2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈专题12+完形填空说明文议论文

备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈
专题12 冲关押题训练
Cloze 1
话题
词数
难度
参考用时
正确率
中国的春运
306
★★★☆☆
16分钟
In terms of the original data in every way, the Chinese New Year — Spring Festival is the largest human event on the planet. In the seven?　1　of the Lunar New Year, Chinese are expected to?　2　more than $100 billion on eating and shopping — almost twice as much as Americans spend on Thanksgiving.?　3　, Chinese predictably buy railway tickets online?　4　a rate of more than 1 000 per second.
But it’s?　5　millions of Chinese people go home for the Spring Festival during "chunyun". All these?　6　take place at this time.
Transport networks have set?　7　highs for "chunyun" numbers almost every year for the past decade, the council(国务院)said.
Authorities expect travelers to make 356 million trips by?　8　during this year’s "chunyun" period. Taking the strain for the transportation is?　9　China’s high-speed railway network, now?　10　to 20 000 kilometers — the world’s longest. China’s total rail network?　11　more than 121 000 kilometers, the second largest in the world after the United States.
The "chunyun"?　12　isn’t just a wonder of logistics(组织工作)； it also shows how modern China is?　13　.
Trains are packed with thousands of snoozing(打盹)?　14　, reflecting education reforms that have greatly?　15　the number of university places over the past decade.
　16　dressed office girls in high heels can be seen picking their way through?　17　on their way home, which is a product of the mass migration of rural people to China’s coastal cities in search of?　18　jobs in service industries and factories.
Many of China’s new middle classes will opt to drive private cars and traffic jam is now a(n)?　19　feature of the holiday period.
Many others, however, will choose to?　20　the confusion altogether and take a vacation abroad — increasingly an option for the new generation in China.
1. A. days B. weeks C. months D. years
2. A. cost B. spend C. take D. pay
3. A. Moreover B. Therefore C. Otherwise D. However
4. A. for B. on C. to D. at
5. A. why B. where C. when D. how
6. A. privileges B. journeys C. organizations D. wonders
7. A. fair B. good C. nice D. new
8. A. air B. sea C. rail D. road
9. A. differently B. mainly C. clearly D. frequently
10. A. increased B. resisted C. promoted D. opposed
11. A. controls B. reaches C. aims D. shoots
12. A. environment B. requirement C. phenomenon D. circumstance
13. A. finding B. expecting C. obtaining D. changing
14. A. leaders B. workers C. students D. colleagues
15. A. declined B. expanded C. failed D. started
16. A. Gratefully B. Impatiently C. Practically D. Beautifully
17. A. playgrounds B. streets C. fields D. stations
18. A. better-paid B. well-done C. helpless D. fearless
19. A. regular B. strange C. important D. necessary
20. A. develop B. escape C. leave D. carry
【语篇解读】中国的春运创世界之奇迹，也是中国人津津乐道的话题。
1. A 【解析】考查名词。根据上文的"the Chinese New Year — Spring Festival" 和下文的"the Lunar New Year"可推断，此处指的是春节期间的"七天"(假期)，故用days。
2. B 【解析】考查动词。由下文的关键信息"Americans spend on Thanksgiving"以及下文的介词on即可判断，此处应填入spend，构成spend money on doing sth.。
3. A 【解析】考查副词。根据下文中的"Chinese predictably buy railway tickets"以及上文中的"Chinese are expected to"可知上下文存在递进关系，故用moreover(此外，而且)。therefore"因此"，otherwise"否则"，however"然而"，均不符合语境。
4. D 【解析】考查介词。此处【解析】考查固定短语at a rate of...，意为"以……的速度"。
5. C 【解析】考查连词。根据下文的"for the Spring Festival during ‘chunyun’"即可分析，此处指的是时间，故用连接词when引导表语从句。
6. D 【解析】考查名词。由第五段中的"just a wonder of logistics(组织工作)"可知，此处应填入wonders与之呼应。privilege"特殊利益"，journey"旅行"，organization"组织"，wonder"奇迹"。
7. D 【解析】考查形容词。由下文的"almost every year for the past decade， the council(国务院) said"可知，此处强调每年不断地在创新高。此处存在短语set new highs for。
9. B 【解析】考查副词。结合上一句可分析，春运的主要(mainly)交通工具还是中国高铁。differently"不同地"，clearly"清晰地"，frequently "频繁地"。
10. A【解析】考查动词。由下文的"the world’s longest"可知此处强调"如今中国高铁已增长至2万公里"，故用increased。resist"抵制"，promote"提升"，oppose"反对"。
11. B 【解析】考查动词。由下文的"the second largest in the world after the United States"可知此处指中国铁路网总长度达到12.1万千米，故用reach"增加到，提升到(某一水平、速度等)"。
12. C 【解析】考查名词。由下文的"isn’t just a wonder of logistics(组织工作)"可知此处是指春运现象，故用phenomenon。environment "环境"，requirement"需求"，circumstance"境况"。
13. D 【解析】考查动词。由上文的"it also shows how modern China"中的关键词how可知此处表示"它也说明了现代中国正如何变化着"，故用changing。
14. C 【解析】考查名词。由下文的"the number of university places"可知，此处表示火车上挤满了成千上万打盹的学生，故用students。
15. B 【解析】考查动词。结合上一句可推断此处表示"中国教育改革极大地增加了大学入学名额"，故用expand"扩展，增加"。
16. D 【解析】考查副词。由关键信息词"dressed office girls in high heels"可知此处指姑娘们打扮漂亮时髦，故用beautifully。gratefully"感激地"，impatiently"不耐烦地"，practically"实际上地"，均不符合语境。
17. C 【解析】考查名词。由下文的"the mass migration of rural people to China’s coastal cities"可知，此处表示在回乡村老家的路上小心走过田地，故用fields。
19. A 【解析】考查形容词。结合语境和常识可知此处表示"交通堵塞也已成为现今节假日期间的常见现象"，故用regular。
20. B 【解析】考查动词。根据语境可知此处表示还有许多人会选择完全避开这种混乱，去国外度假，故escape(避开)符合语境。
Cloze 2
话题
词数
难度
参考用时
正确率
改变交集圈子
353
★★★☆☆
18分钟
If you’re the smartest person in your circle, you’re in the wrong circle — you’ve outgrown it. It’s time to move to the next?　1　. This saying encourages people to?　2　more by hanging out with those who are more hard-working and?　3　than they are.
I heard this saying?　4　to me from my daughter’s friend this past week. Ally, Wes and I have been running for upcoming?　5　. I’m going to do another 5K and Ally and Wes are going to do the 12-mile obstacle course.?　6　, their training is more intense than mine, but when I was in?　7　with them last week, Wes suddenly said, "You should?　8　with us!"
"You mean ‘do what you’re doing’?" I asked, with a surprised?　9　on my face.
"Exactly," he answered. "You can do it! You?　10　need someone to push you."
Although I?　11　to admit it, he was right. I needed to?　12　outside my comfort zone. I always let them run ahead of me, content to run at my own comfortable pace. But that was the?　13　— I’d grown too comfortable with my training.
I hadn’t been pushing myself. Ever since I had the surgery in April, I was a little?　14　about running again. I was afraid to even try?　15　that night when Wes pushed me into it — and outside my comfort zone. He was right! I was able to run — only about 5 minutes at a time before I had to walk again — but it was a(n)?　16　. And that was all I needed to get back at it — no longer afraid to train harder.
Recently I have?　17　my "training circle" to include Ally and Wes, and he wasn’t afraid to push me.
So, how are the circles in your life? Are you being?　18　in every area of your life, or are you very comfortable these days, not being?　19　at all, still living inside your comfort zone? If you’re the most?　20　one, then it’s time to get into a new circle or at least add to your existing ones.
1. A. pattern B. level C. item D. standard
2. A. appreciate B. pay C. achieve D. solve
3. A. honest B. experienced C. potential D. mature
4. A. directly B. immediately C. suddenly D. gradually
5. A. sports B. exams C. races D. performances
6. A. Hopefully B. Thankfully C. Fortunately D. Obviously
7. A. company B. love C. touch D. relation
8. A. play B. exercise C. train D. go
9. A. appearance B. view C. manner D. look
10. A. still B. just C. even D. never
11. A. expected B. agreed C. hated D. failed
12. A. spread B. shift C. immigrate D. step
13. A. opinion B. sight C. comment D. problem
14. A. particular B. nervous C. confused D. excited
15. A. since B. if C. after D. until
16. A. stop B. start C. end D. distance
17. A. entered B. traced C. drawn D. enlarged
18. A. shocked B. challenged C. stricken D. frightened
19. A. shaken B. stretched C. punished D. stimulated
20. A. confident B. special C. suitable D. independent
【语篇解读】如果你在一个圈子里首屈一指的话，那么你就该改变一下，走出安乐窝了。
1. B【解析】考查名词。根据文章第一句话可知，此处指的是改变圈子，也就是移动到下一个层级(level)的时候了。
2. C 【解析】考查动词。根据语境可知，此处表示这句话鼓励人们取得(achieve)更多的成就。
3. B 【解析】考查形容词。根据语境及空前的more hard-working可知，此处指与那些工作更努力和经验更加丰富的(experienced)人为伍，向他们学习。
4. A 【解析】考查副词。此处指上周作者从女儿的朋友口中听到了这句直接(directly)对自己说的话。
5. C 【解析】考查名词。从下文的another 5K，the 12-mile obstacle course可知，此处指的是即将到来的竞赛(races)。
6. D 【解析】考查副词。根据语境可知，作者的女儿及其朋友的训练强度明显(Obviously)大于作者的。
7. A 【解析】本题容易误选C。be in touch with意为"和……保持联系"，但该短语不符合下文所表达的内容。下文的语境暗示出in company with(和某人一起)符合题意。
8. C 【解析】考查动词。参见上题解析。
9. D 【解析】考查名词。对于Wes这样的提议，作者应该是觉得不可思议，因而脸上流露出一副吃惊的表情(look)。
10. B【解析】考查副词。根据语境可知，此处指你能做到。你只是(just)需要有人敦促你。
11. C【解析】考查动词。根据语境可知，此处指作者心中明白Wes说的是对的，就是不愿意(hated)承认。
12. D【解析】考查动词。此处指作者需要走出(step)自己的安乐窝。
13. D【解析】考查名词。此处呼应首段首句，指作者以自己觉得舒服的速度来训练，那就是问题(problem)所在。
15. D【解析】考查语境选词。那时候也是Wes鼓励作者重新开始跑步的。在Wes敦促作者之前，作者甚至都不敢试一下。until"直到……为止，到……时"。
16. B【解析】考查名词。作者之前害怕跑步，后来能跑五分钟，这是个(好的)开始(start)。
17. D【解析】考查动词。根据下文中的to include Ally and Wes可知，最近作者扩大(enlarged)了训练圈子。
18. B【解析】考查动词。根据语境可知，此处指的是你在生活中的任何一个领域都挑战自我吗?challen ge"挑战"符合语境。
19. B【解析】考查动词。这些天你是否依然非常舒服地生活在你的安乐窝里，没有全力以赴?stretch使全力以赴，使发挥出全部本领，符合语境。
20. C【解析】考查形容词。如果你是圈子中最适合的(suitable)，那么是时候进到一个新的圈子里了。此处表示当你在这个圈子里最舒适的时候，那么你应该跳出这个安乐窝了。
Cloze 3
话题
词数
难度
参考用时
正确率
原谅自己、原谅他人
302
★★★☆☆
17分钟
Human growth is a process of experimentation, trial, and error eventually leading to wisdom. Each time you choose to trust yourself and take action, you can never quite be certain how the situation will?　1　.
Sometimes you are victorious, and sometimes you become disappointed. The?　2　experiments, however, are no less valuable than the experiments that finally prove successful； in fact, you?　3　learn more from your “failures” than you do from your?　4　. If you have made what you think to be a mistake or failed to live up to your own?　5　, you will most likely put up a barrier between your essence and the part of your that is the alleged(声称的)wrong-doer.
However, viewing past actions as?　6　implies guilt and blame, and it is not possible to learn anything meaningful while you are engaged in blaming.?　7　, forgiveness is required when you are severely judging yourself. Forgiveness is the act of erasing an?　8　debt. There are four kinds of forgiveness.
The first is beginner forgiveness for yourself.
The second of forgiveness is beginner forgiveness for another.
The third kind of forgiveness is?　9　forgiveness of yourself. This is for serious misbehaviors, the ones you carry with deep?　10　. When you do something that violates your own values and principles, you create a gap between your standards and your actual?　11　.
