备战2018中考系列:英语2年中考1年模拟
专题01 名词
解读考点
名词的定义
名词名词 (Nouns)是词性的一种,也是实词的一种,是指待人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以独立成句。在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代。
1. 专有名词:指表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称。具体说来,它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。如:
Jim 吉姆 China 中国 Mr. Smith 史密斯先生
July 七月 Friday 星期五 the Yellow River 黄河
Christmas 圣诞节 English 英语 A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》
注:专有名词的首字母通常要大写。若是专名名词词组,则其中每个单词的首字母要大写;若是缩略词,则通常每个字母都大写;称呼家人的 mum, dad, father, mother 等有时也可小写。
2. 普通名词:指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词。具体地说,它可分为个体名词、集合名词、物质名词和抽象名词。其中个体名词表示某类人或东西中的个体,如girl(女孩)等;集体名词表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如 audience(观众,听众)等;物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物,如water(水)等;抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如work(工作),happiness(幸福)等。
直击考点
1.可数名词和不可数名词的用法;
2.名词所有格的构成及用法;
3.近义名词的辨析。
【名师点睛】
一、名词的数
1.单数和复数
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成,其主要变法如下:
(1)一般情况在词尾加-s,例如:book→books,girl→girls,boy→boys,pen→pens,doctor→doctors, boy→boys。
(2) 以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加-es,例如:bus→buses,class→classes,box→boxes,watch→watches,brush→brushes。
(3)以ce, se, ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,例如:orange—oranges。
(4)以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如:city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boy→boys, day→days。
(5)以o结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:hero→heroes,potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如:zoo→zoos,radio→radios,还有某些外来词也只加-s,例如:photo→photos,piano→pianos。
(6) 以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f为v再加-es,例如:knife→knives,leaf→leaves, half→halves。
复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法如下表所示。
复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法
(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式,例如:man→men,woman→women,tooth→teeth,foot→feet,child→children,mouse→mice。
【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如:an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为 Germans;man, woman等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:men workers, women teachers。
有个别名词单复数一样,例如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数词尾。
(8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people, police等。
(9)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。例如:ten-minutes’ walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。
(10)还有些名词仅有复数形式,如:trousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,ashes,scissors,compasses。
(11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有:
学名词:physics, mathematics/maths
游戏名称:bowls
专有名词:the United States, Niagara Falls
其他名词:news, falls
不可数名词
一般情况下,专有名词、物质名称、抽象名词为不可数名词。不可数名词一般没有复数形式,但有些名词在不同的语境下有不同的含义,从而也表现出可数与不可数性。
1. 常见的不可数名词
不能用具体的数字来表示。
cotton棉花,food食物,hair头发,health健康,ice冰,wind风
2. 可转化为可数名词的物资名称
(1)有些物质名词在表达个体概念时,是可数名词。
rain雨→a rain一场雨,wind风→a wind一阵风,
beer啤酒→a beer一杯啤酒,paper纸→a paper一份论文
(2)有些物质名词的复数形式表示特殊含义。
water水→waters海域,wood木头→woods森林,custom习惯→customs海关
3. 可转化为可数名词的抽象名词
抽象名词表示具体的人或事物时,被视为可数名词,可与不定冠词连用,也可有复数形式,表示"某种人或事"。
disappointment失望→a disappointment令人失望的事,
experience经验→an experience 一次经历,
success成功→a success成功的人或事
4. 可转化为可数名词的专有名词
有的专有名词也可以用作可数名词,可以由不定冠词修饰,也可有复数形式。
A Mr Black is waiting for you. 一个叫布莱克的先生在等你。
.不可数名词“量”的表示方法
在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念,可以用以下两种方法:
(1)用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少,例如:
The rich man has a lot of money.
There is some milk in the bottle.
Is there any water in the glass
I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice.
