2017-2018学年高一英语人教版（必修4）Unit 1 Women of achievement Grammar&Writing Word版含解析

Unit 1 Women of achievement
Grammar：集合名词与主谓一致

集合名词，也叫集体名词，是英语中表示某一群人或某一类物的集合体。有时候看上去是单数，但其实是复数。当它作主语时，谓语要根据情况来判定到底是单数还是复数，确保主谓一致才行。 具体说来有以下情况：
一、某些有生命的集合名词（表示人或者动物），本身有单、复数之分。
其为单数时，若作主语，则谓语可用单数和复数形式。主要依据说话者强调的重点而定，若强调许多个体，谓语用复数；若强调一个整体，则谓语用单数。其为复数时，不言而喻，谓语必须用复数。
※注意：此类名词单复数的意义并不完全相同，译为汉语时一定要当心，如army（一国之军队），armies（多国部队）；couple（一对夫妇），couples（多对夫妇）等。
常见的此类集合名词有：army，association，audience，band，board，cast，class，club，college，committee，company，community，congregation（教民，会众），council（市议会，理事会），couple，crew，crowd，enemy，family，firm，flock，folk，government，group，kingdom，mob（暴民，暴徒），navy，opposition，orchestra，pack，pair，party，personnel，profession，population，staff，school，team，tribe（部落，部民），union，university等。
?The audience were moved by his great performance.观众们都被他精湛的表演感动了。
这里的audience就是一个集合名词，并且在这里强调的是观众中的很多人，所以谓语用的是were。
?My family is a large one. 我家是个大家庭。(指家庭)
?The family are sitting at the breakfast table. 一家人正围在餐桌旁吃早餐。(指家庭成员)
【注】有时没有特定的上下文，谓语单数或复数区别不大。
?The public are [is] requested not to leave litter in the park. 要求公众在公园不要乱扔东西。
二、某些有生命的集合名词，本身无复数形式，作主语时，谓语通常用复数。
这类集合名词本身就表达出＂一群人或其他＂的含义，所以谓语常用复数。
常见的此类集合名词有：cattle，clergy，faculty（教职工）， herd，mankind，military，militia（民团、民兵），people，police，poultry（家禽），swine（猪），womankind等。
?The police have located the suspect. 警方已经锁定了嫌疑人的位置。
这里的police就是集合名词，并且在此它表示的是＂警方＂，也就是一群警察，所以谓语用了have located而不是has located。
【注】people作＂民族＂讲时有复数形式。
?There are 56 peoples in China. 中国有56个民族。
三、某些有生命的集合名词，本身无复数形式，其后可跟单／复数谓语动词。
常见的此类集合名词有：bourgeoisie（资产阶级），church，elite（精英），gentry，intelligentsia（知识分子），laity（外行），livestock，majority，minority，proletariat（无产阶级），offspring等。
?Genghis Khan’s offspring are/is all over the world according to a research on genetic marks. 一个关于基因标志的研究显示，成吉思汗的后裔遍布全球。
这里的offspring是一个集合名词，但是它既可以被理解为其中的所有个体，又可以被理解为作为＂后代＂这一存在的整体，所以谓语用单、复数都可以。
【注】youth除了作集合名词以外，还可以作可数和不可数名词。
?Youth is the time for action; age is the time for repose. 年少要动，年老要静。
?Some youths don’t like jazz. 一些年轻人不喜欢爵士音乐。
四、某些表示国家、公司、机构、运动队等名称的专有名词也可当作集合名词使用，其后通常跟单／复数谓语动词。
机构、队伍等名称作主语时，谓语需要根据语境来判定——如果强调其作为一个整体，则用单数形式；如果强调其中的多个个体，则用复数形式。
常见的此类集合名词有：Arsenal，BBC，Congress，Liverpool，Netherlands，Parliament，Pentagon，Vatican（梵蒂冈），White House等。
?Arsenal is leading the game at a score of 3-2. 阿森纳3：2领先。
?Arsenal are trying to block their rivals’ way. 阿森纳的球员在试图阻拦他们的对手。
这是个很清楚的例子，第一句强调的是作为一个队伍的整体，第二句则强调队伍里的每个球员，所以第一句谓语是单数，而第二句谓语是复数。
五、某些含义上是集合名词，但实际本身就是不可数名词（表示物）通常被看成不可数名词，作主语时谓语用单数。
常见的此类集合名词有：aircraft，baggage， clothing，crockery，cutlery（刀剪，餐具），equipment，foliage（树叶），furniture，glassware，hardware，jewellery，luggage，machinery，poetry，pottery，silverware，stationery(文具)，underclothing，underwear，vegetation等。
?All the stationery we need has been ordered online. 我们需要的文具已经都在网上买好了。
【拓展延伸】
通常用作复数的集合名词：
police(警察)，people(人)，cattle(牛，牲口)等集合名词，总是表示复数意义，用作主语时，其谓语要用复数：
?The police were after him. 警察正在追捕他。
【注】goods(货物), clothes(衣服)只有复数形式，且只表示复数意义。
?Such clothes are very cheap. 那样的衣服很便宜。
【特别注意】关于主谓一致：
1. 当用作主语的成分后面跟由but，except，besides，including，like，with，as well as，along with，in addition to，combined with，rather than，together with等引出的短语时，谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响，习惯上要与这些结构前面的主语保持一致(即与比较远的那个主语保持一致，简称＂就远原则＂)。
?Tom as well as his parents goes to the park every Sunday. 汤姆和他的父母每个星期天都去公园。
2. 不定式(短语)、动名词(短语) 或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
?Serving the people is my greatest happiness. 为人民服务是我最大的幸福。
?When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided. 我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。
3. 当用作主语的两个名词或代词由or, either...or...,neither...nor..., not only...but also...等连接时，谓语动词通常与邻近的名词或代词保持一致(即与比较近的那个主语保持一致，简称＂就近原则＂)。
?Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it. 学生和老师都不知道这事。
?He or you are to speak at the meeting. 会上由他或你来发言。

