2017-2018学年高一英语人教版（必修4）Unit 2 Working the land Learning about Language &Using language Word版含解析
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| 名称 | 2017-2018学年高一英语人教版（必修4）Unit 2 Working the land Learning about Language &Using language Word版含解析 |  | |
| 格式 | zip | ||
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（新课程标准） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2018-04-26 09:04:29 | ||
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文档简介
Unit 2 Working the land
Learning about Language & Using language
Key Words
1.nationality n. 国籍→nation n. 国家；民族→national adj.?国家的；民族的
2.occupation n. 工作，职业；占领→occupy vt. 占领；居住
3.confuse vt. 使迷惑；使为难→confused adj. 困惑的；混乱的→confusing adj. 使人困惑的
4.regret vt. 遗憾，惋惜；后悔n.?遗憾；懊悔→regretful adj. 后悔的；抱歉的；遗憾的→regretfully adv. 懊悔地；抱歉地→regretless adj. 无悔的；没有遗憾的
5.chemical adj.?化学的，关于化学的→chemistry n. 化学
6.production n.?生产，制造→produce vt.?生产，制造
7.bacteria n. (bacterium的复数形式)细菌
8.discovery n.?发现，发觉→discover vt. 发现，发觉
9.focus n. 焦点；中心点?vt. 集中；聚集
10.reduce vt. 减少，减缩→reduction n. 减少；降低
11.root n. 根；根源
12.skim vt. 浏览，略读
13.comment n. 评论；议论?vi. 表达意见；作出评论?vt.?评论
Key Phrases
1. build up 逐渐增强；建立；开发 2. lead to 导致；造成
3. focus on 集中(注意力、精力等)于
4. keep...free from/of 使……免受(影响、伤害等)；使……不含(有害物)
5. make a difference 造成差异，很重要
6. cause damage to 对……造成危害
7. in addition 再者，还有
8. turn to 转向
9. keep in mind 牢记在心
Key Sentence
Recently, however, scientists have been finding that long-term use of these fertilizers can cause damage to the land and, even more dangerous, to people’s health.(现在完成进行时)
1. confuse
◆vt. 使迷惑；使为难。常见用法：
confuse A with/and B 分不清A和B
confuse black and white混淆黑白；分不清两物之间的不同
confuse sb. with sth. 某事让某人困惑
be confused by 被……弄混/弄糊涂
?Be careful not to confuse quantity with quality. 注意不要把＂quantity＂与＂quality＂混淆了。
?They confused me with conflicting accounts of what happened. 他们对发生的事情所做的陈述自相矛盾，使我困惑不解。
【拓展延伸】
1. confused adj. 混乱的；迷惑的(表示人的内心感受)
be confused about 对……感到困惑
2. confusing adj. 难以理解的，令人费解的(表示事物的状态)
【易混辨析】confuse/puzzle
易混词
用法
confuse
表示令人头脑混乱或异常惊讶，有时强调事情的混乱。
puzzle
指事物不能解释，令人感到迷惑，比confuse语气轻。
?Drivers are confused by the new traffic lights. 司机们被新的交通信号灯搞糊涂了。
?I’m puzzled about the situation. 我对形势感到迷惑不解。
用confuse或puzzle的适当形式填空
1. The sisters always ____________ me: they look so alike.
2. The woman’s illness ____________the doctor. He couldn’t find the cause.
【答案】
1. confuse 2. puzzled
2. regret
◆(1)vt. 后悔；遗憾，惋惜。常见用法：
regret to do sth 遗憾要去做某事
regret doing sth 后悔做过某事
regret＋n./pron./doing/having done 后悔做(过)某事
regret＋that-clause 后悔，遗憾……
regret to say/tell/inform... 很抱歉地说/告诉/通知……
It’s much to be regretted that... 令人遗憾的是……
?I regret to say I can not come. 我遗憾地告诉你我来不了。
?I regret spending so much money on a computer. 我后悔花了这么多钱买这台电脑。
◆(2) n. 遗憾；懊悔。常见用法：
to one’s regret 令某人遗憾的是
with great regret 非常遗憾
have no regrets (about doing) (做某事)没有遗憾
express regret at sth 对……表示遗憾
?Much to my regret, I am unable to accept your invitation. 很遗憾，我不能接受你的邀请。
?We heard with great regret that you had failed the examination. 得知你考试不及格，我们深感惋惜。
【拓展延伸】
regretful adj. 后悔的；抱歉的；惋惜的，遗憾的
feel regretful for 对……感到后悔
regretfully adv. 懊悔地；抱歉地
regretless adj. 无悔的，不后悔的；没有遗憾的?
【特别注意】
regret to do sth.表示＂遗憾要去做某事＂，do的动作尚未发生，是将来的动作；regret doing sth.表示＂后悔做了某事＂，do的动作已完成。
1. 用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空
①I regret ________________(tell) you that I won’t be able to attend the ceremony.
②How I regretted ________________ (waste) so much time playing before!
③Surprisingly, she didn’t feel ________________ (regret) about her actions.
2. 完成句子
①He regretted _________ _________ careless.
=He regretted _________ _________ _________ _________ careless.
他对于自己的粗心大意感到懊悔。
②I regret _________ _________ you that we are unable to offer you employment.
我遗憾地通知你，我们不能雇用你。
③_________ _________ _________ _________, I must leave now.
令我很遗憾的是，我现在必须离开了。
④We heard _________ _________ that you were not successful in your plan.
听到你的计划不能顺利进行，我们觉得很可惜。
【答案】
1. ①to tell
②having wasted
③regretful
2. ①having been; that he had been
②to inform
③Much to my regret
④with regret
3. build up
◆堆积，逐渐增强；建立；开发。常见用法：
build up to为……做准备
build on建立在……的基础上
?I could tell she was building up to some kind of announcement. 我看得出她有什么事情准备向大家宣布。
?Our relationship is built on trust. 我们的关系建立在互相信任的基础上。
?The new plan will build on the success of the previous programme. 这个新计划将以先前那个方案所取得的成功为基础。
写出下列句子中build up的含义
1. Slowly a thick layer of fat builds up on the pan’s surface.
2. Exercise will help build up the muscles.
3. They have finally built up a big company.
【答案】
1. 堆积 2. 逐渐增强 3. 建立
4. lead to
◆导致；造成(后果)；通向。同义短语result in。
?Many of these chemicals can lead to cancer or other illnesses. 很多化学成分能导致癌症或其他疾病。
【特别提醒】
1. lead to中的 to为介词，后面跟代词、名词或动名词。类似的词组还有：devote to 致力于，pay a ttention to 对……加以注意，object to 反对，stick to 坚持，look forward to 期望，等等。
2. lead to不用于被动语态。
3. lead to是前因后果，而近义短语lie in/result from是前果后因。
【拓展延伸】
(1)lead sb. to do sth. 带领某人做某事
lead sb. in doing sth. 带领某人做某事
lead sb. by the nose牵着某人的鼻子走；完全控制某人
lead the way率先
lead a(n)...life过着……的生活
(2)in the lead领先
take the lead领先，带头?
