说明文是中考书面表达题中常见的写作形式。在初中阶段,说明文主要要求考生将活动、人物、地点等要素进行清楚的描述,考查考生的观察能力和将图表或所给提示转化为完整文字信息的能力。
要写出一篇合乎要求的说明文,应注意以下几点:
一审 要想做到文章切题、要点齐全,审题至关重要。下笔之前要将所给的材料看清楚,读懂材料所要表达的内容或情景。
二定 一定要点:根据所给材料要点,定出中心句。注意适当发挥,避免逐字逐句翻译。二定方法:常用的说明方法有举例法、过程分析法、分类法、因果分析法、比较法、细节法等。要根据说明的对象、目的来选择最佳的说明方法。
三理 理顺各中心句之间的关系,排列好各中心句的顺序。说明文常用的结构安排顺序有以下三种:时间顺序、空间顾序和逻辑顺序。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚、脉络明晰。
四查 查写作要点,查段落层次,查时态语态,查用词、拼写、标点等。通过检查,可以避免一些不必要的错误,使文章趋于完美。
人物说明文
◆写作要求
人物说明文一般包括人物的出生年月、主要经历、事迹成就、影响和评价等。首先要全面了解这个人,然后根据需要选取写作素材,简明扼要又重点突出地去介绍,力求真实准确,恰如其分。人物介绍一般都是从外形到性格,或从一般经历到创造性的贡献,在最后常有结论性的评语。
写人物说明文一般包括以下几点:
1. 出生年月;2. 主要经历;3. 事迹成就;4. 影响、评价。
叙述方法:一般按照时间顺序,从外形到性格,从一般经历到创造性的贡献,最后常有结论性的评语。
语言简洁生动:说明文的目的是向读者介绍他们不了解、不熟悉的人物、事理等,因此说明文的语言要浅显、简洁、生动。
时态语态:说明文常用一般现在时。如果说明的是人物、事物过去或将来的情况,则要用过去或将来的有关时态。另外,由于说明文重点放在被说明的人物、事物上,故有些说明文被动语态的使用频率相对比较高。
【常用词汇】
1. 表示外貌特征:beautiful, big nose, black eyes, fat, good-looking, handsome, healthy, near-sighted, ordinary-looking, pretty, short, strong, tall, thin, with a big smile, white-haired, curly/ straight hair, medium height…
2. 表示性格特点:absent-minded, attractive, bad-tempered, bright, confident, friendly, generous, humorous, kind, kind-hearted, lazy, naughty, smart, warm-hearted, wise, outgoing, quiet…
3. 表示兴趣爱好:be good at, be interested in, be fond of, be pleased with, enjoy doing, expect to do, look forward to doing sth, put one’s heart into…
4. 表示经历事迹:become a member of the …, concentrate on doing sth, devote oneself to, encourage sb to do sth, fight for, have a good way of doing sth, make up one’s mind to do sth, try one’s best to do sth…
5. 表示他人评价:a model …, be considered as, be famous / known as, be regarded as, make great contributions to our country, set a good example to all of us…
【常用句型】
1. He/ She is really… 他/她真的是……
2. He/ She looks like… 他/她看上去像……
3. He used to be/ have … 他过去常常……
4. Her favourite… is… 她最喜欢的……是……
5. She is good at… 她擅长……
事物说明文
◆写作要求
事物说明文是以介绍事物的形状、构造、性质、变化、类别、状态、功能、成因、结果等方面的特征。说明的目的是给读者提供知识,使之理解客观世界,掌握解决问题的方法。对中学生而言,事物说明文的出题形式为文字、图标、图表、文体则可见于短文、书信、便条、日记等。写说事物明文必须注意事实准确,表达清晰,条理清楚,层次分明,语言简练,用词准确。
要写好事物说明文应注意以下几点:
1. 要善于抓住事物的特征
介绍事物,一定要抓住事物的特征。所谓特征,就是这一事物区别与其他事物的标志。只有抓住了事物的特征,才能将其状貌、性质、成因、功能和意义等说的明白、清楚。这种写作方法尤其适用于描写大家所熟悉的而又具有新的、与众不同的特征的事物。
2. 要遵循一定的顺序
介绍一件事物,目的是让读者清楚地了解事物本身的特点、性质以及用途等,因此更需要条理清楚。我们可以按以下三类顺序说明事物:
(1)时间顺序,即按事物的发生、发展的先后顺序进行说明。
(2)空间顺序,即按事物空间位置的顺序,由上至下,由近及远或由里至外地进行说明。
(3)逻辑顺序,即按人们认识事物的规律进行说明,如由概括到具体,由整体到部分,由现象到本质,由表及里,由原因到结果,由主要到次要,由特点到用途等。
3. 运用恰当的语言
介绍事物,文字要力求简洁、明白、准确。除讲究语言平实准确的前提下,我们还可以运用描写的方法,来增添文章的可读性。
◆注意事项
事物说明文的主要特点:一是知识性和学性,二是应用性和解说性,三是行文的条理性。写这类文章宜少用描写,要用具体翔实的材料说明问题,而不要抽象、空洞的讨论。语言要简洁、准确、条理要清楚。讨论问题是要集中,切忌面面俱到。说明文的时态常用一般现在时,语态常用被动语态,有时用虚拟语气。
模板①
(事物) is / lies (地理位置) . It has/ is (特征) . There are many places of interest here, for example, (景点介绍) . There are also many (人们的活动、风俗等) .
I hope/ think (看法和感受) .
模板②
The table below shows that (说明问题或现象) .