从括号中选择适当的动词填空
1. Where_______(is, are ) the five dollars I lent you?
2. The number of the students in that school_______(has, have) greatly increased in recent years.
3. Few of his family_______(is,are) in support of him.
4. Every man and woman _______(has, have) gotten tha hang of using computers in the company.
5. The rest of tht lecture _______(was,were) not interesting at all.
Here_______(comes,come) three naughty boys from next door.
Neither Tom nor Jack _______(is,are) his student.
Tom is the only one of the students in our class who_______(has, have) ever chatted with him.
Every means_______(has ,have) been tried but without any result.
Between the two rows of trees_______(stand, stands) the teaching building.



I. 单句语法填空
A library with five thousand books_______(offer) to the area as a gift last year.
Statistics_______(be) his most difficult subject and they are all worried that he won’t pass the test.
What we need _______(be) a balanced diet.
The Olympic Games_______(be) held every four years.
Large quantities of water_______(need) for agriculture.
Referring to the dictionary _______(be) a good habit in English learning.
The New York Times_______(be) first published in 1851.
Many people say 1,000 dollars_______(be) a lot of money.
I, who_______(be) your teacher, will try my best to help you study.
I have finished a large part of the book, the rest of which_______(be) more difficult.
II. 单句改错
All that can be done have been done.
__________________________________________________________________________________
This kind of orange taste very delicious.
__________________________________________________________________________________
More than six men was killed in the accident.
__________________________________________________________________________________
A good deal of money have been spent on books.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Mr Smith, together with his children, have arrived.
__________________________________________________________________________________
This is one of the best novels that has appeared this year.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Both the singer and the painter has agreed to come to my party.
__________________________________________________________________________________
The population of China are larger than that of any other country in the world.
__________________________________________________________________________________
When and where to build the new factory have not been decided.
__________________________________________________________________________________
What you said just now have something to do with that matter we are discussing.
__________________________________________________________________________________