?The news leads me to believe that they will come. 这消息使我相信他们会来的。
?And the prince and the princess led a happy life ever after. 从此，王子和公主过上了幸福的生活。
?It’s up to someone to take the lead in condemning these injustices. 得靠某人带个头来谴责这些不公正的行为。
1. 用适当的介词填空
①We firmly believe that war never settles anything. It only leads ____________violence.
②Our Party leads us ____________ building socialism.
2. 完成句子
①The bank has offered a reward for any information ____________ the arrest of the men.
银行悬赏任何能将这些人绳之以法的情报。
②What _____________________ acting as a career?
是什么让你开始从事演艺事业的？
【答案】
1. ①to ②in
2. ①leading to ②led you to take up
5. focus
◆(1)n. (兴趣、活动等的)中心；焦点。常见用法：
be in focus 焦距对准；清晰
be out of focus 焦距没对准；模糊
bring sth. into focus 把某物集中在焦点上
?Her beauty makes her the focus of attention. 她的美貌使她成为众人注目的焦点。
◆(2) v. (使)集中，聚集；(使)聚焦。常见用法：
focus one’s attention/thoughts/efforts on集中注意力/思想/努力于
the focus of attention关注的焦点
focus sth. on/upon sth.=fix...on...使……集中于……
be focused on/upon sth.=be fixed on 集中于……
?They focus on keeping their soil rich and free of disease. 他们关心的是保持土壤肥沃且免受病害。
?Please focus your minds on the following problems. 请集中注意力考虑以下问题。
【拓展延伸】
近义短语：
fix one’s thoughts/attention on/upon 全神贯注于
concentrate on/upon 全神贯注于
pay attention to 注意
be absorbed in专心于
be buried in 专心于
be lost in全神贯注于
apply oneself to专心，致力于……
devote...to....献身于……；全身心地投入……
用focus短语完成句子
1. We should _________ _________ _________ _________ our study.
我们应该把注意力放在学习上。
2. She felt all the eyes _________ _________ _________ her.
她觉得所有人都在注视着她。
【答案】
1. focus our attention on
2. were focused on
6. reduce
◆vt. 减少，缩减。常见用法：
reduce one’s expenditure 减少某人的开支
be reduced to despair 陷入绝望
reduce to... 降至……
reduce by... 减少了……
?Now the costs of a bike have been reduced to 50 dollars. 现在一辆自行车的成本已降低到50美元。
?It is proper that housing prices reduce by 10%. 房价降低10%是适当的。
完成句子
1. He persuaded them to __________ the price _________ $1,000.
他劝服他们把价格降到1 000美元。
2. Production costs have __________ __________ __________ one third.
生产成本下降了1/3。
3. He decided to __________ __________ __________.
他决定减少自己的开支。
7. keep...free from/of
◆使……免受(影响、伤害等)；使……不含(有害物)。
?This also keeps the air, soil, water and crops free from chemicals. 这也能使空气、土壤、水和农作物免受化学物质的污染。
【拓展延伸】
1. keep 短语：
keep away from 避开；不接近
keep off (使)不接近；挡开
keep up with 跟上，不落后
keep...out of使……不进入；使……置身事外
keep...in mind 记住……?
2. free 短语：
free from 没有……，免于……，无……之忧
free of 无……的；免于……的，离开了……的
free sb./sth. from... 使某人/某物自由；解放；释放
for free=free of charge 免费地，无偿地
be free to do sth. 自由地做某事
be free with sb. 对某人放肆
set sb. free 释放某人
?Children should be kept away from the river. 不要让孩子们靠近这条河。
?They don’t think they must keep up with their neighbors. 他们认为不必和邻居比排场。
?The cook keeps everybody out of kitchen while he is working. 厨师干活时，不让任何人进入厨房。
1. 用适当的介词或副词填空
①These fires would keep the homes warm and free ____________evil spirits.
②Mary tends to keep _____________from people who try to be friendly too suddenly.
2. 完成句子
①The lake _______________________ pollution.
这湖没有污染。
②The secretary ________________________ all blame for the errors.
这些失误完全不能怪秘书。
③Try to _________________________ all prejudices.
尽量消除你的一切偏见。
【答案】
1. ①from ②away
2. ①is free of
②was free from
③free yourself from
8. comment
◆(1)n. 评论；议论。常见用法：
ask for comment 征求意见
make comments on/about 对……发表评论
No comment. 无可奉告。
Without comment. 不必多说。
?He made no comments on our proposal. 他对我们的建议没有作评论。
?—Will you resign, Minister? 部长，你是要辞职吗？
—No comment! 无可奉告！
◆(2) vi. 表达意见；做出评论；vt. 评论。常见用法：
comment on/upon...对……做出评论；就……表达意见
comment that...评论……
?I commented on his actions and speech without any prejudice. 我评论他的行为，言论丝毫不带偏见。
1. 单句填空
①Ford made favorable ___________ (comment) on the talks held yesterday.
②He ___________ (comment) that it was an excellent film.
③Do you have any ___________ (comment) to make on the recent developments?
2. 完成句子
①He made some useful ___________ ___________ my work.
他对我的作品做了一些实用的评论。
②He ____________ that this book is worth reading.
他评论这本书值得看。
9. have been doing 现在完成进行时
Recently, however, scientists have been finding that long-term use of these fertilizers can cause damage to the land and, even more dangerous, to people’s health. 然而，最近科学家发现长期使用这些肥料会造成土地受损，甚至更危险的是，会对人们的健康造成危害。(教材P14)
【句式分析】
句中的have been finding是现在完成进行时，表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直持续到现在，并将持续下去。
?The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 中国有2000年的造纸历史。
?I have been writing a book. 我一直在写一本书。
【重点语法】
现在完成进行时的用法：
1. 构成：
主语+助动词（have/has）+been+动词的现在分词+其他成分。
2. 基本句型：
肯定式：第一人称+have been doing sth.
疑问式： Have 第一人称+been doing sth.
简略回答： Yes, 第一人称+have. /No, 第一人称+haven’t.
肯定式： 第三人称+has been doing sth.
疑问式 ：Has 第三人称+been doing sth.
简略回答： Yes, 第三人称+has. /No, 第三人称+hasn’t.