(数据) percent (现象一) . (数据) percent (现象二) . (数据) percent (现象三) .
In my opinion (自己的观点或感受) .
【常用词汇】
1. 表示形状:round, square, long, tall, short, triangular(三角形的)…
2. 表示材料:wood, wool, cotton, metal, plastic, gold …
3. 表示特点:important, common, sweet, crispy, sour, salty, hard, soft, delicious, nice, fresh, pleasant, popular …
【常用句型】
1. It’s 400 meters long/ wide/ high. 它有400米长/宽/高。
2. The ruler is as long as that one. 这把尺子与那把一样长。
3. It’s made of/ from wood. 它是由木材做成的。
4. All that we can do is to ... 我们所能做的就是……
5. It is quite clear that ... 十分清楚的是……
6. There are some reasons for ... 关于……有以下理由。
方式、方法说明文
◆写作要求
常见的方式、方法说明文有学习方法指导、产品使用说明、操作程序介绍、计划安排等。
写这类说明文应把握的要点有:
首先,要细致、准确地了解被说明对象的发展变化规律,也就是要准确地把握一个步骤或进程,不跳跃,不遗漏。只有这样,才能写出能够指导我们生活、工作、学习的说明文。
其次,要用准确、学的语言来表达。方式、方法说明文所涉及的多是操作步骤、使用方法之类的内容,所以写作时不要说外行话。
再者,内容要点要有详略安排。关键的要点应详写,其余的可以略写。根据说明对象的不同特点来安排详略,不仅能使读者了解其关键所在,还可以避免文章的呆板乏味。
【常用单词】
1. 表示建议:should, had better do, suggest, advice, …is a good way…
2. 表示步骤:first of all, at last, and then, after that…
3. 表示计划:plan / prepare for/ to do, be going to, will…
【常用句型】
1. With the rapidly growing popularity of… 随着……的快速普及……
2. It is quite clear that… 十分清楚的是……
3. There are some reasons for … 关于……有以下理由。
4. A recent survey suggests that… 最近的一项调查显示……
5. All we can do is to … 我们所能做的就是……
(一)
(2017﹒山东德州)假如你叫张明,你的外国朋友John发来邮件,请你介绍中国的传统节日。请根据表格内容提示及要求给他写一封80—100词的回信。
Festivals
Time
Food
Activities
Meanings
1
The Lantern Festival
In January or February
yuanxiao
Watch lantern shows and dragon dances
Pray for health and happiness for the whole year
2
The Mid-Autumn Festival
In the middle of autumn
mooncakes
Watch the moon;
Tell the story of Chang’e
Celebrate harvest; get together with the family
3
...
...
...
...
...
参考词汇:pray for祈求;harvest丰收
要求:1. 描述节日1和节日2,并自主选择节日3进行介绍,包括节日名称、时间、美食、活动方式及意义等;
2. 语言通顺,要点齐全,意思连贯,条理清楚,书写规范;
3. 文中不得出现真实的姓名和学校名称;
4. 文章开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
From
Zhang Ming
To
John
Subject
An introduction of Chinese festivals
Dear John,
Glad to receive you email. You asked me about festivals in China. Let me introduce some important ones to you.
First of all, I want to introduce the Lantern Festival. It comes in January or February. ____________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Can you tell me something about the festivals in your country? I’m looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours,
Zhang Ming
【思路分析】
这是一篇表格作文。根据提示,可知主要介绍三个节日:元宵节、中秋节、及自己选择的一个节日。对于几日的介绍主要涉及节日名称、时间、美食、活动方式及意义几个方面。由于介绍节日情况,所以主要采用一般现在时态,但是要注意第三人称单数的运用。在自选节日介绍时,要选择自己熟悉的节日来介绍,这样语言及内容才会丰富。
【范文赏析】
Dear John,
Glad to receive your email. You asked me about festivals in China. Let me introduce some important ones to you.
First of all, I want to introduce the Lantern Festival. It comes in January or February. On that day, we eat yuanxiao, go to watch lantern shows and dragon dances to pray for health and happiness for the whole year.
The Mid-Autumn Festival is in the middle of autumn. It is a time for the family to get together and celebrate harvest. At night, the whole family eats delicious mooncakes and tells the story of Chang’e while watching the big bright moon.
The Spring Festival is the most important for us Chinese. It's the beginning of a new year. We usually eat dumplings, meat and some other nice food. To welcome the New Year, we do some cleaning, buy new clothes, set off fireworks and visit our relatives. Everyone, young or old, has a happy smile on their faces.