I. 七选五
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
There was once a lonely girl who longed so much for love. One day while she was walking in the woods she found two starving birds. 1 She cared about them with love and the birds grew strong. Every morning they greeted her with a wonderful song. The girl felt great love for the birds.
2 The larger and stronger of the two birds flew from the cage. The girl was so frightened that he would fly away. As he flew close, she grasped him wildly. Her heart felt glad at her success in capturing(捕捉) him.
3 She opened her hand and stared in horror at the dead bird. It was her desperate love that had killed him.
She noticed the other bird moving back and forth on the edge of the cage. She could feel his great need for freedom. He needed to fly into the clear, blue sky. 4 The bird circled once, twice, three times.
The girl watched delightedly at the bird’s enjoyment. 5 What she wanted to see was that the bird could fly happily. Suddenly the bird flew closer and landed softly on her shoulder. It sang the sweetest tune that she had ever heard.
Remember, the fastest way to lose love is to hold on it too tightly; the best way to keep love is to give it wings!
A. Suddenly she felt the bird go soft.
B. She gave them some delicious food and left.
C. Her heart was no longer concerned with her loss.
D. One day she left with the two birds at home alone.
E. She took them home and put them in a small cage.
F. One day the girl left the door of the cage open accidentally.
G. She lifted him from the cage and threw him softly into the air.
II. 书面表达
《英语双语报》有一个栏目名为“Star Student”，请你根据下表信息，以“Yang Hongde — a Star Student”为题为该栏目写一篇短文，介绍你校品学兼优的毕业生杨弘德同学。
姓名
杨弘德
年龄
19
考入学校
香港中文大学
奖学金
50万港元
家庭状况
父亲死于车祸，母亲重病卧床
本人情况
持家、照顾母亲、学习刻苦、成绩突出、乐于助人
你的评价
……
1. 词数：100左右；
2. 文章须包括表中信息，可以适当增加细节，以使文章连贯。
3. 参考词汇：奖学金scholarship；挑起……的重担take the burden of ...
Yang Hongde — a Star Student
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. (2017·天津) Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, ___________ as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
A. regard B. is regarded C. are regarded D. regards
2. (2017·江苏) The publication of Great Expectations, which ____________ both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens, status as a leading novelist.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
3. (2015·湖南) It is important to remember that success ___________ a sum of small efforts made each day and often ___________ years to achieve.
A. is; takes B. are; takes
C. are; take D. is; take
4. (2014·湖南) All we need ___________ a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.
A. are B. was C. is D. were
5. (2013·湖南) The university estimates that living expenses for international students ___________ around $8,450 a year, which ___________ a burden for some of them.
A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is
6. (2013·江苏) Generally, students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others ___________ essential to their development.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
7. (2013·福建) The famous musician, as well as his students, ___________ to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.
A. were invited B. was invited
C. have been invited D. has been invited
8. (2017·新课标全国卷I) When fat and salt (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
9. (2017·新课标全国卷II改编) Steam engines (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been ___________(fair)unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
10. (2016·浙江) He would ask who we was and pretend not to knowing us.(改错)


I. 单句语法填空
1. was offered 2. is
3. is 4. are
5. are needed 6. is
7. was 8. is
9. am 10. is
II. 单句改错
1. have→has 2. taste→tastes
3. was→were 4. have→has
5. have→has 6. has→have
7. has→have 8. are→is
9. have→has 10. have→has

I. 七选五
【语篇解读】小鸟需要自由，小女孩把小鸟从笼子里放出来，抛向天空。
1. E 【解析】根据文意她发现两只饥饿的小鸟，她把它们带回家，并放在一个笼子里面，所以答案是E。
5. C 【解析】根据文意可知，小女孩兴奋地看着小鸟，她现在已经不再担心失去小鸟了，所以答案是C。
II. 书面表达
Yang Hongde — a Star Student
In that year's College Entrance Examination of Shandong, Yang Hongde, a senior 3 student from our school, got high marks and was admitted to Hong Kong Chinese University, with a scholarship of HK $500,000.
But a few years ago when Yang, aged 16, just began his senior 1 school life, his father was killed in a traffic accident. His mother became seriously ill in bed because of his father's death, losing the basic ability to support herself.
Thus Yang had to take the burden of supporting the family and nursing his ill mother. He overcame every unthinkable difficulty that he faced (overcame one difficulty after another). Meanwhile he studied even harder and did pretty well in all his subjects. Moreover, he was always ready to help others.
Yang Hongde sets us a fine example both in daily life and study. We should learn from him.

