/from lung cancer.
他母亲死于肺癌。
②The old woman died of grief after her only son's death.
这位老女人在她唯一的儿子死后悲痛致死。
比较网站
die of与die from
二者都表示“因……而死”。
Many old people die from air pollution in winter.
许多老人在冬季死于空气污染。die out 绝种，灭绝
die away 渐渐消失或消逝，淡化
die down 逐渐减弱，降低，察觉不到
die off 相继死去，先后死去
be dying for sth./to do sth. 渴望，极想做某事知识拓展
活学活用
用恰当形式填空
The noise of the train died________in the dark night.
答案：away1.Who wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed?
谁写了一本书，解释动植物是怎样随着环境变化而进化的？
难点解析
(1)explaining how...是分词作定语，修饰book，相当于一个定语从句：which explained how...
①There was a letter on the door saying“wait for you at the school gate at 7∶30 tonight”．
门上有张纸条，写着“今晚7∶30在校门口等你”。
②Do you know the old man standing over there?
你认识站在那儿的那个老头吗？(2)as the environment changed 意为“随着环境的变化”。
注意as作连词的用法：
①像，如同；同等的程度或数量，常与副词so, as组成so/as...as。
The situation is not so bad as you suggest.
情形不像你说的那样糟。
②以同样方式，以同样方法
Think as I think.
像我这样去想。③同时；当……时候
I slipped on the ice as I ran home.
我跑回家时在冰上滑了一跤。
④由于，因为
I went to bed early, as I was exhausted.
我睡得早，因为我筋疲力尽了。
⑤虽然；尽管，引导让步状语从句(形容词、副词、动词等放在句首，而as置于其后)
Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident.
这次意外虽然显得令人不可思议，却没有人受伤。
活学活用
(1)真题改编
(2013·山东，25)The room is empty except for a bookshelf ________ (stand)in one corner.
答案：standing 本题考查非谓语动词。句意：除了站立在一个角落的书架之外，这个屋子是空的。此处是非谓语动词作定语，与所修饰的词bookshelf之间是主动关系，故用现在分词形式。
(2)用恰当形式填空
Hot ________ the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.
答案：as 句意：虽然晚上很热，但因长途旅行之后很累，我们睡得很沉。as“虽然”，引导让步状语从句时，要将表语、状语或动词原形置于句首。
2．Who invented a lamp to keep miners safe underground?
谁发明了使矿工在地下安全工作的矿灯？
keep miners safe是“keep＋宾语＋宾补”结构。在此结构中，用作宾补的结构除了形容词以外，还有现在分词、过去分词、介词短语以及副词。注意：在此结构中不采用不定式(短语)。keep表示“保持或继续处于……的状态”。
①These toys will help to keep the baby amused.
这些玩具能让这个婴儿一直很快乐。(过去分词)
②Sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
对不起，让你久等了。(现在分词)
③Good food keeps you healthy.
好的饮食使你身体健康。(形容词)
④He always keeps the car in good condition.
他一直使车处于良好状况。(介词短语)
⑤An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
[谚]一天一个苹果，医生不上门(比喻不生病)。(副词)
注意：宾补部分都可以用作表语，可以变式为“宾语＋系动词＋宾补(表语)”的结构。活学活用
用恰当形式填空
“Bill, keep the things________(discuss)here secret，”said the manager after the meeting.
答案：discussed 句意：经理会后说：“比尔，对于我们在这里讨论的事情要保密。”由语境after the meeting可知，此处应该用动词的过去分词discussed作后置定语，修饰the things，表示被动和完成。
3．Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.
人们既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治疗方法。
(1)neither...nor...既不……也不……用来连接两个并列成分。如果连接的是两个并列主语，谓语动词的单复数遵循“邻近原则”，即与最近的主语的单复数保持一致。
Neither my parents nor I was there.
我父母和我都不在那儿。
(2)neither...nor...可连接两个平行结构。连接两个分句时，两个分句都需倒装。
Neither do I want to know it; nor do I care about it.
我既不想知道这件事，也不想了解这件事。
活学活用
用恰当形式填空
Neither the students nor the teacher ________(be)to blame.
答案：is 考查主谓一致。句意：既不是学生也不是老师应受到责备。neither...nor...意为“既不……也不……”，连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词的单复数应与最近的主语的单复数保持一致。故填is。
4．So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.
每次爆发霍乱时，就有大批惊恐的老百姓病死。
every time (that)在本句中担任从属连词，引导时间状语从句。
①I couldn't help being angry every time he laughed at me.
每当他嘲笑我时，我总忍不住生气。
②Every time he plays football he is watched by many fans.
他每次踢球时，都有很多球迷在观看。知识拓展
1)可以用作连词引导时间状语从句的名词短语有以下三类：
(1)表示习惯、经常性：every time, each time, next time, the first/second.../last time等；
(2)表示瞬间变化，意为“一……就……”：the moment, the minute, the instant, the second等；
(3)表示具体时间，意为“……的那天/那年/……”：the day, the week, the month, the year, the spring, the summer, the autumn, the winter等。①He came out of the classroom the moment the class was over.
一下课他就离开了教室。
②Next time you come in, please close the door.
下次进来的时候，请把门关上。
2)directly, immediately, instantly等副词也可以引导时间状语从句，相当于as soon as。
You must show the gentleman in immediately he comes.
这位绅士一来，你就立即带他进来。
3)介词on/upon＋v-ing或具有动作含义的名词，相当于as soon as引导的时间状语从句。
①Some magazines pay on acceptance, others on publication.
一些杂志采用稿件后即付稿酬，另外一些则要到发表后才付。
②On my return from work, I saw the door was open.
我下班回家时，看见门开着。
活学活用
(1)用恰当形式填空
________(每当)you talk to someone or write a message, you show your skills to others.
答案：Every/Each time 本题考查状语从句。句意：每当你和别人谈话或写些东西的时候，你都在向别人展示你的技能。
(2)补全句子
我第一次见到她时，认为她很善良，诚实。
I thought her nice and honest______ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________.
答案：the first time I met her5．He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.
他知道只有找到霍乱的病因，才能将其控制住。
该句使用了not/never...until...句式，意为“直到……才……”。该句式中的主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词。
①—Was his father strict with him when he was at school?
他在上学时，他父亲对他要求严格吗？
—Yes. He had never praised him until he became one of the top students in his grade.
是的，直到他成为年级中拔尖的学生他父亲才表扬他。
②He'll never give up until his life comes to end.
他直到死才会放弃。(他永不放弃，直到生命结束。)
③We usually don't have supper until my husband comes back.
我们通常直到我丈夫回来才吃晚饭。
注意：当not until引导的时间状语位于句首时，主句用部分倒装结构。
Not until I finished my work did I go home yesterday.
