2017-2018学年高一英语人教版（必修3）Unit 5 Canada—＂The True North＂ Grammar：同位语从句

Unit 5 Canada—＂The True North＂
Grammar：同位语从句
一、定义
在复合句中作名词的同位语的从句叫同位语从句。同位语从句一般放在某些抽象名词的后面，用以解释或说明名词所表示的具体内容。
二、同位语从句的引导词
功能
例词
从属
连词
只起连接作用，不充当从句中的任何成分。
that, whether
连接
代词
既起连接作用，又在从句中担任成分(主语、宾语、表语或定语)。
who, what, whose, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接
副词
既起连接作用，又在从句中担任成分(状语)。
when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however
?The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. 很多人对于电脑能够识别人的声音感到非常吃惊。
?The question who should go abroad required consideration.谁出国这个问题还要考虑。
?I’ve got a pretty good idea why they quarrel every day.我很了解他们为什么天天吵架。
?There is no doubt that the prices of computers will go down. 毫无疑问电脑的价格会下降。
?They usually write exact instructions how the music is to be played. 他们通常还要为如何演奏他们的音乐而写出精确的说明。
?I have no idea which one is the best. 我不知道哪一个最好。
?The question where we should have the sports meeting has not been discussed. 还没有决定好我们在哪里召开会议。
【特别注意】
1. 如同位语从句意义、结构完整，应用that引导同位语从句。(即that不充当任何成分，只起连接作用)
2. 如同位语从句意义不完整，结构完整，需增加＂是否＂的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。(if不能引导同位语从句)。
3. 如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加＂什么时候＂、＂什么地点＂、＂什么方式＂等含义，应用连接副词when, where, how等引导同位语从句。
4. 为了保持句子平衡，同位语从句和名词有时候会被别的词分隔开。
5. 若被同位语说明的名词是表示建议(如advice, suggestion, proposal)、要求(如demand, request, requirement)、命令(如order)时，同位语从句中的谓语用＂(should+)动词原形＂。
?He made the suggestion that we (should) start at once. 他建议我们立即开始做。
?Soon we received the order that we (should )stop fighting at once. 不久我们接到命令说立刻停止争斗。
【拓展延伸】
1. whether可以引导同位语从句，if不能。
?I have no idea whether they will give us enough help. 我不知道他们能否给我们足够的帮助。
2.what在同位语从句中要作主语或宾语等成分，that不作成分。
?I have no idea what he will give me. 我不知道他要给我什么。
3. advice, suggestion, proposal, request, requirement, decision, order等表示命令、建议和要求的词后的同位语从句的谓语用＂should+do＂，should可以省略。
?The commander gave an order that the troops (should) advance 10 miles. 司令官下达命令让军队前进10英里。
4. 名词doubt(怀疑)后的同位语从句用whether 引导；no doubt(不怀疑)后的同位语从句用that 引导。
?We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time. 我们怀疑他们是否能按时完成任务。
?We have no doubt that they can complete the task on time. 我们毫不怀疑他们能按时完成任务。
【易混辨析】同位语从句/定语从句
1. 从句所修饰的词不同：
同位语从句所修饰的词通常是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词，如belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news, possibility, thought, order, suggestion, wish, answer, information, conclusion, decision, discovery, knowledge, law, opinion, problem, promise, proof, question, report, truth, risk 等。
定语从句的先行词可以指人、物等。
2. 连接词的作用不同：
连接同位语从句的that只起连接作用，不在从句中担任任何句子成分。whether 和 how 可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。
定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语)，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当从句中的任何成分。
3. 从句的作用不同：
定语从句具有形容词或副词的特点，对先行词起修饰、限定作用，描述先行词的性质或特征，与先行词之间是所属关系；同位语从句具有名词的特点，对中心词作进一步补充、解释，是中心词的具体内容。
?The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。 (同位语从句，补充说明news到底是一个什么消息；that不可代替，一般不省略)
?The news that had spread all over the world made the man famous. 那个已经传遍全世界的消息使得那个人出名了。(定语从句，news在从句中作had spread的主语；引导定语从句时，that很多时候可以用which/ who/whom等来代替，作宾语时可省略)