(2)用a piece of 这类定语,例如:
a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread
a bottle of orange a glass of water(milk) a cup of tea
a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice
如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时,在容器后加复数,例如:
two cups of tea
four pieces of paper
three glasses of water
不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。
【注意】
某些不可数名词,有形容词修饰时,之前常加不定冠词。
a deep love 深深的爱 a good education 良好的教育 a good time 一段美好时光
a heavy fog 一场浓雾 a long silence 长时间沉寂 a rich dinner 一顿丰盛的晚餐
二、名词的所有格
名词所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。
1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 's,其复数形式是s',例如:a student's room, students' rooms, father's shoes。
2. 如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加 's,如:Children's Day。
3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 's,例如:a twenty minutes' walk,ten miles' journey,a boat's length,two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth。
4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,例如:a map of China,the end of this term,the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。
5. 双重所有格,例如:a friend of my father's。
【注意】
如果两个名词并列,并且分别有 's,则表示“分别有”,例如:John's and Mary's rooms(约翰和玛丽各有一间,共两间);Tom's and Mary's bikes(两人各自的自行车)。
两个名词并列,只有一个's,则表示“共有”,例如:John and Mary's room(约翰和玛丽共有一间);Tom and Mary's mother(即Tom与Mary是兄妹)。
2年中考
[2017年题组]
1.【2017 重庆中考】It’s sports time. Most ___________ students in Class 1 are playing football on the playground.
A. boy B. boys C. boy’s D. boys’
2.【2017 山东东营中考】—Are you sure this is a photo ___________, the famous comedy actress
—It surprised you, didn’t it But she was once really thin.
A. Jia Ling B. Jia Ling’s C. of Jia Ling D. of Jia Ling’s
3.【2017 安徽中考】The New Silk Road will offer a good ___________ for more nations to communicate.
A. chance B. habit C. question D. price
4.【2017 海南中考】There’s little ___________ left at home. Go and buy some, dear.
A. carrots B. potatoes C. rice
[2016年题组]
1.【2016重庆】It’s sports time. Most ________ students in Class 1 are playing football on the playground.
A. boy B. boys C. boy’s D. boys’
2.【2016江苏苏州】Steve Jobs was full of — always coming up with new ideas which led to great changes in society .
A. instruction B. invitation C. introduction D. invention
3.【2016年广东省初中毕业生学业考试英语试题】Mickey mouse is one of the most famous ______ in American ______.
A.symbol culture B.symbol cultures C.symbols culture D.symbols cultures
4.【湖北省武汉市2016年中考英语试题】 –Any special ________ in this shopping mall now
--Sure, we have the latest e-products on sale.
A. offer B. price C. brand D. service
5.【湖南省娄底市2016年中考英语试题】 —Would you like some _______for dinner
—OK.
A. tomatos B. tomato C. tomatoes
6.【2016 云南昆明中考】Each couple in China can have two ___________ from January 1st, 2016.
A. boy B. girl C. children D. child
考点归纳
名词所有格通常是用来表示一个名词和另一个名词之间的所属关系。
(1)’s所有格的构成方法
类别 构成方法 举例
单数名词 在词尾直接加’s Jim’s room 吉姆的房间
词尾已有-s的复数名词 在词尾只加’ Students’ rooms 学生们的房间
词尾不带-s的复数名词 在词尾直接加’s Children’s Day 儿童节
表示两者或两者以上共有的所属关系 在最后一个词的词尾加’s Jane and Mary’s room 简和玛丽的房间(指两个人共用一个房间)
表示两者或两者以上各自的所属关系 在每个词的词尾加’s Jane’s and Mary’s rooms 简和玛丽各自的房间(指分别所有)
表示某人的家、店铺、办公室等 在词尾加’s,省略其后名词 at my uncle’s 在我叔叔家
一般情况(包括单数名词和不带词尾s的复数名词)加’s:
children’s books 儿童图书
today’s paper 今天的报纸
带词尾s的人名,可加’s或只加’
Dickens’ novels 狄更斯的小说
Charles’s job 查理斯的工作
不带词尾s却以咝音结尾者,一律加’s:
Marx’s works 马克思的著作
George’s room 乔治的房间
用and连接的并列连词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列连词后加’s,表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加’s:
Tom’s and Jim’s rooms汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间
Tom and Jim’s rooms 汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间
(2)of 所有格
无生命的名词的所属关系一般要用介词of短语来构成。如a map of China,at the end of this term。但表时间、距离、世界、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词直接在词尾加-’s或-’。
five minutes’ walk
(3)双重所有格
表示所属物的名词前有冠词(a/an),数词(one,two...),不定代词(some,all,any...),物主代词(my,your...),指示代词(this,that...时,常用"of +’s所有格"形式,即双重所有格来表示所属关系。
a photo of my sister’s 我妹妹的一张照片
this book of my classmate’s 我同学的这本书
易错易混
1. in a word, in words
in a word总之,一句话, in words口头上 In a word, you are right.
