2018年中考英语复习专题：题型五短文填空课件

课件43张PPT。题型五　
短文填空【命题特点】
1. 选材广泛, 体裁多样, 内容新颖, 可读性强, 具有鲜明的时代感。
2. 短文一般在200个词左右, 长短适当, 内容紧凑。
3. 试题一般设置十个空, 文章的首尾两句一般不设空, 从而保证给学生提供足够的信息量。4. 以考查语言意义为主, 注重对名词、代词、动词、形容词等实词的考查。
5. 试题着重考查在一定语境中的词语运用、习惯搭配和推理判断。【命题趋势】
1. 短文填空篇幅有增大趋势, 包含的词汇量越来越大。
2. 注重联系实际生活或时政新闻, 体现时效性和趣味性。
3. 注重考查学生对英语短文整体把握的能力和阅读方法技巧。4. 注重考查学生对语篇语感的理解或感悟, 注意文意的起承转合、对比和对照等。
5. 考查重点会向无提示短文填空发展, 主要表现为不给任何提示, 完全让学生根据短文的语境和逻辑关系, 在每个空格处填入一个词, 使短文意思完整。【解题思路】
1. 略读短文, 了解大意
在解答此类试题之前必须迅速读懂短文, 了解大意。通过跳过空格快速浏览全文, 特别是首尾段和每段首尾句, 寻找文章的主题句, 把握文章的主旨大意。2. 左顾右盼, 重视语境
在了解了文章的主旨大意之后, 务必确保对语篇的准确理解, 做题时注意“左顾右盼”, 既要符合本句的含义, 又要保证句式结构正确, 一定重视语境的提示作用。3. 边读边填, 反复斟酌
边读文章, 边填词语, 同时比较分析词义的细微差别以及语法或搭配要求。先做有把握的, 最后采用排除法和固定搭配等, 反复斟酌, 结合上下文做出答案。4. 复读检验, 消除疏漏
答案基本确定后, 还要再次阅读全文, 认真检查是否存在疏漏、意义是否连贯、语法是否正确, 是否符合语言逻辑、是否存在拼写错误等。注意有些答案可能不固定, 只要放在原文中, 使其通顺, 形式和语法正确, 可以有不同的答案, 但要“扬长避短”, 写出最有把握的那个答案。【典例剖析】
技巧1　标注词性, 妙解选词填空
选词填空时, 阅读方框中的待选词汇, 给所有词语标注词性, 以方便填空时确定语法关系。同时, 在选定一个词之后, 在方框里将该词划除, 以缩小选择范围, 减少时间浪费。【典例】
(2017·贵港中考)
find　it　box　own　lucky
　　Charlie was a boy. His family was very poor. There was a chocolate factory near their house and Charlie loved chocolate more than anything else.
　　 Mr Wonka was the(81)__________of the chocolate factory. He had hidden five Golden Tickets inside chocolate(82)boxes, and the children who got the Golden Tickets would be invited to visit his factory. And they would get a prize.
Charlie wanted to get a ticket so badly. One day, he(83)__________some money on the ground on his way home, and he used it to buy chocolate. (84)Luckily, he got a Golden Ticket! When five children visited different chocolate rooms, four other children caused some trouble. Charlie was the only one who didn’t cause any trouble. He won the prize—the factory(85)itself. He was very happy. 【点拨】首先, 阅读方框中待选词汇, 并标注词性。find(发现), 动词; it(它), 代词; box(盒子), 名词; own(自己的), 形容词; lucky(幸运的), 形容词。其次, 阅读短文逐个确定答案, 并在方框中把已经用的词汇画除。81小题: 分析句子结构, 此处缺少名词形式。结合句意: Wonka先生是这家巧克力工厂的(所有人)厂长。结合所给词汇形容词own, 要把它变成名词形式, 故填owner。83小题: 分析句子结构此处需要一个动词。结合所给词汇find可知本句句意: 一天他在回家的路上发现了一些钱, 并且他用来买了巧克力。注意句子的谓语动词要用一般过去时, 故填found。技巧2　猜生词, 定关系, 巧解首字母填空
在了解大意的情况下, 一边读一边认真分析, 填写单词。对于生词可以根据上下文的意思进行猜测。在阅读过程中, 要注意上下文的逻辑关系, 掌握文章的逻辑顺序有利于把握文章全局。文章的逻辑关系主要有列举、原因、结果、让步、对照、补充、目的、条件等。【典例】
(2017·连云港中考)
　　People in the Netherlands(荷兰)are quite(51)e__________this month. That’s because they welcomed the first pair of Chinese pandas on April 13th. The two pandas, named Xing Ya and Wu Wen, are both more than 3 years old and will stay in the country for scientific(52)researchfor 15 years, according to Xinhua. 【点拨】通读全文可知文章讲述了荷兰人民兴奋地欢迎来自中国的一对大熊猫“武雯”、“星雅”的一些情况。51小题: 分析句子结构可知句子缺少一个形容词。由下文That’s because they welcomed the first pair of Chinese pandas on April 13th. 可知他们在4月13日欢迎第一对中国大熊猫。有关键词“welcomed”可推知人们很兴奋。本句句意: 这个月荷兰人们非常兴奋。故填excited。技巧3　巧用提示, 破解汉语提示
通过表面汉语提示, 理解句子的真正含义。由于英汉表达的差别, 特别是相似词语的出现会给这类题目增加难度, 因此要将汉语提示与语境及整个句子乃至段落相联系, 明辨差异, 区别运用同义词。【典例】
(2017·金华中考)
A ceremony(仪式)where boys become crocodile(鳄鱼)men　　When does a teenager grow up and become an adult? In many countries, it happens on your 18th birthday(生日), but in some parts of the world, you have to do something special to enter(进入)the world of grown-ups. On an Oceanian island, some people live near the Sepik River, which is　53　(充满的)of crocodiles. 【点拨】从汉语提示我们可能会想到形容词full和filled。分析句意: 在一个大洋岛上, 很多人住在塞皮克河附近, 那里充满了鳄鱼。根据空后面的of, 我们就容易想到短语be full of=be filled with意为“充满……”。故填full。技巧4　扬长避短, 精解无提示填空
