2017-2018学年高一英语人教版（必修3）Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars Learning about Language & Using l

Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars
Learning about Language & Using language
Key Words
1. climate n. 气候
2. crash vt. & vi. 碰撞；坠落
3. spaceship n. 宇宙飞船
4. pull n. & vt. 拉(力)；拖；牵引力
5. float vt. & vi. (使)浮动；(使)漂浮 n. 漂浮物
Key Phrases
1. cheer up 感到高兴；感到振奋
2. a mass of 大量的
3. now that 既然
4. break out 突发；爆发
5. watch out 密切注视；当心，提防
Key Sentences
1. But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.(倍数表达法)
2. ＂Oh dear,＂ I cried,＂walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.＂(now that)
3. We watched, amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth’s gravity increased.(过去分词作状语)

1. pull
◆n. & vt. 拉力；牵引力。常见用法：
pull away (汽车等)开走
pull down拆毁；摧毁
pull in (车辆)进站停靠；靠边停靠
pull out驶出；拉出，拔出
pull up把……拔出来；(使)停下
pull ahead (of sb./sth.) 领先(于某人/物)
pull back (使)退却；撤回
pull off (sth.) (指机动车辆)驶离(道路)(至路侧停车处停下)
pull on 穿，戴上(袜子、手套等)
pull together 同心协力；通力合作
pull through 恢复健康，渡过
?When they pulled the carpet up in my old bedroom, they found the ring. 当他们拉开我旧卧室的地毯时，发现了这个戒指。
【巧学妙记】图记＂推拉＂：
push推　　 pull拉
短语填空
pull up pull on pull down pull in pull through
1. The train from London will ________________at noon.
2. The cinema she used to visit had ________________.
3. The driver ________________at the traffic lights five minutes ago.
4. He is still quite sick, but the doctor is sure that he will ________________.
5. I ________________my running shoes and stepped into the street.
【答案】
1. pull in 2. been pulled down
3. pulled up 4. pull through
5. pulled on
2. cheer up
◆感到高兴；感到振奋。常见用法：
cheer sb. up使某人振作起来
?He was sorry for her and tried to cheer her up. 他为她感到难过，并试图使她振作起来。
【拓展延伸】
1. cheer sb. on 为……打气
cheer for为……欢呼；为……鼓劲加油
2. be of cheer兴致勃勃
Cheers! 干杯(口语中敬酒辞)
3. cheering n. 欢呼，喝彩
cheerful adj. 高兴的
cheerfully adv. 高兴地
【语境助记】
The cheering news made the cheerless boy cheerful, which made his parents cheer up too. 这个令人兴奋的消息使得这个不愉快的小男孩高兴起来，他的父母亲也感到高兴。
用cheer短语完成句子
1. 给玛丽打个电话，她需要人安慰。
Give Mary a call; she needs ___________________________.
2. 当我感到忧伤时，我的母亲就给我讲有趣的故事让我高兴起来。
When I’m feeling sad, my mother tells me funny stories to _________________________.
3. 我们所做的一切都是为了给我们队加油。
What we had done was to _________________________.
3. break out
◆突发；爆发。
?War broke out one evening. 一天傍晚战争爆发了。
?A fire broke out in the neighborhood last night. 昨晚居民区里发生了火灾。
【特别注意】
break out强调战争、疾病、火灾等的突然爆发，一般不用于被动语态。
【拓展延伸】
break away from 脱离(政党等)；打破(陈套等)
break down 出故障，抛锚；(计划等)失败；(身体、精神等)垮掉；打倒，砸破；(化合物等)分解
break in 破门而入；闯入；打断(话语等)
break into 破门而入，突然……起来
break off 折断；突然中止，断绝，结束
break through 突破
break up 打碎，拆散；散开，解散；(学校)期末放假，(集会)结束
break into pieces 成为碎片
?If you go on working like that，you will break down sooner or later. 如果你继续像那样工作的话，你迟早会累垮的。
?A thief broke into my house and stole my necklace. 一个小偷闯进我家偷走了我的项链。
【语境助记】
When the fire broke out, my wife nearly broke down. Immediately I broke into the house and broke through the thick smoke to find my daughter; finally we successfully broke away from the burning building. 当大火燃烧时，我的妻子几乎崩溃，我立即破门而入，并且冲破重重浓烟去寻找我的女儿；最后，我们成功逃离这燃烧的大楼。
1. Scientists hope to ______________ soon in their fight against heart disease.
A. break up B. break out
C. break through D. break in
2. A big fire ______________ last night. Luckily, no one was killed or injured.
A. broke out B. broke away
C. broke off D. broke through
3. 完成句子
①Should another world war break ______________, what would become of human beings?