2. in place of, in the place of
in place of代替,in the place of在…地方 A new building is built in the place of the old one.
3. in secret, in the secret
in secret秘密地,暗自地,偷偷地,一般用作状语;in the secret知道内情,知道秘密,一般用作表语 My mother was in the secret from the beginning.
4. a girl, one girl
a girl可泛指所有女孩, one girl一个女孩 Can one girl carry such a big box
5. take a chair, take the chair
take a chair相当于sit down坐下,take the chair开始开会
6. go to sea, by sea, by the sea
go to sea当海员,出航,by sea乘船,由海路, by the sea在海边 go by sea
7. the doctor and teacher, the doctor and the teacher
the doctor and teacher指一个人,既是医生又是老师,the doctor and the teacher两个人,一个医生和一个老师 the doctor and teacher is
8. in office, in the office
in office在职的,in the office在办公室里 He is in office, not out of office.
9. in bed, on the bed
in bed卧在床上,on the bed在床上 The book is on the bed. He is ill in bed.
10. in charge of, in the charge of
in charge of管理,负责照料, in the charge of由……照料 He is in charge of the matter. The matter is in the charge of her.
11. in class, in the class
in class在课上,in the class在班级里 He is the best student in the class.
12. on fire, on the fire
on fire**,on the fire在火上 Put the food on the fire. The house is on fire.
13. out of question, out of the question
out of question毫无疑问的,out of the question不可能的
14. a second, the second
a second又一,再一,the second第…… He won the second prize.
15. by day, by the day
by day白天,by the day按天计算 The workers are paid by the day.
16. the people, a people
the people指人,a people指民族 The Chinese is a peace-loving people.
例1:(2017 安徽中考)The New Silk Road will offer a good ___________ for more nations to communicate.
A. chance B. habit C. question D. price
2. (2016 海南中考)There’s little ___________ left at home. Go and buy some, dear.
A. carrots B. potatoes C. rice
解题技能
随着新课改对英语功能性、交际性的重视以及对词汇量要求的逐年增加,考试中对名词的考查已经淡化了它的语法功能,更加注重实际应用和情景交际。预计对名词词义辨析以及在语境中的运用将成为2015年中考考查的重点
2.在近几年的中考试题中,重点考查名词所有格,特别是复数形式和两人共有的所有格形式,以及名词作定语的用法。
1年模拟
1.(云南昆明模拟)Each couple in China can have two ___________ from January 1st, 2016.
A. boy B. girl C. children D. child
2.(云南省昆明市模拟)Many ___________ are playing an active part in making Kunming a civilized city (文明城市).
A. man B. woman C. volunteer D. volunteers
3.(湖北省宜昌市模拟)—The government is trying to develop winter sports for the 2022 Winter Olympics.
—No wonder people are showing their ___________ in them.
A. warmth B. interest C. victory D. standard
4.(湖北孝感模拟)—Mom, I will eat less fast food this year, believe me.
—If you make a ___________, you must keep it.
A. joke B. noise C. mistake D. promise
5.(湖北襄阳模拟)—Look! So many colorful bicycles in two lines over there.
—They’re for public. This ___________ of green smart traffic is everywhere in Xiangyang city.
A. number B. pair C. kind D. piece
6.完形填空(年襄阳市模拟)
John, 11 years old, was in bed in hospital. Several days before, while he was 41 in a baseball game, he fell and hit his head. The doctors believed that he might 42 get well.