In such a case, you need to work very hard at?　12　yourself for these deeds so that you can close this gap. This does not?　13　that you should rush to forgive yourself or shouldn’t feel regret,?　14　taking pleasure in these feelings for a prolonged period of time is not healthy.
The?　15　and perhaps most difficult one of the advanced forgiveness of another.
At some time of our life, you may have been severely wronged or hurt by another person to such a degree that forgiveness seems?　16　.
However, harboring anger and revenge fantasies only keeps you?　17　in victimhood. Under such a circumstance, you should force yourself to see the bigger picture. By so doing, you will be able to?　18　the focus away from the anger and resentment.
It is only through forgiveness that you can erase wrongdoing and?　19　the memory. When you can?　20　release the situation, you may come to see it as a necessary part of your growth.
1. A. turn out B. turn up C. break up D. break out
2. A. important B. engaged C. failed D. successful
3. A. obviously B. necessarily C. continuously D. usually
4. A. success B. failure C. fault D. benefit
5. A. ability B. expectations C. belief D. experiences
6. A. mistakes B. victories C. experiments D. fantasies
7. A. Still B. Therefore C. Instead D. However
8. A. absurd B. original C. emotional D. unusual
9. A. ordinary B. advanced C. alternative D. certain
10. A. wisdom B. mercy C. injury D. shame
11. A. thought B. approach C. behavior D. purpose
12. A. punishing B. forgiving C. blaming D. praising
13. A. mean B. prove C. reflect D. represent
14. A. and B. or C. but D. so
15. A. uncertain B. premier C. next D. last
16. A. essential B. valuable C. impossible D. unavoidable
17. A. trapped B. located C. lost D. occupied
18. A. drive B. drag C. put D. shift
19. A. keep B. refresh C. weaken D. clean
20. A. naturally B. finally C. definitely D. initially
【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。在我们成长过程中，我们会做错事，别人可能会冤枉、伤害我们，我们会因此感到后悔、愤怒，这时我们需要做的就是：原谅自己、原谅他人。
1.A 【解析】考查动词短语的辨析。根据逻辑关系可判断出，每次我们选择相信自己、采取行动的时候，我们却永远无法确定形势会怎么发展。turn out意为“……地发展”，符合语境。
2.C 【解析】考查形容词的辨析。根据常识可判断出，有时那些失败的实验并不比那些成功的实验的价值小。failed意为“失败的”，符合语境。
4.A 【解析】考查名词的辨析。根据上题的分析可判断出，success“成功”符合语境。
5.B 【解析】考查名词的辨析。live up to one’s expectations是固定短语，意为“符合某人的期望”。
6.A 【解析】考查名词的辨析。根据本句中的“guilt and blame”可判断出，是将过去的所做之事看作是错误，因此mistake“错误”正确。
7.B 【解析】考查副词的辨析。语境表示，一直自责的话，那就学不到任何有意义的东西了，因此，我们需要原谅自己。所以Therefore“因此”符合语境。
8.C 【解析】考查形容词的辨析。根据常识可判断出，原谅自己属于消除情感上的“债务”，因此emotional“情感上的”正确。
9.B 【解析】考查形容词的辨析。根据下文的描述可判断出，第三种原谅属于更深层次的、对自己的原谅，因此advanced“高深的”正确。
10.D 【解析】考查名词的辨析。根据常识可判断出，对于自己所犯的那些严重的不良行为，人们通常会有很深的惭愧感。shame意为“惭愧”，符合句意。
11.C 【解析】考查名词的辨析。语境表示，当我们做了一些违背自己的价值观和原则的事情的时候，我们的标准和实际上的行为之间就会有一定隔阂，这样的话，我们就需要尽最大努力去原谅自己以消除那些隔阂。behavior意为“行为”，符合语境。
12.B 【解析】考查动词的辨析。根据上题分析可判断出，forgive“原谅”符合题意。
13.A【解析】考查动词的辨析。语境表示，但是这并不意味着我们要赶快原谅自己或不应该感到后悔，所以mean“意味着”正确。
14.C 【解析】考查连词的辨析。not…but…是固定短语，意为“不是……而是……”。
16.C 【解析】考查形容词的辨析。语境表示，在我们人生的某个时候，某个人可能冤枉、大大地伤害了我们，而原谅他似乎是不可能的。impossible意为“不可能的”，符合语境。
17.A【解析】考查动词的辨析。根据逻辑关系可判断出，若我们一直心怀愤怒和复仇，只会让我们一直是受害者，trap意为“使……陷入困境”，此处用它的过去分词形式作宾语补足语，符合语境。
18.D 【解析】考查动词的辨析。语境表示，这样我们就能将我们的注意力从愤恨上移开，所以shift“转移”正确。
19.D 【解析】考查动词的辨析。根据常识可判断出，我们只有通过原谅才能消除那些错事以及消除那些不美好的回忆，所以clean“消除”正确。
20.B 【解析】考查副词的辨析。根据逻辑关系可判断出，当我们最终解决了这种情势，我们会认识到这是我们成长中必不可少的一部分，因此finally“最终”正确。
Cloze 4
话题
词数
难度
参考用时
正确率
人应该像竹子一样
299
★★★☆☆
18分钟
One of my fondest memories as a child is going by the river and sitting leisurely on the?　1　. There I would enjoy the peace and quiet,?　2　the water rush downstream and listen to the birdsong and the sound of leaves. I would also watch the bamboo trees?　3　under pressure from the wind and watch them return?　4　to their original position after the wind had?　5　.
　6　I think about the bamboo tree’s ability to return to its?　7　position, the word "resilience" comes to my mind. When used?　8　a person this word means the ability to readily?　9　shock, depression or any other situations that?　10　a person’s emotions to the limit.
Have you ever felt like you are about to?　11　? Have you ever felt like you are at your breaking point? Thankfully, you have?　12　the experience and live to talk about it. During the experience you probably felt a mix of?　13　that threatened your health. You felt emotionally drained, mentally?　14　and you most likely endured unpleasant physical symptoms.
Life is a?　15　of good times and bad times, happy moments and unhappy moments. The next time you are?　16　those bad times or unhappy moments?　17　take you close to your breaking point, bend, but don’t break. Try your best not to let the situation get the best of you.
A measure of hope will take you?　18　the unpleasant torture.With hope for a better tomorrow or a better situation, things may not be as bad as they seem to be. The unpleasant torture may be easier to?　19　if the end result is worth having. When the going gets tough and you are at your breaking?　20　, show resilience. Like the bamboo tree, bend, but don’t break.
1. A. chair B. beach C. bank D. boat
2. A. taste B. watch C. dive D. hit
3. A. bend B. break C. grow D. change
4. A. proudly B. gracefully C. painfully D. peacefully
5. A. died out B. died of C. died down D. died off
6. A. When B. While C. Since D. If
7. A. traditional B. personal C. occasional D. original
8. A. in reference to B. in hopes of C. in private D. in brief
9. A. recover from B. escape from C. run into D. bring out
10. A. expands B. stretches C. widens D. spreads
11. A. ignore B. split C. burst out D. break down
12. A. reflected B. survived C. abandoned D. suspected
13. A. emotions B. determinations C. sympathies D. beliefs
14. A. confused B. embarrassed C. exhausted D. frightened
15. A. series B. mixture C. flock D. variety
16. A. observing B. experiencing C. witnessing D. discovering
17. A. when B. where C. who D. that
18. A. across B. through C. during D. beneath
19. A. improve B. appreciate C. deal with D. consist in
20. A. occasion B. situation C. point D. conclusion
【语篇解读】我最美好的记忆就是沿着河边散步，然后悠闲地坐在岸边聆听鸟鸣和风吹竹叶的声音，层层竹林在风的吹动下弯腰但又完好无损地回到原来的位置，由此我悟出一个道理：人应该像竹子一样能屈能伸，优雅面对生活中的挑战。
1.C 【解析】考查名词。根据空格前的"going by the river "可知，此处表示悠闲地坐在岸边，所以选C。chair"椅子"，beach"沙滩"，bank"岸"，boat"船"。解答完形填空题的关键在于根据语境或上下文的提示，迅速排除干扰选项。如本题，空格前提到"One of my fondest memories as a child is going by the river"，根据常识可以很容易排除A项，又因为河边不可能有沙滩，故排除B项。在船上一般用in the boat，故排除D项。
2.B 【解析】考查动词。根据后文"I would also watch the bamboo trees..."可知此处为原词复现，所以选B。
4.B 【解析】考查副词。根据语境可知此处表示竹子在风消退后又优雅地回到原来的位置，所以选B。proudly" 骄傲地"，gracefully"优雅地"，painfully"令人痛苦地"，peacefully"安静地"。
5.C 【解析】考查动词短语。参考上题解析可知，此处表示风消失后竹子恢复到原来的位置，所以选C。die out"灭绝"，die of"死于"，die down"逐渐平息"，die off"相继死去"。
6.A 【解析】考查连词。当我想起竹子有能力回到它原来位置的时候， "resilience" 这个单词便出现在了我的脑海中。此处应用when引导时间状语从句，意为 "当……时候"，所以选A。
7.D 【解析】考查上下文暗示。根据前文中的"to their original position"可知，此处表示回到原来的位置，所以选D。traditional"传统的"，personal"个人的"，occasional"偶然的"，original"原来的"。
8.A 【解析】考查语境选词。根据后文中的"this word means the ability to readily　 9　 shock， depression or any other situations that　 10 　a person’s emotions to the limit"可知，此处作者由物及人，说明了当用来提到人的时候，这个单词意味着什么。所以选A。
9.A 【解析】考查动词短语。根据语境可知，此处表示人从震惊、沮丧或其他情形中恢复，所以选A。recover from"从……中恢复"，escape from"从……逃脱"，run into"撞上"，bring out"使显现"。
10.B 【解析】考查语境选词。根据语境可知此处表示从震惊、沮丧或者其他让一个人的情感消耗殆尽的情形中恢复，所以选B。expand"扩大，扩展"；stretch"(大量地)使用，消耗，伸展"；widen"加宽"；spread"传播，展开"。
11.D【解析】考查语境选词。根据语境可知，此处表示你曾经感觉到你即将垮掉了吗，所以选D。下文中的"breaking point"也是提示。ignore"忽视，对……不予理会"；split"分开，分裂"；burst out"突然激动地喊叫，突然开始(做某事)"；break down"垮掉"。
12.B【解析】考查动词。此处表示谢天谢地，你从这次的经历中幸存下来，所以选B。reflect"反映"，survive"幸存"，abandon"放弃"，suspect"怀疑"。
13.A 【解析】考查名词。根据"You felt emotionally drained， mentally　and you most likely endured unpleasant physical symptoms"的描述可知，此处表示你可能会有各种情绪，所以选A。
14.C 【解析】考查形容词。根据语境可知，此处表示你感到萎靡不振，精力枯竭，而你的身体状况也不佳，所以选C。confused"迷惑的"，embarrassed"尴尬的"，exhausted"筋疲力尽的"，frightened"害怕的"。
15.B 【解析】考查名词。根据前文中的" you probably felt a mix of 13(emotions) that threatened your health"可知，生活是一种顺境和逆境、快乐的时光和不快乐的时光的混合，所以选B。
16.B【解析】考查动词。根据语境可知，此处表示下一次，当你正在经历这些艰难的时刻或不开心的时光的时候，所以选B。observe"观察"，experience"经历"，witness"目击"，discover"发现"。
17.D 【解析】考查连词。此处that引导定语从句且作主语，所以选D。此处表示这些会让你接近你的极限。
19.C【解析】考查语境选词。根据语境可知，此处表示如果最终结果值得拥有，那么痛苦的磨难也许会更容易应对。improve"提高，改善"；appreciate"欣赏，感激"；deal with"处理，应对"；consist in"存在于"。所以选C。
20.C【解析】考查名词。如果事情变得棘手，而你也达到了自己的爆发点，那么就表现得灵活一些。所以选C。此 处为原词复现，上文中的"take you close to your breaking point"是提示。
备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈
专题12 冲关模拟训练
题组一
Cloze 1（ 2017届广东省顺德一中等六校高三第二次联考）
话题
词数
难度
参考用时
正确率
不同时期社会观点的行为标准
246
★★★☆☆
16分钟
If you associate modern British fiction with the cool, lonely tones of Martin Amis and Julian Barnes, and US fiction with Jonathan Franzen’s?　1　inner worlds or John Irving’s sentimentality, it seems you have good?　2　. An analysis of the?　3　texts of English-language books over the?　4　century concludes that, since the 1980s, words that?　5　emotional content have become?　6　more common in US books than in British ones.
The?　7　, by anthropologist (人类学家) Alberto Acerbi of the University of Bristol, UK, and his colleagues, takes advantage of Google’s database of more than 5 million digitally?　8　books from the past several centuries. This resource has?　9　been used to examine the?　10　of literary styles and trends in literary expressions of individualism.