完成句子
1. The news______________________________(她通过了期末考试) is exciting.
2. Mike made a promise______________________________ (他将帮助我学习英语).
3. The fact____________________________ (地球围绕太阳转) is knows to us.
4. The news_____________________________ (飞机会按时起飞) makes everybody happy.
5. The suggestion____________________________ (我们应该学一些实际的东西) is worth considering.
6. The news______________________________ (她失去了工作) is true.
7. The order_____________________________ (他们应该什么时候回来) hasn’t reached us.
8. The hope______________________________ (她有一天会恢复) is not gone yet.
9. The problem______________________________ (我们可以为他做什么) is important.
10. They received orders _____________________________ (工作必须立刻完成).
【答案】
1. that she got through the final examination
2. that he will help me studying English
3. that Earth goes around Sun
4. that the plane will take off on time
5. that we should learn some practical things
6. that she lost her job
7. that when shall they come back
8. that she’ll recover
9. that what can we do for him
10. that the work must be done at once

I. 用适当的连接词填空
1. They expressed the hope _______ they would come over to China soon.
2. The fact _______ he didn’t see Tom this morning is true.
3. Word has come _______ some American guests will come to our college for a visit next week.
4. He can’t answer the question _______ he got the money from his home yesterday.
5. Do you have any idea _______ is actually going on in the classroom?
6. The problem _______ we should have the meeting in the hall now must be decided at once.
II. 单句改错
1. Our team has won the game, that made us very happy.
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. I’ve come with a message from Mr Wang how he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. He must answer the question if he agrees with what she said or not.
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. I’ve read the book where you gave me the day before yesterday.
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. One of the men held the pinion when what the book said was right.
___________________________________________________________________________________
III. 把下列句子翻译成英语
1. 我向他许诺说我一到北京就给他写信。
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. 他经常问我这个问题，那就是这个工作是否值得做。
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. 他什么也不说，这一事实使大家都感到惊奇。
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. 在我看来，他刚才告诉我的这个消息是真实的。
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. 他突然想起他本来应该去接儿子的。
___________________________________________________________________________________
IV. 单项填空
1. Information has been put forward __________ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
　A. while ?? B. that ?? C. when ?? D. as
2. It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities, this is the information _________ has been put forward.
　A. what ?? B. that ?? C. when ?? D. as
3. She heard a terrible noise, __________ brought her heart into her mouth.
　A. it B. which ?? C. this ?? D. that
4. I can’t stand the terrible noise __________ she is crying loudly.
　A. it B. which ?? C. this ?? D. that
I. 七选五
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
How to protect your ears
You and your friends are leaving a concert on a Friday night. When you get outside, your ears are ringing. You have to shout to be heard. 　 1 　 So no harm done...right??
Not quite. Temporary buzzing may be easy to ignore, but repeated exposure to loud noise will eventually cause serious and irreversible(无法治愈的) hearing loss. A new study conducted by researchers at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston shows that one in five people between the ages of 12 and 19 are experiencing slight hearing loss, and one in 20 have mild hearing loss. 　 2 　
But the good news is that there are plenty of ways you can use to protect your ears from further damage — and still listen to the music you love:
Ask around. Put your earbuds in or your headphones on, and then ask a friend next to you whether or not he or she can hear what you’re listening to. 　 3　 Turn it down.?
Buy noise-canceling headphones. A pair of earbuds or headphones that fits comfortably will limit outside noise so that you can hear your music better at lower volumes.
Take breaks. 　 4 　 So when listening to music, take your headphones off for 15 or 20 minutes and let your ears enjoy the quiet.?
　 5　 You can buy a cheap pair at any drugstore as an easy way to lower volume at concerts — or while playing or practicing your own music — without changing the quality of the sound.?
A. Use earplugs.
B. Keep the volume below 70 percent.
C. If the answer is yes, your music is too loud.
D. But by morning, your hearing is totally back to normal.
E. Like every other part of your body, your ears need rest.
F. Unfortunately, there’s no way to get back hearing you’ve already lost.
G. The exposure to noise is louder and longer than in any previous generation.
II. 书面表达
假设你是李华，你在报上看到北京电视台今年二月将举办外国人“学中文，唱中文歌”才艺大赛。你的美国朋友Peter正在北京一所大学学中文，你觉得他应去试一试。请按以下要点给他写信告知此事，并表示可以提供帮助。
比赛时间：2月18日
报名时间：截止到1月30日
报名地点：北京电视台
注意：
1. 词数：100左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3. 参考词汇：才艺表演 talent show
Dear Peter,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
1. (2016·天津)The manager put forward a suggestion ___________ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A. whether B. that
C. which D. what
2. (2014·重庆)—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?