昨天我直到干完工作才回家。
知识拓展
对not...until引起的句子进行强调时，要把not提前，即It is/was not until...that...。
I didn't recognize her until she took off her sunglasses.
→It was not until she took off her sunglasses that I recognized her.
直到她把太阳镜摘下来，我才认出她来。
活学活用
真题改编
(1)(2013·福建，34)Not until he went through real hardship ________ ________ ________(realize)the love we have for our families is important.
答案：did he realize 考查not until的倒装语序。Not until置于句首，主句使用部分倒装语序；realize动作与went同时发生，故填did he realize。
(2)(2013·天津，11)It was not until near the end of the letter ________ she mentioned her own plan.
答案：that 考查强调句。句意：直到接近信的末尾她才提到了她自己的计划。It is/was not until that-clause是not until的强调句句式，故填that。
6．The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.
第二种(看法)是人们在进食时把这种病(毒)引入体内的。
该句中的suggest意为“表明；暗示”，其后的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，而用陈述语气，动词用所需时态。
①The smile on his face suggested that he was glad to give his life for his country.
他脸上的微笑表明他愿意为祖国献出生命。
②Are you suggesting (that) I'm lazy?
你言下之意是说我很懒？
知识拓展
(1)suggest意为“建议”，后接从句作宾语时，宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，谓语动词要用should do，should可以省略。
①I suggested to him that we should tackle the problem another way.
我向他建议我们用另一种方式处理这个问题。
②He suggested that we sit down to work out a practical solution.
他建议我们坐下来拟定一个实际的解决办法。
(2)suggest后接动词时要用-ing形式。
The headmaster suggested putting off the sports meeting because of the bad weather.
由于天气不好，校长建议推迟运动会。
图解助记
His sleepy look suggested that the man was tired from his work and we suggested he (should)have a rest.
他困倦的表情显示这个人工作累了。我们建议他休息一下。
活学活用
(1)真题改编
(2013·陕西，12)My mom suggests that we ________ eat out for a change this weekend.
答案：should或不填 考查情态动词。句意：我母亲建议周末改变一下外出吃饭。suggest表示“建议”时，所跟宾语从句要用虚拟语气，用should do构成或省略should，故填should或不填。注意：suggest表示“表明，暗示”时不用虚拟语气。
(2)用恰当形式填空
We have been digging layers of ash almost six meters thick, which suggests that they______(keep)the fire burning all winter.
答案：might have kept 考查suggest的用法。句意：他们一直在挖掘的灰烬大约有6厘米厚，这表明他们可能整个冬天都让火保持不灭。此处的suggest表示“表明，暗示”，因此不用虚拟语气，故填might have kept。7．...liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.
她特别喜欢那里的水，每天都要派人用水泵打水运到家里来。
have sth. done句型表示“让某事由某人做”或“受到某种影响”“经历”“蒙受”等。
①I had my hair cut yesterday.
昨天我理发了。
②She had her house damaged in the storm.
她的房屋在暴风雨中遭到了破坏。
知识拓展
(1)have sb. do表示“用强迫或劝说的办法使某人做某事”，其后通常跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。
①Mother had me post the letter at once.
妈妈要我立即将信寄出去。
②Have him see a doctor.
劝他去看看医生。
(2)have sb.(sth.)doing 表示“让(使)某人做某事”“让某情况发生”。多强调“使……保持……的状态”这一含义。
①The two men had the lights burning all night long.
那两个人让灯通宵亮着。
②But we have never had women working in this part of company before.
但我们以前从未让妇女在这个部门工作过。
注意：have sb. do 和have sb. doing 都是“动词＋宾语＋宾补”结构。
活学活用
(1)真题改编
(2013·全国Ⅰ，22)They might just have a place ______ (leave)on the writing course—why don't you give it a try?
答案：left 考查非谓语动词。句意：他们可能在写作课上还留有位置，你为什么不试试？此处为have sth. done结构，故填left。
(2)用恰当形式填空
Jenny hopes that Mr Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English ________(improve)in a short period.
答案：improved 考查非谓语动词。句意：珍妮希望史密斯老师会提出一个好方法，使她的英语书面表达水平可以在短时间内得以提高。根据句意可知，此处have意为“使，让”，是使役动词，由于作宾补的动词improve与宾语her written English之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，表被动，所以需用过去分词形式，故填improved。
(3)补全句子
The patient is going to________ ________ ________ ________(让人给他量体温)．
答案：have his temperature takenⅠ.单词拼写
1．Some plants and animals develop superior c______ so that they may survive even in extremely severe conditions.
2．After a long discussion, they c______ that the man was lying.
3．If you ________ (分析) something, you consider it carefully or use some methods in order to fully understand it.
4．He was ________ (战胜) at chess last night.
5．The babies are well a______ to in the nursery.6．It's very dangerous to be e______ to SARS patients without any protection.
7．His injuries were ________ (严重的) and he was rushed to hospital.
8．Who is to b______ for the accident?
9．It's difficult to ________ (操纵) the machine.
10．The ________ (嫌疑犯) was caught and put into prison.
答案：1.characteristics 2.concluded 3.analyse 4.defeated/beat 5.attended 6.exposed 7.severe 8.blame
9．handle/operate 10.suspect
Ⅱ.根据汉语提示完成句子
1．Which scientist discovered that objects in water are ______ (举起；提高；提升)by a force that helps them float?
2．He ________ (提出) a new plan.
3．________ (最后), I would like to thank my parents.
4．________(想出)a method to solve the problem.
5．________ (提问题)if you don't understand.
答案：1.lifted up 2.put forward 3.In conclusion 4.Think of 5.Make a question
Ⅲ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1．There are lots of ________(scientific) in history.
2．Discuss in small groups the stages in ________ (examination) a new scientific idea.
3．Before drawing a ________(conclude)，you should do lots of research.
4．The students should________ (analysis)their examination results.
5．Sorry，I can't hear you clearly. Please________ (repetition) it.
答案：1.scientists 2.examining 3.conclusion 4.analyse
5．repeatThank you课件69张PPT。Great ScientistsUnit 1Section Ⅱ Learning about Language Unit 1单词拼写
1．They thought he had escaped through a specially ________ (建造) tunnel.
2．I believe that each of us can c________ to the future of the world.
3．The ________ (烟火) exploded in a shower of sparks.
4．These two accidents are closely ________ (连接) together.
5．The old man was laid up with a s________ stroke.
6．The hot weather is partly to ________ (谴责，责备) for the water shortage.
7．The President is preparing to ________ (宣布) his new plan on Tuesday.
8．No one could ________ (预见) his future accurately.
答案：1.constructed 2.contribute 3.firework 4.linked 5.severe 6.blame 7.announce 8.foresee1.contribute v.