万一另一次世界大战爆发，人类将会发生什么事？
②We had to break ______________ the house as we had lost the key.
因为我们弄丢了钥匙，所以我们不得不破门而入。
③A fire _____________________________ in the lab, a lot of equipment was damaged.
=After a fire __________________________in the lab, a lot of equipment was damaged.
实验室发生火灾后，很多设备被毁了。
4. watch out
◆注意；当心。
?You have to watch out because there are land mines all over the place. 你必须小心，这里到处是地雷。
【拓展延伸】
watch out(for)＝ look out (for)密切注意；留神
take care 留神，注意
be careful 仔细，留神
watch it 当心，小心
watch over 照看；看守
keep a close watch/eye on 密切注视
look out for sth 当心
___________ the dog or you may be bitten.
A. Watch out B. Look out
C. Watch out for D. Look out of
【答案】C
5. 倍数表达法
But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over. 而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。(教材P31)
【句式分析】
I was carried twice as far as on the earth为＂...倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as ...＂结构。
【语法知识】
＂...倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as ...＂是倍数表达法之一，意为＂……是……的多少倍＂。倍数的常见表达方式：
1. ＂A+谓语+倍数+形容词/副词的比较级+than+B＂，表示＂A比B……倍＂
?The new building is four times higher than the old one. 新楼比旧楼高4倍。
2. ＂A+谓语+倍数+as+形容词/副词的原级+as+B＂，表示＂A是B的……倍……＂
?Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亚洲的大小是欧洲的4倍。
3. ＂A+谓语+倍数+the size/height/length/width/depth...+of+B＂，表示＂A的……是B的……倍＂
?The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月亮的49倍大。
4. A+谓语+倍数+what从句
?The production now is three times what it was ten years ago. 现在的产量是10年前的3倍。
5. A+谓语+倍数+that of...
?Now the grain output in our county is twice that of 20 years ago. 现在我们县的粮食产量是20年前的两倍。
【特别提醒】
＂两倍＂用twice或double，不足一倍用分数表示，三倍或三倍以上一般用...times来表示。
1. 同义句改写
The red ruler is three times as long as the yellow one.
①________________________________________________________________(用＂倍数＋比较级＂改写)
②________________________________________________________________(用＂倍数＋the＋n.＋of...＂改写)
2. 完成句子
①They have three times as many cows ____________ we have.
他们拥有三倍于我们的奶牛。
②My house is twice the size ____________ my parents’.
我的房子的面积是我父母的两倍。
③The room is ____________________ that one.
这个房间是那个房间的三倍大。
6. now that
＂Oh dear，＂ I cried，＂walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.＂＂天啊，＂我大声地说，＂既然重力改变了，行走的确需要一些练习。＂(教材P31)
【句式分析】
now that引导原因状语从句。既然，由于，是连词词组，引导原因状语从句，表示明显的原因或既成的事实。口语中that常可省略。
【拓展延伸】
其他表示原因的连词或介词短语：
1. because因为。语气较重，常用于回答why的疑问。
2. since因为；既然。可与now that互换。
3. as因为。语气较弱。
4. for因为。并列连词，引导一个分句，不能置于句首，表示进一步补充说明。
5. now (that)相当于since，是连词短语，用来引导原因状语从句，口语中经常省略that。
6. 表原因的介词短语：due to，because of，on account of，owing to，thanks to，as a result of等。
?Now that the children have known the result, we can tell everyone else. 既然孩子们已经知道结果了，我们就可以告诉其他所有人了。
?Since we’ve no money we can’t buy a new car. 因为我们没钱，没法买新汽车。
1. 单句语法填空
①___________ you’re here, why not have a drink?
②___________ it is late, I shall go home now.
③The school was moved out of downtown ___________ the number of students had grown too large.
④It must have rained last night, ___________ the ground is wet.
2. 单句改错
He was angry because what he said.
_______________________________________________________________________________
7. 过去分词作状语
We watched, amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth’s gravity increased. 我们惊奇地看着，随着地球引力的增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。(教材P31)
【句式分析】
, fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship
.