Can you tell me something about the festivals in your country? I’m looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours,
Zhang Ming
【写作亮点】
这篇短文根据提示依次介绍了三个节日的时间,节日饮食,活动方式,及节日对人们的意义。在描写中对相似内容作者运用了不同句式,如:It comes in January or February. The Mid-Autumn Festival is in the middle of autumn. It's the beginning of a new year.;On that day, we eat yuanxiao, go to watch lantern shows and dragon dances to pray for health and happiness for the whole year.,It is a time for the family to get together and celebrate harvest. The Spring Festival is the most important for us Chinese. 等。短文句式灵活多变,内容丰富。
(二)
(2017﹒浙江金华)假如你应邀参加一个国际读书会,并将分享自己读过的一本好书。请根据下列表格中的要点,用英语写一篇短文,介绍你要分享的书。
Key points(要点)
Words and expressions for reference(参考词汇)
What the name is
The Old Man and the Sea
…
Who wrote it
Ernest Hemingway, America
…
What it is about
Fisherman,
Fight against fish and nature
…
Why I like it
Meaningful, never give up
Well-known sentence: "Man is not made for defeat(失败).", …
Interesting, helpful, …
Well-known sentence: …
注意:(1)可选择使用所给的书名及内容,也可另选书籍;
(2)短文内容可适当增加;
(3)文中不得出现真实的人名和校名;
(4)词数:80~100;
(5)短文首句仅供选择使用,不计入总词数。
The book I’d like to share with you is The Old Man and the Sea. ____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【思路分析】
这是一篇给出材料作文。要求介绍自己读过的《老人与海》这本书。主要从书名、作者、内容、喜欢书的原因(即从中学到了什么)几个方面叙述。适当地介绍文中的名句。在运用语言时,不要拘泥于一种形式,注意一个意思可以有多种表达形式。遇到想不起来的词或句型时,可以找同义词、近义词或同义句来代替,这样可以节省时间。在写作时,尽量用自己有把握的方法来表达,用自己最熟悉、最有把握的词句,文章要以叙述清楚为主,避免大量词句堆积以至冗长,尽量少用没有十分把握的"大词"或比较复杂的语法结构和句型。
【范文赏析】
The book I’d like to share with you is The Old and the Sea, written by an American writer Ernest Hemingway. This book tells about a fisherman who is lucky enough to catch a huge fish at sea, but finds it hard to take it home. On the way back, he has to fight against the fish, and the sea as well.
What I like most about the book is that the fisherman never gives up when meeting with difficulties. I still remember the well-known from the book: Man is not made for defeat. This tells us that nothing seems terrible as long as we have a strong will and a brave heart.
【写作亮点】
这篇短文结构合理,行文流畅,内容丰富,其中长句,复合句的运用非常熟练,为文章添彩。如:定语从句This book tells about a fisherman who is lucky enough to catch a huge fish at sea,;表语从句What I like most about the book is that the fisherman never gives up when meeting with difficulties.;宾语从句I still remember the well-known from the book: Man is not made for defeat.等。
(三)
(2017﹒四川南充)假如你是李华,你的笔友Frank 是一名美国中学生,打算今年暑假来南充旅游。请你根据以下思维导图,用英语写一封email 给他介绍一下南充。
要求:1.语句通顺,意思连贯,语法正确,书写规范;
2.必须包含思维导图所给的提示,并做适当发挥;
3.行文中不得出现真实人名,校名或地名(思维导图中提及的除外);
4.词数:80-100(开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数)。
Dear Frank,
I'm glad to hear that you will come to Nanchong this summer vacation._______________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Hope to see you!
Yours,
Li Hua
【思路分析】
这是一篇给材料作文。首先要先读懂思维导图。通过思维导图可知我们要介绍南充的美食、名胜、历史文化。美食包括张飞牛肉、川北凉粉;名胜包括阆州古城、嘉陵江;历史文化包括川北大木偶、三国志作者陈寿等。写作时不要遗漏要点,同时还要根据南充特点做必要的发挥。
【范文赏析】
Dear Frank,
I’m glad to hear that you will come to Nanchong this summer vacation. Nanchong is a great city with a long history. You can watch North Sichuan Puppetry and know about Chen Shou, a well-known historian. He wrote a book called Records of the Three Kingdoms.
There are many places of interest in Nanchong. You can visit Langzhong Ancient City. The buildings are so amazing. And you can enjoy the fantastic Jialing River and the wonderful Mount Lingyun. If you want to relax yourself, make sure to try Zhangfei Beef, Clear Noodles in Chili Sauce and other delicious food. Besides, you can have fun and buy something special for your family and friends at Wangfujing Mall.
Hope to see you!
Yours,
Li Hua
【写作亮点】
这篇短文包含了所有要点,能围绕内容适当发挥,如:Besides, you can have fun and buy something special for your family and friends at Wangfujing Mall., 而且短文内容具体、丰富,如:You can watch North Sichuan Puppetry and know about Chen Shou, a well-known historian.,If you want to relax yourself, make sure to try Zhangfei Beef, Clear Noodles in Chili Sauce and other delicious food.等。短文还应用了较丰富的语言结构和词汇,句子通顺、行文连贯、表达清楚。
(四)
(2017﹒内蒙古赤峰)假如你是来自希望中学的李华,即将开始高中的学习生活,面对新老师、新同学,请用英文做一下自我介绍,可以涵盖以下内容:
1. 在家和学校的表现; 2. 兴趣与爱好; 3. 对高中生活的展望。
要求:1. 除以上内容外,可适当发挥。
2. 文中不得出现真实姓名、校名或地名,否则不予赋分。
3. 100词左右;首尾句已给出,不计入总词数。
4. 请在答题卡指定位置作答,否则无效。
Hello, everybody! My name is Li Hua. I’m from the Hope Middle School._____________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Thank you!
【思路分析】
这是一篇话题作文。在自我介绍中要介绍三个方面:1.在家和学校的表现; 2.兴趣与爱好; 3.对高中生活的展望。所给的提示非常清晰,我们要做的就是根据提示适当发挥。在前两个方面,主要用一般现在时,最后一方面,可以用将来时的句式。写作中注意选择自己熟悉的句式,适当使用连词,注意上下文联系紧密,符合逻辑关系。
【范文赏析】
Hello, everybody! My name is Li Hua. I’m from the Hope Middle School. I am very happy to stand here to talk about myself. I am a kind and helpful person. At school, I am always ready to help others who are in trouble. I can sing and dance so well that I often give performances at our school party. At home , I often help my parents do housework. I think doing housework is not only my parents’ duty.
