2017-2018学年高一英语人教版（必修3）Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars Grammar&Writing

Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars
Grammar：主语从句
一、主语从句的概念与连接词
作主语的从句叫主语从句，它是名词性从句之一。引导主语从句的连接词有：
1. 从属连词that，whether。
?That they were true sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们的确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。
?Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。
2. 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever。
?What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。
?Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。
3. 连接副词 where, when, how, why。
?How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。
?How and why he suddenly disappeared remains a mystery. 他怎么又为什么突然消失仍然是个迷。
【特别注意】
?连词that引导的主语从句，通常用形式主语it代替主语从句。
?连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句，可以用形式主语it代替主语从句，也可直接放在句首使用主语从句。
主语从句通常都是放在句首，但有时为了使句子结构平衡，避免＂头重脚轻＂，常用it作形式主语，而把从句放在后面。这样就构成了下面一些常用句型：
(1)It is + n. / adj. +从句
It is a pity/shame that... 遗憾的是……
It is possible that... 很可能……
It is unlikely that... 不可能……
?It is a pity that she has made such a mistake. 她犯了这样一个错误，真是遗憾。
(2)It +不及物动词+从句
It seems/appears that... 似乎……
It happened that... 碰巧……
?It seems that they have won the game. 似乎他们赢得了比赛。
(3)It + be +过去分词+从句
It is said that... 据说……
It is known to all that... 众所周知……
It is reported that... 据报道……
It is believed that... 据信……；人们相信……
It is suggested that... 有人建议……
It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……
It has been proved that... 已证明……
?It is believed that at least 20 buildings were damaged or destroyed. 据信，至少有二十座楼房遭到破坏或彻底毁掉。
?It is suggested that the meeting should be put off. 有人建议会议延期召开。
?It’s reported that three people were killed in the accident and five were hurt badly. 据报道，事故中三人丧生，五人重伤。
?It is known to all that Taiwan is an inseparable part of China. 众所周知，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。
二、主语从句三要素
1. 从句用陈述语序
?How he became a great scientist is known to us all. 众所周知他是如何成为一名伟大的科学家的。
2. 谓语动词一般用单数。当主语是从句时，主句谓语一般用单数。
?Whatever he says is of no importance. 无论他说什么都不重要。
?Whoever says that is wrong. 无论谁说这话都不对。
【特别提醒】
但谓语动词用单数还是复数，不可一概而论，而要视句子的意义而定。
?What I need is money. 我需要的是钱。
?What I need are books. 我需要的是书。
3. 通常不能省略关联词
?That he is the best student in the class is obvious. 很明显，他是班里最好的学生。
三、学习主语从句应该注意的几个问题
1. 引导词that与what
what既有引导主语从句的作用，同时又在从句中作句子成分(主语、宾语、表语等)。这时what相当于all that/everything that...，常译成＂所……的(东西、事情、话等)＂；而that只起连接作用，本身无实际意义，在从句中也不担当任何句子成分。但that引导的主语从句放在句首时，不能省略that。