【语法知识】
形容词的主要功能是用作定语和表语，但有时也可用作状语。形容词或形容词短语作状语，表示方式、原因、结果或伴随等，说明谓语动作的方式，它在句子中有时像非限制性定语从句一样，表示意义上的增补。其逻辑主语是句子的主语。
1. 作伴随或方式状语时，其位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，有时也可位于句中。
?He lay in bed, awake. 他躺在床上，没有睡着。(表伴随)
?He arrived home, hungry and tired. 他回到家里，又饿又累。(表伴随)
2. 作原因状语时，一般位于句首，有时也可位于句子中间。
?Afraid of being scolded, for a moment, little Franz thought of playing truant.(=As he was afraid of being scolded, for a moment, little Franz thought of playing truant.)由于害怕挨骂，小弗朗兹一时起了逃学的念头。
?Tom, very ill, sent for a doctor.(=As Tom was very ill, he sent for a doctor.) 因为汤姆病得很厉害，他派人请医生去了。
3. 作时间或条件状语时，通常位于句首，也可位于句末。
?Ripe, these apples are sweet.(=When/If these apples are ripe, they are sweet.) 熟了的时候这种苹果很甜。
?Enthusiastic, they are quite cooperative.(=When/If they are enthusiastic, they are cooperative. ) 热心的时候他们是很合作的。
4. 作让步状语时，常由一个形容词或连词or连接的两个或两个以上的并列形容词构成。一般位于句首，有时也可位于句中。
?Right or wrong, he always comes off worst in an argument because of his inability to speak coherently. (=Whether he is right or wrong, he always comes off worst because of his inability to speak coherently.) 无论有理还是无理，由于他语言条理欠佳总是把事情弄得最糟。
?Wet or fine, he got up at six and took a walk in the park.(=Whether it was wet or fine, he got up at six and took a walk in the park.) 不管天晴还是下雨他，总是六点起床在公园里散散步。
5. 作结果状语时，在句中的位置比较灵活。
?For a moment she just stood there, unable to believe what had just happened. 她在那儿呆呆地站了一会儿，不敢相信刚才发生的事情。
?One woman was lying in bed, awake, listening to the rushing winds. 有一位女人醒着躺在床上，静听着那疾驰而过的大风。
?They stayed in the snow for several days, cold and hungry. 他们在雪地里待了几天，又冷又饿。
After the long journey, the three of them went back home, ____________.
A. hungry and tiredly B. hungry and tired
C. hungrily and tiredly D. hungrily and tired
【答案】B

I. 单句语法填空
1. She held the baby (gentle).
2. When he looked up while walking，he noticed that a beautiful white cloud was (float) in the sky.
3. The boy has great interest in animals and wished to be a (biology).
4. The horse was (pull) a heavy cart.
5. The great financial scheme (crash) in the small country last year.
II. 选词填空
now that get the hang of break out break through cheer up watch out for
as a result pull in
1. the weather is fine, let’s go for a picnic.
2. Much as I tried, I simply couldn’t driving skills.
3. I think you should that man — don’t be cheated by him.
4. When Premier Li Keqiang turned up, all the students .
5. After he left this country, the war .
I. 完形填空
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Whenever my child caused me to change my schedule, I thought to myself, ＂We don’t have time for this.＂ __1__, the two words I most commonly spoke to my child were: ＂Hurry up.＂ But my promise to __2__ was made almost three years ago, and I began my journey to grasp what __3__ in life. My younger daughter is my living __4__ of why I must keep trying. In fact, the other day, she reminded me once again.
The two of us had taken a bike ride to the __5__. After buying a cool treat for my daughter, she sat down at a table in __6__ admiring the ice cream she held in her hand. Suddenly a look of worry __7__ on her face. ＂Do I have to rush, Mama?＂
I could have __8__. Perhaps the pains of a __9__ life don’t ever completely disappear, I thought sadly. As my child looked up at me waiting to know __10__ she could take her time, I knew I had a(n) __11__. I could sit there __12__ about the number of times when I rushed my child through life ... or I could celebrate the fact that today I’m trying to do things __13__. I chose to live in today.
＂You don’t have to rush. Just take your time, ＂ I said in a(n) __14__ way. Her whole face instantly brightened and her shoulders __15__. And so we sat side by side talking about things that interested us.
When she got to the last bite, she held out a spoonful of ice crystals and sweet juice for me. ＂I __16__ the last bite for you, Mama, ＂ my daughter said __17__. As I let the icy goodness put out my thirst, I __18__ I just got the deal of a lifetime. I gave my child a little time ... and __19__, she gave me her last bite and reminded me that things taste sweeter and love is __20__ to get when you stop rushing through life.