Such?　11　of the cultural information made available by new technologies has been?　12　＂culturomics＂ (文化组学). Its?　13　think that these approaches can?　14　trends in social opinions and standards of behavior that are?　15　hidden within vast quantities of data.
＂Language use in books?　16　what people are talking about and thinking about during a?　17　time, so Google Books provides a fascinating?　18　into the past,＂ says psychologist Jean Twenge of San Diego State University in California.
The?　19　results certainly seem to show that informal descriptions about social mood are reflected in the?　20　(both fiction and non-fiction) of the twentieth century.
1.A. independent B. emotional C. peaceful D. autonomous
2.A. reason B. way C. excuse D. truth
3.A. digitized B. translated C. adapted D. adopted
4.A. old B. modern C. former D. past
5.A. take B. include C. carry D. arrange
6.A. significantly B. surprisingly C. doubtfully D. instructively
7.A. book B. study C. experiment D. lecture
8.A. written B. chosen C. scanned D. made
9.A. formally B. casually C. never D. previously
10.A. evolution B. development C. progress D. revolution
11. A. learning B. mining C. searching D. using
12.A. regarded B. formed C. appointed D. called
13.A. opponents B. owners C. advocates D. writers
14.A. examine B. discover C. cause D. generate
15.A. certainly B. often C. also D. otherwise
16.A. suggests B. reflects C. explains D. displays
17.A. particular B. different C. hard D. pleasant
18.A. window B. picture C. sight D. roof
19.A. earliest B. best C. latest D. poorest
20.A. literature B. science C. politics D. economics
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了最新研究发现谷歌图书搜索能够反映出不同时期社会观点的行为标准的趋势的变化。
1.B 【解析】形容词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂or John Irving’s sentimentality＂可知，此处是说Jonathan Franzen的内心的情感（emotional）世界，故B项正确。
2.A 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂An analysis…＂可知，此处是说你似乎有一个好的理由（reason），故A项正确。
3.A 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据下文中的＂digitally＂可知，此处是说一个关于数字化的（digitize）英语课本的分析，故A项正确。
5.C 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂emotional content＂可知，此处是说带有（carry）感情的词汇，故C项正确。
6.A 【解析】考查副词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂more common in US books than in British ones＂可知，美国书本中带有感情的词汇显著地（significantly）比英国书本中更常见，故A项正确。
7.B 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。根据上文中的＂An analysis＂可知，此处指的是这项研究（study），故B项正确。
8.C 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据本空前的＂takes advantage of Google’s database of more than 5 million digitally＂可知，利用谷歌数据库中数字扫描（scan）过的书本，故C项正确。
9.D 【解析】考查副词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂been used to examine＂可知，这个资源早先（previously）被用于……，故D项正确。
10.A 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂of literary styles and trends in literary expressions of individualism. ＂可知，这个资源早先被用于检测文学风格与趋势在个人主义表达上的演变（evolution），故A项正确。
11.B 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂of the cultural information made available by new technologies＂可知，此处是说文学信息方面如此的挖掘（mining），故B项正确。
12.D 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂culturomics＂可知，这种新技术被称为（call）文化组学，故D项正确。
13.C 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂think that these approaches＂可知，此处指的是这种新技术的提倡者（advocate），故C项正确。
14.B 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂trends in social opinions and standards of behavior＂可知，种新技术的提倡者认为它能发现（discover）社会观点和行为标准的趋势，故B项正确。
15.D 【解析】考查副词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂hidden within vast quantities of data＂可知，此处是说在其他方面（otherwise）隐藏在巨大的数据量之内的社会观点和行为标准的趋势，故D项正确。
17.A 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。根据本空前的＂what people are talking about and thinking about during a＂可知，书本中的语言能够反映出人们在一段特别（particular）时间的所说所想，故A项正确。
18.A 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂into the past＂可知，所以谷歌图书搜索提供了一扇回望过去的窗户（window），故A项正确。
19.C 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂results certainly seem to show that informal descriptions about social mood＂可知，此处是指最新的（latest）研究结果，故C项正确。
20.A 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂(both fiction and non-fiction) of the twentieth century. ＂可知，最新的研究成果反映了20世纪文学（literature）上的社会情绪，故A项正确。
Cloze 2（江苏省南京市九月学情调研）
话题
词数
难度
参考用时
正确率
古希腊戏剧的起源
355
★★★☆☆
17分钟
The Beginning of Drama
There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one most widely accepted today is based on the?　1　that drama evolved from ritual(宗教仪式). The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings?　2　the natural forces of the world—even the seasonal changes—as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to?　3　these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to?　4　the desired results were then kept and repeated until they changed into?　5　rituals.
　6　stories arose which explained or masked the mysteries of the rituals. As times passed, some rituals were?　7　, but the stories, later called myths, continued to exist and provided material for art and drama.
Those who believed that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rituals contained the?　8　of theatre because music, dance, masks, and?　9　were almost always used. ?　10　, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and?　11　the entire community did not participate , a(n)?　12　division was usually made between the ＂area of acting and theatre in which an audience sits ＂. Besides, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was?　13　to avoiding mistakes in the practice of rituals, religious leaders usually?　14　that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often imitated (模仿) other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed (用哑剧表演出) the?　15　effect—success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun—?　16　an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representatives were separated from?　17　activities.
Another theory traces the theater’s origin from the human interest in?　18　. According to this view, tales about the hunt, war or other things are told and gradually spread. ?　19　through the use of action and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily gymnastic or that are?　20　of animal movements and sounds.
1.A. background B. assumption C. evidence D. theory
2.A. viewed B. employed C. imagined D. dismissed
3.A. take B. possess C. guarantee D. control
4.A. start B. show C. bring D. continue
5.A. usual B. direct C. convincing D. fixed
6.A. Apparently B. Actually C. Eventually D. Naturally
7.A. spread B. abandoned C. followed D. celebrated
8.A. seed B. content C. myth D. history
9.A. costumes B. routines C. instructions D. performances
10.A. As a result B. In fact C. On the contrary D. In addition
11.A. when B. although C. unless D. while
12.A. deep B. equal C. clear D. extra
13.A. attached B. related C. committed D. tied
14.A. put up B. took up C. took on D. put on
15.A. unexpected B. unpredicted C. prepared D. desired
16.A. whenever B. as C. whatever D. so
17.A. social B. political C. economic D. religious
18.A. accounts B. story-telling C. descriptions D. drama-writing
19.A. at that time B. at a time C. at first D. at once
20.A. imitations B. creatures C. presentations D. exhibitions
【文章大意】文章介绍了关于古希腊戏剧的起源。
1.B 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。background＂背景＂；assumption＂假定，假设＂；evidence＂证据＂；theory＂理论＂。句意：关于古希腊戏剧的开始有许多理论。其中一个最普遍为人接受的假设认为戏剧是从宗教仪式演化而来。故选B。
3.D 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。take＂拿，占＂；possess＂拥有＂；guarantee＂保证＂；control＂控制＂。参看上一题解析。故选D。
4.C 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。start＂开始＂；show＂展示＂；bring＂带来＂；continue＂继续＂。句意：这些措施似乎带来了预期的效果，然后得到不断重复，直到它们变成了固定的仪式。故选C。
5.D 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。usual＂通常，经常＂；direct＂径直的＂；convincing＂令人信服的，有说服力的＂；fixed＂固定的＂。参看上一题解析。故选D。
6.C 【解析】考查副词词义辨析。apparently＂明显的＂；actually＂事实上＂；eventually＂最后地＂；naturally＂自然地＂。句意：最后解释或掩盖神秘的仪式的故事出现了。故选C。
7.B 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。spread＂传播＂；abandon＂放弃＂；follow＂跟着＂；celebrate＂庆祝＂。句意：随着时间的流逝，一些仪式被抛弃，但这些故事，后来被称为神话，继续存在，并给艺术和戏剧提供了材料。故选B。
8.A 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。seed＂种子＂；content＂内容＂；myth＂神话，虚构的人＂；history＂历史＂。句意：那些认为戏剧从仪式演化而来的人还认为，这些仪式包含了戏剧的萌芽，因为使用了音乐、舞蹈、面具和服装。故选A。
9.A 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。costume＂服装＂；routine＂程序，日常工作＂；instruction＂指令，命令＂；performance＂表现，表演＂。参看上一题解析。故选A。
10.D 【解析】考查短语词义辨析。as a result＂因此＂；in fact＂事实上＂；on the contrary＂相反＂；in addition＂另外＂。根据下文＂besides＂提示可知，此处表示递进。故选D。
12.C 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。deep＂深的＂；equal＂平等＂；clear＂清楚的＂；extra＂额外的＂。参看上一题解析。故选C。
13.A 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。be attached to＂附属于＂；be related to＂与……有联系＂；be committed to＂献身于，致力于＂；be tied to＂束缚于，捆绑于＂。句意：此外，还有演员，而且因为避免在仪式出错相当重要，宗教领袖通常承担那项任务。故选A。
14.C 【解析】考查动词短语辨析。put up＂张贴，举起＂；take up＂占据，从事＂；take on＂呈现，承担＂；put on＂穿上＂。参看上一题解析。故选C。
15.D 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。unexpected＂意外的＂；unpredicted＂未预测到的＂；prepared＂准备好的＂；desired＂渴望的，想得到的＂。句意：戴着面具，穿着各种服装，他们经常模仿其他人、物、或超自然的生灵，还用动作表演来表现出想要得到的效果——打猎或战斗的胜利，即将到来的雨，太阳的升起——就像演员做得一样。故选D。
16.B 【解析】考查连词。whenever＂无论什么时候＂；as＂像……一样＂；whatever＂无论什么＂；so＂因此＂。参看上一题解析。故选B。
17.D 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。social＂社会的，社会上的，交际的，社交的＂；political＂政治的＂；economic＂经济的＂；religious＂宗教的＂。根据上文提示可知，后来，这种戏剧性的表演与宗教活动分离了。故选D。
19.C【解析】考查短语辨析。at that time＂在那时＂；at a time＂一次＂；at first＂首先，开始时，起初＂；at once＂立刻＂。根据本句中＂then＂提示可知，首先，讲述者通过动作和语言，然后…… 故选C。
20.A 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。imitation＂模仿＂；creature＂生物＂；presentation＂呈现，表现，展示＂；exhibition＂展览＂。句意：另一个与之紧密相关的理论认为戏剧追溯到那些主要是体操或是模仿动物动作和声音的舞蹈上。故选A。
Cloze 3（ 2017届河北省衡水中学高三第二次模拟考试）
话题
词数
难度
参考用时
正确率
作者和其他人对Wi-Fi的依赖
267
★★★☆☆
18分钟
Hello, Mr. Wi-Fi. Life without you is next to impossible. We’re happy to sing your name from morning till evening, sometimes till dawn.?　1　I know you help me, sometimes you’re making me do things with?　2　attention. Many times I promise myself that I’ll　3　my feelings towards you, but you’re?　4　me closer and closer… You’ve entered both my home and my?　5　. You’re just a window for our?　6　and information. But we people aren’t?　7　only with the window. So we open all our?　8　for you. Is this a(n)?　9　or some kind of attachment? If this is an illness, is it curable? And if this is an attachment will you?　10　me to the lifelong togetherness?
We want you 24/7. Can’t you take a few days off so that both you and I can?　11　? You’re a poison—not a slow one but a super?　12　poison which holds our mind and makes us dance?　13　its tune. Nowadays you’re so?　14　that anyone can buy and make you our?　15　. You’ll never be bothered about our health but we’ll?　16　be concerned about your ＂health＂. Because you accompany us everywhere and never let us be alone.
you were a?　17　person made of flesh and blood(血肉之躯)would we love you the same? You?　18　us with your numerous talents and we even can’t get rid of you. We’re all your??　19　. Sometimes I wonder how people in the previous generations?　20　, but if they did why can’t we?