?What is done can’t be undone. 已成定局，无可挽回。
?What we can’t get seems better than what we have. 我们得不到的东西似乎比已得到的要好。
?That we should work out a plan to deal with the present serious situation is important. 我们应该制订一个计划来应付目前严峻的形势，这一点非常重要。
?That a new teacher will come to teach us geography is true. 一位新老师将来教我们地理，这是真的。
2. 引导词if和whether
(1)whether之后可以直接跟or not，而if 则不能。
?I don’t care whether or not your car breaks down. 我不知道你的车是不是坏了。
但是不可以说：
I don’t care if or not your car breaks down.
(2)whether引导的从句一般不可以为否定结构(选择问句的后一部分除外)；而if则可以跟否定结构。
?I don’t care if she doesn’t come. 我不在乎她来不来。
但是，在某些动词或形容词之后，则可以用whether引导一个否定结构的句子，这种结构往往表示肯定的含义。
?I wonder whether he doesn’t think too much of himself.=I think he does think too much of himself. 我想他没有为自己考虑太多。
(3)在个别动词之后，如discuss 等，只跟用whether引导的宾语从句。
?They discussed whether they should close the shop. 他们讨论是否应该关掉商店。
(4)whether 可以引导从句作介词的宾语，而if则不能。
?I’m not interested in whether they’ll go or not. 我对他们会不会去不感兴趣。
(5)whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用，而if则不能。
?I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry. 我不知道是要笑还是哭。
(6)引导主语从句(包括从句在句首的位置)应当用whether，不用if。
?Whether it is true remains a problem. 这是不是真的还是一个问题。
3. 其他引导词
连接代词who, which, whom, whose有各自的意义，起连接作用，并在从句中充当语、宾语、表语、定语等；连接副词when, where, why, how等有各自的意义，起连接作用，并在从句中充当状语。
三、语气
在It is necessary / natural / important / strange...+ that-clause这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中谓语动词用＂should +原形＂，表虚拟语气。
?It is necessary that the problem should be settled at once. 这个问题必须马上解决。
?It’s strange that he should have gone away without telling us. 他竟然没向我们说一声就走了，真是奇怪。
四、以it作形式主语的主语从句与强调句型的区别
　　＂It be + adj./n. + that-clause＂与强调句型均有It be...that...之类的语言标志，但不同的是：(1)前者中的that从句是主语从句。若删掉其中的It be和that，则剩余部分不论结构还是语意都不能成为一个句子；但若将后者中的It be和that去掉，则剩余部分的结构和语意仍能构成一个完整的句子。(2)强调句型译为汉语时可加上＂正是……＂或＂就是……＂之类的字眼，而主语从句则不可以。请比较下面两个句子：
?It is surprising that Mary should have won first place. 令人惊奇的是玛莉竟然获得了第一名。
?It is Mary that has won first place. 正是玛莉得了第一名。
　　第一句话中的It是形式主语，that引导的是主语从句，句中的It is和that无法删除，一旦删除，句子就不成立；第二句是强调句型，其中的It is和that可以去掉，因为没有It is和that句子仍然完整。
用适当的连接词填空
1. we will have the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.
2. she has made such a big mistake is unknown.
3. It hasn’t been made clear the new underground line is to be open to traffic. It’s maybe next year.
4. role he will play in the film hasn’t been known.
5. part of the country he will travel to needs discussing.
【答案】
1. Where　 2. Why
3. when　 4. What
5. Which