I can sing and dance well, I think they make me feel relaxed. and I often give performances at our school party. That makes me very well –known in my school. Also, I like reading, I think reading not only give me knowledge but also open my eyes to the world.
In the senior high school, I will get on well with new classmates and teachers. and I will study harder,I hope I can learn how to learn better. so that I can enter a good university. That’s all
Thank you!
【写作亮点】
这篇短文内容涵盖了题目要求的所有要点,表达准确,意思连贯,符合逻辑。文章脉络清晰,自然流畅。同时,文章还使用了一些常用的句式和短语,这为文章增色不少。在学习中注意积累,掌握一些常用句式及短语,写作时就可以适当引用,使文章的表达更有逻辑性,更富有条理。
Writing 1
节约资源,保护环境,从我们身边的小事做起。Li Ming是一个注重"低碳"生活的中学生,假设你是他,请以"My Low-carbon Life"为题,写一篇80词左右的短文,简单描述自己的"低碳生活"。
要点:(1)每天步行上学;
(2)离开教室时,关灯、电扇、电视等;
(3)不用水时,记得关水龙头,循环使用水;
(4)充分使用纸张;
(5)不使用塑料袋。
参考词汇:on foot, turn off, tap, reuse, make full use of, plastic bag
要求:(1)内容包括所提供的信息及要点,可适当发挥,但不要逐条翻译;
(2)不得透露考生姓名、学校等信息。
My Low-carbon Life
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Writing 2
同学们即将告别紧张而忙碌的初三,迎来两个月的暑假。是不是有一点点小激动?《盐城晚报》教育专刊将进行征文比赛,请您畅谈暑假计划。请根据所给提示以"My Plan for This Summer Holiday"为题,用英语写一篇短文参加比赛。
注意:
1. 词数:100词左右(文章开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数);
2. 文中不能出现真实校名、姓名等信息;
3. 文章必须包括表格所提供的信息, 并适当发挥, 注意行文连贯, 书写规范。
My Plan for This Summer Holiday
Grade Three will be over soon. The summer holiday is coming. I think many of us feel very excited about it. Here is my plan for holiday.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I hope that all of us will have a good time during this summer holiday.
Writing 3
假如你校有几位来自美国的交换生,他们打算周末步行去翠湖公园。请根据提示为他们写出前往的路线,并简要介绍公园的情况。
要点提示:1. 路线(见下图);
2. 公园环境优美,凉爽,还可游泳、野餐(picnic)等;
3. ……
要求:1. 词数:80左右,开头已给出,不计入总词数;
2. 文中不能出现自己的姓名和所在学校的名称。
Cuihu Park is not far from here. It’s easy to get there. Just go straight ________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Writing 4
假设你是Kitty,请根据下表中的要点提示,用英语写一封信,向你的友Lisa介绍你最喜欢的女演员Sharon。
出生日期
1979年5月7日
演艺生涯
很小的时候,喜欢电影和表演;梦想当一名演员
24岁,第一次露面;标志着成功职业生涯的开始
到2012为止,主演了十多部电影;获得奥斯卡最佳女演员奖
你的观点
自拟至少两点
注意:
1. 要点齐全,可适当发挥;
2. 词数90左右,信的开头已给出,不计入总词数;
3. 条理清晰,语意连贯,字迹工整。
Dear Lisa,
My favourite actress is Sharon._______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Writing 5
最近,你们班级新建了一个"英语学习"的微信群。请你根据下面的内容提示,为校园广播站写一篇广播稿,介绍这个微信群,并欢迎同学们积极参与。
注意:1. 词数不少于100;
2. 请勿提及学校和个人真实信息;
3. 可适当加入细节,以使内容充实、行文连贯;
4. 开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
参考词汇:give a like 点赞; sharing friends 分享朋友圈; forward 转发
Dear fellow students,
Good news for you! A WeChat group called "Learning English"__________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
That’s all. Thank you.
说明文是中考书面表达题中常见的写作形式。在初中阶段,说明文主要要求考生将活动、人物、地点等要素进行清楚的描述,考查考生的观察能力和将图表或所给提示转化为完整文字信息的能力。
要写出一篇合乎要求的说明文,应注意以下几点:
一审 要想做到文章切题、要点齐全,审题至关重要。下笔之前要将所给的材料看清楚,读懂材料所要表达的内容或情景。
二定 一定要点:根据所给材料要点,定出中心句。注意适当发挥,避免逐字逐句翻译。二定方法:常用的说明方法有举例法、过程分析法、分类法、因果分析法、比较法、细节法等。要根据说明的对象、目的来选择最佳的说明方法。
三理 理顺各中心句之间的关系,排列好各中心句的顺序。说明文常用的结构安排顺序有以下三种:时间顺序、空间顾序和逻辑顺序。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚、脉络明晰。
四查 查写作要点,查段落层次,查时态语态,查用词、拼写、标点等。通过检查,可以避免一些不必要的错误,使文章趋于完美。
人物说明文
◆写作要求
人物说明文一般包括人物的出生年月、主要经历、事迹成就、影响和评价等。首先要全面了解这个人,然后根据需要选取写作素材,简明扼要又重点突出地去介绍,力求真实准确,恰如其分。人物介绍一般都是从外形到性格,或从一般经历到创造性的贡献,在最后常有结论性的评语。
写人物说明文一般包括以下几点:
1. 出生年月;2. 主要经历;3. 事迹成就;4. 影响、评价。
叙述方法:一般按照时间顺序,从外形到性格,从一般经历到创造性的贡献,最后常有结论性的评语。
语言简洁生动:说明文的目的是向读者介绍他们不了解、不熟悉的人物、事理等,因此说明文的语言要浅显、简洁、生动。
时态语态:说明文常用一般现在时。如果说明的是人物、事物过去或将来的情况,则要用过去或将来的有关时态。另外,由于说明文重点放在被说明的人物、事物上,故有些说明文被动语态的使用频率相对比较高。
【常用词汇】
1. 表示外貌特征:beautiful, big nose, black eyes, fat, good-looking, handsome, healthy, near-sighted, ordinary-looking, pretty, short, strong, tall, thin, with a big smile, white-haired, curly/ straight hair, medium height…
