安徽省2018版中考英语第二部分专题语法高效突破专项2名词课件

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名称 安徽省2018版中考英语第二部分专题语法高效突破专项2名词课件
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更新时间 2018-03-12 19:40:38

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课件31张PPT。第二部分 专项语法 高效突破
专项 2 名 词考点1 名词词义辨析
1.同类名词语境辨析
同类名词常考类别包括抽象名词类、身体相关类、学习类名词、实物和自然物质类名词、场所类等。对于此类试题,考生应该按照类别来记忆。
(1)抽象名词(10年17考)
ability能力;advantage优势(2014.56);age年龄;attention注意(2013.69);chance机会(2017.33);choice选择;colour 颜色(2013.31);conversation谈话;courage勇气;direction方向;dream梦想;effort努力;excuse借口;experience经验(2013.61,2010.68);fear害怕;fun乐趣;future将来;half—半;help帮助;hope希望(2010.66);idea主意;information信息(2015.36);interest兴趣;joy高兴;message信息;mistake错误;moment时刻(2009.39);peace和平;praise赞扬;pride自豪(2014.37);problem问题;purpose目的;time时间;quarter四分之一;reason原因(2008.51);rest休息(2008.70);right权利;success成功高频考点精讲(2008.59);suggestion建议;thought想法;trouble麻烦(2011.36);value价值(2014.57);victory胜利;way方法(2012.54);word话语(2009.61)
(2)身体相关类名词(10年4考)
body身体;mind头脑(2013.55);ear耳朵;eyesight视力;face脸;feeling感觉;hair头发;hearing听力(2010.58);heart心;looking长相;memory记忆(2010.70);mouth嘴;nose鼻子;smell气味;smiling笑容;spirit精神;taste味道(2008.62);life生命
(3)学习类名词(10年6考)
action行动;answer答案;competition竞争;education教育(2015.55);;exercise运动(2008.53);example例子(2009.63);game比赛;lesson课程(2010.59);map地图;method方法;number数字;page页码;picture图片;piece块,片(2011.57);point分数(2012.66);problem问题;progress进步;sentence句子;rule规则;skill技能;speech演讲;way方法;study学习
(4)实物和自然物质类名词(10年5考)
air空气;cloud云;earth地球;food食物;lake湖泊;moon月亮;pond池塘;rain雨(2012.51);river河流;sea海水(2011.68);star星星;storm暴风雨;sun太阳(2011.70);;sunlight阳光(2014.70);water水(2011.66)
(5)场所类名词(10年5考)
bedroom卧室;city城市;edge边缘;field田野;garden花园;kitchen厨房(2016.50);room房间;school学校;space空间(2013.62)(2017.65);top顶部(2017.62);town城镇;village农村(2015.45)
【注意】1.常考的名词的不同词义需要分辨清楚,(1)下面几组名词既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词,用法如下:
①work既作可数名词,也作不可数名词,但意义不同。意为“作品”时是可数名词,通常指书法、绘画作品;意为“工作”时是不可数名词。如:Qi Baishi’s works.齐白石的作品。
②exercise作不可数名词,意为“运动,练习”;作可数名词常用复数exercises,如:eye exercises眼保健操。
③paper作不可数名词,意为“纸”,如:a piece of paper一张纸;作可数名词,意为“试卷”。
④orange作不可数名词,意为“橘汁”;作可数名词,意为“橘子”。
2.下列两组名词既可以作集体名词又可以作个体名词,用法如下:
(1)family作集体名词,意为“家人”,其本身就是复数意义,无需再变复数,谓语动词用复数;而作个体名词“家庭”讲时,多个家庭应变复数families。
(2)people作集体名词,意为“人们”, 其本身就是复数意义,无需再变复数,谓语动词用复数;作个体名词“民族”讲时,多个民族应变复数peoples。
3.有些词本身永远是复数意义,谓语动词用复数,如:clothes。 附表:初中英语名词不同词义辨析 2.近义名词辨析