“ He seems to have given up hope. So medicines alone won’t 43 . Perhaps he needs something else,” said a doctor. “When I visit him, all he ever says is that he would like to meet Babe Ruth.”
To meet Babe Ruth, of course, was not 44 . In America, Babe Ruth was as 45 a man as the President himself, and he was the most famous baseball player.
The next day John’s father managed to tell Babe Ruth about the story of his son on the phone. Twenty-four hours later, as the boy 46 in his hospital room, in walked 47 . Young John could hardly believe his own eyes!
The great baseball player sat down at John’s bedside, saying, “Now, listen, kid, you’ve got to get well. I’ve brought you a new American League baseball, 48 you must start throwing it.”
For John this was the beginning of a new life. 49 his doctors’ surprise, the boy walked out of the hospital on his own a few weeks later. He was able to live a healthy life---all because of the 50 of Babe Ruth.
41.A. looking B. playing C. taking D. sitting
42.A. never B. ever C. always D. certainly
43.A. fit B. make C. go D. do
44.A. easy B. lucky C. difficult D. successful
45.A. strong B. important C. kind D. clever
46.A. waited B. lied C. prepared D. lay
47.A. his father B. his doctor C. Babe Ruth D. the president
48.A. though B. because C. or D. so
49.A. In B. To C. At D. For
50.A. story B. basketball C. present D. life 解读考点
名词的定义
名词名词 (Nouns)是词性的一种,也是实词的一种,是指待人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以独立成句。在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代。
1. 专有名词:指表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称。具体说来,它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。如:
Jim 吉姆 China 中国 Mr. Smith 史密斯先生
July 七月 Friday 星期五 the Yellow River 黄河
Christmas 圣诞节 English 英语 A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》
注:专有名词的首字母通常要大写。若是专名名词词组,则其中每个单词的首字母要大写;若是缩略词,则通常每个字母都大写;称呼家人的 mum, dad, father, mother 等有时也可小写。
2. 普通名词:指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词。具体地说,它可分为个体名词、集合名词、物质名词和抽象名词。其中个体名词表示某类人或东西中的个体,如girl(女孩)等;集体名词表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如 audience(观众,听众)等;物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物,如water(水)等;抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如work(工作),happiness(幸福)等。
直击考点
1.可数名词和不可数名词的用法;
2.名词所有格的构成及用法;
3.近义名词的辨析。
【名师点睛】
一、名词的数
1.单数和复数
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成,其主要变法如下:
(1)一般情况在词尾加-s,例如:book→books,girl→girls,boy→boys,pen→pens,doctor→doctors, boy→boys。
(2) 以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加-es,例如:bus→buses,class→classes,box→boxes,watch→watches,brush→brushes。
(3)以ce, se, ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,例如:orange—oranges。
(4)以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如:city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boy→boys, day→days。
(5)以o结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:hero→heroes,potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如:zoo→zoos,radio→radios,还有某些外来词也只加-s,例如:photo→photos,piano→pianos。
(6) 以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f为v再加-es,例如:knife→knives,leaf→leaves, half→halves。
复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法如下表所示。
复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法
(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式,例如:man→men,woman→women,tooth→teeth,foot→feet,child→children,mouse→mice。
【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如:an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为 Germans;man, woman等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:men workers, women teachers。
有个别名词单复数一样,例如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数词尾。
(8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people, police等。
(9)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。例如:ten-minutes’ walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。
(10)还有些名词仅有复数形式,如:trousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,ashes,scissors,compasses。
(11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有:
学名词:physics, mathematics/maths
游戏名称:bowls
专有名词:the United States, Niagara Falls
其他名词:news, falls
不可数名词
一般情况下,专有名词、物质名称、抽象名词为不可数名词。不可数名词一般没有复数形式,但有些名词在不同的语境下有不同的含义,从而也表现出可数与不可数性。
1. 常见的不可数名词
不能用具体的数字来表示。
cotton棉花,food食物,hair头发,health健康,ice冰,wind风
2. 可转化为可数名词的物资名称
(1)有些物质名词在表达个体概念时,是可数名词。
rain雨→a rain一场雨,wind风→a wind一阵风,
beer啤酒→a beer一杯啤酒,paper纸→a paper一份论文
(2)有些物质名词的复数形式表示特殊含义。
water水→waters海域,wood木头→woods森林,custom习惯→customs海关
3. 可转化为可数名词的抽象名词
抽象名词表示具体的人或事物时,被视为可数名词,可与不定冠词连用,也可有复数形式,表示"某种人或事"。
disappointment失望→a disappointment令人失望的事,
experience经验→an experience 一次经历,
success成功→a success成功的人或事
4. 可转化为可数名词的专有名词
有的专有名词也可以用作可数名词,可以由不定冠词修饰,也可有复数形式。
A Mr Black is waiting for you. 一个叫布莱克的先生在等你。
.不可数名词“量”的表示方法
在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念,可以用以下两种方法:
(1)用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少,例如:
The rich man has a lot of money.