(1)～(sth.)(to/towards sth.)捐献、捐赠(尤指款或物)，捐助
①The writer personally contributed $50,000 to the earthquake fund.
那位作家亲自捐赠了5万美元给地震基金。
②Would you like to contribute to our collection?
你愿意给我们的募捐捐款吗？
重点词汇
(2)～(to sth.)是……的原因之一
①Medical negligence was said to have contributed to her death.
据说医务人员的玩忽职守是她死亡的原因之一。
②Does smoking contribute to lung cancer?
吸烟会导致肺癌吗？
(3)～(sth.)to sth.增加，增进，添加(到某物)
Her work has contributed enormously to our understanding of this difficult subject.
她的工作极有助于我们对这个困难问题的了解。
(4)～(sth.)(to sth.)(为报纸、杂志、电台或电视节目)撰稿，投稿
She has contributed (several poems) to literary magazines.
她给文学刊物投了(几首诗)稿。
图解助记
contribute多层含义
Many people contributed money to the poor boy, which contributed to his returning to school. A writer wrote a story about this and contributed it to a newspaper.
好多人给那个可怜的孩子捐钱，使他可以重返校园。一位作家写了一篇关于此事的故事并把它投到了报社。知识拓展
contribution n.
①[C]捐款；捐资
All contributions will be gratefully received.
我们对所有捐资表示感谢。
②[C, usually sing.]贡献；促成作用
These measures would make a valuable contribution towards reducing industrial accidents.
这些措施将会对减少工业事故起重要作用。
③[U]捐助；捐赠；(尤指)捐款
We rely entirely on voluntary contribution.
我们全靠自愿捐款。
活学活用
(1)用恰当介词填空
I think you need some outdoor exercise. Plenty of fresh air will contribute ________good health.
答案：to 考查介词。句意：我认为你需要些户外锻炼，足够的新鲜空气有利于健康。contribute to“有助于，导致”。
(2)完成句子
他对太空发展计划已经作出了很大贡献。
________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ the space development programme.
答案：He has made great contributions to2．construction n．建设；建筑物；结构
①The new airport is still under construction.
新机场仍在修建中。
②This is a fine construction.
这是一座完美的建筑。
③A learner's dictionary should give both the meanings of words and examples of the constructions in which they are used.
学生词典应该既提供词语的含义，又举出应用这些词语的结构的例子。
注意：under construction为固定用法，意思是“修建中”。
知识拓展
construct v.
(1)建设，修建
①The Golden Gate Bridge was constructed from 1933 to 1937.
金门桥建于1933至1937年间。
②It took them two years to construct the building.
他们用了两年时间建这座大楼。
(2)创立(学说等)，构(词)，造句
①He constructed a theory with his colleagues.
他与他的同事合作创立了一种学说。
②I have not hesitated to construct arguments in its support.
我毫不踌躇地构思一些支持它的论据。
活学活用
用恰当介词填空
Besides a bridge ________ construction, the construction of the freeway goes well.
答案：under 句意：除了一座正在建造中的桥，这条高速公路的建设进展顺利。under construction“正在建造中”，是固定短语。
3．inspire v.
(1)～sb.(to sth.)|～sb. to do sth.激励，鼓舞
①His superb play inspired the team to a thrilling 5∶0 win.
他的出色表现使球队士气大振，以5∶0大获全胜。
②Such a development inspired us to work still harder.
这一发展鼓舞我们更努力地工作。
(2)赋予灵感，激发想法(尤指艺术的或虚构的)；启发，启示
①His noble example inspired the rest of us to greater efforts.
他那高尚的榜样激发我们大家更加努力。
②His best music was inspired by the memory of his mother.
他最好的乐曲创作灵感来自对他母亲的怀念。
(3)～sb.(with sth.)|～sth.(in sb.)使产生(感觉或情感)
①The falling leaves inspired her with sadness.
＝The falling leaves inspired sadness in her.
落叶触动了她的伤感。
②His encouraging remarks inspired confidence in me.
＝His encouraging remarks inspired me with confidence.
他的一番鼓励激起了我的信心。(1)inspired adj.品质优秀的，能力卓越的，借助于灵感创作的
(2)inspiring adj. 鼓舞人心的，激励的，启发灵感的知识拓展①It's an inspired work of art.
这是一件得自灵感的艺术作品。
②He is an inspired poet.
他是一位富于灵感的诗人。
③The inspiring music acted on the emotions of the students.
那激昂的音乐使学生们情绪激昂。
④The songs we heard last night were most inspiring.
昨晚我们听的歌曲很令人鼓舞。
活学活用
完成句子
我希望这次成功能激励你更加努力。
I hope this success will________ ________ ________greater efforts.
答案：inspire you to1.apart from除……之外；此外
①Apart from my parents, I have no one to believe in.
除了我父母，我谁也不相信。(not including my parents)
②Apart from the cost, we need to think about how much time the job will take.
除了成本之外，我们还需要考虑这份工作要用多少时间。(including the cost)重点短语
比较网站
in addition，besides，except，except for，apart from & but
(1)in addition相当于副词besides，表示“另外”；in addition to相当于介词besides。
(2)besides“除……之外(还)”，指在整体中加入一部分。
(3)except从所提到的人或事物中除去，即“从整体中除去一部分”。
(4)except for表示对整体部分的肯定和对局部的否定，起部分修正主要部分的作用。
(5)apart from既可表示besides，也可以表示except或except for，还可以表示without的意思。
(6)but在意思上相当于except，但常用在不定代词或疑问词后面。活学活用
选apart from，besides，except for填空
(1)________English，he has a good command of Russian and French.
答案：Apart from或Besides
(2)So far, the old villages of New England have changed relatively little ________ a gas station or two in recent decades.
答案：except for
(3)________ some pennies, I think there are only nine pounds left in my pocket.
答案：Besides2．make sure确信，确保；查明，核实
①They scored another goal and made sure of victory.
他们又进了一球，确保了胜利。
②Our staff will do their best to make sure you enjoy your visit.
我们的人员会竭尽全力使您访问愉快。
③He looked around to make sure that he was alone.
他往四下看看是不是只有他一个人。
make sure that...确保……
make sure of doing sth.确保做某事
be sure to do sth.一定要做某事；务必要做某事
be sure of (doing) sth.一定会(做)某事；某事肯定会发生知识拓展注意：sure通常不用于有形式主语或形式宾语it的句子中，这种情况下一般用certain。
活学活用
补全句子
为了确定他在家，我事先打电话给他。
________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________， I called him up in advance.
答案：To make sure that he was at home
过去分词作定语和表语
Ⅰ.过去分词作定语
1．作定语的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。及物动词的过去分词作定语，既表被动意义又表完成意义，但有时仅表示被动意义，不表示时间性。不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表完成意义。
新课标语法
①The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.