近十年安徽中考对近义名词词义辨析没有设题考查,但是掌握它们的异同有助于同学们在写作中准确运用最佳词汇表达观点。初三的同学们复习时要注意总结归纳。
初中英语近义名词辨析考点2 可数名词与不可数名词
1.可数名词与不可数名词的区别
(1)判断名词是可数名词还是不可数名词的口诀:
可数不可数好分辨,名词所示物分两半。
如每半不能叫原名,那该词可数最公平。
每半还能把原名叫,不可数名词就遇到。
如:desk表示“课桌”,若将课桌分成两半,每半只能叫课桌的一部分,不能再称作课桌,所以desk是可数名词;meat表示“肉”,将一块肉一分两块,所得的两块仍可以称作肉,所以meat是不可数名词。
(2)也可以在该词之前试着加基数词来进行判断。一般能用基数词的名词,通常是可数名词,如:one boy 一个男孩;three boys 三个男孩。
【拓展】常见的名词修饰语:
1.只修饰可数名词的修饰语:
few 很少几个,几乎没有;a few有几个;several有几个;many很多;a couple of两个;many a很多;a number of若干;a great / large number of许多。2.只修饰不可数名词的修饰语:
little很少,几乎没有;a little有一点儿;much很多;a bit of有一点儿;a good / great deal of很多;a large amount of大量的。
3.既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的修饰语:
some一些;a lot of很多;lots of很多;plenty of充足的;enough足够的;most大多数的;hardly any几乎没有;the rest of剩下的。
2.可数名词
可数名词所表示的人或事物可以用数来计算,有单数、复数两种形式。主要包括个体名词和集体名词。
(1)如何判断可数名词用单数形式还是复数形式
判断可数名词用单数形式还是复数形式的方法是取决于物体是单个还是多个,如果只有一个就用单数,如果多个就用复数。
①用单数形式的判定:表示单一的概念,前面通常有不定冠词a / an修饰;或者有定冠词the修饰特指某一个。
②用复数形式的判定:表示两个或两个以上的概念,前面通常有表示复数概念的限定词修饰,如:不定代词及一些固定短语(many,some,any,a few,few,all kinds of,a lot of,a number of,several,a couple of...)、数词(除one之外的基数词)、代词(our,their,these,those)等。
③根据上下文语境及空格后的动词单复数形式来判断,如:系动词为are或were时,名词为可数名词复数;系动词为is或was时,名词为可数名词单数或不可数名词。动词是原形时,名词用复数;动词是第三人称单数形式时,名词为不可数名词或可数名词单数。
④根据生活常识,一些名词常以复数形式出现,如:trousers裤子;glasses眼镜;clothes衣服;scissors剪刀;chopsticks筷子等。
⑤根据一些特定的句型结构来判断。如:one of+the+可数名词复数 意为“最……之一”。
(2)名词复数的规则变化 (3)名词复数的不规则变化
①以f或fe结尾,变复数为-ves的名词。
口诀:树叶半数自己黄,妻子拿刀去割粮,架后窜出一只狼,就像强盗逃命忙。leaf (树叶),half (一半),self (自己),wife (妻子),knife (刀子),shelf (架子),wolf (狼),thief(窃贼,强盗),life (生命)。
②元音字母或词尾变化。
口诀:男女孩子的脚踩住老鼠孩子的牙。
如:man→men;woman→women;child→children;foot→feet;mouse→mice;child→children;tooth→teeth。特例:German→Germans;human→humans
③各国人变复数。
口诀:中日不变英法变,其余-s加后面。
Chinese,Japanese单复数同形;Englishman,Frenchman中man变为men;其余各国人如German,American,Indian等均在后面直接加-s。
④单复数同形。
Chinese(中国人)→Chinese,Japanese(日本人)→Japanese,sheep(绵羊)→sheep,fish(鱼)→fish,deer(鹿)→deer。
口诀:中国人和日本人爱护绵羊、鱼和鹿。
注意:fish指鱼的种类时,要加上-es才成复数;当指鱼的条数时,单复数形式相同;指鱼肉时,为不可数名词。
⑤形式为单数,意思为复数。如:people,police。
⑥视为整体时,谓语用单数;视为个体时,谓语用复数。如:family,class,team,group。 ⑦形式为复数,意思为单数。如:news,physics,the United States等。
⑧只用复数形式。如:noodles;trousers;thanks;goods;chopsticks;pants,shorts,clothes,glasses等。
⑨名词修饰名词时,若前面的名词是man和 woman,变复数时,两个名词同时变复数。如:a man doctor→two men doctors。若是其他词,变复数时,只需把后面的名词变为复数形式。如:a girl friend→two girl friends。