There is some milk in the bottle.
Is there any water in the glass
I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice.
(2)用a piece of 这类定语,例如:
a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread
a bottle of orange a glass of water(milk) a cup of tea
a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice
如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时,在容器后加复数,例如:
two cups of tea
four pieces of paper
three glasses of water
不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。
【注意】
某些不可数名词,有形容词修饰时,之前常加不定冠词。
a deep love 深深的爱 a good education 良好的教育 a good time 一段美好时光
a heavy fog 一场浓雾 a long silence 长时间沉寂 a rich dinner 一顿丰盛的晚餐
二、名词的所有格
名词所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。
1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 's,其复数形式是s',例如:a student's room, students' rooms, father's shoes。
2. 如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加 's,如:Children's Day。
3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 's,例如:a twenty minutes' walk,ten miles' journey,a boat's length,two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth。
4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,例如:a map of China,the end of this term,the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。
5. 双重所有格,例如:a friend of my father's。
【注意】
如果两个名词并列,并且分别有 's,则表示“分别有”,例如:John's and Mary's rooms(约翰和玛丽各有一间,共两间);Tom's and Mary's bikes(两人各自的自行车)。
两个名词并列,只有一个's,则表示“共有”,例如:John and Mary's room(约翰和玛丽共有一间);Tom and Mary's mother(即Tom与Mary是兄妹)。
2年中考
[2017年题组]
1.【2017 重庆中考】It’s sports time. Most ___________ students in Class 1 are playing football on the playground.
A. boy B. boys C. boy’s D. boys’
【参考答案】A
考点:考查名词辨析
2.【2017 山东东营中考】—Are you sure this is a photo ___________, the famous comedy actress
—It surprised you, didn’t it But she was once really thin.
A. Jia Ling B. Jia Ling’s C. of Jia Ling D. of Jia Ling’s
【答案】C
3.【2017 安徽中考】The New Silk Road will offer a good ___________ for more nations to communicate.
A. chance B. habit C. question D. price
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词辨析的用法。句意:新丝绸之路将为更多的国家交流提供一个好机会。A. chance机会;B. habit习惯;C. question问题,疑问;D. price价格。新丝绸之路是为更多的国家提供交流的机会,故选A。
4.【2017 海南中考】There’s little ___________ left at home. Go and buy some, dear.
A. carrots B. potatoes C. rice
【答案】C
[2016年题组]
1.【2016重庆】It’s sports time. Most ________ students in Class 1 are playing football on the playground.
A. boy B. boys C. boy’s D. boys’
【答案】A
【解析】
试题分析:句意:是做运动的时间了。一班的大多数男学生正在操场上踢足球。名词作定语通常用单数形式,所以选A。
考点:考查名词作定语。
2.【2016江苏苏州】Steve Jobs was full of — always coming up with new ideas which led to great changes in society .