I. 句型转换
1. That he suddenly fell ill last month surprised us.
→ he suddenly fell ill last month.
2. Whether they will sell the house hasn’t been yet decided.
→ they will sell the house.
3. That light travels in straight lines is known to us all.
→ light travels in straight lines.
Ⅱ. 单句改错
1. When will we set off is still under discussion.

2. What he needs most are money.

3. When and where the meeting will be held have not been decided.

4. That the coal workers are still alive are a wonder.

I. 七选五
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
How to Practice Self-Love and Be Good to Yourself
Did you know that you’re very special? __1 __ You deserve to be loved not only by those around you but by the most important person in your life — YOU. Practicing self-love can be challenging for many of us, especially in times when we face serious challenges. It’s not about being narcissistic(自恋的), it’s about getting in touch with ourselves and our happiness. We practice self-love so we can push through our limiting beliefs and live a life that truly shines.
__2 __ How well you handle a situation, how lovely you look today. Anything that will make you smile. Fill your body with food and drink that nourishes it and makes it thrive. Move the body of yours every single day and learn to love the skin you’re in. You can’t hate your way into loving yourself.
Don’t believe everything you think. There is an inner critic inside of us trying to keep us small and safe. The downside of this also stops us from living a full life. __3 __ Let them remind you just how amazing you are.
Stop the comparisons. There is no one on this planet like you, so you cannot fairly compare yourself to someone else. __4 __ End all toxic relationships. Seriously. Anyone who makes you feel anything less than amazing doesn’t deserve to be a part of your life.
Celebrate your wins no matter how big or small. __5 __ Step outside of your comfort zone and try something new. It’s incredible the feeling we get when we realize we have achieved something we didn’t know or think we could do before.
A. Learn to really trust yourself.
B. There is no other person in this world like you.
C. The only person you should compare yourself to is you.
D. Start each day by telling yourself something really positive.
E. Surround yourself with people who love and encourage you.
F. Pat yourself on the back and be proud of what you have achieved.
G. Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices and decisions.
II. 书面表达
假定你是李华，你的好友李明在中学生英语朗诵比赛中荣获一等奖。请你根据以下内容，给他写一封祝贺信。内容包括。
1. 向他表示祝贺；
2. 请他介绍成功的经验；
3. 希望有一天能像他一样取得成功。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2. 开头和结尾已经为你写好，但不计入总词数；
3. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Li Ming,
I hear that you have won the first prize_________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
1. (2017·北京)23. Every year, ____________ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
A. whatever B. whoever
C. whomever D. whichever
2. (2016·北京)Your support is important to our work. ____________ you can do helps.
A. However B. Whoever
C. Whatever D. Wherever
3. (2016·江苏)It is often the case ____________anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
A. why B. what C. as D. that
4. (2015·北京) ____________we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
A. Where B. How C. Why D. When
5. (2015·大纲全国卷)Exactly____________ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565.
A. whether B. why C. when D. how
6. (2015·陕西) ____________ the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.
A. Why B. When C. That D. What
I. 句型转换
1. It surprised us that
2. It hasn’t been yet decided whether
3. It is known to us all that
Ⅱ. 单句改错
1. will we改为we will
2. are改为is
3. have改为has
4. 第二个are改为is
I. 七选五
【语篇解读】本文主要讲述了如何自爱和好好对待自己。
1. B　【解析】第一段第一句意为＂你知道你很特别吗？＂接下来的一句应该说明＂没有其他的人在这个世界上像你一样。＂故选B。
4. C 【解析】本段主题为＂停止比较＂，选项C中的关键词compare提示了该空格应该选C。
5. F 【解析】本段标题为＂庆祝你的胜利不管大或小。＂而选项F＂拍拍自己的背，为自己取得的东西而自豪。＂是庆祝胜利的一种方式。故选F。
II. 书面表达
Dear Li Ming,
I hear that you have won the first prize in the English Recitation Contest for middle school students, so I am writing to give congratulations to you from the bottom of my heart.
As your best friend, I am proud of you! I know you always have been hard-working. Your efforts pay off at last. Your pronunciation and fluent English, especially your beautiful voice, left me a deep impression. I hope that I can be successful like you one day. So could you share with me how you improve your English? Your experience will be of great help to me in my learning.
I will appreciate it if you can write me back and give me your advice. Look forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
1. B 【解析】A. whatever任何事；B. whoever任何人；C. whomever任何人；D. whichever无论哪个。句意：每年，任何一个做出最漂亮的风筝的人将会在风筝节获奖。空格所在部分是主语从句，缺少主语，用连接代词，根据意思可知是人获奖，故排除A、D，因为需要作主语，只能用主格代词whoever，故选B。
2. C 【解析】 helps是谓语，＂____________ you can do＂是主语部分，即主语从句，在主语从句中，do后缺少宾语，表示＂任何事情＂，因此用whatever引导，故选C。
4. B 【解析】句意：我们如何理解事情与我们所感受的有很大关系。根据句意可知，主语从句缺少方式状语，因此选择how。故选B。
5. C 【解析】句意：准确地说土豆是什么时候被传到欧洲的还不确定，但是可能在1565年左右。此处when引导主语从句，并在从句中作时间状语。
6. B 【解析】句意：被延误的航班何时起飞大体上依天气而定。题干中主句的谓语动词为depends，因此前面是主语从句。why在主语从句中作原因状语；when在主语从句中作时间状语；that在主语从句中不作任何成分；what在主语从句中作主语或宾语。根据语境判断主语从句中缺少时间状语，故选B。