2. 表示性格特点:absent-minded, attractive, bad-tempered, bright, confident, friendly, generous, humorous, kind, kind-hearted, lazy, naughty, smart, warm-hearted, wise, outgoing, quiet…
3. 表示兴趣爱好:be good at, be interested in, be fond of, be pleased with, enjoy doing, expect to do, look forward to doing sth, put one’s heart into…
4. 表示经历事迹:become a member of the …, concentrate on doing sth, devote oneself to, encourage sb to do sth, fight for, have a good way of doing sth, make up one’s mind to do sth, try one’s best to do sth…
5. 表示他人评价:a model …, be considered as, be famous / known as, be regarded as, make great contributions to our country, set a good example to all of us…
【常用句型】
1. He/ She is really… 他/她真的是……
2. He/ She looks like… 他/她看上去像……
3. He used to be/ have … 他过去常常……
4. Her favourite… is… 她最喜欢的……是……
5. She is good at… 她擅长……
事物说明文
◆写作要求
事物说明文是以介绍事物的形状、构造、性质、变化、类别、状态、功能、成因、结果等方面的特征。说明的目的是给读者提供知识,使之理解客观世界,掌握解决问题的方法。对中学生而言,事物说明文的出题形式为文字、图标、图表、文体则可见于短文、书信、便条、日记等。写说事物明文必须注意事实准确,表达清晰,条理清楚,层次分明,语言简练,用词准确。
要写好事物说明文应注意以下几点:
1. 要善于抓住事物的特征
介绍事物,一定要抓住事物的特征。所谓特征,就是这一事物区别与其他事物的标志。只有抓住了事物的特征,才能将其状貌、性质、成因、功能和意义等说的明白、清楚。这种写作方法尤其适用于描写大家所熟悉的而又具有新的、与众不同的特征的事物。
2. 要遵循一定的顺序
介绍一件事物,目的是让读者清楚地了解事物本身的特点、性质以及用途等,因此更需要条理清楚。我们可以按以下三类顺序说明事物:
(1)时间顺序,即按事物的发生、发展的先后顺序进行说明。
(2)空间顺序,即按事物空间位置的顺序,由上至下,由近及远或由里至外地进行说明。
(3)逻辑顺序,即按人们认识事物的规律进行说明,如由概括到具体,由整体到部分,由现象到本质,由表及里,由原因到结果,由主要到次要,由特点到用途等。
3. 运用恰当的语言
介绍事物,文字要力求简洁、明白、准确。除讲究语言平实准确的前提下,我们还可以运用描写的方法,来增添文章的可读性。
◆注意事项
事物说明文的主要特点:一是知识性和学性,二是应用性和解说性,三是行文的条理性。写这类文章宜少用描写,要用具体翔实的材料说明问题,而不要抽象、空洞的讨论。语言要简洁、准确、条理要清楚。讨论问题是要集中,切忌面面俱到。说明文的时态常用一般现在时,语态常用被动语态,有时用虚拟语气。*
模板①
(事物) is / lies (地理位置) . It has/ is (特征) . There are many places of interest here, for example, (景点介绍) . There are also many (人们的活动、风俗等) .
I hope/ think (看法和感受) .
模板②
The table below shows that (说明问题或现象) .
(数据) percent (现象一) . (数据) percent (现象二) . (数据) percent (现象三) .
In my opinion (自己的观点或感受) .
【常用词汇】
1. 表示形状:round, square, long, tall, short, triangular(三角形的)…
2. 表示材料:wood, wool, cotton, metal, plastic, gold …
3. 表示特点:important, common, sweet, crispy, sour, salty, hard, soft, delicious, nice, fresh, pleasant, popular …
【常用句型】
1. It’s 400 meters long/ wide/ high. 它有400米长/宽/高。
2. The ruler is as long as that one. 这把尺子与那把一样长。
3. It’s made of/ from wood. 它是由木材做成的。
4. All that we can do is to ... 我们所能做的就是……
5. It is quite clear that ... 十分清楚的是……
6. There are some reasons for ... 关于……有以下理由。
方式、方法说明文
◆写作要求
常见的方式、方法说明文有学习方法指导、产品使用说明、操作程序介绍、计划安排等。
写这类说明文应把握的要点有:
首先,要细致、准确地了解被说明对象的发展变化规律,也就是要准确地把握一个步骤或进程,不跳跃,不遗漏。只有这样,才能写出能够指导我们生活、工作、学习的说明文。
其次,要用准确、学的语言来表达。方式、方法说明文所涉及的多是操作步骤、使用方法之类的内容,所以写作时不要说外行话。
再者,内容要点要有详略安排。关键的要点应详写,其余的可以略写。根据说明对象的不同特点来安排详略,不仅能使读者了解其关键所在,还可以避免文章的呆板乏味。
【常用单词】
1. 表示建议:should, had better do, suggest, advice, …is a good way…
2. 表示步骤:first of all, at last, and then, after that…
3. 表示计划:plan / prepare for/ to do, be going to, will…
【常用句型】
1. With the rapidly growing popularity of… 随着……的快速普及……
2. It is quite clear that… 十分清楚的是……
3. There are some reasons for … 关于……有以下理由。
4. A recent survey suggests that… 最近的一项调查显示……
5. All we can do is to … 我们所能做的就是……
(一)
(2017﹒山东德州)假如你叫张明,你的外国朋友John发来邮件,请你介绍中国的传统节日。请根据表格内容提示及要求给他写一封80—100词的回信。
Festivals
Time
Food
Activities
Meanings
1
The Lantern Festival
In January or February
yuanxiao
Watch lantern shows and dragon dances
Pray for health and happiness for the whole year
2
The Mid-Autumn Festival
In the middle of autumn
mooncakes
Watch the moon;
Tell the story of Chang’e
Celebrate harvest; get together with the family
3
...