1. B 【解析】句意：现在骑自行车、慢跑和游泳被认为是最全面的锻炼方式之一。根据动词短语regard...as… (把……看做……)和句意确定应该用被动语态，排除A和D；由介词短语along with连接的三个名词作主语，谓语动词应该就前一致，即用单数，排除C。故选B。

3. A 【解析】主谓一致指＂人称＂和＂数＂方面的一致关系。根据分析，第一空的谓语要填一个单数，因为此宾语从句：…that success a sum of…day的主语是success单数名词，故谓语要用is；后面的句子：often years to achieve的主语也是success，故第二空的谓语也是一个单数形式。句意：成功是将每天一小点努力积累起来，是需要多年的努力去达到，记住这些很重要。
【名师点睛】
本题旨在考查主谓一致原则，要求学生掌握这一原则及其用法，确定句子主语的单复数，不要受其他干扰项干扰而答错。主谓一致是指：（1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。（2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。 （3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的主语， 一般来说，主语为不可数名词，谓语用单数；主语为可数名词复数，谓语用复数。（4）就远原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于离它最远的主语， 一般来说，主语为不可数名词，谓语用单数，主语为可数名词复数，谓语用复数。
4. C 【解析】考查主谓一致及时态。句中的主语为代词All，指代的是物，故谓语动词用单数形式。再根据从句中的can可以判断用一般现在时。句意：我们所需要的是一小块土地，在整个一年的生长季节，我们能够种各种果树。
【名师点睛】
1. all指人时谓语动词用复数；指物时谓语用单数。
Now all has been changed. 现在一切都已改变。
＂All are present today, Mr Li.＂ answered the monitor. 班长回答说：＂李老师，今天大家全到了。＂
2. ＂all + of +名词＂时，若of后为不可数名词，谓语用单数形式；若of后为复数名词或代词时，谓语用复数形式。
All of us like sports. 我们所有人都喜欢体育运动。
5. A 【解析】考查主谓一致。句意：那所大学估计，对国际学生来说，一年的生活开销大约是8450美元，这对他们中某些学生来说是一个负担。第一空的主语是living expenses，是复数，因此谓语动词用复数；第二空的主语是which，指代的是前面living expenses...a year整个句子，因此谓语动词用单数。

7. B 【解析】考查主谓一致。as well as, together with, like等介词或介词短语连接并列主语时，谓语动词应与介词或介词短语之前的主语保持一致。此句介词短语前的主语是musician, 故可先排除A和C，句中有明确的表示过去的时间，动词应用一般过去时，所以答案为B。
8. are removed 【解析】考查被动语态。句意：当脂肪和盐分从食物中被去掉。分析可知fat，salt和move之间是被动关系，脂肪和盐分是两种东西，且是被人们去掉，所以用被动语态。故填are removed。
9. (1)were used 考查时态和语态。此处表示过去的被动，且主语为复数名词，故填were used。
(2)fairly 考查副词，这里fair是形容词，pleasant也是形容词，所以需要将fair变为副词来修饰形容词，故填fairly。
10. was改成were 【解析】who引导的宾语从句的主语是we，从句谓语要用复数，而且根据would和原本给的was可知用一般过去时。故was改成were。