1. A. However B. Instead C. Therefore D. Besides
2. A. speed up B. slow down C. give up D. keep on
3. A. works B. happens C. minds D. matters
4. A. reminder B. message C. example D. guide
5. A. church B. park C. supermarket D. school
6. A. relief B. sorrow C. advance D. delight
7. A. brought in B. turned up C. went by D. made up
8. A. cried B. hated C. wondered D. regretted
9. A. difficult B. desperate C. hurried D. terrified
10. A. when B. if C. how D. what
11. A. duty B. chance C. choice D. idea
12. A. thinking B. complaining C. worrying D. talking
13. A. differently B. vividly C. perfectly D. casually
14. A. angry B. obvious C. gentle D. cautious
15. A. raised B. relaxed C. shook D. trembled
16. A. saved B. tasted C. purchased D. rushed
17. A. frequently B. carefully C. proudly D. slowly
18. A. realized B. imagined C. expected D. remembered
19. A.in contrast B. in return C. in charge D. in control
20. A. harder B. better C. closer D. easier
II. 短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。
修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：
1. 每处错误及修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Dear manager,
I’ve learned from the newspaper that your company is looking for receptionist. I’m very interesting in the job and I’d like to apply to the position.
First of all, allow me to introduce myself. I had just graduated from high school and taken the University Entrance Examination. I want to find out a part-time job in the summer. I’m 18 year old and have a good command of English, especially in term of speaking and listening. In fact, I once won the first prize in the English speech competition hold in our school. Beside, I’m quite easy-going and very popular among my classmates. I’m sure I’ll do a good job if I’m accepted.
I sincerely hope you can give us a chance. I am looked forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
I. 语法填空
1. (2017·浙江改编) Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson ____________(拔出) a handful of small carrots and was about to throw them away.
2. (2017·新课标全国卷II改编) Steam engines were used to ____________(拉) the carriages and it must have been fairly (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
3. (2017·新课标全国卷III改编)This attractive tour takes you to some of San Francis’s most ___________(cheer) holiday scenes.
4. (2017·新课标全国卷III改编) ____________(既然) you know why you want to wake up, consider re-arranging your morning activities.
5. (2017·江苏改编) When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that ___________(气候) change is a process.
6. (2017·天津改编) They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in ____________(crash) where lives might be lost.
7. (2017·江苏改编) But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds ____________(防止) starvation during the wet season.
8. (2017·北京改编) When some refuse vaccination and seek a free ride, immunity __________(崩溃) and everyone is in even bigger danger.
9. (2017·江苏改编) __________(解散) firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves: in time, one of them would become great again.
10. (2017·江苏改编) Russia is another country with population problems that could __________(破坏) its economic promise.
II. 单项填空
1. (2017·天津) I sent letters to everyone I knew, telling them about my project. It worked perfectly. Donations began in from hundreds of people.
A. breaking B. flooding C. jumping D. stepping
2. (2017·天津) The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, ___________ more patients to be treated.
A. being allowed B. allowing
C. having allowed D. allowed
3. (2017·北京) Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online ___________ their valuable time.
A. save B. saving
C. to save D. saved
4. (2015·浙江) If steel is heavier than water, why are ships able to __ on the sea?
A. float B. drown C. shrink D. split
5. (2014·安徽)—I get at least half an hour of exercise almost every day.
—Oh great! .
A. Good luck B. Cheer up
C. Same to you D. Keep it up
6. (2014·陕西)— I got that job I wanted at the public library.
— ___________! That’s good news.
A. Go ahead B. Cheers
C. Congratulations D. Come on
7. (2015·安徽)____________ he once felt like giving up, he now has the determination to push further and keep on going.
A. Where B. As C. In case D. Now that
8. (2015·四川) I’ll be out for some time. ___________ anything important happens, call me up immediately.