...
...
...
...
参考词汇:pray for祈求;harvest丰收
要求:1. 描述节日1和节日2,并自主选择节日3进行介绍,包括节日名称、时间、美食、活动方式及意义等;
2. 语言通顺,要点齐全,意思连贯,条理清楚,书写规范;
3. 文中不得出现真实的姓名和学校名称;
4. 文章开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
From
Zhang Ming
To
John
Subject
An introduction of Chinese festivals
Dear John,
Glad to receive you email. You asked me about festivals in China. Let me introduce some important ones to you.
First of all, I want to introduce the Lantern Festival. It comes in January or February. ____________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Can you tell me something about the festivals in your country? I’m looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours,
Zhang Ming
【思路分析】
这是一篇表格作文。根据提示,可知主要介绍三个节日:元宵节、中秋节、及自己选择的一个节日。对于几日的介绍主要涉及节日名称、时间、美食、活动方式及意义几个方面。由于介绍节日情况,所以主要采用一般现在时态,但是要注意第三人称单数的运用。在自选节日介绍时,要选择自己熟悉的节日来介绍,这样语言及内容才会丰富。
【范文赏析】
Dear John,
Glad to receive your email. You asked me about festivals in China. Let me introduce some important ones to you.
First of all, I want to introduce the Lantern Festival. It comes in January or February. On that day, we eat yuanxiao, go to watch lantern shows and dragon dances to pray for health and happiness for the whole year.
The Mid-Autumn Festival is in the middle of autumn. It is a time for the family to get together and celebrate harvest. At night, the whole family eats delicious mooncakes and tells the story of Chang’e while watching the big bright moon.
The Spring Festival is the most important for us Chinese. It's the beginning of a new year. We usually eat dumplings, meat and some other nice food. To welcome the New Year, we do some cleaning, buy new clothes, set off fireworks and visit our relatives. Everyone, young or old, has a happy smile on their faces.
Can you tell me something about the festivals in your country? I’m looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours,
Zhang Ming
【写作亮点】
这篇短文根据提示依次介绍了三个节日的时间,节日饮食,活动方式,及节日对人们的意义。在描写中对相似内容作者运用了不同句式,如:It comes in January or February. The Mid-Autumn Festival is in the middle of autumn. It's the beginning of a new year.;On that day, we eat yuanxiao, go to watch lantern shows and dragon dances to pray for health and happiness for the whole year.,It is a time for the family to get together and celebrate harvest. The Spring Festival is the most important for us Chinese. 等。短文句式灵活多变,内容丰富。
(二)
(2017﹒浙江金华)假如你应邀参加一个国际读书会,并将分享自己读过的一本好书。请根据下列表格中的要点,用英语写一篇短文,介绍你要分享的书。
Key points(要点)
Words and expressions for reference(参考词汇)
What the name is
The Old Man and the Sea
…
Who wrote it
Ernest Hemingway, America
…
What it is about
Fisherman,
Fight against fish and nature
…
Why I like it
Meaningful, never give up
Well-known sentence: "Man is not made for defeat(失败).", …
Interesting, helpful, …
Well-known sentence: …
注意:(1)可选择使用所给的书名及内容,也可另选书籍;
(2)短文内容可适当增加;
(3)文中不得出现真实的人名和校名;
(4)词数:80~100;
(5)短文首句仅供选择使用,不计入总词数。
The book I’d like to share with you is The Old Man and the Sea. ____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【思路分析】
这是一篇给出材料作文。要求介绍自己读过的《老人与海》这本书。主要从书名、作者、内容、喜欢书的原因(即从中学到了什么)几个方面叙述。适当地介绍文中的名句。在运用语言时,不要拘泥于一种形式,注意一个意思可以有多种表达形式。遇到想不起来的词或句型时,可以找同义词、近义词或同义句来代替,这样可以节省时间。在写作时,尽量用自己有把握的方法来表达,用自己最熟悉、最有把握的词句,文章要以叙述清楚为主,避免大量词句堆积以至冗长,尽量少用没有十分把握的"大词"或比较复杂的语法结构和句型。
【范文赏析】
The book I’d like to share with you is The Old and the Sea, written by an American writer Ernest Hemingway. This book tells about a fisherman who is lucky enough to catch a huge fish at sea, but finds it hard to take it home. On the way back, he has to fight against the fish, and the sea as well.
What I like most about the book is that the fisherman never gives up when meeting with difficulties. I still remember the well-known from the book: Man is not made for defeat. This tells us that nothing seems terrible as long as we have a strong will and a brave heart.