受伤的工人正在医院受到良好的照料。(被动意义)
②They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard.
他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。(完成意义)
③Did you accept the invitation given by the tour guide?
你接受导游的邀请了吗？(被动意义以及完成意义)
2．过去分词作定语，常常位于其所修饰的名词前；而过去分词短语作定语时，常常位于其所修饰的名词后，相当于一个定语从句。given, left等少数过去分词作定语修饰名词时，只能后置。这种置于名词之后的过去分词往往具有暂时性，其动词的性质较强。此外，过去分词修饰由every，some，any等构成的复合代词或指示代词those等时，也要放在被修饰词的后面。
①The wounded soldier was looked after carefully.
那位受伤的战士受到了细心的照料。
②Who were the guests invited(＝who had been invited) to your party last night?
昨晚被邀请参加你的晚会的那些客人是谁呀？
③Is there anything unsolved?
还有什么问题没有解决吗？
④There is almost nothing changed since I left the town two years ago.
自从我两年前离开这个镇以来，几乎没有什么变化。知识拓展1
1)过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。
①The meeting, attended by a lot of people, was a success.
这次会议有很多人出席，开得很成功。
②The book, written(＝which was written)in 1957, tells the struggle of the miners.
这本书是1957年写的，讲述矿工斗争的故事。
2)用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，表示人的表情、眼神、眼泪、声音等。这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。
①The frightened boy ran away.
惊恐的男孩跑开了。
②Hearing the encouraging news, the students gave out excited shouts.
听到这令人鼓舞的消息，同学们发出了热烈的欢呼声。
知识拓展2
1)分词、动名词以及不定式在句中担任定语成分的差异：由不及物动词转化而来的现在分词作定语，表示动作正在进行，而其过去分词形式则强调动作的完成或其逻辑主语所处的一种状态；由及物动词转化而来的现在分词作定语，强调主动，而其过去分词形式则强调被动或表示状态。注意：分词的完成式不作定语。
①The man standing under the tree is my uncle.
站在树下的那个人是我叔叔。
②The book published in March sells well.
三月份出版的这本书很畅销。2)动名词作定语，说明被修饰的名词的用途。
The soldiers each have a sleeping bag.
战士们每个人都有一个睡袋。
3)不定式作定语
(1)通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。
(2)当名词前有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，用不定式作后置定语。
①Madam Curie was the first to discover the element radium.
居里夫人是第一个发现镭的人。
②I have a lot of work to do.
我有许多事要做。Ⅱ.过去分词作表语
过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态或思想感情等，并无“完成”或“被动”之意。
①He looked worried after reading the letter.
看完信后，他显得很忧虑。
②When we heard of the story, we were deeply moved.
当我们听到这个故事时，被深深地感动了。
③He seemed quite delighted at the idea.
听到这个想法，他似乎很高兴。
知识拓展1
常见的作表语的过去分词有：amused (愉快的)；connected (连接的)；broken (碎了的)；closed (关闭的)；astonished (吃惊的)；covered (覆盖的)；crowded (拥挤的)；delighted (高兴的)；disappointed (失望的); dressed (穿着的)；drunk (喝醉的)；experienced (有经验的)；gone (遗失的)；lost (丢失的)；worried (担忧的)；interested (感兴趣的)；tired (疲劳的)；pleased (高兴的); satisfied (满意的); surprised (吃惊的); married (已婚的)；known (著名的)等。
知识拓展2
1)现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质和特征；与主语(往往是物)构成逻辑上的主谓关系，译作“令/使人……的”。
①The story is interesting and I am interested in it.
这故事很有趣，我很感兴趣。
②The problem is confusing so the pupils are confused about it.
这个问题很迷惑，因此学生们感到很困惑。
2)动名词作表语是对主语内容的解释，主语与表语位置可以互换，动名词常用于口语中。
①His work is cleaning all the windows of the company every day.
他的工作就是每天把公司的窗户擦干净。
②What they are worried about is being left behind.
他们所担心的是被落在后面。
3)不定式作表语，一般紧跟在系动词be, seem, remain, appear, get的后面，用来说明主语的内容。当主语为名词dream, business, wish, idea, plan, job, work, task, duty时，表语也常用不定式，不用动名词。
①The aim is not just to keep busy.
其目的不仅是为了使每个人不闲着。
②He appears to want to leave.
他看来要走。
知识拓展3
1)过去分词作表语通常用来描写情景，叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态；而被动语态强调动作，重点说明动作由谁完成、怎样完成。试比较：
①My glasses are broken.
我的眼镜碎了。(状态)
②My glasses were broken by my son.
我的眼镜被我儿子摔碎了。(动作)
③The library is closed.
图书馆关门了。(系表结构)
④The library is often closed at 6：30 in the afternoon.
图书馆通常在下午6：30关门。(被动语态)
2)有些过去分词用作表语，接近被动结构。
①The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains.
这座城三面环山。
②I'm pleased with(by/at)what you said just now.
听了你刚才的话，我很高兴。高考真题改编
用词语的恰当形式填空
1．(2013·天津，10)In some languages,100 words make up half of all words ________(use)in daily conversations.
答案：used 考查非谓语动词。句意：在一些语言中，100个单词占据了日常对话中所使用的单词的一半。words后用非谓语动词作定语，words与use之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。
2．(2013·湖南，29)You cannot accept an opinion ________ (offer)to you unless it is based on facts.
答案：offered 考查过去分词短语作后置定语。句意：你无法接受任何观点，除非它以事实为基础。分析句式结构可知，opinion需要定语，且offer与opinion之间为动宾关系，所以用过去分词短语作后置定语。
3．(2013·陕西，13)Let those in need ________ (understand) that we will go all out to help them.
答案：understand 考查非谓语动词。句意：让那些困境中的人们理解我们会尽全力帮助他们的。let sb. do sth.让某人做某事。“三让”let、have、make表示“让某人做某事”时后面要接不带to的不定式作宾补。
4．(2013·四川，10)The airport ________(complete)next year will help promote tourism in this area.
答案：to be completed 考查非谓语动词的用法。complete与airport之间为动宾关系而且根据next year可知动作尚未发生，故填to be completed。
5．(2014·安徽，32)While waiting for the opportunity to get ________(promote), Henry did his best to perform his duty.
答案：promoted 考查非谓语动词。句意：在等待机会被提升时，亨利尽全力履行职责。get done表示被动，符合题意。6．(2014·福建，30)For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying ________(connect)．
答案：connected 考查动词的非谓语形式作表语。connect“联系，与……有联系”，常与介词with 搭配，其形容词短语为be connected with，意为“与……有联系、有关”。空格前的stay为系动词，意为“保持”，故应填connected作表语。句意：对于那些家人在很远的地方的家庭来说，电脑和电话在保持联系方面是很重要的。
7．(2014·重庆，5)The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras________(return)to our shop for quality problems.
