高考阅读之主旨大意4

个性化教学辅导教案
学科：英语 任课教师：曹颖 授课时间：2018年3 月 日（星期 ）
姓名
2-4人
年级
高三
性别
女
课程
阅读理解能力提高技巧（四）
教学
目标
掌握主旨大意类题型的常用提问方式
掌握主旨大意类题型的几大题型
会运用所学解决主旨大意类题型
难点
重点
运用所学解决主旨大意类题
课
堂
教
学
过
程
课前
检查
作业完成情况：优□ 良□ 中□ 差□ 建议_____________________________________
??
阅读理解能力提高技巧（四）
主旨大意类

一、主旨大意类题提问方式
1.主题型主旨归纳题的题干表现形式
The main idea (central idea) of the passage is...
The passage is mainly about...
The passage mainly discusses...
The passage is concerned primarily about...
Which of the following statements can best summarize/sum up the main idea of the passage?
Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
What is the passage mainly about?
2.标题型主旨归纳题
The best title for the passage might be...
Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
What can be the best title for the text?
3.目的型主旨归纳题
The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to...
The passage is meant to...
The author’s purpose is to show...
The purpose of the article is to...
高考体验
Why is pink or purple a color for girls and blue or brown for boys?
The answer depends largely on cultural values as well as personal experiences.To the Egyptians,green was a color that represented the hope and joy of spring,while for Muslims, it means heaven.
Red is a symbol of good luck in many cultures.In China,children are given money in a red envelope to bring good fortune in the New Year.For many nations,blue is a symbol of protection and religious beliefs.Greek people often wear a blue necklace hoping to protect themselves against evils(灾祸). People’s choice of colors is also influenced by their bodies’ reactions (反应)toward them.Green is said to be the most restful color.It has the ability to reduce pain and relax people both mentally and physically.People who work in green environments have been found to have fewer stomach aches.
Red can cause a person’s blood pressure to rise and increase people’s appetites(食欲).Many decorators will include different shades of red in the restaurant.Similarly,many commercial websites will have a red “Buy Now” button because red is a color that easily catches a person’s eye.Blue is another calming color.Unlike red,blue can cause people to lose appetite.So if you want to eat less,some suggest that eating from blue plates can help.
The next time you are deciding on what to wear or what color to decorate your room,think about the color carefully.
1.Muslims regard green as a symbol of heaven mainly because of their 　　　.?
A.cultural values
B.commercial purposes
C.personal experiences
D.physical reactions to the color
2.Why will many commercial websites have a red “Buy Now” button?(　　)
A.To relax people physically.
B.To increase people’s appetites.
C.To encourage people to make a purchase.
D.To cause a person’s blood pressure to rise.
3.What color might help lose weight according to the text?(　　)
A.Red. B.Green. C.Blue. D.Purple.
4.Which of the following would be the most proper title for the text?(　　)
A.Colors and Human Beings
B.The Cultural Meaning of Color
C.Colors and Personal Experiences
D.The Meaning and Function of Color Keys: ACCD
二、主旨大意类题型分类

(一)主旨大意题
Want to know more about global warming and how you can help prevent it? Doctor Herman Friedman,who is considered a leading expert on the subject,will speak at Grayson Hall next Friday.
Friedman studied environmental science at three well-known universities around the world before becoming a professor in the subject.He has also traveled around the world observing environmental concerns.The gradual bleaching (变白) of the Great Barrier Reef,which came into the public eye in 2002,is his latest interest.Signed copies of his colorful book,which was published just last month,will be on sale after his talk.
The article is most probably 　　　.?
A.a poster about a lecture
B.an ad for a new book
C.a note to a doctor in a university
D.an introduction to a professor keys:A
主题句是文章的核心,它往往是一个有很强概括性和代表性的句子。找到了文章的主题句,文章的中心思想也就显而易见了。
主题句的位置
1.主题句位于首段:其特点是演绎式, 开门见山地提出论点, 再分别说明。
2.主题句位于尾段:其特点是归纳式, 即细节在前, 概括在后。
3.主题句位于中间段落:其特点是引出话题→论述主题→解释。