3.不可数名词
不可数名词所表示的事物一般不能用数来计算,没有词形变化,主要包括物质名词和抽象名词两种。不可数名词的计量形式:基数词 / 不定冠词+量词+of+不可数名词,但数词决定量词的单复数形式。如:a glass of water一杯水;a piece of news 一则新闻;two pairs of glasses两副眼镜;three pieces of advice三条建议。
初中阶段常见的不可数名词有:考点3 名词所有格
名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式:一种是在名词后加’s;另一种是用of表示 “……的”。
1.-’s / -s’ 所有格
(1)主要用于人或其他有生命的事物的名词, 直接在词尾加’s。 如: Is this Mr Black’s factory?这是布莱克先生的工厂吗?
(2)以s结尾的名词所有格只在词尾加’。如: teachers’ books老师们的书。
(3)两人共有的物体, 只在第二个名词后加’s;如果是两人分别所有, 则在每个名词后面加’s。 如:①Lucy and Lily’s room露西和莉莉的房间 (指两人共住一个房间);②Mrs.Green’s and Mrs.Brown’s sons格林女士的儿子和布朗女士的儿子(指两人各自的儿子)。
(4)表示某个具体场所时,所有格后面的名词可省略。如:the doctor’s (office)医生办公室;Mr.White’s (house)怀特的家。
(5)有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命物体的名词,也可以加’s来构成所有格。如:ten minutes’ walk十分钟的步行路程;today’s newspaper今天的报纸。
2.of所有格
(1)没有生命的事物一般用of 短语来表示所属关系。如: the wall of the classroom教室的墙;a picture of the bedroom卧室的图片。
(2)双重所有格就是将of结构与’s结构或名词性物主代词一起使用。如: a friend of his他的一个朋友;the big nose of Tom’s汤姆的大鼻子。十年真题全练考点1 名词词义辨析1.[2017·安徽,33题]The New Silk Road will offer a good A for nations to communicate.
A.chance  B.habit  C.question  D.price
2.[2016·安徽,32题]Cathy has such a good C that she won many prizes in singing competitions last year.
A.sleep  B.idea  C.voice  D.time
3.[2015·安徽,36题]—How can I get some A about the 2016 Olympic Games?
—Why not reach the Internet?
A.information  B.experience
C.practice  D.success
4.[2014·安徽,37题]—More and more people come to visit Mount Huangshan.
—That’s true.It has become the A of Anhui.
A.pride  B.effort  C.praise  D.courage
5.[2013·安徽,31题]—What is Miss Gao’s favourite A ?
—She is always in pink.Don’t you know?
A.colour  B.book  C.song  D.movie
6.[2011·安徽,36题]—I have great A in learning math and I’m so worried.Could you help me?
—Sure.I’d be glad to.
A.trouble  B.interest  C.joy  D.fun
7.[2010·安徽,39题]—Could you tell me something about the boy who helped you just now?
—Sorry,I know nothing about him.We are D .
A.friends  B.neighbors
C.classmates  D.strangers
8.[2009·安徽,39题]—Shall we go shopping now?
—Sorry.It’s not the right D .I’m too tired.
A.way  B.weather  C.place  D.moment
9.[2008·安徽,34题]The music made me think of the
D of a running stream.
A.shout  B.noise  C.voice  D.sound考点2 可数名词与不可数名词 根据首字母及汉语提示,完成下列单词的拼写,使句意明确,语言通顺。
10.[2017·安徽,92题]My father’s T-shirt has completely lost its shape__(形状).