答案：returned 本题考查非谓语动词。句意：生产商定期来收集因质量问题而退回商店的相机。returned为过去分词，在句中修饰名词cameras，相机与退回为被动关系，故填returned。
8．(2014·北京，28)There are still many problems ________ (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
答案：to be solved 考查非谓语动词的用法。根据主语problems和solve之间的逻辑关系和从句的内容可知，这些问题还没有得到解决，故应用不定式表示还未发生的动作。句意：在准备好长期待在月球上之前我们还有许多问题需要解决。
9．(2014·浙江，14)Amie Salmon, disabled, is attended throughout her school days by a nurse ________(appoint)to guard her.
答案：appointed 考查非谓语动词。句意：Amie Salmon，残疾，委派一位护士全程陪她上学。分析结构可知，此处是nurse后的定语；appoint与nurse之间为动宾关系，故要用过去分词作定语。
10．(2014·全国大纲卷，23)Today there are more airplanes ________(carry)more people than ever before in the skies.
答案：carrying 考查非谓语动词。句意：现在天空中比以前有更多的飞机搭载乘客。分析结构可知，此处是there be结构，主语more airplanes后接了非谓语动词；并且，airplanes与carry之间为主谓关系，故要用现在分词作定语。
专项练习
1．The question was so difficult to answer, and the students looked ________(puzzle)．
答案：puzzled 句意：这个问题很难回答，学生们看起来都迷惑不解。过去分词puzzled与连系动词look构成系表结构，表示一种状态，puzzled已形容词化，look puzzled“看起来迷惑”。现在分词作表语常说明主语的性质、特征等；不定式作表语表示将来或主语的具体内容。2．The design ________(appeal)to all the ages and social groups is not easy to make.
答案：appealing 句意：吸引各年龄段和社会群体的设计不容易做。the design与appeal to之间是逻辑上的主动关系，要用现在分词短语作定语。
3．In 1938, Pearl Buck became the first American woman ________(receive)the Nobel Prize for Literature.
答案：to receive 句意：1938年，赛珍珠是第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的美国女作家。由序数词修饰的词后，非谓语动词只能用不定式作定语。
4．The news that he told us yesterday was ________ (encourage)．
答案：encouraging 句意：他昨天告诉我们的消息令人鼓舞。此题中news与encourage之间是主动关系，且表示news的性质和特征，故用现在分词encouraging，表示“令人鼓舞的”。
5．With the government's aid, those ________(affect)by the earthquake have moved into the new settlements.
答案：affected 句意：在政府的帮助下，那些受地震影响的人已经搬进了新的居住区。分词作定语时，其逻辑主语是被修饰词。those与affect之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。
6．The question ________(leave)is whether we can raise the money.
答案：left 表示“剩下的，遗留的”时通常用left作后置定语。
7．We're ________ to listen to her ________ voice. It's ________ to hear her sing.(please)
答案：pleased; pleasant; a pleasure 第一个空用过去分词pleased作表语，表示主语所处的状态“高兴”；第二个空表示“令人高兴的”，可以用形容词pleasant或现在分词pleasing；第三个空表示“一件高兴的事”用a pleasure，为抽象名词具体化。
8．There are hundreds of visitors________(wait)in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Gogh's paintings.
答案：waiting 句意：为了欣赏梵高的油画作品，数百名参观者在画廊前等候。在There be句型中，常常采用现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰句子的主语，相当于一个谓语部分采用进行时态的定语从句。
9．The tress________(blow)down in the storm have been moved off the road.
答案：blown 句意：在暴风雨中被吹倒的那些树已经被从道路上清除掉了。考查了过去分词短语作后置定语修饰the trees的用法，表示被动和完成。
10．For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit ________(grow)on his own farm.
答案：grown 句意：早饭他只喝自己农场种的新鲜水果榨出来的果汁。此题考查非谓语动词作后置定语。11．Now that we've discussed our problem, are people happy with the decision ________(take)?
答案：taken 句意：既然我们已经讨论了我们的问题，人们对我们所作的决定满意吗？此题考查非谓语动词。decision与take为被动关系，taken表示被动与完成。
12．They suggested that the professor ________(refer)to just now be made chairman of the meeting.
答案：referred refer to与professor是动宾关系，所以用过去分词短语作定语。13．—The plane is due to take off at 7?50 from the airport.
—What if we fail to arrive there in time?
—Try ________(take) another flight then.
答案：to take try to do“尽力做某事”。
14．A series of ads ________ (produce)by the company has greatly contributed to the success of the new product in the market.
答案：produced 句意：该公司所制作的一系列广告大大有助于这一新产品在市场方面的成功。produced是过去分词作后置定语。
15．Please remain ________(seat); the winner of the prize will be announced soon.
答案：seated 句意：请坐好，马上就要宣布获奖者了。remain在此用作系动词，且题意表示“保持某种状态”，故用过去分词作表语。remain seated“坐着”。Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Work has been begun on the c______ of the new airport.
2．This book c______ to our understanding of his theory.
3．Who is r______ for the accident?
4．The ________ (烟花) exploded with a loud bang.
5．Computer users from around the world reported that the ________ (病毒) had invaded their systems.
6．He ________ (预料) that his journey would be delayed by bad weather答案：1.construction 2.contributes 3.responsible 4.firework 5.virus 6.foresawⅡ.根据汉语提示完成句子
1．His career ________(结束)when he became very ill.
2．He knew he would not ________ (能)refuse the request.
3．He became an ________(经验丰富的)language teacher.
4．He didn't ________(参加)the meeting yesterday.
5．He__________(下定决心)to finish the task.
答案：1.came to an end 2.be able to 3.experienced
4．attend 5.made up his mind
Ⅲ.用动词的正确形式填空
1．Prices of daily goods ________ (buy) through a computer can be lower than store prices.
2．The doctor ________ (send) for won't be here until lunch time.
3．The ship, ________ (hit) by a huge piece of iceberg, came to a sudden stop.
4．His ability ________ (show) in those years was praised by all.