1. A. Now that B. Only if C. Though D. When
2. A. praised B. increased C. focused D. divided
3. A. keep in B. bring back C. approve of D. give up
4. A. drawing B. pushing C. forcing D. observing
5. A. space B. soul C. society D. workplace
6. A. entertainment B. argument C. expansion D. struggle
7. A. strict B. satisfied C. generous D. busy
8. A. thoughts B. eyes C. exits D. doors
9. A. disease B. inspiration C. routine D. phenomenon
10.A. recommend B. instruct C. commit D. adapt
11. A. persist B. relax C. progress D. balance
12.A. raw B. ambiguous C. strong D. fast
13. A. to B. against C. from D. within
14. A. affordable B. valuable C. conventional D. attractive
15. A. addition B. expert C. companion D. instrument
16.A. sometimes B. always C. never D. seldom
17. A. selfish B. dishonest C. responsible D. real
18. A. control B. scold C. comfort D. challenge
19. A. friends B. salves C. colleagues D. employers
20. A. suffered B. connected C. survived D. surfed
【文章大意】本文介绍的是作者和其他人对Wi-Fi的依赖，没有Wi-Fi的生活几乎不可能，大家都成了Wi-Fi的奴隶。最后作者反思如果先辈们没有做到Wi-Fi也能生存，我们为什么不行？
1.C 【解析】考查连词。Now that既然；Only if只有；Though尽管，虽然；When当……时。句意：虽然我知道你帮助我，但有时你使我做事注意力分散。根据句意可知应选C。
3.A 【解析】考查动词短语。keep in抑制；bring back带回来；approve of赞成；give up放弃。句意：很多次我向自己许诺要抑制对你的感情，但你却正把我拉得越来越近…… 根据句意可知应选A。
4.A 【解析】考查动词。drawing拉，画；pushing推；forcing强迫，迫使；observing观察。根据句意可知应选A。
5.D 【解析】考查名词。space空间，太空；soul灵魂；society社会；workplace工作场所，车间。句意：你已经进入了我家和我的工作场所。根据句意可知应选D。
6.A 【解析】考查名词。entertainment娱乐，款待；argument争论，expansion扩展；struggle努力，挣扎。句意：你只是我们获得娱乐和信息的窗口。根据句意可知应选A。
7.B 【解析】考查形容词。strict严格的；satisfied满意的；generous慷慨的；busy忙碌的。句意：但是我们这些人对仅仅这个窗口并不满意。根据句意可知应选B。
8.D 【解析】考查名词。thoughts想法；eyes眼睛；exits出口；doors门。句意：所以我们为你打开了所有的门。根据句意可知应选D。
9.A 【解析】考查名词。disease疾病；inspiration激励，灵感；routine常规，惯例；phenomenon现象。根据下文＂If this is an illness,＂可知此处句意为＂这是一种疾病还是某种依恋？＂根据句意可知应选A。
10.C 【解析】考查动词。recommend推荐，建议；instruct指示；commit承诺；adapt适应，改编。句意：如果这是一种依恋，你会向我承诺终生在一起吗？根据句意可知应选C。
11.B 【解析】考查动词。persist坚持；relax放松；progress进步；balance平衡。句意：难道你不能休几天假以便于你和我都可以放松一下吗？根据句意可知应选B。
13.A 【解析】考查介词。to根据，跟着；against反对，违背；from从；within在……内。根据句意可知应选A。dance to跟着……跳舞。
14.A 【解析】考查形容词。affordable买得起的；valuable有价值的；conventional传统的；attractive有吸引力的。根据下文的＂…that anyone can buy＂可知此处应选＂买得起的＂，故选A。
15.C 【解析】考查名词。addition增加，添加；expert专家；? companion伙伴，同伴；instrument器械。根据上文可知此处表示＂使你成为我们的伙伴，故选C。
16.B 【解析】考查副词。sometimes有时；always总是，一直；never从不；seldom很少。句意：你从不为我们的健康担心，但是我们却一直关心你的健康。根据句意可知应选B。
17.D 【解析】考查形容词。selfish自私的；dishonest不诚实的；responsible负责的；real真实的，真正的。句意：如果你是一个血肉之躯的真正的人，我们会一样爱你吗？根据句意可知应选D。
18.A 【解析】考查动词。control控制；scold责骂；comfort安慰；challenge挑战。句意：你用你数不清的才能控制我们，我们甚至无法摆脱你。根据句意可知应选A。
20.C 【解析】考查动词。suffered遭受；connected联系；survived存活，幸存； surfed冲浪。句意：有时我想知道先辈们是如何生存的，但是如果他们做到了，我们为什么不行？根据句意可知应选C。
题组二
Cloze 1 (江西省重点中学赣中南五校高三第一次联合适应性考试)
话题
词数
难度
参考用时
正确率
正确的态度对待成功和失败
277
★★★☆☆
17分钟
Children and young people tend to have certain role models – people they want to be like when they grow??　1　. Though?　2　children would have wished to copy their mother, father or a (n)?　3　?relative, gradually these role models are thought of as famous people or popular??　4　.
People have different opinions about?　5　popular stars or other famous people are good role models for children. Charming models, such as Katie Price, are often admired and?　6　by young girls. This is the biggest worry of parents and teachers. They wish to??　7　?the concept that success is achieved through hard work and??　8　?rather than an attractive looking.
Most people tend to grow up to be those who are?　9　?home – their parents or family friends. Some decide to be like their favorite teacher. A child who loves to??　10　?may want to grow to be the next Picasso or Van Gogh; Someone who loves to?　11　might imagine themselves as a famous writer; if a child enjoys dancing, he or she??　12　?well admire a famous dancer, but this is not the??　13　. A lot of dance students wish to be like their??　14　?teacher.
Therefore, the job of a teacher is???　15　?just providing knowledge of a given subject. They should be able to??　16　?their students’ trust and????　17　?them well. Helping youngsters to learn from models, to learn how to accept???　18　?with grace and losing with dignity, is central to any parent’s or teacher’s job. Manners are very important and a dance teacher can??　19　?his or her position and influence to???　20　?good behaviors to youngsters.
1. A. younger B. stronger C. older D. taller
2. A. at first B. at last C. at least D. at most
3. A. generous B. humorous C. ordinary D. favorite
4. A. fans B. singers C. stars D. dancers
5. A. that B. whether C. why D. if
6. A. caught up with B. looked down upon C. thought highly of D. made fun of
7. A. hold B. encourage C. receive D. ignore
8. A. luck B. effort C. imagination D. creativity
9. A. similar to B. far from C. close to D. different from
10. A. read and write B. sing and dance C. draw and paint D. listen and speak
11. A. dance B. think C. sing D. read
12. A. may B. should C. must D. need
13. A. case B. trouble C. matter D. deal
14. A. art B. music C. piano D. dance
15. A. better than B. more than C. rather than D. less than
16. A. accept B. lose C. receive D. gain
17. A. negotiate with B. communicate with C. keep up with D. put up with
18. A. challenging B. failing C. winning D. falling
19. A. take charge of B. lose control of C. get rid of D. make use of
20. A. introduce B. press C. turn D. push
【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。很多青少年都将名人或明星作为自己的偶像。人们对这种现象持不同观点。作者认为，作为教师或家长，他们的中心任务就是要引导青少年正确的向偶像学习，以正确的态度对待成功和失败。
1.C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。young年轻的；strong强壮的，结实的；old老的；tall高的。由语境可知，孩子和年轻人都有自己的偶像。他们长大之后想成为像自己偶像那样的人。故C选项切题。
2.A【解析】考查短语辨析。at first起初；at last最后；at least至少；at most至多。由后文的＂gradually＂可知，起初，孩子们会把自己的父母或亲戚作为自己的偶像。故A选项正确。
4.C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。fan迷；singer歌手；star明星，星星；dancer跳舞者，舞蹈演员。由语境可知，逐渐地，孩子的偶像就会变成名人或明星。故C选项切题。下文第一句中亦有提示。
5.B【解析】考查宾语从句。由语境可知，人们对于以名人或明星作为偶像是否对孩子们好持不同观点。故B选项切题。
6.C【解析】考查动词短语辨析。catch up with赶上；look down upon看不起；think highly of高度赞扬；make fun of取笑。该空和前面的admire并列，年轻的女孩子们对Katie Price评价很高，经常赞美她，以她为偶像。故C选项切题。
7.B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。hold拿，握；encourage鼓励；receive收到；ignore忽略。由语境可知，父母希望鼓励这样一个观念：成功是通过努力获得的而不是通过迷人的外表获得的。故B选项切题。
8.B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。luck运气；effort努力；imagination想象力；creativity创造力。该空和前面的hard work并列，故B选项切题。成功是通过努力获得的。B选项切题。
9.C【解析】考查形容词短语辨析。similar to与……相似；far from远离……；close to离……近；different from和……不同。由后文的their parents or family friends可知，大部分人长大之后往往成为和自己离得近的人。故C选项切题。
10.C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。read and write读写；sing and dance唱歌跳舞；draw and paint画画和绘画；listen and speak听和写。Picasso or Van Gogh都是画家的名字，故可知，喜欢画画的孩子希望成为下一个毕加索或梵高。C选项切题。
11.D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。dance跳舞；think想，认为；sing唱；read读。由后文的＂writer＂可知，喜欢阅读的人希望自己成为一名作家。故D选项切题。
13.A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。case情况，案例，病例；trouble麻烦；matter事情，问题，物质；deal协定，交易，大量。由语境可知，情况并非总是如此。A选项切题。
14.D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。art艺术；music音乐；piano钢琴；dance舞蹈。很多学舞蹈的学生希望成为像他们舞蹈老师那样的人。故D选项切题。
15.B【解析】考查短语辨析。better than比……好；more than超过，比……多；rather than 而不是；less than比……少。由语境可知，老师的工作不仅仅只是向学生传授知识。B选项切题。
16.D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。accept接受；lose失去；receive收到；gain获得。由语境可知，老师应该能够获得学生的信任。故D选项切题。
17.B【解析】考查动词短语辨析。negotiate with和……谈判，协商；communicate with和……交流；keep up with 跟上；put up with容忍，忍受。由语境可知，老师应该获得学生的信任并且和学生进行良好的交流。故B选项切题。
18.C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。challenge挑战；fail失败；win获胜；fall落下，摔倒。由语境可知，教师或者父母的中心职责就是要帮助青少年像偶像学习，教给他们如何优雅地接受胜利，如何在失败的时候保持尊严。win和后文的lose对应。故C选项切题。
20.A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。introduce介绍，引入；press按，压；turn翻转，转动；push推，逼迫。结合上一题解析可知，A选项切题。
Cloze 2(江西省宜春市奉新县第一中学等四校高三联考)
话题
词数
难度
参考用时
正确率
美国人对于时间的态度
283
★★★☆☆
17分钟
What is time? Is it a thing to be saved or?　1　or wasted, like money? Or is it something we have no control?　2　, like the weather? Is time the same all over the world? That's an easy question, you say. ?　3　you go, a minute is 60 seconds, an hour is 60 minutes, a day is 24 hours, and so forth. Well, maybe. But in America, time is?　4　that. Americans see time as a valuable?　5　. Maybe that's why they are?　6　of the expression, ＂Time is money. ＂
To Americans, punctuality is a way of showing?　7　for other people's time. Being more than 10 minutes late to an appointment usually?　8　an apology, and maybe an explanation. People?　9　are running late often call ahead to let others know of the?　10　. Of course, the less formal the situation, the less important it is to be exactly?　11　. At informal get-togethers,?　12　, people often arrive as much as 30 minutes past the?　13　time. But they usually don't try that at work.
American lifestyles show?　14　people respect the time of others. When people plan an event, they often?　15　the time days or weeks in advance. Once the time is fixed, it takes almost a(n)?　16　to change it. If people want to come to your house for a friendly visit, they will usually?　17　first to make sure it is convenient. Only very close friends will just?　18　unannounced. Also, people hesitate to call others late at night for fear they?　19　be in bed. The time may vary, but most folks think?　20　about calling after 10:00 p. m.