A. instruction B. invitation C. introduction D. invention
【答案】D
【解析】
试题分析:句意:史蒂夫·乔布斯充满了发明-总是提出新的想法,这导致了社会的巨大变化。instruction指令;invitation邀请;introduction介绍,说明;invention发明。结合语境,所以选D。
考点:考查名词辨析。
3.【2016年广东省初中毕业生学业考试英语试题】Mickey mouse is one of the most famous ______ in American ______.
A.symbol culture B.symbol cultures C.symbols culture D.symbols cultures
【答案】C
【考点定位】考查名词的用法。
4.【湖北省武汉市2016年中考英语试题】 –Any special ________ in this shopping mall now
--Sure, we have the latest e-products on sale.
A. offer B. price C. brand D. service
【答案】A
【解析】
试题分析:句意:–在这家商场里有什么特别优惠吗?—当然,我们有最新的电子产品销售。offer提供,提议, 出价,开价;price价格; brand品牌;service服务。所以选A。
【考点定位】考查名词辨析。
5.【湖南省娄底市2016年中考英语试题】 —Would you like some _______for dinner
—OK.
A. tomatos B. tomato C. tomatoes
【答案】C
【解析】
试题分析:句意:--晚饭你想吃些西红柿吗?-- 好的。some 修饰不可数名词或可数名词复数。tomato是可数名词,变复数直接加es,即tomatoes。结合句意及选项,故选C。
【考点定位】考查名词复数。
6.【2016 云南昆明中考】Each couple in China can have two ___________ from January 1st, 2016.
A. boy B. girl C. children D. child
【答案】C
考点归纳
名词所有格通常是用来表示一个名词和另一个名词之间的所属关系。
(1)’s所有格的构成方法
类别 构成方法 举例
单数名词 在词尾直接加’s Jim’s room 吉姆的房间
词尾已有-s的复数名词 在词尾只加’ Students’ rooms 学生们的房间
词尾不带-s的复数名词 在词尾直接加’s Children’s Day 儿童节
表示两者或两者以上共有的所属关系 在最后一个词的词尾加’s Jane and Mary’s room 简和玛丽的房间(指两个人共用一个房间)
表示两者或两者以上各自的所属关系 在每个词的词尾加’s Jane’s and Mary’s rooms 简和玛丽各自的房间(指分别所有)
表示某人的家、店铺、办公室等 在词尾加’s,省略其后名词 at my uncle’s 在我叔叔家
一般情况(包括单数名词和不带词尾s的复数名词)加’s:
children’s books 儿童图书
today’s paper 今天的报纸
带词尾s的人名,可加’s或只加’
Dickens’ novels 狄更斯的小说
Charles’s job 查理斯的工作
不带词尾s却以咝音结尾者,一律加’s:
Marx’s works 马克思的著作
George’s room 乔治的房间
用and连接的并列连词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列连词后加’s,表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加’s:
Tom’s and Jim’s rooms汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间
Tom and Jim’s rooms 汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间
(2)of 所有格
无生命的名词的所属关系一般要用介词of短语来构成。如a map of China,at the end of this term。但表时间、距离、世界、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词直接在词尾加-’s或-’。
five minutes’ walk
(3)双重所有格
表示所属物的名词前有冠词(a/an),数词(one,two...),不定代词(some,all,any...),物主代词(my,your...),指示代词(this,that...时,常用"of +’s所有格"形式,即双重所有格来表示所属关系。
a photo of my sister’s 我妹妹的一张照片
this book of my classmate’s 我同学的这本书
易错易混
1. in a word, in words
in a word总之,一句话, in words口头上 In a word, you are right.
2. in place of, in the place of
in place of代替,in the place of在…地方 A new building is built in the place of the old one.
3. in secret, in the secret
in secret秘密地,暗自地,偷偷地,一般用作状语;in the secret知道内情,知道秘密,一般用作表语 My mother was in the secret from the beginning.