5．She must have failed in the exam, because she looks rather ________ (discourage)．
答案：1.bought 2.sent 3.hit 4.shown 5.discouragedThank You课件76张PPT。Great ScientistsUnit 1Section Ⅲ Using Language Unit 1Ⅰ.下面是本部分的重点词汇，你能准确填出内容吗？
1．用所给单词的适当形式填空
(1)The workers are ________ the bridge damaged by the flood, and the bridge under ________ connects the road with the town.(construct)
(2)The famous star has ________ a lot of money to the school and has made a great ________ to the building of the school.(contribute)
(3)The girl student has a ________ attitude towards life, and I'm ________ that she will have a happy life all her life.(positive)(4)In the dim light, something ________ fast in the distance, whose quick ________ made us shocked.(move)
(5)She is ________ about designing beautiful dresses, and she also admires all kinds of beautiful clothes with great ________. (enthusiastic)
(6)________， she drove her car to the main road. Because of the crowd, she drove all the way with great _______. (cautious)
(7)As soon as his design was ______， he also ______ the idea that he would stay here for his rest life.(reject)
(8)It is ______ known that the ______ is vast.(universal)
2．补全下列短语
(1)come ________ an end 结束
(2)apart ________ 除……之外；此外
(3)________ one's own 某人自己的
(4)(be) strict ________ 对……严格的
(5)lead ________ 导致；通向
(6)________ sense 讲得通；有意义
答案：1.(1)constructing；construction (2)contributed；contribution (3)positive；positive (4)moved；movement
(5)enthusiastic；enthusiasm (6)Cautiously；caution
(7)rejected；rejected (8)universally；universe
2．(1)to (2)from (3)of (4)with (5)to (6)make
Ⅱ.重点句式
Only if you put the sun there________the movements of the other planets in the sky________ ________.
只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。
答案：did；make senseⅢ.阅读课文，回答下列问题
1．What did Nicolaus Copernicus's mathematical calculations lead to?
________________________________________________
2．Why couldn't Nicolaus Copernicus tell others about his discovery?
________________________________________________
3．When did Nicolaus Copernicus publish his ideas?
________________________________________________
4．Did the Christian Church support Nicolaus Copernicus's theory?
________________________________________________
5．How many scientists are mentioned in this passage? Who are they?
________________________________________________
答案：1.They led to a conclusion that the earth was not the center of the solar system.
2．Because the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea.
3．As he lay dying in 1543.
4．No, it didn't. Instead, it rejected his theory.
5．Four scientists. Nicolaus Copernicus, Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.1.positive adj.
(1)～(about sth.)自信的，积极乐观的
She tries to be more positive about her new job.
她力求对新工作更有信心。
(2)积极的，建设性的，朝着成功的
He has a positive attitude towards life.
他对生活持有积极的态度。
重点词汇(3)表示赞同的，拥护的
We've had a very positive response to the idea.
我们对这个想法反应很好。
(4)良好的，有益的，正面的
His family have been a very positive influence on him.
他的家庭对他有十分良好的影响。
(5)～(about sth.)|～(that...)有绝对把握，确信，肯定
She was quite positive about the amount of money involved.
她对所涉及的钱数十分肯定。be positive of/about对……有把握
positively adv.确实地；肯定地；毫无疑问地
passive adj.消极的；被动的知识拓展
比较网站
positive，certain，definite与sure
(1)positive：语气强烈，指对自己的看法或作的结论的正确性有不可动摇的信念。
(2)certain：与sure同义，但语气比sure强，着重指有确切理由或不容置疑的证据所支持的确信。
(3)definite：指已毫无怀疑的余地。
(4)sure：侧重主观上对某事确信无疑。
①There is positive proof that he did it.
有确凿的证据证明他做了这件事。
②We are sure of his innocence.
我们确信他是无辜的。
③I'm quite certain of that.
对那事我完全可以肯定。
④It's definite that he'll be late again.
他肯定又要迟到了。
活学活用
用恰当词语填空
Her ________character didn't help her become an actress.
答案：positive 句意：她积极向上的性格对她成为一名演员来说没有什么帮助。positive表示“积极的，向上的”，符合语境。2．movement n.
(1)[U & C](身体部位的)运动，活动，转动
She observed the gentle movement of his chest as he breathed.
她观察着他呼吸时胸部的微微起伏。
(2)[U & C]移动，迁移，转移，活动
Troop movements can be observed from space by a satellite.
借助卫星可观察到部队的调动。
比较网站
movement，move与motion
(1)movement：通常抽象地指有规则的动作或定向运动，也可用于特指政治性的运动。
(2)move：着重指开始的行动或变化。
(3)motion：指不处于静止状态而在移动的过程中，强调运动本身，而不涉及其动因。
①We are starting a movement to clean up the city.
我们正在发动一个清洁城市的运动。
②He made a move toward the door.
他朝门口走去。
③The object is no longer in motion.
该物体已不处于运动状态。
活学活用
完成句子
我们在树林里寻找走动的痕迹。
We watched the________ ________ ________in the trees.
答案：signs of movement
3．backward adv. & adj.向后地(的)；相反地(的)；退步地(的)
①He took a step backward to let her pass.
他向后退了一步，让她过去。
②The technology was backward, but the system worked.
虽然技术落后，但系统还有效。(1)backward(s)and forward(s)来来回回
(2)bend/lean over backwards(to do sth.)(＝make a great effort)尽力，竭力
(3)forward adv. & adj.向前地(的)知识拓展①She rocked backwards and forwards on her chair.
她坐在摇椅上前后摇晃着。
②Although we bent over backwards to please her, our new manager was still very critical of our work.
尽管我们竭力讨好新经理，但她仍然对我们的工作百般挑剔。
③Move forward carefully or you'll slip.
小心地往前走，不然会滑倒。
④He is forward in his English.
他的英语有进步。图解助记
活学活用
补全句子
他的话让她很生气，于是她头也不回地走了。
She went without ________ ________ ________because she got very angry with his words.
答案：a backward glance
4．spin
(1)vi. & vt.(spun，spun)(使)旋转；纺(线或纱)
①She got up and spun a little turn.
她站起来转了一圈。
②The wheels of the car were spinning.
轿车的轮子飞速旋转。
③Can you spin thread?
你会纺线吗？
(2) n.
①[C & U]高速旋转
Give the washing a short spin.
把洗过的衣服稍稍甩一下。
②[U] (网球、板球)旋转
The pitcher gave spin to the ball.
投手使球旋转。
③[C] (乘汽车等)兜风
Get your bicycle and come for a spin.
骑上你的自行车去兜一圈。
活学活用
补全句子
妈妈过去自己纺线。
Mother ________ ________ ________ her own thread.
答案：used to spin
5．enthusiastic adj.热心的，热情的
①His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Coopernicus was cautious.
他的朋友们很热情，鼓励他把想法公诸于世，但哥白尼却小心谨慎。
②You don't sound enthusiastic about the idea.
你好像对这个想法不太感兴趣。(1)be enthusiastic about sth. 对某事很热衷，热爱
(2)be crazy/nuts about sb./sth.对某人很迷恋；对某事很热衷，很狂热
(3)enthusiasm n. 热心，热情，狂热
enthusiast n. 热衷于……的人，爱好者
enthusiastically adv. 热情地，热烈地知识拓展
①He's always been enthusiastic about sports.