1. A. bought B. ignored C. spent D. killed
2. A. over B. in C. with D. for
3. A. However B. Whenever C. Whatever D. Wherever
4. A. less than B. no more than C. not more than D. more than
5. A. resource B. material C. source D. factor
6. A. short B. fond C. crazy D. enthusiastic
7. A. preference B. mercy C. respect D. hatred
8. A. calls for B. arises from C. makes for D. results from
9. A. whom B. which C. who D. whose
10. A. time B. result C. explanation D. delay
11. A. in time B. on time C. ahead of time D. over time
12.A. such as B. in a word C. for example D. as usual
13. A. assigned B. appointed C. approved D. assessed
14. A. how many B. how far C. how much D. how soon
15. A. set B. prepare C. use D. quit
16. A. emergency B. pleasure C. period D. emotion
17. A. write B. claim C. inform D. call
18. A. drop out B. drop by C. drop off D. drop behind
19. A. must B. might C. need D. shall
20.A. first B. last C. once D. twice
【文章大意】本文讲述了美国人对于时间的态度。
1.C 【解析】考查动词。根据句意＂时间就像钱一样，是可以被节约或花费或浪费的东西吗？＂，故选C项。A项bought表＂买＂，B项ignored表＂忽视；不理睬＂，D项kill表＂杀死；消磨（时间等）＂。
2.A 【解析】考查固定短语，have control over…是固定短语，表＂控制……＂，故选A项。
3.D 【解析】考查连词。根据前两句＂Is time the same all over the world? That's an easy question, you say. ＂可知，此处应表示地点，故选D项，wherever引导让步状语从句，表＂不论在……的地方＂。
4.D 【解析】考查固定短语。该空所在的句子用＂But＂表示转折，此处应表示＂在美国，时间并不仅仅是那样（more than that）＂，选D项。A项less than＂少于＂，B项no more than＂不仅仅＂，C项not more than＂不超过＂。
5.A 【解析】考查名词。根据句意＂美国人把时间看作是宝贵的资源＂，故选A项resource。B项material
　　＂材料＂，C项source＂来源＂，D项factor＂因素＂。
6.B 【解析】考查形容词。上一句提到＂美国人将时间看作是一种宝贵的资源＂，因此他们喜欢＂Time is money＂这样的一句话，故选B 项，be fond of…＂喜欢……＂。A项be short of…＂缺少……＂，C项crazy搭配介词about，表＂迷恋……＂，D项enthusiastic搭配介词about，表＂热衷于……＂。
7.C 【解析】考查名词。根据句意＂对美国人来说，准时是表示他们尊重别人时间的一种方式＂，故选C项respect。A项preference表＂偏好＂，B项mercy表＂仁慈＂，D项hatred表＂憎恨＂均不合题意。
8.A 【解析】考查动词短语。结合上句，美国人准时是尊重别人的时间，故比约定时间迟到十分钟以上就需要道歉或者做出解释，故选A项calls for（需要；要求）。B项arise from表＂由……引起＂，C项makes for表＂有助于，促进＂，D项results from表＂由……引起＂。
9.C 【解析】考查定语从句。根据句子结构可知，该空与are running late构成主谓结构，位于名词people之后，是定语从句。定语从句缺少作主语的指人的引导词，故用C项who。
10.D 【解析】考查名词。结合句意，那些比预期晚到的人通常会提前打电话，为的是告知对方自己会耽搁，故选D项delay。A项time＂时间＂，B项result＂结果＂，C项explanation＂解释＂。
12.C 【解析】考查介词短语。根据句意可知，该句是对上句的举例说明，故选C项for example＂例如＂。A项such as＂例如＂，但其后面应加名词或代词，而不能是一个句子；B项in a word＂总之＂；D项as usual＂像往常一样＂。
13.B 【解析】考查动词。根据句意，人们在非正式聚会时会比约定的时间迟长达三十分钟的时间，故选B项appointed，appointed time表＂约定的时间＂。 A项＂assigned＂＂分配；指派＂；C项approved＂批准；赞成＂；D项assessed＂评定＂。
14.C 【解析】考查宾语从句。根据结构可知该空是宾语从句的引导词；结合句意，表示美国人尊重别人时间的程度，故用C项how much。A项how many表数量；B项how far表距离；D项how soon表时间，＂多久＂。
15.A 【解析】考查动词。结合下句＂once the time is fixed＂可知，人们在计划一件事时，通常会提前几天或几周设定日期，故用A项set。
16.A 【解析】考查名词。人们计划一件事时，需提前定日期，故一旦时间定好了，要改变就不容易了，或许要有突发事件的发生，选A项emergency。B项pleasure＂快乐＂；C项period＂时期＂；D项emotion＂情感＂。
17.D 【解析】考查动词。根据生活常识，要去别人家做客，首先应打电话问问对方是否方便，故选D项call。
19.B 【解析】考查情态动词。结合句意，人们在晚上很晚的时候给别人打电话也会犹豫，担心对方或许休息了，表不太肯定的推测用might。
20.D 【解析】考查固定短语。think twice是固定结构，表示＂三思＂。
Cloze 3 (安徽省＂皖南八校＂高三联考 )
话题
词数
难度
参考用时
正确率
人际交往的原则
294
★★★☆☆
18分钟
People are always asking what the most important element to a healthy relationship is. The?　1　is there are many. But there is one really important thing that all great and healthy relationships have in common —?　2　. Yes, of course, there are some little?　3　lies even in the best of relationships-?　4　surprises or unexpected birthday parties-but the truth is that happy couples communicate honestly and don't?　5　to protect their own interests. So how can you have more open?　6　in your own relationship?
First, remember that honesty is the best policy even?　7　your partner might not like what you have to say. Yes, it may be?　8　to tell your guy that you don't like one of his friends. But Lying or holding things?　9　will make things worse in the long run.
The next thing to be?　10　is to say what you have to say?　11　. If your partner feels　12　,he will be less??　13　to what you have to say and may even become defensive. Your delivery is of utmost importance when you are discussing sensitive issues. Think through what you want to say?　14　before you bring it up. You don't want to?　15　the person that you love. You just want them to be?　16　of the truth.
One last thing to keep in mind about communicating openly is that it enhances your relationship. If you aren't honest about any dirty little?　17　you may have, they will probably come up eventually and?　18　you in the backside. And if you keep things to yourself, your relationship will not be based on the truth, which??　19　a solid foundation. Hard??　20　the truth may be sometimes, honesty really is the best policy.
1. A. phenomenon B. truth C. theory D. evidence
2. A. honesty B. enthusiasm C. cooperation D. persistence
3. A. red B. purple C. white D. black
4. A. security B. privilege C. anniversary D. ambition
5. A. lie B. bargain C. complain D. interact
6. A. appreciation B. reputation C. selection D. communication
7. A. why B. when C. how D. where
8. A. tough B. immediate C. complicated D. plain
9. A. in B. on C. above D. back
10. A. serious about B. proud of C. expert at D. worthy of
11. A. obviously B. rudely C. nicely D. smoothly
12. A. puzzled B. attacked C. astonished D. satisfied
13. A. creative B. relative C. sensitive D. receptive
14. A. slightly B. thoroughly C. frequently D. briefly
15. A. suspect B. convince C. insult D. frighten
16. A. afraid B. aware C. ashamed D. capable
17. A. uniforms B. secrets C. blankets D. courts
18.A. train B. consult C. understand D. bite
19. A. picks out B. turns on C. makes for D. comes across
20. A. although B. while C. until D. as
【文章大意】文章介绍人际交往中一个重要的原则——要以诚相待。
1.B 【解析】根据下文＂but the truth is that happy couples communicate honestly＂可知，真相有很多。truth真相。故选B。
2.A 【解析】根据下文＂communicate honestly＂可知，但是有一个真正重要的，所有非常好的和健康的关系共同具备的东西是诚实。honesty诚实。故选A。
3.C 【解析】根据下文＂but the truth is that happy couples communicate honestly＂是的，当然，即使在最好的关系中也有一些小小的善意的谎言。white lies善意的谎言。故选C。
4.C 【解析】根据下文＂unexpected birthday parties＂可知，这里是周年的惊喜或者出乎意料的生日宴会。anniversary周年。故选C。
5.A 【解析】根据上文＂there are some little???????lies＂可知，但是事实是幸福的夫妇会坦诚沟通，不会为了保护他们自己的利益而撒谎。lie撒谎。故选A。
6.D 【解析】根据下文＂One last thing to keep in mind about communicating openly＂可知，那么你怎样才能在你自己的关系中进行更坦率的交流呢？communication交流。故选D。
7.B 【解析】句意：首先要记住即使当你的伙伴也许不喜欢你不得不说的内容时，诚实仍然是最上策。when当……时候。故选B。
8.A 【解析】根据下文＂that you don't like one of his friends. ＂可知，也许告诉你的伙伴你不喜欢他的其中一位朋友有困难。tough困难的。故选A。
9.D 【解析】根据下文＂make things worse＂可知，但是从长远来看，撒谎或者隐瞒事情会让事情变得更糟糕。hold back隐瞒。故选D。
10.A 【解析】句意：下一个要认真对待的是要好好地说你必须要说的。serious about对……认真。故选A。
11.C 【解析】根据下文＂If your partner feels??????,he will be less??????to what you have to say and may even become defensive. ＂可知，下一个要认真对待的是要好好地说你必须要说的。nicely好好地。故选C。
12.B 【解析】根据下文＂may even become defensive. ＂可知，如果你的伙伴感到受到攻击，他会更不愿意接纳你必须说的，而且甚至会变得有所防卫。attack攻击。故选B。
13.D 【解析】根据下文＂to what you have to say＂可知，他会更不愿意接纳你必须说的。receptive接受的。故选D。
14.B 【解析】句意：在你谈到某事之前，彻底地想清楚你想要说的。thoroughly完全地，彻底地。故选B。
16.B 【解析】句意：你只是想他们知晓真相。aware意识到。故选B。
17.B 【解析】根据下文＂if you keep things to yourself,＂可知，如果你对于你也许有的任何不雅的小秘密不坦诚的话，它们可能最终会出现，咬你的后背。secrets故选B。
18.D 【解析】根据下文＂in the backside＂可知，它们可能最终会出现，咬你的后背。bite咬。故选D。
19.C 【解析】句意：如果你把事情藏在心底，你的关系不是建立在事实之上，而事实有助于建立坚实的基础。make for导致，有助于，走向。故选C。
20.D 【解析】句意：尽管真相有时候可能会不近人情，但是诚实确实是最上策。使用as引导的倒装句，表示让步状语。故选D。
备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈
专题12 冲关真题训练
题组一
Cloze 1(2016·上海卷)
话题
词数
难度
参考用时
正确率
一种新型管理理论
382
★★★☆☆
17分钟
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making — all members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 8 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 11 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 13 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 15 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
1. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
2. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
3. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise
4. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
5. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging
6. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
7. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
8. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
9. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
10. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
11. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared
12. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
13. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
14. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
15. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
【文章大意】本文是说明文，介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论——授权管理及其作用。
1. D 根据后半句＂....will do anything to avoid it＂可知人们本能上不喜欢工作，他们为逃避工作可以做任何事情。故D项正确。
2. A to the contrary相反的；to the degree在某种程度上；to the extreme走向极端。此处是说，无论如何，尽管很多证据与这个理论相反，很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故A项正确。
3. B 由后面的例子他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给予他们不断的监督可知此处是举例说明。故B项正确。
4. D 根据后句可知，此处是说，他们的决定是来自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故D项＂above上面的＂正确。
5. C 根据前段可知本文讨论的是管理学的理论，此处是说，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。故C项正确。
6. B refer to提到，谈到；contribute to做贡献，导致；object to反对；apply to适用于。此处是说，亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程作出自己的贡献。故B项正确。
7. A agreement同意；practice练习，做法；election选举；impression印象。此处是说，亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同协商的基础上的，西方人也想模仿这样的管理方法。故A项正确。
8. D 根据前半句＂...women will become more effective managers than men...＂可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效，因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故D项正确。
9. A 根据前句＂... encourage employees to use their own initiative... ＂（鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神），也就是说在作出决定的时候不用先请示上级经理。故A项正确。
10. C 根据＂the trend towards downsizing＂（缩小规模的趋势）可知，也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接作出决定而不需要请示上级，故动词＂reduce减少＂符合语境。
12. B economically经济地；traditionally传统地；inadequately不充分地；occasionally偶尔地。根据后句Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control可知授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B项正确。
13. D deny否认；admit承认；assume假定，设想；ensure保证，确保。授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。
14. A virtual虚拟的；ineffective无效果的，低效率的；day-to-day日常的；on-the-scene现场的。根据后句where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明这是一种新型通过虚拟网络进行管理的方法。故A项正确。
15. C opinion观点；risk冒险；performance表现；attractiveness魅力。根据后半句＂in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them＂可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品，而不是他们的工作时间。故C项正确。
Cloze 2（2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)
话题
词数
难度
参考用时
正确率
各种形式的活动，如果人们经常做，都会产生厌倦情绪。
240
★★★☆☆
17分钟
As a general rule, all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine (常规) basis. As a matter of fact, we can see this 　1　at work in people of all 　2　.For example, on Christmas morning, children are excited about 　3　with their new toys. But their 　4　soon wears off and by January those 　5　toys can be found put away in the basement. The world is full of 　6　stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument to someone’s 　7　interest. When parents bring home a pet, their child 　8　bathes it and brushes its fur. Within a short time, however, the 　9　of caring for the animal is handed over to the parents. Adolescents enter high school with great 　10　but are soon looking forward to 　11　.The same is true of the young adults going to college. And then, how many 　12　, who now complain (抱怨) about the long drives to work, 　13　drove for hours at a time when they first 　14　their driver’s licenses(执照)?Before people retire, they usually 　15　to do a lot of 　16　things, which they never had 　17　to do while working. But 　18　after retirement, the golfing, the fishing, the reading and all of the other pastimes become as boring as the jobs they 　19　.And, like the child in January, they go searching for new 　20　.