A. In case ?????????????????? B. As if?
C. Even though????? D. Now that
I. 单句语法填空
1. gently 2. floating
3. biologist 4. pulling
5. crashed
II. 选词填空
1. Now that　 2. get the hang of
3. watch out for　 4. cheered up
5. broke out
I. 完形填空
【语篇解读】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者是一个总是觉得时间不够用的人。女儿的一个小小的举动让作者意识到慢下来的生活更有意义。
4. A　作者的小女儿就是一个活生生的提醒物，提醒作者为什么要坚持尝试让生活慢下来。reminder＂起提醒作用的东西＂。下句的＂reminded me once again＂也是提示。
5. C　根据下一句话中的＂buying a cool treat＂可知，作者和女儿去的是超市。
6. D　作者给女儿买了冷饮之后，女儿非常高兴。句中的＂admiring the ice cream＂是提示。in delight＂高兴地＂。
7. B　突然之间一丝担心的神情出现在女儿的脸上。turn up＂出现＂，符合语境。
8. A　女儿的话触动了作者的心，作者感到很伤心，所以当时就有一种想要哭出来的感觉。与下句话中的thought sadly相符。
9. C　结合第一段的内容可知，作者总是催促孩子抓紧时间，一直在紧张忙碌中度过。而a hurried life正是对这种生活的总结，符合语境。
10. B　这时候孩子看着作者的脸，想要知道这次作者是否会催促她，也就是是否自己能够慢下来。
11. C　根据下文中的＂I could＂＂or I could＂＂I chose to live in today.＂可知，choice＂选择＂符合语境。
12. A　根据语境可知，此处指的应是作者可以坐在那儿回想(thinking)曾经有多少次她催促孩子。
13. A　根据本段最后一句话可知，作者要做出的决定就是活在当下，活在今天，不再像以前那样忙忙碌碌。这是完全不同的处事方式，所以用differently。
14. C　作者对孩子说尽管放松，不需要赶时间的时候，心里已经明白了自己以前的做法是不对的，所以是以一种温柔的方式对女儿说的。
15. B　作者女儿的脸上立刻放出了光芒，而且因为高兴她的双肩也放松了，所以用relaxed。
16. A 根据本句中的＂the last bite＂可知，作者的女儿把最后一口冰淇淋留给了作者。save＂保留＂，符合语境。
20. D　女儿的小小的举动提醒了作者，如果我们都放松步伐，事情会变得更甜蜜，爱也会来得更容易。
II. 短文改错
Dear manager,
I’ve learned from the newspaper that your company is looking for receptionist. I’m very in the job and I’d like to apply the position.
First of all, allow me to introduce myself. I just graduated from high school and taken the University Entrance Examination. I want to find out a part-time job in the summer. I’m 18 old and have a good command of English, especially in of speaking and listening. In fact, I once won the first prize in the English speech competition in our school. , I’m quite easy-going and very popular among my classmates. I’m sure I’ll do a good job if I’m accepted.
I sincerely hope you can give a chance. I am looked forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
第一处：receptionist 前加a　该名词在文中首次出现，用不定冠词a。
第二处：interesting→ interested　be interested in 意为＂对某事感兴趣＂。
第三处：to→ for　apply for 意为＂申请得到……＂。
第四处：had→ have　根据语境，＂我刚刚高中毕业，参加完高考＂。所以用现在完成时。
第五处：去掉 out　find意为＂无意中发现＂；find out意为＂(经过一番努力)找到(真相)＂。
I. 语法填空
1. pulled out 2. pull
3. cheerful 4. Now that
5. climate 6. crashes
7. prevent 8. breaks down
9. Breaking up 10. break
II. 单项填空
1. B 【解析】根据上文It worked perfectly可知，捐款从几百人那里涌入。break in 闯入；flood in 大量涌入；jump in 跳进；step in 步入。故选B。
2. B 【解析】句意：近期这个医院得到了新的医疗设备，这样更多的病人能够得到治疗。前句这个医院得到了新的医疗设备和后面更多的病人能够得到治疗之间是因果关系，用现在分词作结果状语，表示顺理成章的结果。equipment与allow之间为主动关系，故用现在分词的一般式。A. being allowed 表示被动且正在进行；C. having allowed 强调先于谓语动作发生；D. allowed 表示被动且完成。故选B。
3. C 【解析】句意：为了节省乘客的时间，许多航空公司现在允许他们网上打印登机牌。此处是动词不定式表目的，故选C。
4. A 【解析】句意：如果铁重于水，那么为什么船可以浮在水面上？float漂浮；drown淹死；shrink收缩；split洒出。
5. D 【解析】句意：——我几乎每天至少有半小时的锻炼。——哦，太好了。保持下去A. Good luck祝你好运，B. Cheer up振作起来，C. Same to you和你一样，D. Keep it up保持下去。D项符合语境。
8. A 【解析】A. 万一；B. 仿佛；C. 即使；D. 既然。根据句意可知：给我打电话的前提是如果发生重要的事情，所以前句话表示后面情况发生的一种条件，in case可以引导条件状语从句，故答案选A。句意：我要出去一会。万一有重要事情的话，立即给我打电话。
老爸退休后，戒酒戒烟，独留一个爱好：看别人下棋。老爸非常秉承一个原则——观棋不语。不管双方的水平如何，他都能做到一语不发。直到有一天，我和儿子下棋，在我准备吃掉儿子的马就可以将军时，儿子用水汪汪的眼睛看了老爸一眼……