4. a girl, one girl
a girl可泛指所有女孩, one girl一个女孩 Can one girl carry such a big box
5. take a chair, take the chair
take a chair相当于sit down坐下,take the chair开始开会
6. go to sea, by sea, by the sea
go to sea当海员,出航,by sea乘船,由海路, by the sea在海边 go by sea
7. the doctor and teacher, the doctor and the teacher
the doctor and teacher指一个人,既是医生又是老师,the doctor and the teacher两个人,一个医生和一个老师 the doctor and teacher is
8. in office, in the office
in office在职的,in the office在办公室里 He is in office, not out of office.
9. in bed, on the bed
in bed卧在床上,on the bed在床上 The book is on the bed. He is ill in bed.
10. in charge of, in the charge of
in charge of管理,负责照料, in the charge of由……照料 He is in charge of the matter. The matter is in the charge of her.
11. in class, in the class
in class在课上,in the class在班级里 He is the best student in the class.
12. on fire, on the fire
on fire**,on the fire在火上 Put the food on the fire. The house is on fire.
13. out of question, out of the question
out of question毫无疑问的,out of the question不可能的
14. a second, the second
a second又一,再一,the second第…… He won the second prize.
15. by day, by the day
by day白天,by the day按天计算 The workers are paid by the day.
16. the people, a people
the people指人,a people指民族 The Chinese is a peace-loving people.
例1:(2017 安徽中考)The New Silk Road will offer a good ___________ for more nations to communicate.
A. chance B. habit C. question D. price
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词辨析的用法。句意:新丝绸之路将为更多的国家交流提供一个好机会。A. chance机会;B. habit习惯;C. question问题,疑问;D. price价格。新丝绸之路是为更多的国家提供交流的机会,故选A。
2. (2016 海南中考)There’s little ___________ left at home. Go and buy some, dear.
A. carrots B. potatoes C. rice
【答案】C
解题技能
随着新课改对英语功能性、交际性的重视以及对词汇量要求的逐年增加,考试中对名词的考查已经淡化了它的语法功能,更加注重实际应用和情景交际。预计对名词词义辨析以及在语境中的运用将成为2015年中考考查的重点
2.在近几年的中考试题中,重点考查名词所有格,特别是复数形式和两人共有的所有格形式,以及名词作定语的用法。
1年模拟
1.(云南昆明模拟)Each couple in China can have two ___________ from January 1st, 2016.
A. boy B. girl C. children D. child
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词。句意:从2016年1月1日起,每一对中国夫妇可以有两个孩子。A. boy男孩。单数形式;B. girl女孩。单数形式;C. children孩子。复数形式;D. child孩子。单数形式。从2016年1月1日起,我国全面开放二胎政策,每对夫妇可以生两个孩子。Two后跟复数形式。故选C。
2.(云南省昆明市模拟)Many ___________ are playing an active part in making Kunming a civilized city (文明城市).
A. man B. woman C. volunteer D. volunteers
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词的单复数。句意:许多志愿者积极参加昆明建成文明城市的活动中。因为谓语动词用的是are,是复数形式,所以句子的主语也用复数形式。A. man男士,是单数;B. woman妇女,是单数;C. volunteer志愿者,是单数;D. volunteers志愿者,是复数。根据题意这里应该用复数形式。故选D。
3.(湖北省宜昌市模拟)—The government is trying to develop winter sports for the 2022 Winter Olympics.
—No wonder people are showing their ___________ in them.
A. warmth B. interest C. victory D. standard
【答案】B
4.(湖北孝感模拟)—Mom, I will eat less fast food this year, believe me.
—If you make a ___________, you must keep it.
A. joke B. noise C. mistake D. promise
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:——妈妈,我今年将会少吃快餐,相信我。——如果你许下诺言,你就必须坚持它。Joke笑话;noise吵闹;mistake错误;promise诺言。结合语境,所以选D。
5.(湖北襄阳模拟)—Look! So many colorful bicycles in two lines over there.
—They’re for public. This ___________ of green smart traffic is everywhere in Xiangyang city.