1. A. principle B. habit C. way D. power
2. A. parties B. races C. countries D. ages
3. A. working B. living C. playing D. going
4. A. confidence B. interest C. anxiety D. sorrow
5. A. same B. extra C. funny D. expensive
6. A. well-organized B. colorfully-printed C. newly-collected D. half-filled
7. A. broad B. passing C. different D. main
8. A. silently B. impatiently C. gladly D. worriedly
9. A. promise B. burden C. right D. game
10. A. courage B. calmness C. confusion D. excitement
11. A. graduation B. independence C. responsibility D. success
12. A. children B. students C. adults D. retirees
13. A. carefully B. eagerly C. nervously D. bravely
14. A. required B. obtained C. noticed D. discovered
15. A. need B. learn C. start D. plan
16. A. great B. strange C. difficult D. correct
17. A. time B. money C. skills D. knowledge
18. A. only B. well C. even D. soon
19. A. lost B. chose C. left D. quit
20. A. pets B. toys C. friends D. colleagues
【文章大意】本文通过举例说明这样一个道理：各种形式的活动，如果人们经常做，都会产生厌倦情绪。
1. A 其实，我们可从各年龄段的人们身上看到这个准则是如何起作用的。第一段的第一句出现短语As a general rule，本空填principle呼应名词rule。
2. D 各年龄段的人都会产生厌倦情绪。从下文可知，孩子厌倦玩具、少年厌倦高中、青年厌倦大学、成年 人厌倦开车、老年人厌倦退休后的生活。因此本空填ages。
3. C 在圣诞节早上，孩子们一开始很喜欢玩(playing)他们的新玩具。
4. B 但是，不久他们对新玩具的兴趣(interest)逐渐消失了。
5. A 到了一月，同样的(same)玩具再也不能吸引孩子们了，他们就把那些玩具收起来了。
6. D 生活中满是装满一半(half-filled)邮票的集邮册和没有完工的模型。后文的＂unfinished＂是关键信息。
7. B 这些东西说明很多人曾经喜欢某一件事,结果半途而废。他们的兴趣是短暂的(passing)。故选B。?
8. C 当父母带回家一个宠物时，孩子高兴地(gladly)为它洗澡、刷它的毛。
9. B 但是，过不了多久，照顾动物的重担(burden)又被移交给了父母。
10. D 青少年带着极大的兴奋之情(excitement)进入高中。
11. A 但是，不久他们就盼望着毕业(graduation)。
13. B 而当他们刚刚拿到驾照时，他们翘首企盼(eagerly)一次开好几个小时。eagerly＂渴望地＂，符合文意。
14. B obtain＂得到＂。这里指考取驾照。
15. D 在退休前，人们通常计划(plan)做很多事情。
16. A 这些事情是他们上班时没有时间做的大事(great things)。
17. A 参见上题解析。他们上班太忙了，没有时间(time)做这些事情。
18. D 但是，退休后不久(soon)，像打高尔夫、钓鱼、阅读及其他所有的消遣方式都变得没有意思了。
19. C 那些消遣方式就像他们刚离开(leave)的工作一样，非常乏味。
20. B 这些退休老人遭遇的处境，就像一月的孩子一样，开始找新玩具(toys)，寻求刺激了。
Cloze 3（2015·安徽卷）
话题
词数
难度
参考用时
正确率
环保问题
287
★★★☆☆
18分钟
In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one. The 　1　 is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 　2　 because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.
How did we 　3　 a throwaway society? First of all, it is now easier to 　4　 an object than to spend time and money to repair it. 　5　 modern manufacturing(制造业)and technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively. Products are plentiful and 　6　.
Another cause is our 　7　of disposable(一次性的)products. As 　8　 people, we are always looking for 　9　 to save time and make our lives easier. Companies 　10　 thousands of different kinds of disposable products: paper plates, plastic cups, and cameras, to name a few.
Our appetite for new products also 　11　 to the problem. We are 　12　 buying new things. Advertisements persuade us that 　13　 is better and that we will be happier with the latest products. The result is that we 　14　 useful possessions to make room for new ones.
All around the world, we can see the 　15　 of this throwaway lifestyle. Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger. To 　16　 the amount of rubbish and to protect the 　17　, more governments are requiring people to recycle materials. 　18　, this is not enough to solve(解决)our problem.
Maybe there is another way out. We need to repair our possessions 　19　 throwing them away. We also need to rethink our attitudes about 　20　. Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.
1. A. key B. reason C. project D. problem
2. A. gifts B. rubbish C. debt D. products
3. A. face B. become C. observe D. change
4. A. hide B. control C. replace D. withdraw
5. A. Thanks to B. As to C. Except for D. Regardless of
6. A. safe B. funny C. cheap D. powerful
7. A. love B. lack C. prevention D. division
8. A. sensitive B. kind C. brave D. busy
9. A. ways B. places C. jobs D. friends
10. A. donate B. receive C. produce D. preserve
11. A. adapts B. returns C. responds D. contributes
12. A. tired of B. addicted to C. worried about D. ashamed for
13. A. newer B. stronger C. higher D. larger
14. A. pick up B. pay for C. hold onto D. throw away
15. A. advantages B. purposes C. functions D. consequences
16. A. show B. record C. decrease D. measure
17. A. technology B. environment C. consumers D. brands
18. A. However B. Otherwise C. Therefore D. Meanwhile
19. A. by B. in favour of C. after D. instead of
20. A. spending B. collecting C. repairing D. advertising
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章分析了为什么我们的社会变成了一次性物品充斥的社会，同时指出要解决这一问题，除了回收资源以外，人们更应该改变消费习惯。
1.D 根据第一段末句中的＂because people ... than ever before＂可知这里描述的是一种世界各国正在面临的 问题(problem)。
2.B 根据空格后的原因状语从句＂because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before＂可知答案。
3.B文章第二段、第三段和第四段分析了我们变成一次性物品充斥的社会的原因。由此可知此句是总领性 的句子——我们是怎样变成一次性物品充斥的社会的。
5.A 由于现代制造业和技术，公司可以更快地、更加低成本地生产东西。thanks to＂幸亏，由于＂。
6.C 由上一句中的＂produce products quickly and inexpensively＂可知，产品应该是充足的和便宜的。故此空 应填cheap。
7.A 由第三段可知，人们喜爱一次性产品是因为它可以节约时间，使人们的生活更轻松。这里表明人们对一次性产品的喜爱是另外一个原因。prevention＂预防＂； division＂分开，分隔＂。
8.D 为什么要节约时间?是因为人们比较忙。busy＂忙碌的＂，符合语境。
9.A 忙碌的我们总是寻找节省时间的方法，故选ways。
10.C 公司生产许多不同种类的一次性产品。根据前句的语境可知此处表示生产(produce)一次性产品。 donate＂捐赠＂；preserve＂保护＂。
11.D 由本段内容可知，我们对新产品的强烈欲望也会引起这个问题。adapt to＂适应＂；return to＂返 回＂；respond to＂对……作出反应＂；contribute to＂是……的原因之一＂。
12.B 根据前句＂我们对新产品的强烈欲望也会引起这个问题＂，以及后句中的＂we will be happier with the 　 　latest products＂推理可知此处应选B，be addicted to＂对……上瘾＂。
13.A 根据空后的＂we will be happier with the latest products＂可知此处表示＂越新越好＂。
14. D make room for new ones意为＂为新东西腾出空间＂，那么如何为新东西腾出空间呢?当然是通过throw away＂扔掉＂。
15.D 根据后句＂Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger＂可知此处指的是＂这种抛弃型的生活方式造 　 　成的后果＂。 advantage＂优点＂；purpose＂目的＂；fun_ction＂功能＂；consequence＂结果，后果＂。
16.C 根据后文中的＂more governments are requiring people to recycle materials＂和文章最后一句中的＂...to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment＂可知，人们回收资源的目的是减少垃圾的
　　数量和保护环境。decrease＂减少＂，符合语境。
17.B 参见上题解析。
18.A 根据下一段内容以及空格后的＂this is not enough to solve (解决) our problem＂推理可知空格前后应为 　转折关系，故选择However。
19.D 维修东西和扔掉它们是对立的概念，因此选择instead of＂而不是＂。in favour of＂支持＂。
20.A 根据前句中的＂to repair our possessions 　19　 throwing them away＂以及后句中的＂Repairing our
possessions and changing our spending habits...＂ 可知选A。
题组二
Cloze1(2015·福建卷)
话题
词数
难度
参考用时
正确率
要管好你的嘴
321
★★★☆☆
17分钟
One of the easiest things in the world is to become a fault-finder. However, life can be 1　 when you are not busy finding fault with it.
Several years ago I 　2　 a letter from seventeen-year-old Kerry, who described herself as a world-class fault-finder, almost always 　3　 by things. People were always doing things that annoyed her, and 　4　 was ever good enough. She was highly self-critical and also found fault with her friends. She became a really 　5　 person.
Unfortunately, it took a horrible accident to change her 　6　. Her best friend was seriously hurt in a car crash. What made it almost 　7　 to deal with was that the day before the 　8　, Kerry had visited her friend and had spent the whole time criticizing her 　9　 of boyfriends, the way she was living, the way she related to her mother, and various other things she felt she needed to 　10　. It wasn’t until her friend was badly hurt that Kerry became 　11　 her habit of finding fault. Very quickly, she learned to appreciate life rather than to 　12　 everything so harshly(刻薄). She was able to transfer her new wisdom to other parts of her 　13　 as well.
Perhaps most of us aren’t as extreme at fault-finding, 　14　 when we’re honest, we can be sharply 　15　 of the world. I’m not suggesting you 　16　 problems, or that you pretend things are 　17　 than they are, but simply that you learn to allow things to be as they are — 　18　 most of the time, and especially when it’s not a really big 　19　.
Train yourself to ＂bite your tongue＂, and with a little 　20　, you’ll get really good at letting things go. And when you do, you’ll get back your enthusiasm and love for life.
1. A. lonely B. great C. quiet D. uneasy
2. A. received B. answered C. expected D. rejected
3. A. threatened B. interrupted C. bothered D. spoiled
4. A. anything B. everything C. something D. nothing
5. A. caring B. boring C. interesting D. surprising
6. A. attitude B. plan C. measure D. explanation
7. A. urgent B. unnecessary C. certain D. impossible
8. A. occasion B. event C. accident D. adventure
9. A. memory B. notice C. evidence D. choice
10. A. hear B. contribute C. express D. admit
11. A. aware of B. afraid of C. curious about D. confused about
12. A. discuss B. realize C. judge D. settle
13. A. family B. life C. career D. education
14. A. so B. or C. but D. for
15. A. proud B. sure C. hopeful D. critical
16. A. face B. create C. solve D. ignore
17. A. rarer B. better C. stranger D. worse
18. A. at least B. at last C. by far D. so far
19. A. task B. deal C. result D. duty
20. A. practice B. speech C. rest D. pity
【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。文章通过讲述Kerry从一个吹毛求疵的人变为一个学会感恩生活的人，告诉我们＂要管好你的嘴＂，寻回昔日对生活的热情。
1. B从下文内容可知,本文作者不赞同人们老是挑毛病,所以用great表示当你不忙于挑毛病时生活会很精彩。
2. A receive a letter from sb. ＂收到某人的来信＂。
4. D根据and前面的句子可知,此处表示＂没有一件事情她觉得好＂,所以用nothing。
5. B此处用boring表示＂令人厌烦的＂。
6. A 根据下文可知,这场意外改变了她的态度。attitude ＂态度＂。
7. D事故发生前一天Kerry拜访了她的这个朋友并一直挑朋友的毛病。据此可知,这使得事情几乎无法应对。
8. C根据上文的＂it took a horrible accident＂ 可知,此处选C。
9. D Kerry批评她的朋友对男朋友的选择。choice ＂选择＂。
10. C 空处所在的句子是定语从句,various other things 是先行词,关系词that/which 代替先行词在从句中作宾语，所以用express＂表达＂。
11. A 直到她的朋友严重受伤Kerry才意识到她挑毛病的习惯。aware of ＂意识到＂；afraid of ＂害
　　　怕＂；curious about ＂好奇＂；confused about ＂感到困惑＂。
12. C judge ＂判断，评价＂。此处judge … harshly和上文的＂appreciate life＂形成对比。
13. B她也能够把她的新智慧转移到她生活的其他方面。
14. C上下文是转折关系，所以用but。
15. D be critical of 和find fault with是同义短语。
16. D根据上下文可知，不挑剔并不意味着忽视问题。ignore ＂忽视＂。
17. B或者假装事情比真实情况要好。
18. A至少大多数时候是这样的。at least ＂至少＂。
19. B a big deal是固定搭配,含义为＂重要的事情＂。
20. A根据上下文可知，要做到这一点需要的是少量的训练。practice ＂练习，训练＂。
Cloze 2(2014·广东卷)
话题
词数
难度
参考用时
正确率
父母与孩子的关系
292
★★★☆☆
15分钟
Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers. Then again, teenagers have 1　feelings about their parents, saying that it is not easy living with them. According to a recent research, the most common 　2　between parents and teenagers is that regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks. On the one hand, parents go mad over 　3　rooms, clothes thrown on the floor and their children’s refusal to help with the 　4　. On the other hand, teenagers lose their patience continually when parents blame them for 　5　the towel in the bathroom, not cleaning up their room or refusing to do the shopping at the supermarket.