—Yeah, but I have no idea ____________ he did it; that’s one of his favorite universities.
A. when B. why
C. that D. how
3. (2013·浙江) The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief __________ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.
A. how B. that
C. which D. whether
I. 用适当的连接词填空
1. that 2. that
3. that 4. how
5. what 6. whether
II. 单句改错
1. that→which 2. how→that
3. if→whether 4. where→that / which或省略where
5. when→that 6. that→how
III. 把下列句子翻译成英语
1. I made a promise that I would write to him as soon as I got to Beijing.
2. He often asked me the question whether the work was worth doing.
3. The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
4. In my opinion, the news (that / which) he told me just now is true.
5. A thought suddenly came to him that he should have picked up his son.
IV. 单项填空
3. B 【解析】分析语境含义、句子结构和句子成分可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，先行词为a terrible noise，且它在从句中作主语，故用which。
4. D 【解析】she is crying loudly是the terrible noise的内容，所以该句为同位语从句，且所填词不在从句中作成分，故选that。
I. 七选五
【语篇解读】研究表明当前12到19岁的人群中存在不同程度的听力受损现象，而不幸的是，听力损害是无法恢复的。针对此现象本文提出了保护耳朵免受更大伤害的四种方法。
1. D　【解析】根据语境可知此处是假设一种情景：你们刚从演唱会离开，双耳嗡嗡作响，必须大叫才能互相听见对方说的话，但是到了第二天早上耳朵又恢复正常了，因此就认为耳朵没有受到伤害，是吗？故选D项。
2. F　【解析】根据下一句中的“But the good news is that there are plenty of ways you can use to protect your ears from further damage”可知，有很多方法可以保护耳朵免受更多伤害，可推知上一句是说没有方法恢复已丢失的听力，故选F项。
3. C　【解析】根据前一句“询问你的朋友能否听到你耳机里的音乐”及下一句“调低音量”可知，此句表达的应是如果他们能听到，说明你的音乐太大声，故选C项。
4. E　【解析】根据段落标题“Take breaks.”和空后内容可知，这一段讲耳朵也需要休息，故选E项。
5. A　【解析】根据下一句中的“You can buy a cheap pair at any drugstore as an easy way to lower volume at concerts”可知，下一段是讲要使用耳塞，A选项作为标题符合语境。故选A项。
II. 书面表达
Dear Peter,
How are you getting on? I write to tell you that there will be a talent show for foreigners who are learning Chinese in China. It is called Learning Chinese, Singing Chinese Songs and I’m sure it will give you a good chance to show your talent in Chinese. As far as I know, your Chinese is good enough. And please let me know if you need my help.
The contest will be held on Feb. 18th, 2018 and there will be a live show on TV. The deadline of the entry time is Jan. 30th, and the entry place is the Beijing Broadcast Station.
Good luck!
Yours,
Li Hua
1. B 【解析】句意：经理提出一个建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。使用同位语从句说明suggestion的内容，而且同位语从句的成分和意思都是完整的。用that引导，that在从句中不作成分，只起连接的作用。故选B。
Writing: 如何写地点介绍类作文
介绍地点的说明文，它的写作顺序建议如下：
一、应介绍这个地方的地(地理位置)、面(面积，人口)、气(气候状况)、城(两个著名城市)、著(与众不同之处)。
二、写说明文，时态以现在时为主，人称以第三人称为主。
【必备句型】
1. 地点状语+主句 /(历史) (分词结构作状语)
Located in…, …is a city…with a history of…
...lies nearbehindin front ofby the side of...betweenamong...
With sp. on/to the east/west/north …borders … to the south westeastsouth…
e.g. China, located/ lying in the east of Asia, is one of largest countries in the world, with/bordering Japan to the east and Russia on the north.