归纳出文章的主题方法：
1. 根据文章开头和结尾的内容进行综合推理。
2. 若文章无主题句可以依据文中的事实、细节、观点。
(二)文章标题题
If Confucius (孔子)were still alive today and could celebrate his September 28 birthday with a big cake,there would be a lot of candles.He’d need a fan or a strong wind to help him put them out.
While many people in China will remember Confucius on his special day,few people in the United States will give him a passing thought.It’s nothing personal.Most Americans don’t even remember the birthdays of their own national heroes.
But this doesn’t mean that Americans don’t care about Confucius.In many ways he has become a bridge that foreigners must cross if they want to reach a deeper understanding of China.
In the past two decades,the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities.More recently,the Chinese government has set up Confucius Institutes in more than 80 countries.These schools teach both Chinese language and culture.The main courses of Chinese culture usually include Chinese art,history and philosophy (哲学).Some social scientists suggest that Westerners should take advantage of the ancient Chinese wisdom to make up for the drawbacks of Western philosophy.Students in the United States,at the same time,are racing to learn Chinese.So they will be ready for life in a world where China is an equal power with the United States.Businessmen who hope to make money in China are reading books about Confucius to understand their Chinese customers.
So the old thinker’s ideas are still alive and well.
Today China attracts the West more than ever,and it will need more teachers to introduce Confucius and Chinese culture to the West.
As for the old thinker,he will not soon be forgotten by people in the West,even if his birthday is.