The research, conducted by St. George University, shows that different parents have different 　6　to these problems. However, some approaches are more 　7　than others. For example, those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness, but 　8　clean the room for them, have fewer chances of changing their children’s 　9　. On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience the 　10　of their actions can do better. For example, when teenagers who don’t help their parents with the shopping don’t find their favorite drink in the refrigerator, they are forced to 　11　their actions.
Psychologists say that 　12　is the most important thing in parent-child relationships. Parents should 　13　to their children but at the same time they should lend an ear to what they have to say. Parents may 　14　their children when they are untidy but they should also understand that their room is their own private space. Communication is a two-way process. It is only by listening to and 　15　each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.
1. A. natural B. strong C. guilty D. similar
2. A. interest B. argument C. link D. knowledge
3. A. noisy B. crowded C. messy D. locked
4. A. homework B. housework C. problem D. research
5. A. washing B. using C. dropping D. replacing
6. A. approaches B. contributions C. introductions D. attitudes
7. A. complex B. popular C. scientific D. successful
8. A. later B. deliberately C. seldom D. thoroughly
9. A. behavior B. taste C. future D. nature
10. A. failures B. changes C. consequences D. thrills
11. A. defend B. delay C. repeat D. reconsider
12. A. communication B. bond C. friendship D. trust
13. A. reply B. attend C. attach D. talk
14. A. hate B. scold C. frighten D. stop
15. A. loving B. observing C. understanding D. praising
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文，文章就父母与孩子的关系进行了讨论。最新研究表明，父母与孩子之间最为常见的争执在于不整洁和日常家务这两个方面。同时，父母不同的应对方法收效也不尽相同。心理学家说，在处理父母与孩子的关系时，最重要的还是在于双方的沟通和理解。
1. D根据第一段中的＂it is difficult to live with teenagers＂以及＂saying that it is not easy living with them＂可 知，父母和孩子均表示住在一起不容易，所以双方的感觉是相似的，可知此处选D。其余选项不符合
语境。?
2. B下文提到＂parents go mad＂ ＂teenagers lose their patience＂表明此处表示父母和孩子之间的争论 (argument)。
3. C前一句提到untidiness, 再根据空后的＂clothes thrown on the floor＂可知,此处应用messy。?
4. B根据上文中的＂daily routine tasks＂可知，此处应用housework与之对应。
6. A 根据下文中的＂However, some approaches are more 　 than others＂中的＂approaches＂可知此处选A。?
7. D下文列举了两个例子，第一个例子中父母的做法改变孩子们的习惯的可能性很小，另外一个例子中,父母会迫使孩子们改变，所以，有些方法是更成功的。?
8. A 那些开始因孩子们的不整洁大嚷大叫，随后又为孩子们整理房间的父母，改变孩子们的行为的可能性
是很小的。
9. A参见上题解析。?
10. C那些让孩子们体验行为后果的父母会做得更好。根据下句的例子，可知答案为C。?
11. D孩子们不去帮忙购物，结果就是在冰箱里找不到自己喜欢喝的饮料，因此他们不得不重新考虑他们的
行为了。?
12. A下文提到 ＂ 　??? to their children but at the same time they should lend an ear to what they have to say＂＂Communication is a two-way process＂，由此可知答案为A。?
13. D根据下文中的＂at the same time they should lend an ear to what they have to say＂可知，此处指交谈和聆听。?
14. B根据下文中的＂but they should also understand＂以及上文中的＂when parents blame them for＂可知，此处应用 scold。
15. C父母与孩子只有通过聆听和相互理解才能解决问题。上文中的＂they should also understand that＂也是提示。
Cloze 3(2014·上海卷)
话题
词数
难度
参考用时
正确率
闲言碎语的重要性
450
★★★☆☆
18分钟
Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple 　1　.
Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we ?　2　 do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult 　3　 situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.
So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural 　4　, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really?　5　issues.
Dunbar?　6　 the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—?　7　, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.
Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the 　8　 of the higher primates(灵长类动物)like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or　9　from outside it.
As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar 　10　 that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the 　11　__ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to ?　12　 the pressure and calm everybody down.
But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be　13　 to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more?　14　 kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal(有声的)grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one　15　 contact. 1. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language
2. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally
3. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural
4. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters
5. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult
6. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens
7. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result
8. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour
9. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance
10. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses
11. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection
12. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease
13. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained
14. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. Thoughtful
15. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secret
【语篇解读】研究表明人们的语言大多数不是重大的话题讨论和研究，而很多是闲言碎语，这些闲言碎语是不是浪费时间呢，Robin Dunbar教授不是这样认为的，他认为闲言碎语是非常重要的，是人类发展过程中非常重要的交流形式。
1．C 考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.宣称,B.描述，C.闲话，D.语言，根据上文的句子：可 知我们人类的大多数对话不是文化的，政治的问题，也不是关于电影和树的讨论，而就是简单的 闲言碎语，Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading下文多次出现gossip这个词，所以选C。
2．B 考查副词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.偶然地，B.习惯地，C.独立地，D.最初地，根据上一句， Language is our greatest treasure as a species,语言是我们做为一个物种的最伟大的财宝，我们习惯怎 么使用它？所以选B。
3．A 考查形容词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.社交的，B.政治的，C.历史的，D.文化的，根据下文 的：involving children, lovers, and colleagues.包括孩子，爱人和同事这些都是社会形势，所以选A.
4．D 考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.仰慕者，B.主人，C.使用者，D.浪费者，根据上文，So why are we keen on gossiping?我们为什么喜欢说些闲言碎语，因为我们是时间和语言的浪费者吗？ 所以选D。
5．A 考查形容词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.至关重要的，B.敏感的，C.理想的，D.困难的，根据 上文的介绍，It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar.可知Robin Dunbar教授不认为我们 是浪费时间，而认为闲言碎语是最重要的事情，所以选A。
6．B 考查动词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.证实，B.反对，C. 概述，略述，画轮廓，打草图D.拓 宽，根据上下文可知Robin Dunbar教授是反对传统的关于语言是在人类社会发展初期在组织打猎 的时候发展起来的这个观点，所以选B。
8．D 考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.动机，B.外表，出现，C. 情感，D.行为，根据下文的 描述By means of grooming可知教授是通过研究灵长类动物的行为得出这个令人高兴的理论的，所 以选D。
9．A 考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.进攻，B.联系，C.视察，D.帮助，根据上文的conflict 可知猴子和其他的个体形成群体来获得在内部冲突事件中或来自外界的进攻时的支持，所以选A。
10．C 考查动词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.回想，B.否认，C.下结论，结束，D. .承认，聆听(某人 的)忏悔，这句话的意思是：教授下结论说，我们在历史上做过相似的事情，所以选C。
11．D 考查名词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A. .前景，期望，眺望处，景象，B.责任，C.领导，D.保 护，根据下文的：on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. 可知因为群体越大，获得的保护就越大，所以选D。
12．D 考查动词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.衡量，B.展示，C.保持，D.缓解，根据上文：on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others.群体越大，生活在一起的压 力就越大，梳理毛发可以缓解压力，让每个人都冷静下来，所以选D。
14．B 考查形容词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.常见的，普遍的，B.有效的，C.科学的，D.考虑周到 的，根据上文的effectiveness可知这里是需要一个更加有效的梳理毛发。所以选B。
15．C 考查形容词辨析。四个选项的含义分别是：A.间接的，B.日常的，C.物理的，身体的，D.秘密的， 语言演变成了有声的梳理毛发，它可以让人们通过比一对一的日常交流更多的人群中交换信息， 这样可以和更大的群体发展关系，所以选C。
备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈
专题12 完形填空说明文&议论文
（1）说明文
【命题特点】
说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明，通常结构严谨，句子结构复杂，因此也是高考完形填空题中较难理解的一种文体。其主要特点为：
1. 开头点题
在说明文类的完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象，这是掌握说明细节的前提。
2.结构清晰
说明文一般按一定的顺序展开。理清文章的说明顺序，对于正确把握文意和上下文的逻辑关系，选择正确答案具有重要意义。
3.难度较大
说明文往往采用比较正式的文体，表述准确严谨，生词术语较多，句子较长，结构较为复杂。
4.遣词用字简练
说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。
5.条理清晰
说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序来说明事物或事理。
【应试策略】
1. 快速弄清文章大意
对于此类文章我们结合选择项，进行粗读或略读，对文章的大意要先有一个大体的了解。说明文往往生词较多，而题材又比较广泛，所以阅读时，首先要能够掌握文章的大意。
2. 弄清楚说明的顺序
把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加强对整篇文章的理解。
3. 把握文章的组织结构，理清事实细节
把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表达清楚的、逻辑比较严密的短文。在阅读这类文章时，我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾，从主题句着手，找出支持句，然后寻找文章的结论。这时，我们还要特别注意，不要被表面的一些细节所迷惑，我们在理解细节的基础上，还要斟酌文字的内涵意义，从而对文章进行深层次的理解。
4. 注重上下文语境
应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境作深入的理解，克服＂思维定势＂，根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。
5. 熟练做题方法，遵循四个原则：
（1）上下一致。每个选择项必须从全文出发，从大处着手，避免孤立地分析每一空格，造成误选。
（2）语法正确。从语法地角度去考虑动词的时态、语态以及词类用法。
（3）逻辑合理。在完形填空题中，逻辑推理非常重要，有时每个选择项从语法上讲都正确，但是有的是不合语境逻辑的。
（4）符合搭配。英语中固定搭配很多，需要熟练掌握，才能做好此类题目。
【典例】
On June 8th, much of the world observes United Nations World Oceans Day. The idea is to remind people how?　1　the world’s oceans are to all life on Earth, to celebrate their beauty, and to bring attention to the?　2　human activity has on the oceans. This year, the?　3　is “Our Oceans, Our Future”, with?　4　emphasis on finding solutions to plastic pollution, and?　5　marine(海洋) litter for a healthier ocean and a better future.
The world’s oceans produce over half of our?　6　for breath, help regulate our climate, absorb carbon dioxide, and support the greatest?　7　of life on our planet. Nearly half of all species on Earth?　8　on the oceans for survival, and for many of the rest, including for people, the oceans?　9　the quality of life.
The oceans are?　10　vital to the world’s economy, because they are key to transportation and recreation. And?　11　over 95 percent of the underwater kingdom remains unexplored, it is nearly a certainty that their?　12　may hold the cure to many a disease, the resolution to many problem.
And yet, as much as 40 per cent of the world’s oceans are heavily?　13　by human activities that result in pollution, over-fishing, and loss of coastal habitats. Of particular?　14　is plastic litter. Some of it comes from?　15　that use our rivers, lakes and seas, and?　16　makes its way into the ocean. But?　17　washes off land into the ocean each year.
We must remember the health and safety of our oceans is our?　18　responsibility, one that we cannot afford to ignore.?　19　through good administration can we safeguard the health of our oceans, and?　20　that the oceans continue to meet the needs of future generations.