3. 用法：
(1)表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的动作。
?Ann is very tired. She has been working hard. 安很累。她工作一直很辛苦。
?Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing? 为什么你的衣服这么脏？你在做什么？
(2)表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的动作。
?It has been raining for two hours. 已经下了两小时雨了。(现在还在下)
?Jack has been feeling very well recently. 最近杰克感觉很好。
(3)表示一个从过去开始延续到现在(可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内)重复发生的动作。
?She has been playing tennis since she was eight. 她从8岁就开始打网球。
标志：1. 句中常有延续性动词，2. 时间点前有since。
【特别注意】
现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别：
1. 现在完成时强调完成和影响，现在完成进行时强调未完成和动作本身。
?He has painted the room. 他已经粉刷过房间了。(影响：墙是干净的)
?He has been painting the room. 他一直在粉刷房间。(还未粉刷完)
2. 现在完成时经常表单次动作，现在完成进行时可表重复动作。
?Juice has met the hot girl in the library again. Juice在图书馆再次遇到那个性感的女孩。
?Juice has been meeting a hot girl in the library lately. Juice近来经常在图书馆遇到一个性感的女孩。
3. 现在完成时陈述事实，现在完成进行时表感彩。
?What have you done?你做什么了？(仅是问问)
?Where have you been? I have been waiting for you in the rain for two hours.你去哪儿了？我在雨中等了你两个小时。(不满)
4. 表重复时：完成时强调成果，讲次数；完成进行时强调持续，不讲次数。
?I have sent thirty e-mails this morning. 我今天上午发了三十封电子邮件。
?I have been sending e-mails this morning. 我今天上午一直在发电子邮件。
1. 用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空
①—We’ve spent too much money recently.
—Well, it isn’t surprising. Our friends and relatives ____________________(come) around all the time.
②Tom _______________________(work) in the library every night over the last three months.
2. —Why do children hang stockings over the fireplace for presents?
—As the story goes, to help a poor family, Father Christmas threw a small bag of gold down the chimney and it fell into a stocking that ___________up to dry over the fireplace.
A. hung B. had hung C. was hanging D. was hanged
3. —Have you graduated from college?
—Yes, ___________.
A. I studied French for two years B. I have been studying French
C. I have studied French for two years D. I had studied French for two years
【答案】
1. ①have been coming
②has been working
2. C 【解析】句意：——为什么孩子把长筒袜挂在壁炉上面放礼物？——正如故事说的，为了帮助穷人，圣诞老人会顺着壁炉扔下一袋金子，它会落在壁炉上面的长筒袜里面。因为是讲述故事里面的事情，从前面的句子：Father Christmas threw a small bag of gold down the chimney and it fell into a stocking可知长筒袜是当时正悬挂在壁炉上方，所以用过去进行时，选C。
3. A 【解析】考查时态。句意：——你已经大学毕业了么？——是的，我学了两年的法语。根据句意可知，我学法语两年，陈述的是过去的事实，故用一般过去时。故A正确。
I. 单词拼写
1. Many a young Chinese scientist has made many wonderful __________（发现）in science.
2. That car went out of __________ (生产)five years ago.
3. Jerry did not regret giving the __________ (评论)but felt that he could have expressed it differently.
4. All the mistakes in the exam have been __________(底线标出) in red ink.
5. I should now turn to the main __________ (焦点) of this essay.
6. In __________ (总结), don’t make comments on others’ words and deeds.
7. Good __________ (营养) is essential if patients are to make a quick recovery.
8. Your explanation does not so much enlighten us as __________ (使困惑) us.
9. They’ve __________ (减少，降低) the prices in the shop, so it’s a good time to do some shopping.
10. I __________ (遗憾) to tell you that the illness can lead to changes in personality.
II. 完成句子
1. She often talks of the person she used to turn ____________ for help.
2. Do you want to make any comments _____________ drunk driving?
3. The old man stood there with his eyes ____________(focus) on the picture.
4. His writing is so ___________ (confuse) that it’s difficult to make out what it is he is trying to express.
5. ____________summary, our spring season was a very successful one in terms of sales.
III. 选词并用其适当形式填空
be confused about, reduce… to, keep sth. in mind, build up, lead to, in addition, turn to, focus on, keep…free from/of, make comments on
1. It’s a disturbing problem that many chemicals can ____________ cancer.
2. Yuan Longping has been ____________searching for a way to increase rice output.
3. People ____________ all the different labels on food these days.
4. I persuaded the shopkeeper to ____________ the price of the dress ____________300 yuan.
5. If you have any questions, you can ____________ me at any time.
6. Famous experts are often invited to CCTV to ____________ the current situation.
7. We would like to ____________ the world ____________ violence for children.
8. It took me ten years to ____________ my business, and it almost killed me.
9. There was an earthquake and, ____________, there were tidal waves.
10. You must ____________ that you shouldn’t look down upon anyone whatever they wear.
IV. 完成句子
1. Over the past half century, __________________________________(在耕种中使用化肥已经非常普遍).
2. These chemicals in the food supply ________________________________(随着时间的推移会在人体中堆积).
3. The farmers focus on ____________________________________(保持土壤肥沃并免受病害).
4. With these discoveries, some farmers and many customers________________________________(开始转向有机耕作).
5. ____________________(另外), fruit, vegetables and other food grown with chemical fertilizer usually _______________________________________(生长得过快而营养不足).
I. 完形填空
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Ciro Ortiz, an 11-year-old kid, has recently set up shop in a New York subway station. He offers five-minute ＂ 1 advice＂ sessions to passers-by for $2.
Every Sunday, Ciro Ortiz spends about two hours at the Bedford 2 station, sitting at a folding table with a cardboard sign that 3 ＂emotional advice $2＂. Believe it or not, people actually do 4 for some pearls of __5__ from the ＂emotional advice kid＂. They ask him about all 6 of things from relationships and career advice to Donald Trump —the 45th US President-elect. He does his 7 to help them find the answer to their problems.
Ciro’s dad doesn’t make much money. One night Ciro was just inspired to try an idea of 8 he could make his own. His father 9 the idea and the next day they went into Williamsburg and set up the 10 on the street.
Ciro was surprisingly 11 with passers-by, and he’s been doing it ever 12 . On a good day, he’ll __13__ about $50, but it’s not just money that 14 him. Ciro was bullied(欺凌) at school in the past, which inspired him to 15 his entrepreneurial(创业) spirit in the temporary emotional advice desk, 16 the much more popular lemonade stand.