他一直对运动很热衷。
②He's crazy/nuts about basketball.
他热爱篮球。
活学活用
用恰当形式填空
She kept silent at first and I gathered from the way she replied that she wasn't very ________(enthusiasm)．
答案：enthusiastic 句意为“起初她保持沉默，而且我从她回答的方式判断，她并不热心”。此处需用形容作表语。
6．cautious adj.小心的，谨慎的
①Losses make us more cautious.
损失使我们更谨慎。
②A cautious mind is the half of wisdom.
谨慎小心近于明智。caution n．谨慎，小心；警告，告诫
vt.警告，告诫
cautionary adj.劝告的，告诫的
cautiously adv.谨慎地，小心地知识拓展
比较网站
cautious, careful
这两个形容词均含有“小心的，谨慎的”之意。
(1)cautious指人因担心某事危险或不明智而缓慢行事或小心谨慎；着重考虑事情的后果，谨慎留意，防止出差错。
People are now more cautious about buying luxuries.
现在人们购买奢侈品都经过认真考虑。
(2)careful侧重做事谨慎、留心，特别注意一些细节地方。其内涵为确保万无一失而做事小心仔细，并非担心害怕。
Be careful not to wake the baby.
注意别吵醒了宝宝。
活学活用
选词填空
cautious；careful
(1)男学生们在拼写时比以前更加小心，以避免发生错误。
The schoolboys are more ________ not to make any mistakes in spelling than ever before.
(2)他非常仔细，把每一个细节都核对过了。
He was ________ enough to check up every detail.
答案：(1)cautious (2)careful
7．reject vt.拒绝；不接受；抛弃
①The suggestion was firmly rejected.
这个建议被断然否决。
②She rejected telling us the truth.
她拒不对我们讲实情。
③He rejected the old records.
他丢弃了那些旧唱片。
特别提示
reject后面通常跟名词、代词或动名词作宾语，不跟不定式。比较网站
reject, refuse, decline, deny
这些动词均含“拒绝”之意。
(1)reject多指由于某物、某事或某行为不能让人满意而被当面直截了当地拒绝。
They rejected damaged goods.
他们拒收损坏的货物。
(2)refuse语气较重，指态度坚决，肯定无疑的拒绝。
He refused to take the money.
他拒绝接受此款。
(3)decline指正式地，婉言谢绝他人的帮助或邀请等。
I declined their offer of help.
我谢绝了他们提出的帮助。
(4)deny指坚决地拒绝接受、给予或承认。
She was angry at being denied the opportunity to see me.
因不准她见我，她非常生气。活学活用
用恰当形式填空
I threatened to report the taxi driver for illegally ________ (reject)a passenger，but he pointed at his“Not for Hire”sign and drove away.
答案：rejecting 句意：我威胁说要举报出租车司机，因为他非法拒载乘客，但是他指了指“非出租”的牌子，然后开车走了。1.be strict with...对……严格的
①He is very strict with his students.
他对学生很严格。
②Our manager is very strict with us.
我们的经理对我们要求很严格。
重点短语be strict in/about (doing) sth.对(做)某事严格知识拓展
①The teacher is strict about his work.
这位老师对工作严格要求。
②The hospital is quite strict about visiting hours.
该医院对探望时间的规定相当严格。
活学活用
用恰当介词填空
Our parents are very strict ________ us, but never too hard ________ us.
答案：with; on 句意：父母对我们要求非常严格，但从来不对我们太苛刻。be strict with sb.“对某人要求严格”；be hard on sb.“对某人苛刻”。2．lead to
(1)导致，造成(结果)
①This will lead to great trouble.
这将导致极大的麻烦。
②Too much work and too little rest often lead to illness.
过量的工作和过少的休息会引起疾病。
(2)通向，通往
The path leads to the village.
这条小路通向村庄。lead sb. to do sth.使得某人做某事；引导某人做某事
lead up to sth.是……的先导；是导致……的原因
lead (sb./sth.) in sth.(在某活动或领域中)领先
result in导致，造成
result from由……造成；因……而发生
bring about导致，造成知识拓展
活学活用
用恰当形式填空
It is sleeping late in the evening that leads to________(late)for work.
答案：being late 句意为“正是晚上睡得晚才导致了上班迟到”。lead to意为“导致”，其中to为介词，后跟动词-ing形式。该句为强调句型，是Sleeping late in the evening leads to being late for work.的强调形式。3．make sense
(1)有道理，有意义，讲得通
I don't think what he said makes any sense.
我认为他的话没有意义。
(2)是明智的，是合情理的
It makes good sense to grow fruit trees on the hillside.
在山坡上种果树是明智的。
(3)表述清楚，易于理解，道理明显
John wasn't making much sense on the phone.
约翰在电话里说得不大清楚。知识拓展
(1)make sense of sth. 理解，弄懂(不易理解的事物)
Can you make sense of this poem?
你能明白这首诗的含义吗？
(2)bring sb. to one's senses使某人醒悟过来
Only failure can bring her to her senses.
只有失败才能使她醒悟过来。
(3)come to one's senses恢复理性，苏醒
He waited for Dora to come to her senses and return.
他盼着多拉冷静下来后回来。
(4)in a sense在某种意义上说
In a sense(＝in one way) it doesn't matter any more.
在某种意义上说，这事已无关紧要了。
(5)in no sense决不
In no sense can you do it.
你决不能做此事。
活学活用
补全句子
有时候需要重新组织故事的段落以使我们弄懂。
Sometimes paragraphs need to be rearranged for the story ________ ________ ________ ________ ________.
答案：to make sense to us1.Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.
只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。
这是一个由only加状语从句放在句首引起的倒装句。句子的正常语序为：The movements of the other planets in the sky made sense only if you put the sun there.。
难点解析“only＋状语或状语从句”置于句首时主句要使用部分倒装，即把主句谓语中的助动词、情态动词或系动词be放在主语之前。但only如果不是修饰状语，即使放在句首，句子也不倒装。
①Only in this way can we solve the problem.
只有通过这种方式，我们才能解决这个问题。
②Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to get back home.
只有在1949年战争结束后，他才能返回家乡。
③Only some of the children seemed to have understood it.
似乎只有一部分孩子明白。比较网站
if only, only if
(1)if only“但愿……，要是……就好了”，常引导含虚拟语气的条件句或感叹句。
(2)only if“只要……”，only if本身是一个固定词组。only是副词，用来修饰整个if从句。若用于句首，后接从句，主句要部分倒装。
If only I had gone by taxi.
我要是乘出租车去就好了。
活学活用
用恰当形式填空
Li Wei failed the job interview because of his poor English. Only then ________(realize)how important it was to learn English well.