Writing: 人物介绍类作文

人物介绍类书面表达，通常要求考生根据提示介绍特定的人物，可以是伟人、名人，也可以是平凡的人，但一般都是对自己或公众有一定影响的人物。一般说来，介绍人物通常包括以下几个方面：家庭背景、教育状况、主要事迹或成就、公众评价等。
与其他题材相比，人物介绍显得比较平淡，写得不好往往给人以枯燥、乏味的感觉，但如果文字组织得好，篇章结构安排合理，介绍信息引人入胜，也可以成为一篇佳作。
人物介绍的命题相对比较单一，可以直接用被介绍人物的名字做标题，也可冠上该人物的头衔或职务等。文章开头在书面表达中的作用不言而喻，可画龙点睛，可引人入胜。人物介绍的开头可以开门见山，直接介绍主人公，也可引用相关新闻开头语进行介绍，内容包括：出生时间、地点、外貌及职业等。结尾可以采取总结性的结尾、启发性的含蓄结尾、首尾照应型结尾等。
【特别注意】
人物介绍包括他人介绍和自我介绍。它一般要求能用简洁明了的英语把要介绍的情况按照逻辑顺序一一讲明即可。但要注意他人介绍是介绍别人，所以文中要用第三人称来写；自我介绍是介绍自己，所以文章要以第一人称来写。写时两种情况不要混用。
【技巧步骤】
1. 在描写人物时，我们可以分以下三个部分来写作：
第一部分：总体介绍人物，然后介绍人物的出生年月、地点、家庭背景或相貌等。
第二部分：
(1)列出人物的品质和个性，并以具体的事例说明其品质和个性。在选取事例时，应该选取典型事迹，抓住人物特征。
(2)列举人物的主要经历、事迹或成就。
第三部分：介绍人们对人物的评价或谈论你的个人感受。
2. 在描述人物时，应注意以下几个方面：
(1)人称：一般使用第三人称。
(2)时态：常用一般现在时和一般过去时，具体情况要依据写作的要求来确定。描写人物的外貌、性格或兴趣等时常用一般现在时，而描写人物的出生或教育背景等时常用一般过去时。
【必备表达】
1. 背景：
...was born in /into a poor/rich family in ..., when ...was young, spent one's childhood in ...
2. 外貌：
beautiful, pretty, goodlooking, ordinarylooking, handsome, strong, fat, thin
3. 品质和个性：
kind, determined, gentle, considerate, optimistic, easygoing, warmhearted, hardworking, responsible, patient, helpful, friendly, generous
4. 爱好：
be good at, have a gift for, be interested in, be fond of, be crazy about
5. 教育背景：
graduated from, got a ... degree, majored in, went abroad to further one's study, studied hard at, took an active part in class
6. 经历和事迹：
devote oneself to, do sth. with great determination and perseverance, fight for, make up one's mind to do sth.，overcome many difficulties, try one's best to do sth.
7. 评价：
one of the best, most important, set a good example to, ... is the pride of ..., make great contributions to, be regarded as

(2016·北京)假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你的英国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国历史很感兴趣，并请你介绍一位你喜欢的中国历史人物。请你给Jim回信，内容包括：
1. 该人物是谁；
2. 该人物的主要贡献；
3. 该人物对你的影响。
注意：
1. 词数不少于50；
2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
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Yours,
Li Hua
【构思框架】
1. 文体：记叙文
2. 主体时态：一般现在时态
3. 人称：第三人称
4. 信息点整合：开门见山指出所要介绍的人物；其次，介绍人物的主要贡献；最后，介绍该人物对你的影响。
【参考范文】
Dear Jim,
It’s great to hear from you. I feel proud knowing your interest in Chinese history.
As for my favorite figure in Chinese history, it must be Wei Yuan, a great thinker in the late Qing Dynasty. He, in his book, Haiguo Tuzhi (Maps and Records of the World), introduced modern technologies and ideas to China. That opened our eyes to the world. In fact, he inspires me to major in English in college, to be a bridge between China and the world.
Interested in knowing more? I can find you some books! Just let me know.
Cheers!
Yours,
Li Hua

根据以下信息写一篇关于美国前国务卿(Secretary of State)赖斯(Rice)的短文。
1. 赖斯1954年11月14日出生于美国亚拉巴马州(Alabama)。
2. 她3岁开始学钢琴，4岁开始登台表演，15岁时便成为丹佛大学(University of Denver)的学生。
3. 1981年，赖斯成为斯坦福大学(Stanford University)的教师。
4. 2005年1月出任美国国务卿，赖斯是有史以来美国政府中职位最高的黑人妇女。
5. 赖斯博学勤奋，能讲流利的俄语。她还学过9年法语，能弹一手好钢琴，喜欢看体育比赛。
注意：
1. 词数100左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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In January, 2005, Rice held the position as Secretary of State, which is the highest post for a black woman in the government in American history. Rice works hard and has a wise mind. She can speak fluent Russian and has ever learned French for 9 years. Also she plays the piano quite well.
Rice likes watching sports games. She is a great woman we should learn from.