Plus, Ciro is 17 really good at giving people emotional advice. A woman came up to his father and said what Ciro told her was what she’d been 18 in her gut(直觉) that whole time. He was really nervous and __19__of himself in the beginning, but after a few Sundays, he started coming home telling his mother, ＂I’ve met so many wonderful people. I will 20 having so many friends.＂
1. A. physical B. emotional C. mental D. legal
2. A. subway B. service C. railway D. comfort
3. A. writes B. announces C. reads D. shows
4. A. stand by B. stop by C. pass by D. get by
5. A. significance B. interest C. value D. wisdom
6. A. sorts B. costs C. means D. directions
7. A. happiest B. most C. best D. worst
8. A. when B. what C. why D. how
9. A. approved of B. appealed to C. complained of D. stuck to
10. A. base B. stand C. branch D. goal
11. A. familiar B. content C. popular D. careful
12. A. then B. there C. before D. since
13. A. demand B. earn C. collect D. withdraw
14. A. attracts B. serves C. overcomes D. motivates
15. A. involve B. admire C. recover D. suit
16. A. other than B. more than C. less than D. rather than
17. A. apparently B. voluntarily C. personally D. fortunately
18. A. thinking B. seeking C. feeling D. hunting
19. A. unaware B. uncertain C. independent D. innocent
20. A. take up B. turn to C. end up D. admit to
II. 短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。
修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：
1. 每处错误及修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
I asked Jack, a friend of mine, what has happened to him that night. He said that he had just got into bed on about half past eleven when the floor began to shake under him. The bed was also started shaking. He jumped out of his bed rapid and wanted to turn the light on. But the floor was shaking such violently that he could hardly reach the lamp. It seemed to take him long time to get to it and turned it on. Then he went to look out of the window. He saw that the houses on the other side of the street was also shaking. Then he knew that was happening — an earthquake! He quickly put on his clothes and ran out into the street to waiting until it was safe to go back inside.
I. 单词拼写
1. (2017?江苏改编)What did the Ice Man do to ____________(减少) the effect of global warming?
2. (2017?浙江改编)Other experts say part of the problem is ____________(化学物).
3. (2017?新课标全国卷II改编) The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its ____________(根基) in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV.
4. (2017?新课标全国卷III改编)These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which ____________(减少) plant diversity in the park.
5. (2017?江苏改编)As for the USA, it is almost unique among developed ____________(国家) in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010—2030.
6. (2017?新课标全国卷I改编)Having enough fat and salt in your meals will ____________(减少) the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food.
7. (2017?新课标全国卷II改编)These ____________(化学物质) come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.
8. (2014?湖北改编)He was ____________ (后悔的) about his behavior.
9. (2016?新课标全国卷Ⅰ改编)Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of ____________(化学品) on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans.
10. (2014?安徽改编)They knew that they would have a market for the end product because local farmers were struggling with ____________(化学) fertilizers(肥料) which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the soil over the years.
11. (2016?北京改编)This affects their nervous systems and ability to ___________ (繁殖) baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death.
12. (2016?江苏改编)Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施) can __________(降低) the spread of disease.
13. (2015?福建改编)Papa would listen carefully and was ready with some____________(评价), always to the point.
II. 用所给词的适当形式填空
1. (2017?天津改编)Because of the ____________(confuse), Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without operation.
2. (2017?新课标全国卷II改编)We were ____________(respect) of craft（技艺）and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play.
3. (2017?新课标全国卷II改编)The company’s ____________(produce) show the new face of 21st century Chinese theatre.
4. (2017?新课标全国卷II改编) It is good at ____________(produce) comedies.
5. (2017?新课标全国卷II改编)Since 1958, they have been recognised as the ____________(nation) theatre of Israel.
6. (2017?新课标全国卷II改编)Inventors ____________(try) to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert.
7. (2017?新课标全国卷I改编)Since 1962, Pacific Science Center ____________(inspire) a passion(热情) for discovery and lifelong learning in science, math and technology.
8. (2015?新课标全国卷II改编)I actually began to build ___________my arm muscles(肌肉) shaking my set.
9. (2016?天津改编) ＂Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence (能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,＂ said George Vaillant, the psychologist (心理学家) who made the ____________(discover).
10. (2015?重庆改编)When everyone else in the class was focusing ___________ tasks, I could not.
11. (2016?北京改编)Anxious all the time, I was unable to keep ___________(focus) for more than an hour at a time.
12. (2015?江苏改编)If men insisted on being free___________ the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the common good, they would cease to be free.
13. (2016?新课标全国卷Ⅰ改编)Which of the following can replace the ____________(underline) word ＂courier＂ in Paragraph 1?
14. (2016?新课标全国卷II改编)What does the ____________word ＂downside＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
15. (2014?新课标全国卷Ⅰ改编)How often do you have something you want to achieve (e.g. lose weight, start a business, travel more) — only to end up confused ___________all of the options in front of you and never make progress?
16. (2016?四川改编)Hormones are chemicals which are produced ___________ the body to control various body functions.
17. (2015?重庆改编)History has witnessed the endless ___________(product) of Shakespearean plays in every major language of the world.
18. (2016?上海改编)After what seemed like a safe amount of time, I read the poem again and was __________(confuse).
III. 完成句子
1. (2017?新课标全国卷III改编) Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, ____________(导致) them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.
2. (2017?新课标全国卷I改编)Our café offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, ____________(除此之外) seasonal specials.
3. (2017?江苏改编)But recently it has discovered that data can ____________(变成) new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies.
4. (2017?新课标全国卷III改编)It will ____________(被变成) a museum.
5. (2017?新课标全国卷III改编)She has ____________(拒绝) several invitations (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
6. (2017?江苏改编) ____________(此外), the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded with the most food.
7. (2017?江苏改编)It ____________(结果) baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms.
8. (2017?天津改编)But that is not what many people have ____________(在心中) when thinking of driverless cars.
9. (2014?浙江改编)Any huge task seems easier when ___________ (减少到) baby steps.
10. (2016?北京改编)Researchers have discovered that ＂night milk＂ contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and ____________(减少焦虑).
IV. 单项填空
1. (2017·江苏改编)A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.
However, one day, in the music class that was part of his school’s standard curriculum, he was playing idly（随意地）on the piano and found it to pick out tunes.
A. complicated B. safe C. confusing D. easy
2. (2017·新课标全国卷II)Through the years, I’d run into former students who would provide on old classmates.
A. assessments B. comments C. instructions D. updates
3. (2017·浙江改编) One day, the bombing stopped and the soldiers left. But the war was not over yet. Alia knew that if the books were to be safe, they must be moved again while the city was .
A. occupied B. bombed C. quiet D. busy
4. (2017·新课标全国卷II改编) Just last year, I was conducting a workshop when someone knocked at the classroom door. A woman __ __ the interruption and handed me an envelope.
A. regretted B. avoided C. excused D. ignored
5. (2017·北京) Hannah is one of many examples of young people who are making a in the world.
A. choice B. profit C. judgement D. difference
6. (2017·江苏) He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he ____________.
A. was being followed B. was following
C. had been followed D. followed
7. (2016·北京)—Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for?
—The new Star Wars. We _____________ here for more than two hours.
A. waited B. wait
C. would be waiting D. have been waiting
8. (2016·江苏) Dashan, who _____________ crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.
A. will be learning B. is learning
C. had been learning D. has been learning
9. (2015·陕西) Marty really hard on his book and he thinks he’ll have finished it by Friday.
A. worked B. has been working
C. had worked D. has worked
10. (2015·福建)—Where is Peter? I can’t find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and his essay there ever since.
A. wrote B. had written
C. has been writing D. is writing
11. (2014·江西) —Tony, why are your eyes red?
—I up peppers for the last five minutes.