做无提示填空题时, 从整体感知全文, 掌握大意。切忌看一空填一空。根据文章体裁抓重点信息: 记叙文抓文章的时间、地点、人物和事件; 说明文抓文章说明的对象; 议论文抓文章的论点。【典例】
(2017·广东中考)
　　What will happen if a family is without the Internet for a month? One American family decides to find out. They have sent an invitation to a leading US television station, expecting that it will send a film group to record their day-to-day life without technology for a month. When the film group meet the Smiths, they find that Mr Smith, Mrs Smith and their two sons are so crazy about technology that they hardly do things together. At mealtimes, no one sits at the dining table for their food. “Everyone just runs into the kitchen, takes their food and then goes back to their screen, ”Mrs Smith explains, “Ifwe don’t make a change, our family will become strangers to each other! ” Getting back to the normal life without the Internet is not easy, especially when the Smiths lose themselves in it. They have to make many changes. For example, the two brothers have to go to the school　78　to borrow books for their scientific projects, and Mr and Mrs Smith need to go out shopping because they cannotbuy things online. As the family have picked up the new lifestyle, they find that they can spend more time talking over meals, playing sports and doing all　80　of activities together. Would they be able to go for long without using the Internet after the challenge? 【点拨】通读全文可知, 短文描述了一个美国家庭因网络而亲人关系生疏, 他们找到了电视台的电影组来记录他们没有网络的一个月生活。
第三段作者讲述了回到没有网络的生活是很不容易的。他们需要面对很多的挑战。好的一方面是, 家人之间的关系越来越亲密了, 他们可以花更多的时间来做一些活动。因此78小题应该意为到“图书馆”去借书; 80小题为“各种各样的”。故答案分别是library和kinds. 技巧5　复读短文巧推断
在复读短文时, 要注意名词变复数、形容词比较级和最高级, 动词时态、非谓语动词形式等, 尤其要注意一些词性、词义发生变化的情况。【典例】
(2017·乐山中考)
　　One day a man bought a lot of coconuts(椰子)and put them all on his horse. He was moving them to his　81　(friend)house. On the way, the man met a boy. “How long would it take to get to the house? ”he asked the boy. “If you go　82　(slow), ”the boy said, “you will get there very soon. But if you go fast, it will take you all day. ” “What a funny reply! ”said the man. He did not listen to the boy. He made his horse run as fast as possible. Some coconuts fell off. He had to stop　83　(pick)them up. Then he made his horse run fast again. 【点拨】在复读短文的过程中, 要注意所填单词在词性、词形、词义等发生变化的情况。例如: 81小题所在句意为“他正把它们移到他朋友的家里”, 由句意可知此处需要名词所有格形式, 故填friend’s。82小题所在句子句意为“如果你慢走”。分析句子结构本句中动词go应该用副词来修饰, 故填slowly。83小题: 由前句Some coconuts fell off可知一些椰子掉下来了, 所以本句句意: 他不得不停下来捡起它们。Stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事。故填to pick。技巧6　先易后难破难关
明白考查的重点: 固定词组、常见句型或明显的语法结构。突破难点: 名词、动词、形容词、副词, 注意联系上下文。【典例】
(2017·广安中考)
cute　buy　real　fresh　at　everywhere
　　Here I am in London. I arrived by plane the day before yesterday. My friends met me　6　the airport. In London, there are shops and restaurants　7　. I love the street markets. The fruits and vegetables are　8　. We　9　some presents yesterday afternoon. And then we went to the London Eye. It’s　10　tall. We want to visit the palace tomorrow. I think it will be a great day.
【点拨】短文讲述了“我”在伦敦旅行的一些情况。“我”乘飞机前天到达伦敦。“我”的朋友在机场接我。伦敦到处都是商店和餐馆, 伦敦的蔬菜和水果很新鲜。“我”参观了伦敦眼。读短文可知第6小题最简单, 因为是固定搭配at the airport, 可以先做此题。第8小题也能很容易, 句意为: 水果和蔬菜是新鲜的。做完第8小题之后, 可以继续做第7小题, 分析本句结构, 句子缺少一个地点副词。结合所给选项可知本句句意: 在伦敦, 商店和餐馆到处都是, 故填everywhere。第9、10小题有词性变化, 较为难做, 可以放到最后完成。第9小题句意: 我们昨天买了一些礼物。根据时间状语yesterday可知句子要用一般过去时态, 故填bought; 第10小题句意: 它真地很高。本句中tall为形容词, 应该用副词来修饰, real的副词形式为really, 故填really。