What is the best title for the passage?(　　)
A.Forgotten Wisdom in America
B.Huge Fans of the Chinese Language
C.Chinese Culture for Westerners
D.Old Thinker with a Big Future
Keys:D
1.标题特征
(1)概括性。文章的标题能最大程度地概括全文, 直接指向文章的主要内容,体现文章主旨。
(2)醒目性。标题要能吸引读者的注意力,唤起读者对文章的阅读兴趣。
标题是文章的点睛之笔,是文章的灵魂,要简洁、突出、新颖。
2.标题的归纳方式
一般来说,标题的归纳方式是:
以话题为核心, 将控制性概念的词按一定的语法原则浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。
某文章的中心句子为:Coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world.
话题:______________________
控制性概念:___________________________________________________
标题:__________________________
注意: 做此类题时,要避免下列三种错误:
(1)概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体,从而导致范围太小);
(2)过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围);
(3)以事实、细节替代文章大意。
(三)写作目的题
You are given many opportunities in life to choose to be a victim or a creator.When you choose to be a victim,the world is a cold and difficult place.“They” did things to you which caused all of your pain and suffering.“They” are wrong and bad,and life is terrible as long as “they” are around.Or you may blame yourself for all your problems,thus internalizing (内化) your victimization.The truth is,your life is likely to stay that way as long as you feel a need to blame yourself or others.
Those who choose to be creators look at life quite differently.They know there are individuals who might like to control their lives,but they don’t let this get in the way.They know they have their weaknesses,yet they don’t blame themselves when they fail.Whatever happens,they have choice in the matter.They believe their dance with each sacred (神圣的) moment of life is a gift and that storms are a natural part of life which can bring the rain needed for emotional and spiritual growth.
Victims and creators live in the same physical world and deal with many of the same physical realities,yet their experience of life is worlds apart.Victims relish (沉溺) in anger,guilt,and other emotions that cause others—and even themselves—to feel like victims,too.Creators consciously choose love,inspiration,and other qualities which inspire not only themselves,but all
around them.Both victims and creators always have choice to determine the direction of their lives.
In reality,all of us play the victim or the creator at various points in our lives.One person,on losing a job or a special relationship,may feel as if it is the end of the world and sink into terrible suffering for months,years,or even a lifetime.Another with the same experience may choose to first experience the grief,then accept the loss and soon move on to be a powerful creative force in his life.
In every moment and every circumstance,you can choose to have a fuller,richer life by setting a clear intention to transform the victim within,and by inviting into your life the powerful creator that you are.
What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?(　　)
A.To define victims and creators.
B.To evaluate victims against creators.
C.To explain the relationship between victims and creators.
D.To suggest the transformation from victims to creators.
Keys: D
写作目的解题方法：在理解文章总体内容的基础上,去领会作者的言外之意。
写作目的通常有以下三种: (1)to entertain readers(娱乐读者,让人发笑);
(2)to persuade readers(说服读者接受某种观点);
(3)to inform readers(告知读者某些信息)
(四)段落大意题
Perhaps,but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies do—enable laziness.Rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done,users will instead monitor it on their phones while watching TV.
What is the main idea of the this paragraph?(　　)
A.The laundry should be frequently checked.
B.Lazy people like using such machines.
C.Good technologies also cause problems.
D.Television may help do the laundry.
Keys:C
解答此类题的关键：把握好段落的主题句。
主题句通常位于段首,但也可位于段尾、段中或者段首段尾前后呼应。
考点突破:
The greatest artistic creative geniuses I’ve ever seen,have been those who can turn garbage into art.Not just gluing together junk,but really making waste into something unique,cool,and well,something you’d put into your home for instance.There’s something to be said about recycling of those items we commonly throw away.
The ability to take trash and garbage and turn it into art,or something intriguing that is fascinating to look at is a skill all of its own.I have often said that the true geniuses of our time,that is to say the creative genius artists of our era are those who can do this,create art that can command a high price tag from junk.Over the years while traveling through the United States I had stopped into museums in many parts of the country.
Some of the best art I’ve ever seen in my life has come from garbage,trash,or junk that has been reworked and recycled into something spectacular.Best of all the artists don’t spend much on material costs,therefore it is mostly profitable.In fact they are using their minds to do a lot with very little.Just think if we all used our minds to do this,how little we might actually throw away,and how more efficiently we could run our factories,production,and even households.
After all,anything that is not used is waste,and it is thrown away.It ends up in a landfill,or a dump somewhere,and eventually it decays in the soil,causing perhaps ground water pollution.However,if we can rework these items for a couple of more rounds,and waste less,then we are providing efficiency for our civilization,and that’s a good thing.Any artist who can do this is not only one caring the environment,but he is also one with humanity,and using his brain power and creative genius to make us all better.
1.What would be the best title for the passage?(　　)
A.Turn garbage into art
B.Recycle garbage in a new way
C.A new kind of art
D.A new way to protect the environment
2.The author believes the art work created from junk 　　　.?
A.is not suitable to be put in our home
B.is of little value
C.can be of great value
D.will end up in landfills
3.What do we know from the third paragraph?(　　)
A.The author can’t afford good art from garbage.
B.Art made from garbage doesn’t cost much in material.
C.The author collects a lot of art from garbage.
D.The author thinks it’s easy to make art from garbage.
4.We learn from the last paragraph that 　　　.?
A.real artists are those with humanity
B.creating art from garbage can also help protect the environment
C.there is no good way to deal with waste today
D.a great amount of waste has been reused by artists
5.What’s the author’s attitude towards the artists who turn garbage into art?(　　)
A.Neutral. B.Pitiful. C.Doubtful. D.Supportive.
Keys:ACBBD
三、主旨大意题解题策略总结
1．抓住主题句,锁定文章主旨。找准主题句是关键。
主题句通常在文章开头，而段落主题句有可能在一段的开头，也有可能在中间或末尾。
在很多情况下，主题句如果在段首，其后可能有for example，first，second等信息词。
主题句如果在段末，其前可能有above all，all in all等信息词。
2．抓住段落大意，概括中心思想。
寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。
各段落中心的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。
不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。

3．抓住主线和关键，归纳文章中心。
分析的方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。
知识检测
Sample 1
People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast--foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.
Underline the main idea of the passage.
Sample 2
Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.
Underline the main idea of the passage.
Sample 3
Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.
Underline the main idea of the passage.
Sample 4
Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.
What is the main idea of the passage? 　　　　
A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.
B. Bingham is a diligent student.　
C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.
D. A good lawyer needs good education. Keys :C
Sample 5
The study on the impact of light on teenagers’ sleeping habits finds that insufficient daily morning light exposure contributes to teenagers not getting enough sleep.
What would be the best title for the passage?
A.Lack of Morning Light Keeping Teenagers up at Night
B. Light Therapy Can Reduce Health Risks of Teenagers.
C. Measures Impact of Reduced Morning Light Exposure.
D. Students Wears Special Glasses to Guarantee Sleep. Keys :A