A. cut B. was cutting C. had cut D. have been cutting
12. (2014·湖南)Since the time humankind started gardening, we to make our environment more beautiful.
A. try B. have been trying
C. are trying D. will try
13. (2014·湖南) The girl has a great interest in sport and _____________ badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.
A. took B. is taking C. takes D. has been taking
14. (2014·湖南)Bears ___________ fat stores throughout the summer and fall to have energy enough to last them through their winter sleep.
A. pack up B. build up C. bring up D. take up
15. (2013·浙江) When the group discussion is nearing its end, make sure to __________it with important points.
A. conclude B. lead C. avoid D. hold
16. (2015·江苏) The whole team ___________ Cristiano Ronaldo, and he seldom lets them down.
A. wait on B. focus on
C. count on D. call on
17. (2015·江苏) Butterflies __________ a sweet liquid produced by flowers, which bees and other insects collect.
A. carry on B. feed on C. put on D. focus on
18. (2016·江苏) Parents should actively urge their children to ___________ the opportunity to join sports teams.
A. gain admission to B. keep track of
C. take advantage of D. give rise to
19. (2015·江苏) Some schools will have to make __________ in agreement with the national soccer reform.
A. judgments B. adjustments C. comments D. achievements
20. (2015·新课标全国卷I改编) My 10-year-old noticed him and made a __________ on how bad it must be to have to stand outside in the cold wind.
A. suggestion B. comment C. decision D. call
21. (2015·江苏)—Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.
—I’d like to, but I’m afraid she won’t be happy with my ___________ .
A. requests B. excuses C. apologies D. regrets
22. (2015·福建) It wasn’t until her friend was badly hurt that Kerry became ___________ her habit of finding fault.
A. aware of B. afraid of C. curious about D. confused about
23. (2015·新课标全国卷II改编) She gave me a comforting smile, nodded while listening patiently, and then printed out the ticket immediately. ＂What a wonderful lady!＂ I thought.
Rushing out I called out over my shoulder, ＂By the way, what’s your name?＂
A. hopefully B. disappointedly C. gratefully D. regretfully
24. (2014·辽宁改编) I felt a little uneasy, but to my , I had a good excuse: A business meeting had run over and I’d wasted no time getting to the dinner.
A. relief B. surprise C. regret D. sorrow
25. (2015·重庆) You’re sleepy all day, but when it’s time for bed, you can hardly fall asleep. Obviously you are ___________ jet lag(时差反应).
A. suffering from B. working on
C. looking into D. leading to
26. (2015·浙江) But what about the personal and social costs in pursuing money over meaning?
A. assessed B. involved C. covered D. reduced
V. 阅读理解
(2017·新课标全国卷II) When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours react.
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors. The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.
Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to ＂overhear＂ the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth.
Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on.
32. What does a plant do when it is under attack?
A. It makes noises. B. It gets help from other plants.
C. It stands quietly D. It sends out certain chemicals.
33. What does the author mean by ＂the tables are turned＂ in paragraph 3?
A. The attackers get attacked.
B. The insects gather under the table.
C. The plants get ready to fight back.
D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
34.Scientists find from their studies that plants can _ .
A. predict natural disasters B. protect themselves against insects
C. talk to one another intentionally D. help their neighbors when necessary
35.What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. The world is changing faster than ever.
B. People have stronger senses than before
C. The world is more complex than it seems
D. People in Darwin’s time were imaginative.
I. 单词拼写
1.discoveries 2.production
3.comment 4.underlined
5.focus 6.summary
7.nutrition 8.confuse
9.reduced 10.regret
II. 完成句子
1.to 2.on
3.focused 4.confusing
5. In
III. 选词并用其适当形式填空
7.keep; free of/from 8.build up
9.in addition 10.keep it in mind
IV. 完成句子
1. using chemical fertilizers has become very common in farming
2. build up in people’s bodies over time
3. keeping their soil rich and free of disease
4. are beginning to turn to organic farming.
5. In addition, grow too fast to be full of much nutrition
I. 完形填空
【语篇解读】十一岁的西罗奥尔蒂斯在纽约的威廉斯堡地铁站摆了一个简易桌给过路人提供情感咨询，每5分钟收费2美元。他做得很不错，大受欢迎，还交了很多朋友。
1. B 他给路人提供＂情感＂建议，每5分钟收费2美元。下文＂emotional advice $2＂有提示。
2. A 他每天在威廉斯堡＂地铁＂站待上2个小时。文章首句有提示。
3. C 他的折叠桌上有一个纸板牌，上面＂写着＂：情感建议2美元。
4. B 人们的确在他那里＂停下来＂。
10. B 第二天，他们就到威廉斯堡地铁站支起了那个＂摊位＂。下文有提示。
11. C 西罗出奇地受到路人的＂欢迎＂。
12. D ＂从此＂，他就一直在那里做这个事情。
13. B 天气好的话，他会＂赚到＂大约50美元。
14. D 但是，并不仅仅是钱＂激励＂了他。
15. A 他过去在学校受到同学的欺凌，这激励着他把创业精神＂倾注于＂暂时的情感咨询中。involve sth in(to)…导入、贯注于、把……倾注于……中。
16. D 他把创业精神倾注于暂时的情感咨询中，＂而不是＂(摆一个)更受欢迎的柠檬摊。
17. A 此外，西罗＂显然＂真的善于给人们提供情感建议。
18. C 西罗所告诉她的正是那段时间她的直觉所＂感受＂的东西。
19. B 刚开始，他很紧张，对自己＂没信心＂。
20. C 他告诉他妈妈说，＂我‘最终’会有很多朋友。＂
II. 短文改错
I asked Jack, a friend of mine, what happened to him that night. He said that he had just got into bed about half past eleven when the floor began to shake under him. The bed also started shaking. He jumped out of his bed and wanted to turn the light on. But the floor was shaking violently that he could hardly reach the lamp. It seemed to take him long time to get to it and it on. Then he went to look out of the window. He saw that the houses on the other side of the street also shaking. Then he knew was happening — an earthquake! He quickly put on his clothes and ran out into the street to until it was safe to go back inside.