答案：did he realize “only＋状语”放于句首时，句子应用部分倒装的形式。根据then可知时态应用一般过去时。2．He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth.
他把太阳固定在太阳系的中心位置上，而行星则围绕着太阳转，只有月球仍然绕着地球转。
本句中with the planets going round it and... the earth是with复合结构，在句中作状语。
with复合结构为“with＋宾语＋宾补”，在句中作状语或定语。其常见形式如下：(1)with＋名词(或代词)＋现在分词
With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries.
由于物价上涨很快，我们买不起奢侈品。(原因状语)
(2)with＋名词(或代词)＋过去分词
The thief was brought in with his hands tied back.
小偷被带了进来，双手捆在背后。
(3)with＋名词(或代词)＋形容词
I like to sleep with the windows open.
我喜欢开着窗户睡觉。(伴随情况)
(4)with＋名词(或代词)＋介词短语
①They often go climbing with bags on their backs.
他们经常背着书包去爬山。
②We live in a house with many flowers around it.
我们住在一所周围有很多花的房子里。(定语)
(5)with＋名词(或代词)＋副词
With the manager away, no one knew what to do.
经理不在，没有人知道该做什么。
(6)with＋名词(或代词)＋动词不定式，此时，不定式表示将发生的动作。
With a lot of work to do, he wasn't allowed to go out.
因为有很多工作要做，他没有被允许外出。(原因状语)
活学活用
(1)完成句子
①他站着，手插在衣袋里。
He stood __________________________.
②这个男孩低着头站在那里。
The boy stood there ____________________.
答案：①with his hands in his pockets ②with his head down
(2)用恰当词语填空
________ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.
答案：With 句意：担心着两次考试，这个周末我必须努力学习了。“with＋名词＋不定式”为with复合结构，不定式表示将要发生的动作，表示原因。
(3)用恰当形式填空
With the rain ________(fall)so heavily, it becomes more and more difficult to carry on the rescue work.
答案：falling 句意：雨下得这么大，使救援工作的进行越来越困难。“with＋名词/代词＋不定式/分词/形容词等”可在句中作伴随、时间、原因等状语，本题中with复合结构作伴随状语，此处指雨还在下，表示正在进行的动作，故用现在分词形式。with复合结构中，名词/代词后用不定式表示将要发生的动作，用过去分词表示被动或完成的动作。写作指导
人物类写作指导
一、写作内容
1．age，sex，birth-place，background(概况)
2．appearance，character(外表、性格)
3．education(教育背景)
4．big events in his or her life(in order of time)(经历、生平)
5．evaluation(评价)二、写作技巧
1．介绍概况：同位语结构、分词结构，使文章简洁。如：
(1)Ye Shiwen，a world champion in swimming (一位游泳世界冠军)，is a girl of 17 from Zhejiang.(同位语)
(2)Born in Maryland，USA in 1985 (他1985年出生于美国马里兰州)，Michael Phelps is a famous swimmer.(分词短语)
2．描写外貌：巧用with短语。如：
My history teacher is a beautiful woman，with long hair and big eyes (她长着两只大眼睛，留着长发)．3．生平事迹：尽量用复合句、并列句、非谓语动词短语和倒装等高级语句。如：
(1)In his life，he got many honours，one of which is the 2012 CCTV Moving China Award (其中包括获得“2012感动中国年度人物”的称号)．(定语从句)
(2)In 2012，having broken the world record and got the gold medal (在他打破世界纪录并获得金牌之后)，he became the idol of the youth.(分词短语)
(3)Not only does he show interest in science (他不但对科学极有兴趣)，but also he has a gift for music.(倒装句式)
4．评价：尽量运用短语。如：
Zhang Lili set an good example to us(给我们树立了一个良好的榜样)，so all the people show great respect to her (很敬重她)．
实战演练
根据下列提示，写一篇介绍我国著名的水稻专家袁隆平的文章。
1．袁隆平， 1937年9月7日出生在重庆的一个贫困农民家庭。
2．1953年毕业于西南农学院，毕业后被分配到湘西农校任教。
3．1964年开始从事水稻研究。1981年荣获我国第一个国家发明特等奖，被国际上誉为“杂交水稻之父”。
4．生活简朴，不计名利。
注意：(1)要有标题。
(2)介绍须包括所有内容要点，但不要逐条译成英语。
写作要求：只能使用5个句子表达全部的内容。
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
参考范文：
Father of Hybrid Rice
Born on September 7, 1937 in Chongqing, Yuan Longping was from a poor farmer's family. Having graduated from Southwest Agriculture College in 1953, he was sent to work as a teacher in the Agriculture School in the west of Hunan. He began his research in rice in 1964 and got the First National Special Prize for Invention in 1981. He is honored as “Father of Hybrid Rice” by the international friends. Famous as he is, he cares little for money and fame.Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．I don't make s______ of what you said just now. Could you explain it to me now?
2．He was very c______ when he was riding the bicycle.
3．The prime minister r______ any idea of reforming the system.
4．She was even less ________ (热情的) about going to Spain.
5．She tried to be more ________ (积极的) about her new job.
6．He has ________ (取代) Mr. Brown as President.
7．She sat by the window, ________ (纺线)．
8．Soldiers were sent into the area to report on the enemy's ________ (动作)．
9．We are all little in the ________ (宇宙)．
10．The teacher was patient with ________ (落后的) children.
答案：1.sense 2.cautious 3.rejected 4.enthusiastic 5．positive 6.replaced 7.spinning 8.movement .universe 10．backwardⅡ.根据汉语提示完成句子
1．All his mathematical calculations ________ (通向；导致)the same conclusion.
2．Saying these words doesn't ________ (有意义；讲得通)．
3．The teacher is________ (对……严格要求)her.
4．Between 1510 and 1514 he ________ (从事；研究)it.
5．The earth ________ (围绕……运转)the sun.
6．The bridge is under ________(建造)．
7．He ________(捐助) a lot of money to the charity(慈善机构)．
8．The news ________(使惊讶)everybody.
9．The ________(观众)was fascinated(迷住)by her beautiful song.
10．He became ________(受到鼓舞的)when he thought about helping the poor people.
答案：1.led to 2.make sense 3.strict with 4.worked on
5．goes around/round 6.construction 7.contributed 8.astonished 9.audience 10.inspiredⅢ.用适当的介词或副词填空
1．The quarrel led ________ the fighting between the two villagers.
2．He is always positive ________ trying new ideas.
3．His father is very strict ________ him and ________ his studies too.
4．We should base our theory ________ facts.
5．The photo calls up the memory of his childhood ________ times.
答案：1.to 2.about 3.with；in 4.on 5.atThank you