Sample 6
Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness, and self- respect? The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as "honor" help you create this life of good feelings.
Here's an example to show how honorable actions create happiness.
Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item. If we keep silent, and profit from the clerk's mistake, we would drive home with a sense of sneaky excitement. Later we might tell our family or friends about our good fortune.
On the other hand, if we tell the clerk about the uncharged item, the clerk would be grateful and thank us for our honesty. We would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with another soul.
Then, what is it to do with our sense of happiness?
In the first case, where we don't tell the clerk, a couple of things would happen.
Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?
A.How to Live Truthfully
B.Importance of Peacefulness
C. Ways of Gaining Self-respect
D. Happiness through Honorable Actions Keys :D
Sample 7
When I was seven my father gave me a Timex, my first watch. I loved it, wore it for years, and haven’t had another one since it stopped ticking a decade ago. Why? Because I don’t need one. I have a mobile phone and I’m always near someone with an iPod or something like that. All these devices（装置）tell the time—which is why, if you look around, you’ll see lots of empty wrists; sales of watches to young adults have been going down since 2007.?
But while the wise have realized that they don’t need them, others—apparently including some distinguished men of our time—are spending total fortunes on them. Brands such as Rolex, Patek Philippe and Breitling command shocking prices, up to ￡250,000 for a piece.
? ………
Watches are now classified as “investments”（投资）. A 1994 Philippe recently sold for nearly ￡350, 000, while 1960s Rolexes have gone from ￡ 15, 000 to ￡ 30, 000 plus in a year. But a watch is not an invest-ment. It’s a toy for self-satisfaction, a matter of fashion. Prices may keep going up—they’ve been rising for 15 years. But when fashion moves on, the owner of that ￡350, 000 beauty will suddenly find his pride and joy is no more a good investment than my childhood Timex.?
Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. Timex or Rolex? ?
B. My Childhood Timex
C. Watches? Not for Me!
D. Watches—a Valuable Collection Keys :C
Sample 8
A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system. It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city. As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction.
In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining.
Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, which is made of concrete and steel. The drainage system, just below the road surface on one side, removes any extra liquid, particularly water. In the event of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel, pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones.
The passage is mainly about _____.
A. the construction of a road
B. the design of a road
C. the construction of two tunnels
D. the design of two tunnels Keys :D