第一处：has→had 时间是that night，且由asked可知应该用过去完成时，故将has改为had。
第二处：on→at 具体的时间点前面用介词at表示＂在＂。
第七处：turned→turn 不定式后的并列结构的形式和时态应该一致，故用动词原形。
第八处：was→were 主语是houses，谓语动词用复数形式。
第九处：that→what 引导宾语从句，在从句充当主语，表示＂什么事情＂，用what。
第十处：waiting→wait to在此是不定式中的to，表目的，动词应用一般式，故waiting改为wait。
I. 单词拼写
1. reduce 2. chemical
3. root 4. reduced
5. nations 6. reduce
7. chemicals 8. regretful
9. chemicals 10. chemical
11. produce 12. reduce
13. comment
II. 用所给词的适当形式填空
1. confusion 2. respectful
3. productions 4. producing
5. national 6. have been trying
7. has been inspiring 8. up
9. discovery 10. on
11. focused 12. from
13. underlined 14. underlined
15. by 16. by
17. productions 18. confused
III. 完成句子
7. turns out that 8. in mind
9. reduced to 10. reduce anxiety
IV. 单项填空
1. D 【解析】考查形容词。根据下句＂actually... tried to hide... pleasure＂等词或词组可以看出，Gabriel在音乐中找到了乐趣，并试图隐藏这份愉悦，由此可知，此处是说，他发现演奏音乐很容易。故选D。
2. D 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A.assessments评估；B. comments评论；C.instructions 指导；D.updates更新。我遇到过以前的学生，他们常常会提供一些老同学的＂最新情况＂，故选D。
3. C 【解析】考查形容词。A. occupied 占据；B. bombed 轰炸；C. quiet安静的；D. busy 忙的。根据＂the bombing stopped and the soldiers left＂可知，战争结束了，士兵们也离开了，因此城市应该很安静。
4. C 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A.regretted 后悔，遗憾；B.avoided避免；C.excused原谅，宽恕；D.ignored忽视。因为当时正在上课，所以这名女子为自己的打断行为要求得到原谅，故选C。
5. D 【解析】考查名词。A. choice选择B. profit 利润C. judgement 判断D. difference不同。此处为固定短语：make a difference起作用，有影响，选D。
6. A 【解析】考查宾语从句和时态。分析句子成分可知，he和follow是被动关系，即他被别人跟踪，排除B、D；根据句意＂在匆忙赶回家的路上，他从未回头看是否正被跟踪＂，故用过去进行时最合适，故选A。
7. D 【解析】句意：——打扰了，你们在等哪一部电影？——《星球大战》，我们已经在这儿等了两个多小时了。＂for+时间段＂与完成时连用，根据语境可知，说话的时候仍然在等，因此用现在完成进行时，故选D。
8. D 【解析】本句的时间状语是＂for decades＂(几十年来)，该时间状语通常和完成时，本句强调这几十年来大山一直努力把中国相声和西方的脱口秀相结合，所以使用现在完成进行时，强调动作的延续性和反复性。故D正确。
9. B 【解析】句意：Marty一直努力写书，他想他到周五将已经完成了。用现在完成进行时表示从过去到现在一直进行的动作。所以选B。
11. D 【解析】由时间状语for the last five minutes可分析出该动作由过去一直延续到现在（可能到将来），因此要用现在完成进行时来表示。故D选项正确。句意：——Tony，你的眼睛为什么是红的？——那是因为近五分钟以来我一直在切辣椒。
12. B 【解析】Since 作为介词，后接某一确定的时间点，主句谓语动词是延续性动词，常与现在完成时、现在完成进行时或过去完成时连用，故选B。句意：自从人类开始做园艺，我们一直尽力使我们的环境更美丽。故B正确。
13. D 【解析】若时间状语为＂in/for/over the past /last ＋一段时间＂，动词应用现在完成进行时，表示＂一直在……＂。句意：那个女孩对运动很感兴趣，在过去的三年中她每周参加两次羽毛球课程。
14. B 【解析】句意：熊在整个夏季和秋季积累脂肪，以便能使它们在冬天冬眠的时候有足够的能量。build up集聚，积累。pack up打包；bring up抚养；take up从事，占据，都与语境不符。所以选B项。
15. A 【解析】句意：当小组讨论即将结束的时候，要注意确保用要点来总结讨论内容。所以用conclude，表示＂得出结论，做出总结＂，选A项。lead带领，通向；avoid避免；hold容纳。
16. C 【解析】句意：全队都指望Christiano Ronaldo，他从未让他们失望。A项＂服侍，等待＂；B项＂集中（注意力）于＂；C项＂指望＂；D项＂呼吁，拜访＂。故选C项。
17. B 【解析】carry on 继续，坚持；feed on 以……为食；put on穿上，上演；focus on集中(注意力、精力等)于。句意：蝴蝶以花分泌的一种甜的液体为食，蜜蜂和其他的昆虫也采集这种甜的液体。
18. C 【解析】gain admission to 获准进入；keep track of记录；take advantage of利用；give rise to引起；句意：父母亲应该积极鼓励孩子抓住机会加入体育队伍。根据句意可知C项正确。
19. B 【解析】句意：为了与国家的足球改革相适应，一些学校必须做出调整。A项意为＂判断，决断＂；B项意为＂调整＂；C项意为＂评价，评论＂；D项意为＂成就＂。故选B项。
20. B 【解析】A. suggestion建议；B. comment评论；C. decision决定；D. call电话。make a comment on对……发表看法。句意：我10岁的孩子注意到他在寒风里站在外面，并评论说他的情况一定很糟糕。故选B。
21. C 【解析】句意：——Dave，去跟你的妈妈道歉。——我想这样做，但是我担心我道歉会让她不开心。A项＂请求＂；B项＂借口＂；C项＂道歉＂；D项＂遗憾，后悔＂。故选C项。
22. A 【解析】A.aware of注意；B.afraid of担心；C.curious about对……好奇；D.confused about对……迷惑。句意：直到她的朋友受了重伤，Kerry才注意到她挑毛病的习惯。故选A。
25. A 【解析】suffer from 遭受，经历；work on 从事；look into调查；lead to 导致。此处是说你遭受时差反应，故选A项。
26. B 【解析】A. assessed评估；B. involved涉及，involved in 参与；C. covered覆盖；D. reduced减少。句意：那么，在追求金钱高于意义的情况下，参与其中的个人以及社会所付出的代价呢？
V. 阅读理解
【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普说明文。研究发现，当植物受到攻击时，会发出VOCs，以此来保护自己或者与周围的植物通过化学物质进行交流。
32. D 【解析】细节理解题。根据＂reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm＂可知，当植物受到伤害时，会分泌一种特殊的化学物质。
33. A 【解析】词义推测题。根据＂Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch＂，一旦它们到达这里，这些攻击者就会受到植物的攻击，故选A。
34. B 【解析】细节理解题，根据＂Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked＂及＂Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away... ＂可知答案选B。
35. C 【解析】推理判断题。根据＂imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on＂可知，这个世界远比我们看到或听到的更热闹、更亲密，我们认知能力有限，有很多事仍在继续发生，远比我们想象的要复杂。故选C。
Learning about Language & Using language
Key Words
1.nationality n. 国籍→nation n. 国家；民族→national adj.?国家的；民族的
2.occupation n. 工作，职业；占领→occupy vt. 占领；居住
3.confuse vt. 使迷惑；使为难→confused adj. 困惑的；混乱的→confusing adj. 使人困惑的
4.regret vt. 遗憾，惋惜；后悔n.?遗憾；懊悔→regretful adj. 后悔的；抱歉的；遗憾的→regretfully adv. 懊悔地；抱歉地→regretless adj. 无悔的；没有遗憾的
5.chemical adj.?化学的，关于化学的→chemistry n. 化学
6.production n.?生产，制造→produce vt.?生产，制造
7.bacteria n. (bacterium的复数形式)细菌
8.discovery n.?发现，发觉→discover vt. 发现，发觉
9.focus n. 焦点；中心点?vt. 集中；聚集
10.reduce vt. 减少，减缩→reduction n. 减少；降低
11.root n. 根；根源
12.skim vt. 浏览，略读