【写作亮点】
这篇短文结构合理,行文流畅,内容丰富,其中长句,复合句的运用非常熟练,为文章添彩。如:定语从句This book tells about a fisherman who is lucky enough to catch a huge fish at sea,;表语从句What I like most about the book is that the fisherman never gives up when meeting with difficulties.;宾语从句I still remember the well-known from the book: Man is not made for defeat.等。学%
(三)
(2017﹒四川南充)假如你是李华,你的笔友Frank 是一名美国中学生,打算今年暑假来南充旅游。请你根据以下思维导图,用英语写一封email 给他介绍一下南充。
要求:1.语句通顺,意思连贯,语法正确,书写规范;
2.必须包含思维导图所给的提示,并做适当发挥;
3.行文中不得出现真实人名,校名或地名(思维导图中提及的除外);
4.词数:80-100(开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数)。
Dear Frank,
I'm glad to hear that you will come to Nanchong this summer vacation._______________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Hope to see you!
Yours,
Li Hua
【思路分析】
这是一篇给材料作文。首先要先读懂思维导图。通过思维导图可知我们要介绍南充的美食、名胜、历史文化。美食包括张飞牛肉、川北凉粉;名胜包括阆州古城、嘉陵江;历史文化包括川北大木偶、三国志作者陈寿等。写作时不要遗漏要点,同时还要根据南充特点做必要的发挥。
【范文赏析】
Dear Frank,
I’m glad to hear that you will come to Nanchong this summer vacation. Nanchong is a great city with a long history. You can watch North Sichuan Puppetry and know about Chen Shou, a well-known historian. He wrote a book called Records of the Three Kingdoms.
There are many places of interest in Nanchong. You can visit Langzhong Ancient City. The buildings are so amazing. And you can enjoy the fantastic Jialing River and the wonderful Mount Lingyun. If you want to relax yourself, make sure to try Zhangfei Beef, Clear Noodles in Chili Sauce and other delicious food. Besides, you can have fun and buy something special for your family and friends at Wangfujing Mall.
Hope to see you!
Yours,
Li Hua
【写作亮点】
这篇短文包含了所有要点,能围绕内容适当发挥,如:Besides, you can have fun and buy something special for your family and friends at Wangfujing Mall., 而且短文内容具体、丰富,如:You can watch North Sichuan Puppetry and know about Chen Shou, a well-known historian.,If you want to relax yourself, make sure to try Zhangfei Beef, Clear Noodles in Chili Sauce and other delicious food.等。短文还应用了较丰富的语言结构和词汇,句子通顺、行文连贯、表达清楚。
(四)
(2017﹒内蒙古赤峰)假如你是来自希望中学的李华,即将开始高中的学习生活,面对新老师、新同学,请用英文做一下自我介绍,可以涵盖以下内容:
1. 在家和学校的表现; 2. 兴趣与爱好; 3. 对高中生活的展望。
要求:1. 除以上内容外,可适当发挥。
2. 文中不得出现真实姓名、校名或地名,否则不予赋分。
3. 100词左右;首尾句已给出,不计入总词数。
4. 请在答题卡指定位置作答,否则无效。
Hello, everybody! My name is Li Hua. I’m from the Hope Middle School._____________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Thank you!
【思路分析】
这是一篇话题作文。在自我介绍中要介绍三个方面:1.在家和学校的表现; 2.兴趣与爱好; 3.对高中生活的展望。所给的提示非常清晰,我们要做的就是根据提示适当发挥。在前两个方面,主要用一般现在时,最后一方面,可以用将来时的句式。写作中注意选择自己熟悉的句式,适当使用连词,注意上下文联系紧密,符合逻辑关系。
【范文赏析】
Hello, everybody! My name is Li Hua. I’m from the Hope Middle School. I am very happy to stand here to talk about myself. I am a kind and helpful person. At school, I am always ready to help others who are in trouble. I can sing and dance so well that I often give performances at our school party. At home , I often help my parents do housework. I think doing housework is not only my parents’ duty.
I can sing and dance well, I think they make me feel relaxed. and I often give performances at our school party. That makes me very well –known in my school. Also, I like reading, I think reading not only give me knowledge but also open my eyes to the world.
In the senior high school, I will get on well with new classmates and teachers. and I will study harder,I hope I can learn how to learn better. so that I can enter a good university. That’s all
Thank you!
【写作亮点】
这篇短文内容涵盖了题目要求的所有要点,表达准确,意思连贯,符合逻辑。文章脉络清晰,自然流畅。同时,文章还使用了一些常用的句式和短语,这为文章增色不少。在学习中注意积累,掌握一些常用句式及短语,写作时就可以适当引用,使文章的表达更有逻辑性,更富有条理。
Writing 1
节约资源,保护环境,从我们身边的小事做起。Li Ming是一个注重"低碳"生活的中学生,假设你是他,请以"My Low-carbon Life"为题,写一篇80词左右的短文,简单描述自己的"低碳生活"。
要点:(1)每天步行上学;
(2)离开教室时,关灯、电扇、电视等;
(3)不用水时,记得关水龙头,循环使用水;
(4)充分使用纸张;
(5)不使用塑料袋。
参考词汇:on foot, turn off, tap, reuse, make full use of, plastic bag
要求:(1)内容包括所提供的信息及要点,可适当发挥,但不要逐条翻译;
(2)不得透露考生姓名、学校等信息。
My Low-carbon Life
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【思路分析】
本文要求介绍自己的低碳生活。动笔前先要认真阅读要点,围绕要点组织材料,然后用正确的英语句子把这些内容表达出来,在此基础上亦可适当发挥,注意不要遗漏材料中给出的要点。根据材料可知本文主要是应用第一人称,一般现在时态,注意标点符号及大小写等问题,不要犯语法错误。注意上下文之间的逻辑关系。
【范文赏析】
My Low-carbon Life
Writing 2
同学们即将告别紧张而忙碌的初三,迎来两个月的暑假。是不是有一点点小激动?《盐城晚报》教育专刊将进行征文比赛,请您畅谈暑假计划。请根据所给提示以"My Plan for This Summer Holiday"为题,用英语写一篇短文参加比赛。
注意:
1. 词数:100词左右(文章开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数);
2. 文中不能出现真实校名、姓名等信息;
3. 文章必须包括表格所提供的信息, 并适当发挥, 注意行文连贯, 书写规范。
My Plan for This Summer Holiday
Grade Three will be over soon. The summer holiday is coming. I think many of us feel very excited about it. Here is my plan for holiday.