Homework
Passage 1
　Too much TV-watching can harm children’s ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.
　One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California third-graders. Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedrooms TVs.
　　　　……..
What would be the best title for this text?
A. Computers or Television
B. Effects of Television on Children
C. Studies on TV and College Education　
D. Television and Children’s Learning Habits keys :B
Passage 2
The term “multitasking” originally referred to people’s ability to carry out several tasks one time. For many people ,multitasking has become a way of life and even a key to success .In fact, some excellent mental acrobic exercises(大量训练)involve engaging the brain in two or more challenging activities at a time. Although checking email while taking on a phone and reading the newspaper may be second nature for some people ,many times multitasking can make us less productive , rather than more ,But studies show that too much multitasking can lead to increased anxiety and memory loss.
…………
What is the main idea oh the passage?
A.Multitasking has become a way of life.
B. Multitasking often leads to efficiency decline.
C. Multitasking describes need to be improved.
D. Multitasking enables people to remember things better. keys :B
Passage 3
People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions--and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why.
Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly(均匀的) across a face as Westerners do, Easterners fix their attention on the eyes.
"We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions," Jack said. "Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略) the mouth."
………..
What can be the best title for the passage?
A. The Eye as the Window to the Soul
B. Cultural Differences in Reading Emotions
C. Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills
D. How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding keys :B
Passage 4
Forget Twitter and Facebook, Google and the Kindle. Television is still the most influential medium around. Indeed ,for many of the poorest regions(地区)of the world, it remains the next big thing——finally becomes globally available. And that is a good thing, because the TV revolution is changing lives for the better.
Across the developing world, around 45% of families had a TV in 1995; by 2005 the number had climbed above 60%. ……
Television’s most powerful effect will be on the lives of women. In India, ……
Too much TV has been associated with violence, overweight and loneliness. However, TV is having a positive influence on the lives of billions worldwide.
What would be the best title for the passage?
A.TV Will Rule the World
B.TV Will Disturb the World
C.TV Will Better the World
D.TV Will Remain in World keys :C
Passage 5
One morning more than thirty years ago, I entered the Track Kitchen, a restaurant where everyone from the humblest(卑微的) to the most powerful came for breakfast. I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man, who looked somewhat disheveled. He was wearing a worn-out hat and was alone. I asked if I might join him.
He agreed quietly and I sat down to have my breakfast. We cautiously began a conversation and spoke about a wide rang of things. We never introduced ourselves. I was concerned that he might have no money and not be able to afford something to eat. So as I rose to go back to the counter and buy a second cup of coffee,
I asked, “May I get you something ?”“A coffee would be nice.” Then I bought him a cup of coffee, We talked more, and he accepted another cup of coffee, Finally, I rose to leave, wished him well, and headed for the exit. At the door I met one of my friends. He asked, “How did you get to know Mr. Galbreath?” “Who?” “The man you were sitting with. He is chairman of the Board of Churchill Downs.” I could hardly believe it. I was buying, offering a free breakfast, and feeling pity for one of the world’s richest and most powerful men.
My few minutes with Mr. Galbreath changed my life. Now I try to treat everyone with respect, no matter who I think they are, and no matter another human being with kindness and sincerity.

What is the message mainly expressed in the story?
A.We should learn to be generous.
B. It is honorable to help those in need.
C. People in high positions are not like what we expect.
D. We should avoid judging people by their appearances.
Keys:D
Passage 6
Along the river banks of the Amazon and the Orinoco there lives a bird that swims before it can fly, flies like a fat chicken, eats green leaves, has the stomach of a cow and has claws（爪）on its wings when young. They build their homes about 4.6 m above the river, an important feature （特征）for the safety of the young. It is called the hoatzin.
In appearance, the birds of both sexes look very much alike with brown on the back and cream and red on the underside. The head is small, with a large set of feathers on the top, bright red eyes, and blue skin. Its nearest relatives are the common bires, cuckoos. Its most striking feature, though is only found in the young.
Baby hoatzins have a claw on the leading edge of each wing and another at the end of each wing tip. Using these four claws, together with the beak(喙)，they can climb about in the bushes, looking very much like primitive bires must have done. When the young hoatzins have learned to fly, they lost their claws.
The drier months between December and March hoatzins fly about the forest in groups, but in April, when the rainy season begins, they collect together in smaller living units of two seven birds for producing purposes.
What is the test mainly about?
A. Hoatzins in dry and rainy seasons.
B. The relatives and enemies of hoatzins.
C. Primitive birds and hoatzins of the Amazon.
D. The appearance and living habits of hoatzins. Keys: D
Passage 7
The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the world’s supply of water. With 97% of the world’s water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture, the worldwide supply of water needs careful management, especially in agriculture. Although the idea of a water shortage（短缺）seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainful country, many of the world’s agricultural industries experience constant water shortages.
Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons, the costs of water redistribution(重新分配)are very high.
Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself, but there is also an environmental cost to be considered. Where valleys(山谷)are flooded to create dams, houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed. Besides, water many flow easily through pipes to fields,but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other. Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farming requirements.
This is particularly troubling the countries with agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation（灌溉）. In Texas, farmers’ overuse of irrigation water be resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores. In the Central Valley area of south eastern USA, a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry village, but much of the water use has been poorly managed.
The text is mainly about .
A. water supply and increasing population
B. water use management and agriculture
C. water redistribution and wildlife protection
D. water shortages and environmental protection. Keys :B
课后
巩固
作业_____题； 巩固复习____________________ ； 预习布置_____________________