2. 面积+人口(with结构作定语)
…covers/takes up a total area of …with a population of …
… is a city with a population of…
e.g. (1) Beijing, the capital of China, is a large city with a population of over 12,000,000.
(2) Our school, which takes up 63 thousand square kilometers, is very large in size.
3. 气候特征(注意表示天气变化的形容词)
It is warm (dry, cold, sunny, rainy…) all the seasons. 四季温暖(干燥、寒冷、阳光明媚、阴雨绵绵……)。
It’s like spring all the year round. 四季如春。
People in sp. can enjoy typical tropical cimate(典型的热带气候), which is so pleasant that every year, many tourists come here to enjoy the beautiful scenery, among which…is the most popular.
The average temperature ranges between 23℃ and 39℃.
4. 著名/特殊之处
The special character of … is attracting more and more tourists from all over the world.
e.g. Guangzhou is rich in traveling resources, such as the famous ＂eight scenery of Yang Cheng＂.
【应试技巧】
1. 首先要认真审题。读懂题目所给信息，初步确定要点内容，并可用序号标出以免遗忘。
2. 列提纲，使要点条理化，统筹安排布局。
3. 勿要直译，需意译。尤其对看图情景作文要构建完整的故事结构，不可逐句罗列了事。
4. 要刻意把好语言关。要用自己最熟悉的句型结构和词语，力求条理清晰，语言准确。没有把握的词句不要写，确有把握的可以锦上添花。
5. 遇到一时想不起的词语，需变通。可以用同义词、近义词代替，也可以用否定词加反义词来表达，亦可变换句式。不可钻牛角尖，更不能生造词语。
6. 注意文章的长度。看具体内容而定，如果内容多应多用复杂句式，如果内容不多，为了达到词数应多用简单句式，并适当增补合理内容。
7. 注意保持卷面整洁，书写工整、清楚，书写的好坏会直接影响阅卷老师的情绪。
8. 最后注意复查全文。看内容要点有无遗漏，标点、格式、大小写、汉语拼音是否规范，是否有语病等。
假定你是李华。你刚刚去大理观光游览回来，请以My Impressions of Yunnan为题，介绍这次愉快的经历。内容应包括：
1. 概括评价这次旅游；
2. 当地主要民族：白族；历史：南诏、大理国曾建都于此，是中国历史文化名城之一；
3. 著名景点：苍山和洱海；
4. 交通：新铁路连接昆明和大理；
5. 展望大理的未来。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【写作导航】
1. 简单概括大理的地理位置，建议使用定语从句和短语be located in；
2. 进一步介绍＂大理是中国历史文化名城之一＂，建议用one of the …；
3. 介绍大理的著名景点，使用be famous for短语；
4. 用被动语态介绍大理的交通＂一条新铁路已经建成＂；
5. 展望大理的未来，用主语从句表达＂这座城市的未来会更好＂。
Now a new railway has been built to connect Dali and Kunming. It is certain that the future of the city will be better.
假如你是李华。你的朋友Tom明年要来你们学校学汉语，他来信询问你们学校的情况。请根据以下要点，用英文给Tom回信。
1. 听说你明年来我校学习，我们很高兴。
2. 我校是一所具有80年历史的老学校。
3. 学校很美，有许多花草树木，两栋教学楼，一栋宿舍楼。
4. 学校设备优良，有体育馆、计算机室和大图书馆等。学生除正式课程外，还有许多选修课，如：油画、打字、烹饪等。
5. 最重要的是，学校有许多优秀教师，课程有趣，老师既有知识又和蔼，非常愿意帮助我们。我爱我们的学校，我真希望你也能喜欢我们的学校。
注意：
1. 词数100左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：选修课 elective?course? 体育馆 gym? 宿舍楼dormitory building
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
Dear Xiao Ming,
I was excited to hear that you will come to learn Chinese in our school. Now let me tell you something about our school. Our school campus is beautiful. It has many trees, flowers and a lot of grass. We have two very nice teaching buildings and a dormitory building. In addition, the school has excellent equipment, such as a new gym, a computer room and a large library. There are also a lot of elective courses to choose from, such as painting, typing and cooking. Above all, there are many excellent teachers in our school. Classes are interesting, the teachers are kind and knowledgeable and willing to help us students. I like our school. I hope you will like our school too.
Yours,
Li Hua