13.comment n. 评论；议论?vi. 表达意见；作出评论?vt.?评论
Key Phrases
1. build up 逐渐增强；建立；开发 2. lead to 导致；造成
3. focus on 集中(注意力、精力等)于
4. keep...free from/of 使……免受(影响、伤害等)；使……不含(有害物)
5. make a difference 造成差异，很重要
6. cause damage to 对……造成危害
7. in addition 再者，还有
8. turn to 转向
9. keep in mind 牢记在心
Key Sentence
Recently, however, scientists have been finding that long-term use of these fertilizers can cause damage to the land and, even more dangerous, to people’s health.(现在完成进行时)
1. confuse
◆vt. 使迷惑；使为难。常见用法：
confuse A with/and B 分不清A和B
confuse black and white混淆黑白；分不清两物之间的不同
confuse sb. with sth. 某事让某人困惑
be confused by 被……弄混/弄糊涂
?Be careful not to confuse quantity with quality. 注意不要把＂quantity＂与＂quality＂混淆了。
?They confused me with conflicting accounts of what happened. 他们对发生的事情所做的陈述自相矛盾，使我困惑不解。
【拓展延伸】
1. confused adj. 混乱的；迷惑的(表示人的内心感受)
be confused about 对……感到困惑
2. confusing adj. 难以理解的，令人费解的(表示事物的状态)
【易混辨析】confuse/puzzle
易混词
用法
confuse
表示令人头脑混乱或异常惊讶，有时强调事情的混乱。
puzzle
指事物不能解释，令人感到迷惑，比confuse语气轻。
?Drivers are confused by the new traffic lights. 司机们被新的交通信号灯搞糊涂了。
?I’m puzzled about the situation. 我对形势感到迷惑不解。
用confuse或puzzle的适当形式填空
1. The sisters always ____________ me: they look so alike.
2. The woman’s illness ____________the doctor. He couldn’t find the cause.
【答案】
1. confuse 2. puzzled
2. regret
◆(1)vt. 后悔；遗憾，惋惜。常见用法：
regret to do sth 遗憾要去做某事
regret doing sth 后悔做过某事
regret＋n./pron./doing/having done 后悔做(过)某事
regret＋that-clause 后悔，遗憾……
regret to say/tell/inform... 很抱歉地说/告诉/通知……
It’s much to be regretted that... 令人遗憾的是……
?I regret to say I can not come. 我遗憾地告诉你我来不了。
?I regret spending so much money on a computer. 我后悔花了这么多钱买这台电脑。
◆(2) n. 遗憾；懊悔。常见用法：
to one’s regret 令某人遗憾的是
with great regret 非常遗憾
have no regrets (about doing) (做某事)没有遗憾
express regret at sth 对……表示遗憾
?Much to my regret, I am unable to accept your invitation. 很遗憾，我不能接受你的邀请。
?We heard with great regret that you had failed the examination. 得知你考试不及格，我们深感惋惜。
【拓展延伸】
regretful adj. 后悔的；抱歉的；惋惜的，遗憾的
feel regretful for 对……感到后悔
regretfully adv. 懊悔地；抱歉地
regretless adj. 无悔的，不后悔的；没有遗憾的?
【特别注意】
regret to do sth.表示＂遗憾要去做某事＂，do的动作尚未发生，是将来的动作；regret doing sth.表示＂后悔做了某事＂，do的动作已完成。
1. 用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空
①I regret ________________(tell) you that I won’t be able to attend the ceremony.
②How I regretted ________________ (waste) so much time playing before!
③Surprisingly, she didn’t feel ________________ (regret) about her actions.
2. 完成句子
①He regretted _________ _________ careless.
=He regretted _________ _________ _________ _________ careless.
他对于自己的粗心大意感到懊悔。
②I regret _________ _________ you that we are unable to offer you employment.
我遗憾地通知你，我们不能雇用你。
③_________ _________ _________ _________, I must leave now.
令我很遗憾的是，我现在必须离开了。
④We heard _________ _________ that you were not successful in your plan.
听到你的计划不能顺利进行，我们觉得很可惜。
【答案】
1. ①to tell
②having wasted
③regretful
2. ①having been; that he had been
②to inform
③Much to my regret
④with regret
3. build up
◆堆积，逐渐增强；建立；开发。常见用法：
build up to为……做准备
build on建立在……的基础上
?I could tell she was building up to some kind of announcement. 我看得出她有什么事情准备向大家宣布。
?Our relationship is built on trust. 我们的关系建立在互相信任的基础上。
?The new plan will build on the success of the previous programme. 这个新计划将以先前那个方案所取得的成功为基础。
写出下列句子中build up的含义
1. Slowly a thick layer of fat builds up on the pan’s surface.
2. Exercise will help build up the muscles.
3. They have finally built up a big company.
【答案】
1. 堆积 2. 逐渐增强 3. 建立
4. lead to
◆导致；造成(后果)；通向。同义短语result in。
?Many of these chemicals can lead to cancer or other illnesses. 很多化学成分能导致癌症或其他疾病。
【特别提醒】
1. lead to中的 to为介词，后面跟代词、名词或动名词。类似的词组还有：devote to 致力于，pay a ttention to 对……加以注意，object to 反对，stick to 坚持，look forward to 期望，等等。
2. lead to不用于被动语态。
3. lead to是前因后果，而近义短语lie in/result from是前果后因。
【拓展延伸】
(1)lead sb. to do sth. 带领某人做某事
lead sb. in doing sth. 带领某人做某事
lead sb. by the nose牵着某人的鼻子走；完全控制某人
lead the way率先
lead a(n)...life过着……的生活
(2)in the lead领先
take the lead领先，带头?
?The news leads me to believe that they will come. 这消息使我相信他们会来的。
?And the prince and the princess led a happy life ever after. 从此，王子和公主过上了幸福的生活。
?It’s up to someone to take the lead in condemning these injustices. 得靠某人带个头来谴责这些不公正的行为。
1. 用适当的介词填空
①We firmly believe that war never settles anything. It only leads ____________violence.
②Our Party leads us ____________ building socialism.
2. 完成句子
①The bank has offered a reward for any information ____________ the arrest of the men.
银行悬赏任何能将这些人绳之以法的情报。
②What _____________________ acting as a career?