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I hope that all of us will have a good time during this summer holiday.
【思路分析】
这是一篇提纲作文。根据提示内容可知用一般将来时,按照提示要求逐条发挥,最后连接成一篇通顺的短文。
【范文赏析】
My Plan for This Summer Holiday
【写作亮点】
这篇习作的层次清晰,内容饱满,表达流畅。文中使用了非常好的短语,例如be over soon,be coming,many of us,do exercise,every day,in order to,keep healthy,play basketball,in the morning,have a good time,during this summer holiday等。而I think many of us feel very excited about it./ I hope that all of us will have a good time during this summer holiday.等宾语从句的运用更是为文章增色不少。
Writing 3
假如你校有几位来自美国的交换生,他们打算周末步行去翠湖公园。请根据提示为他们写出前往的路线,并简要介绍公园的情况。
要点提示:1. 路线(见下图);
2. 公园环境优美,凉爽,还可游泳、野餐(picnic)等;
3. ……
要求:1. 词数:80左右,开头已给出,不计入总词数;
2. 文中不能出现自己的姓名和所在学校的名称。
Cuihu Park is not far from here. It’s easy to get there. Just go straight ________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【思路分析】
作文考查的体裁为说明文,要求根据图表描述前往翠湖公园的路线,并简介公园情况。写作时句子的时态可用一般现在时。写作时首先要列举写作要点:1.前往翠湖公园的路线。2.简介公园情况。公园环境优美、凉爽,还可游泳、野餐等。3.表达祝福的心愿。
【范文赏析】
The park is really a good place to have fun. It’s beautiful and cool with the trees and flowers. You can swim and play games or have a picnic there. It’s very relaxing. You also get a good chance to practice Chinese. I hope you will enjoy yourselves.
【写作亮点】
本文使用了较多的重点短语及句型,如:far from, It is easy to do sth. go straight, turn left, at the first corner, on your right, across from, have fun, play games, have a picnic, enjoy yourselves等。
Writing 4
假设你是Kitty,请根据下表中的要点提示,用英语写一封信,向你的友Lisa介绍你最喜欢的女演员Sharon。
出生日期
1979年5月7日
演艺生涯
很小的时候,喜欢电影和表演;梦想当一名演员
24岁,第一次露面;标志着成功职业生涯的开始
到2012为止,主演了十多部电影;获得奥斯卡最佳女演员奖
你的观点
自拟至少两点
注意:
1. 要点齐全,可适当发挥;
2. 词数90左右,信的开头已给出,不计入总词数;
3. 条理清晰,语意连贯,字迹工整。
Dear Lisa,
My favourite actress is Sharon._______________________________________________________________
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【思路分析】
这是一篇图表作文,要求介绍自己最喜欢的女演员。动笔前先要认真阅读要点,围绕要点组织材料,然后用正确的英语句子把这些内容表达出来,在此基础上亦可适当发挥,注意不要遗漏材料中给出的要点。根据材料可知本文主要是应用第三人称,一般过去时态,注意标点符号及大小写等问题,不要犯语法错误。注意上下文之间的逻辑关系。
【范文赏析】
Dear Lisa,
over ten films. She had also won an Oscar for Best Actress. After she became famous, she devoted much of her money and time to charity. I think Sharon is not only a talented and experienced actress but also a great humanitarian. I believe her acting skills will be even better in the future.
Best wishes.
Yours,
Kitty
Writing 5
最近,你们班级新建了一个"英语学习"的微信群。请你根据下面的内容提示,为校园广播站写一篇广播稿,介绍这个微信群,并欢迎同学们积极参与。
注意:1. 词数不少于100;
2. 请勿提及学校和个人真实信息;
3. 可适当加入细节,以使内容充实、行文连贯;
4. 开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
参考词汇:give a like 点赞; sharing friends 分享朋友圈; forward 转发
Dear fellow students,
Good news for you! A WeChat group called "Learning English"__________________________________
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That’s all. Thank you.
【思路分析】
这是一篇材料作文,根据图表提示的信息向同学介绍新建的"英语学习"微信群。作文要从以下几个方面去完成,建立这个群的目的,在群内可以参与哪些活动,入群的方法,可适当加入细节,以使内容充实。注意把提示的要点写全面,注意文章文体、人称和时态。同时应选用合适的连接词或过渡词,使文章具有一定的连贯性。要求语句通顺、意思连贯。文章结构紧凑、行文连贯、表达清楚。.
【范文赏析】
Dear fellow students,
Good news for you! A WeChat group called "Learning English" will be opened in our school. It aims to help us students to communicate better and improve our English level.
How to join it? Please open your WeChat and follow the public "Learn English". And every one of us is encouraged to join it.
I am sure the group will be of great help to our English study.
That’s all. Thank you!