Writing: 如何写解决问题类作文
【文体特点】
1. 解决问题类作文对某些问题提出解决的建议、措施和方法。
2. 理清写作主题，解决问题的办法应该是文章的重点。语言要简明扼要，目的明确、具有合理性和说服力。语气要委婉。
3. 明确文章结构：开篇——提出问题；主体——分析和解决问题；结尾——对提出问题的解决方法进行简要的评价。
【写作提醒】
写作时应注意以下四个方面：
1. 此类书面表达通常为话题作文或看图作文，学生应仔细研读提示信息或图画，明确应围绕什么问题或现象展开评论。
2. 围绕主题，进行拓展。根据要求和提示信息合理安排篇章中各部分内容的比例，做到详略得当、条理清楚、文字简练。
3. 时态：多采用一般现在时，但如果提示中给出了具体时间，学生则应对时态进行相应的调整。
4. 要注意存在的问题，分析此问题可能带来的危害，然后针对此问题应如何解决。
【必背句式】
1. 提建议的句型
In my opinion, the best way to solve the problem is...
My tips are as follows...
Only in this way can we...
To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must...
2. 说明现象或问题的常用句型
It has become the biggest concern of...
Unless we take effective measures, it is likely that...The situation many people are facing is that...
To start with...The second reason is...The last but not least reason is...
Faced with the problem, quite a few people argue that...but others...
There is a general discussion today about the problem of...
3. 得出结论
With concerted efforts we will pull through the difficulties.
With the help of...we can manage to overcome these difficulties.
【写作模板】
模板一：
Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social problem, ___________________, which has aroused the concern from the whole society.
The following ways can be effective to deal with __________________. In the first place,
_____________________. In the second place, ________________. In the third place,
___________________________.
As far as I am concerned, ___________________. Above all, _______________ (原因一). Moreover,
____________________(原因二). All in all, as long as ____________________(我的希望), it is a matter of the time to solve ___________________.
模板二：
With the rapid development of economy, there arises a problem of ____________________, to which many factors may contribute. Firstly, _______________________(原因一)。 Secondly,
_________________________(原因二)。
It is high time that we took effective measures to solve________________________. First of all,___________________(方法一). For example, ________________________。 Besides, _______________(方法二)。 Only through these ways can we ____________________________.
From my point of view, ___________________________(强调问题的严重性). What we must do is to_________________________.
假如你是李明，是牡丹江第一中学的一名高一学生。你发现部分同学每次遇到重要考试，都会出现一些焦虑症状。请你用英语写一封信，向某学生英文报编辑反映该问题。信的内容应包括下列要点：
焦虑症状：头晕、乏力、睡眠不好等。
建议：1. 考前制订好合适的复习计划；
2. 考试期间正常作息；
3. 睡前洗热水澡、喝热牛奶等有助于睡眠。
其他建议：内容由考生自己拟定。
注意：1. 根据以上内容写一篇短文，不要逐句翻译，可适当增加细节以使行文连贯；
2. 要准确使用语法和词汇；使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思；
3. 词数100左右；开头已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：头晕dizzy adj.
Dear Editor,
I’m Li Ming of Senior One, Mudanjiang No. 1 Middle School. I’m writing to tell you about some symptoms of anxiety among us students before exams.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Ming
【审题谋篇】
体裁
建议信
话题
谈谈如何缓解考试压力
时态
一般现在时
人称
第一人称
【参考范文】
Dear Editor,
I’m Li Ming of Senior One, Mudanjiang No.1 Middle School. I’m writing to tell you about some symptoms of anxiety among us students before exams.
Most of us feel nervous whenever we’re taking an important exam. Some will feel dizzy or tired, and some will suffer from lack of sleep. All these are harmful to our studies.
Besides, enough sleep can make us energetic and enable us to perform well in an exam. Therefore, during the period of exams, we should not stay up too late. We can also try a warm bath or a cup of warm milk before going to bed. They might help us to have a sound sleep. We can keep ourselves relaxed and then concentrate ourselves on exams.
Yours,
Li Ming
随着科学技术的发展，人类太空旅游将不再是遥远的梦想。假设你是李华，对太空探索极感兴趣，现在请你写一篇英语短文，设想在今年暑假去太空旅游，如何克服失重条件下吃饭和喝水的问题。词数：100个左右。
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