1. A. serious B. important C. apparent D. awesome
2. A. influence B. result C. affection D. drawback
3. A. title B. movement C. campaign D. theme
4. A. vital B. possible C. special D. fundamental
5. A. reusing B. preventing C. collecting D. gathering
6. A. water B. food C. air D. oxygen
7. A. abundance B. freedom C. independence D. protection
8. A. base B. depend C. live D. attach
9. A. increase B. decrease C. improve D. develop
10. A. also B. even C. still D. often
11. A. when B. while C. since D. although
12. A. areas B. widths C. amounts D. depths
13. A. destroyed B. exploited C. affected D. explored
14. A. activity B. concern C. reason D. cause
15. A. ships B. vehicles C. cars D. travelers
16. A. naturally B. controversially C. evidently D. eventually
17. A. much B. many C. some D. little
18. A. individual B. national C. common D. alternative
19. A. Then B. And C. So D. Only
20. A. promise B. insure C. foresee D. subscribe
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了今年世界海洋日的主题，特别强调了塑料污染，呼吁大家行动起来共同保护我们的海洋。
1. B 根据本空后的“the world’s oceans are to all life on Earth”可知，海洋日是为了提醒人们海洋对地球上 的生命是多么重要（important）。
2. A 根据本空后的“human activity has on the oceans”可知，此处是说人类活动对海洋的影响（influence）。
3. D 根据本空后的“Our Oceans, Our Future”可知，今年海洋日的主题（theme）是“我们的海洋，我们的 未来”。
4. C 根据本空后的“emphasis on finding solutions to plastic pollution”可知，今年的海洋日特别（special） 强调了海洋塑料污染的解决办法。
5. B 根据本空后的“marine litter for a healthier ocean and a better future.”可知，此处是说阻止（preventing） 海洋垃圾。
6. D 根据本空后的“for breath”可知，海洋为人们提供可呼吸的氧气（oxygen）。
7. A 根据本空后的“of life on our planet.”可知，海洋支持我们地球上最丰富（abundance）的生命。
8. B 根据本空后的“on the oceans for survival”可知，一半的吴中依靠（depend on）海洋生存。
9. C 根据本空后的“the quality of life”可知，海洋改善（improve）人类的生活质量。
10. A 由句意可知此处与前面是并列关系，表示“也、还”。
12. D 上文说有百分之九十五的海洋还未开发，因此此处是说海洋的深处（depths）。
13. C 根据本空后的“by human activities that result in pollution, over-fishing, and loss of coastal habitats.”可 知，海洋被人类活动所影响（affected）。
14. B 根据本空后的“is plastic litter”可知，特别令人关注的是（Of particular concern is）塑料垃圾。
15. A 根据本空后的“that use our rivers, lakes and seas”可知，一些塑料垃圾来自在江河胡泊上行驶的船 （ships）。
16. D 根据本空后的“makes its way into the ocean”可知，这些垃圾最终（eventually）流入海洋。
17. A 根据本空后的“washes off land into the ocean each year.”可知，每年都有大量的（much? ）土地流入 海洋。
18. C 根据本空前的“We must remember the health and safety of our oceans is our”可知，保护海洋的健康和 安全是我们共同的（common）责任。
19. D 根据本空后的“through good administration can we safeguard the health of our oceans”可知，此处用 Only引起倒装。
20. B 根据本空后的“that the oceans continue to meet the needs of future generations.”可知，只有这样才能确 保（insure）海洋继续满足我们子孙后代的需要。
（2）议论文
【命题规律】
议论文是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表见解或提出主张的说理性文章。议论文的目的不仅是客观的解释事物，还力图说服读者相信并接受某一观点。英语议论文不完全等同于汉语的议论文，它涉及的范围要小得多。有人把英语中的议论文旧理解为论证文、推理文或辩论文，还有人直接将议论文归入到了说明文当中。但笔者认为就写作目的与写作手法而言，英语议论文与英语说明文还是有一定的区别的。首先，英语说明文主要是对提出的主题进行“说明”和“阐述”，并不进行正反评判和推理，也不强迫读者接受作者的观点；而英语议论文主要是就某一主题，在摆出正反两方面观点的基础上，通过论证、推理辩论等手段，试图让读者最终接受作者对这一主题的某种观点。尽管有时也不一定非常明确的交待正反观点，但力图通过推理让读者赞同自己的观点始终是英语议论文的主要目的。
不管是在汉语中，还是在英语中，议论文都是由论点（作者的观点，也就是被证明的对象、论据（用来证明论点的依据，是说明论点的理由和材料）和论证（运用论据证明论点的过程与方法），这三个要素构成的，这也是一个提出问题——分析问题——解决问题的过程。因此，典型的议论文一般就由序论（提出问题，即what）、本论（分析问题，即why）和结论（解决问题，即how）三个部分构成，其具体的结构模式又有以下三种：
模式一：引言段（提出观点）——正方论点心（支持作者的观点的较弱论点）、正方论点2（支持作者的观点的较强论点）、正方论点3（支持作者观点的最强论点）——结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议） 在这种模式中，文章主体段（中间部分）的每一个部分论述一个论点，这些论点以其重要性按序排列，最有力、最重要的论点在最后面，以示强调。
模式二：引言段（提出观点）——反面意见（反方观点+作者的反驳）、正方论点1（支持作者观点的较弱论点）、正方论点2（支持作者观点的较强论点）、正方论点3（支持作者观点的最强论点）——结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议）
在这种模式中，文章立体段的一开始就提出对立方的反面意见及作者对这种意见的反驳，以后各部分仍分别陈述作者的不同论点。
模式三：引言段（提出观点）——反方观点1+进行反驳的正方论点、反方观点2+进行反驳的正方论点、反方观点3+进行反驳的正方论点——结论段（总结+解决方法，论断或建议）
在这种模式中，作者在文章主体段的每一部分都先提出一个反面观点，然后再进行反驳。
议论文有自己的语言个性，它不同于记叙文的生动形象，也不同于说明文的简明易懂。议论是对具体事物、事理作出的理论上分析与阐述，因此，它的语言自然客观的、抽象的、概括的。同时，它的语言也很准确，合乎逻辑。文中会较多地使用，诸如since（既然），now that（既然），therefore（因而），in that case（在那种情况下），so（所以），It follows that…（因而…），If…，we may conclude that …（如果……，我们可以这样下结论……），Should it be the case （如果是这样的话……），Idon’t want to…,but…（我并不想……），It is true that…,but…（诚然……但是……）,Even if …（即使……）等有辩论和推理含义的连接和过渡词语与结构，以增强语言的准确性和逻辑性。此外，作者的写作态度一般也较诚恳，在文章中通常使用的是与读者平等交流的语气，不会给人以居高临下、以势居人、逼人接受的感觉，在遣词造句方面多使用虚拟语气、让步状语从句和can, may, might, could, would, should等情态动词。
【应试策略】
1. 通览
把握作者的观点和态度。议论文往往体现作者对某一事物的观点，而作者的观点就是文章的论点。考生要把握作者的观点，把握作者对某一事物是褒还是贬，是赞成还是反对，而通常把握了作者的观点也就找准了文章的论点。
把握文章的开头，总结文章的结尾。议论文的篇首或结尾出现话题中心，通过首段或末段把握文章的主题。
2. 试填
注意段与段之间的逻辑。议论文往往围绕某一个论点用不同的论据加以佐证，往往每一段就是一个论据，而论据和论据之间又相互联系、互为补充，每一段往往就是其中一个角度或侧面。
3. 复核
通读全文，检验每条论据是否都合情合理，都能强而有力地支撑论点。
【典例】
Human growth is a process of experimentation, trial, and error eventually leading to wisdom. Each time you choose to trust yourself and take action, you can never quite be certain how the situation will?　1　.
Sometimes you are victorious, and sometimes you become disappointed. The?　2　experiments, however, are no less valuable than the experiments that finally prove successful; in fact, you?　3　learn more from your “failures” than you do from your?　4　. If you have made what you think to be a mistake or failed to live up to your own?　5　, you will most likely put up a barrier between your essence and the part of your that is the alleged(声称的)wrong-doer.
However, viewing past actions as?　6　implies guilt and blame, and it is not possible to learn anything meaningful while you are engaged in blaming.?　7　, forgiveness is required when you are severely judging yourself. Forgiveness is the act of erasing an?　8　debt. There are four kinds of forgiveness.
The first is beginner forgiveness for yourself.
The second of forgiveness is beginner forgiveness for another.
The third kind of forgiveness is?　9　forgiveness of yourself. This is for serious misbehaviors, the ones you carry with deep?　10　. When you do something that violates your own values and principles, you create a gap between your standards and your actual?　11　.
In such a case, you need to work very hard at?　12　yourself for these deeds so that you can close this gap. This does not?　13　that you should rush to forgive yourself or shouldn’t feel regret,?　14　taking pleasure in these feelings for a prolonged period of time is not healthy.
The?　15　and perhaps most difficult one of the advanced forgiveness of another.
At some time of our life, you may have been severely wronged or hurt by another person to such a degree that forgiveness seems?　16　.
However, harboring anger and revenge fantasies only keeps you?　17　in victimhood. Under such a circumstance, you should force yourself to see the bigger picture. By so doing, you will be able to?　18　the focus away from the anger and resentment.
It is only through forgiveness that you can erase wrongdoing and?　19　the memory. When you can?　20　release the situation, you may come to see it as a necessary part of your growth.
1. A. turn out B. turn up C. break up D. break out
2. A. important B. engaged C. failed D. successful
3. A. obviously B. necessarily C. continuously D. usually
4. A. success B. failure C. fault D. benefit
5. A. ability B. expectations C. belief D. experiences
6. A. mistakes B. victories C. experiments D. fantasies
7. A. Still B. Therefore C. Instead D. However
8. A. absurd B. original C. emotional D. unusual
9. A. ordinary B. advanced C. alternative D. certain
10. A. wisdom B. mercy C. injury D. shame
11. A. thought B. approach C. behavior D. purpose
12. A. punishing B. forgiving C. blaming D. praising
13. A. mean B. prove C. reflect D. represent
14. A. and B. or C. but D. so
15. A. uncertain B. premier C. next D. last
16. A. essential B. valuable C. impossible D. unavoidable
17. A. trapped B. located C. lost D. occupied
18. A. drive B. drag C. put D. shift
19. A. keep B. refresh C. weaken D. clean
20. A. naturally B. finally C. definitely D. initially
【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。在我们成长过程中，我们会做错事，别人可能会冤枉、伤害我们，我们会因此感到后悔、愤怒，这时我们需要做的就是：原谅自己、原谅他人。
1．A 考查动词短语的辨析。根据逻辑关系可判断出，每次我们选择相信自己、采取行动的时候，我们 却永远无法确定形势会怎么发展。turn out意为“……地发展”，符合语境。
2．C 考查形容词的辨析。根据常识可判断出，有时那些失败的实验并不比那些成功的实验的价值小。 failed意为“失败的”，符合语境。
4．A 考查名词的辨析。根据上题的分析可判断出，success“成功”符合语境。
5．B 考查名词的辨析。live up to one’s expectations是固定短语，意为“符合某人的期望”。
6．A 考查名词的辨析。根据本句中的“guilt and blame”可判断出，是将过去的所做之事看作是错误，因 此mistake“错误”正确。
7．B 考查副词的辨析。语境表示，一直自责的话，那就学不到任何有意义的东西了，因此，我们需要 原谅自己。所以Therefore“因此”符合语境。
8．C 考查形容词的辨析。根据常识可判断出，原谅自己属于消除情感上的“债务”，因此emotional“情感 上的”正确。
9．B 考查形容词的辨析。根据下文的描述可判断出，第三种原谅属于更深层次的、对自己的原谅，因 此advanced“高深的”正确。
10．D 考查名词的辨析。根据常识可判断出，对于自己所犯的那些严重的不良行为，人们通常会有很深 的惭愧感。shame意为“惭愧”，符合句意。
11．C 考查名词的辨析。语境表示，当我们做了一些违背自己的价值观和原则的事情的时候，我们的标 准和实际上的行为之间就会有一定隔阂，这样的话，我们就需要尽最大努力去原谅自己以消除那 些隔阂。behavior意为“行为”，符合语境。
12．B 考查动词的辨析。根据上题分析可判断出，forgive“原谅”符合题意。
14．C 考查连词的辨析。not…but…是固定短语，意为“不是……而是……”。
15．D 考查形容词的辨析。根据第一段中的“There are four kinds of forgiveness”以及下文所述内容可判断 出，此处讲述的是这四种原谅中的最后一种，因此last“最后的”正确。
16．C 考查形容词的辨析。语境表示，在我们人生的某个时候，某个人可能冤枉、大大地伤害了我们， 而原谅他似乎是不可能的。impossible意为“不可能的”，符合语境。
17．A 考查动词的辨析。根据逻辑关系可判断出，若我们一直心怀愤怒和复仇，只会让我们一直是受害 者，trap意为“使……陷入困境”，此处用它的过去分词形式作宾语补足语，符合语境。
18．D 考查动词的辨析。语境表示，这样我们就能将我们的注意力从愤恨上移开，所以shift“转移”正确。
19．D 考查动词的辨析。根据常识可判断出，我们只有通过原谅才能消除那些错事以及消除那些不美好 的回忆，所以clean“消除”正确。
20．B 考查副词的辨析。根据逻辑关系可判断出，当我们最终解决了这种情势，我们会认识到这是我们 成长中必不可少的一部分，因此finally“最终”正确。