11.[2017·安徽,94题]An old man began to collect rubbish along the river bank(s)__(岸) years ago.
12.[2016·安徽,91题]Mary has developed a new way of life by getting close to nature__(自然).
13.[2016·安徽,93题]This Chinese painting is the greatest work of art__(艺术) I have ever seen.
14.[2015·安徽,92题]When swimming,you should put safety__(安全) first.
15.[2015·安徽,95题]Please accept our best wishes__(祝愿)for your exams.16.[2014·安徽,97题]We feel it is our duty (责任)to help each other.
17.[2013·安徽,97题]I could hear her sweet voice (嗓音) from the next room.
18.[2013·安徽,99题]Would you please make a shopping list (清单) for the picnic?
19.[2012·安徽,96题]This bike is a gift (礼物)from my uncle.
20.[2012·安徽,99题]Reading and writing are two basic learning skills (技能).
21.[2012·安徽,100题]Make sure you put all the answers in your paper (试卷)before handing it in.
22.[2011·安徽,98题]My main task (任务) was to prepare for the meeting.
23.[2011·安徽,100题]He told me to go out to find some sticks (枝条) for a fire.
24.[2010·安徽,97题]He is writing on the blackboard with a piece of chalk__(粉笔).
25.[2009·安徽,96题]You will be masters of the 21st century (世纪).
26.[2009·安徽,99题]I’m sure you will enjoy the fruit(s) (果实)of your hard work soon.
27.[2008·安徽,96题]Our government has made several laws__(法律)to protect children.
28.[2008·安徽,100题]Mom often tells Linda not to talk to a stranger (陌生人).
Ⅰ.单项填空
1.Would you please give us some on how to deal with the school bully?
A.promise  B.news  C.advice  D.purpose
2.As students,it is our to try our best to deal with each challenge in our education with the help of our teacher.
A.work  B.job  C.duty  D.task
3.—I’m sorry I went out for a smoke.I was very tired.
—There’s no for this while you are at work.
A.cause  B.excuse  C.matter  D.choice
4.—Mr.Wang was sent to teach English in a far village school in the two past years.
—He said he would never forget some pleasant ______while working there.
A.experiments  B.expressions
C.experiences  D.emotionsC猜押预测CBC5.These polluted rivers have warned us that everyone should start to protect the ______immediately.
A.amusement  B.development
C.environment  D.government
6.—I have ______in learning English and I’m so worried.Could you help me with it?
—Sure,I’d love to.
A.joy  B.interest  C.trouble  D.fun
7.—Judy,I guess you are only twenty-five years old,is that true?
—Oh,it’s a ______.
A.suggestion  B.secret
C.reason  D.problem
8.Being honest is the first ______to make friends with others.
A.step  B.time  C.job  D.hand
CCBA9.The food safety is a serious____in China.We should try to solve it.
A.subject  B.program
C.problem  D.opinion
10.You’d better read the____first before you use the smart mobile phone.
A.websites  B.expressions
C.instructions  D.advertisements
II.单词拼写
根据首字母及汉语提示,完成下列单词的拼写,使句意明确,语言通顺。
11.When Jack was younger,his h_______(爱好)was collecting stamps,but now he likes painting.
12.The p_____(价格) of the smart mobile phone is over 4000 yuan.My father can’t afford it.
13.The Yangtze River is the longest river in China.So far many b________(桥) have been built over it.CCobbyriceridges14.Every year many people get hurt or die in t________(交通)accidents.
15.My English teacher is full of e________________(活力),he always works for a long time every day and never gets tired.
16.There is no doubt that Tu Youyou is a great s________(成功) with Nobel Prize.
17.Whether Siheyuan in Beijing should be kept or not is under a hot d____________(讨论).
18.People in the country love p________(和平)and hate wars.
19.Hold on and study hard,and your d_____________(梦想)will come true.
20.Sorry,I took your dictionary by m________(错误)yesterday afternoon.rafficnergy/energiesuccessiscussioneaceream/dreamsistake