A. number B. pair C. kind D. piece
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:——看!有这么多五颜六色的自行车在那边排成了两条线。——他们是公用的。这种绿色智能交通在襄阳市到处都是。number数量;pair对,双;kind 种类;piece片,张,块。结合语境,所以选C。
6.完形填空(年襄阳市模拟)
John, 11 years old, was in bed in hospital. Several days before, while he was 41 in a baseball game, he fell and hit his head. The doctors believed that he might 42 get well.
“ He seems to have given up hope. So medicines alone won’t 43 . Perhaps he needs something else,” said a doctor. “When I visit him, all he ever says is that he would like to meet Babe Ruth.”
To meet Babe Ruth, of course, was not 44 . In America, Babe Ruth was as 45 a man as the President himself, and he was the most famous baseball player.
The next day John’s father managed to tell Babe Ruth about the story of his son on the phone. Twenty-four hours later, as the boy 46 in his hospital room, in walked 47 . Young John could hardly believe his own eyes!
The great baseball player sat down at John’s bedside, saying, “Now, listen, kid, you’ve got to get well. I’ve brought you a new American League baseball, 48 you must start throwing it.”
For John this was the beginning of a new life. 49 his doctors’ surprise, the boy walked out of the hospital on his own a few weeks later. He was able to live a healthy life---all because of the 50 of Babe Ruth.
41.A. looking B. playing C. taking D. sitting
42.A. never B. ever C. always D. certainly
43.A. fit B. make C. go D. do
44.A. easy B. lucky C. difficult D. successful
45.A. strong B. important C. kind D. clever
46.A. waited B. lied C. prepared D. lay
47.A. his father B. his doctor C. Babe Ruth D. the president
48.A. though B. because C. or D. so
49.A. In B. To C. At D. For
50.A. story B. basketball C. present D. life
【答案】
41.B
42.A
43.D
44.A
45.B
46.D
47.C
48.D
49.B
50.C
【解析】
试题分析:短文大意:一个11岁的男孩在一场棒球赛中摔倒了,撞到了头上。医生们认为他可能永远不会好了。似乎已经放弃了希望。因此,药物已经不起作用了。也许他需要别的东西。他的医生很惊讶,几个星期后,他在自己走出了医院。他能过健康的生活---所有全因为鲁思的礼物。
41.B考查动词及语境理解。句意:前几天,他在一场棒球赛中摔倒了,撞到了头上。Looking看;playing玩; taking带走;sitting坐。联系后文in a baseball game, he fell and hit his head.可知该选B。
44.A考查形容词及语境理解。句意:为了见鲁思,当然,没有那么容易。Easy容易的;lucky幸运的;difficult 困难的;successful成功的。根据后文In America, Babe Ruth was as 45 a man as the President himself, and he was the most famous baseball player.可知该选A。
45.B考查形容词及语境理解。句意:在美国,鲁思是个和总统一样重要的人,他是最有名的棒球运动员。Strong强壮的;important 重要的;kind慈善的;clever聪明的。联系the President himself, and he was the most famous baseball player可知该选B。
46.D考查动词及语境理解。句意:二十四个小时后,这个男孩躺在医院房间里时,鲁斯走了进来。Waited等候;lied撒谎;prepared准备;lay躺。根据句意及语境可知该选D。
47.C考查名词及语境理解。句意:二十四个小时后,这个男孩躺在医院房间里时,鲁斯走了进来。 his father 他的父亲;his doctor他的医生;Babe Ruth鲁斯;the president总统。联系下文中The great baseball player sat down at John’s bedside可知该选C。
48.D考查连词及语境理解。句意:我给你带来了一个新的美国联盟棒球,所以你必须开始扔它。 Though尽管;because因为;or或者,否则;so所以。根据句意结合语境可知该选D。
49.B考查介词及语境理解。句意:这是一个新生命的开始。让他的医生很惊讶,几个星期后,他自己走出了医院。In在……里;To到;At 在;For为。To one’s surprised使某人惊讶的是,是一个固定短语,所以选B。
50.C考查名词及语境理解。句意:他能过健康的生活---全因为鲁思的礼物。 Story故事;basketball篮球;present礼物;life生活,生命。根据句意结合语境可知该选C。
考点:故事类短文。