是什么让你开始从事演艺事业的？
【答案】
1. ①to ②in
2. ①leading to ②led you to take up
5. focus
◆(1)n. (兴趣、活动等的)中心；焦点。常见用法：
be in focus 焦距对准；清晰
be out of focus 焦距没对准；模糊
bring sth. into focus 把某物集中在焦点上
?Her beauty makes her the focus of attention. 她的美貌使她成为众人注目的焦点。
◆(2) v. (使)集中，聚集；(使)聚焦。常见用法：
focus one’s attention/thoughts/efforts on集中注意力/思想/努力于
the focus of attention关注的焦点
focus sth. on/upon sth.=fix...on...使……集中于……
be focused on/upon sth.=be fixed on 集中于……
?They focus on keeping their soil rich and free of disease. 他们关心的是保持土壤肥沃且免受病害。
?Please focus your minds on the following problems. 请集中注意力考虑以下问题。
【拓展延伸】
近义短语：
fix one’s thoughts/attention on/upon 全神贯注于
concentrate on/upon 全神贯注于
pay attention to 注意
be absorbed in专心于
be buried in 专心于
be lost in全神贯注于
apply oneself to专心，致力于……
devote...to....献身于……；全身心地投入……
用focus短语完成句子
1. We should _________ _________ _________ _________ our study.
我们应该把注意力放在学习上。
2. She felt all the eyes _________ _________ _________ her.
她觉得所有人都在注视着她。
【答案】
1. focus our attention on
2. were focused on
6. reduce
◆vt. 减少，缩减。常见用法：
reduce one’s expenditure 减少某人的开支
be reduced to despair 陷入绝望
reduce to... 降至……
reduce by... 减少了……
?Now the costs of a bike have been reduced to 50 dollars. 现在一辆自行车的成本已降低到50美元。
?It is proper that housing prices reduce by 10%. 房价降低10%是适当的。
完成句子
1. He persuaded them to __________ the price _________ $1,000.
他劝服他们把价格降到1 000美元。
2. Production costs have __________ __________ __________ one third.
生产成本下降了1/3。
3. He decided to __________ __________ __________.
他决定减少自己的开支。
7. keep...free from/of
◆使……免受(影响、伤害等)；使……不含(有害物)。
?This also keeps the air, soil, water and crops free from chemicals. 这也能使空气、土壤、水和农作物免受化学物质的污染。
【拓展延伸】
1. keep 短语：
keep away from 避开；不接近
keep off (使)不接近；挡开
keep up with 跟上，不落后
keep...out of使……不进入；使……置身事外
keep...in mind 记住……?
2. free 短语：
free from 没有……，免于……，无……之忧
free of 无……的；免于……的，离开了……的
free sb./sth. from... 使某人/某物自由；解放；释放
for free=free of charge 免费地，无偿地
be free to do sth. 自由地做某事
be free with sb. 对某人放肆
set sb. free 释放某人
?Children should be kept away from the river. 不要让孩子们靠近这条河。
?They don’t think they must keep up with their neighbors. 他们认为不必和邻居比排场。
?The cook keeps everybody out of kitchen while he is working. 厨师干活时，不让任何人进入厨房。
1. 用适当的介词或副词填空
①These fires would keep the homes warm and free ____________evil spirits.
②Mary tends to keep _____________from people who try to be friendly too suddenly.
2. 完成句子
①The lake _______________________ pollution.
这湖没有污染。
②The secretary ________________________ all blame for the errors.
这些失误完全不能怪秘书。
③Try to _________________________ all prejudices.
尽量消除你的一切偏见。
【答案】
1. ①from ②away
2. ①is free of
②was free from
③free yourself from
8. comment
◆(1)n. 评论；议论。常见用法：
ask for comment 征求意见
make comments on/about 对……发表评论
No comment. 无可奉告。
Without comment. 不必多说。
?He made no comments on our proposal. 他对我们的建议没有作评论。
?—Will you resign, Minister? 部长，你是要辞职吗？
—No comment! 无可奉告！
◆(2) vi. 表达意见；做出评论；vt. 评论。常见用法：
comment on/upon...对……做出评论；就……表达意见
comment that...评论……
?I commented on his actions and speech without any prejudice. 我评论他的行为，言论丝毫不带偏见。
1. 单句填空
①Ford made favorable ___________ (comment) on the talks held yesterday.
②He ___________ (comment) that it was an excellent film.
③Do you have any ___________ (comment) to make on the recent developments?
2. 完成句子
①He made some useful ___________ ___________ my work.
他对我的作品做了一些实用的评论。
②He ____________ that this book is worth reading.
他评论这本书值得看。
9. have been doing 现在完成进行时
Recently, however, scientists have been finding that long-term use of these fertilizers can cause damage to the land and, even more dangerous, to people’s health. 然而，最近科学家发现长期使用这些肥料会造成土地受损，甚至更危险的是，会对人们的健康造成危害。(教材P14)
【句式分析】
句中的have been finding是现在完成进行时，表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直持续到现在，并将持续下去。
?The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 中国有2000年的造纸历史。
?I have been writing a book. 我一直在写一本书。
【重点语法】
现在完成进行时的用法：
1. 构成：
主语+助动词（have/has）+been+动词的现在分词+其他成分。
2. 基本句型：
肯定式：第一人称+have been doing sth.
疑问式： Have 第一人称+been doing sth.
简略回答： Yes, 第一人称+have. /No, 第一人称+haven’t.
肯定式： 第三人称+has been doing sth.
疑问式 ：Has 第三人称+been doing sth.
简略回答： Yes, 第三人称+has. /No, 第三人称+hasn’t.
3. 用法：
(1)表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的动作。
?Ann is very tired. She has been working hard. 安很累。她工作一直很辛苦。
?Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing? 为什么你的衣服这么脏？你在做什么？
(2)表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的动作。
?It has been raining for two hours. 已经下了两小时雨了。(现在还在下)
?Jack has been feeling very well recently. 最近杰克感觉很好。
(3)表示一个从过去开始延续到现在(可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内)重复发生的动作。
?She has been playing tennis since she was eight. 她从8岁就开始打网球。
标志：1. 句中常有延续性动词，2. 时间点前有since。
【特别注意】
现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别：
1. 现在完成时强调完成和影响，现在完成进行时强调未完成和动作本身。
?He has painted the room. 他已经粉刷过房间了。(影响：墙是干净的)
?He has been painting the room. 他一直在粉刷房间。(还未粉刷完)
2. 现在完成时经常表单次动作，现在完成进行时可表重复动作。
?Juice has met the hot girl in the library again. Juice在图书馆再次遇到那个性感的女孩。
?Juice has been meeting a hot girl in the library lately. Juice近来经常在图书馆遇到一个性感的女孩。
3. 现在完成时陈述事实，现在完成进行时表感彩。
?What have you done?你做什么了？(仅是问问)
?Where have you been? I have been waiting for you in the rain for two hours.你去哪儿了？我在雨中等了你两个小时。(不满)
4. 表重复时：完成时强调成果，讲次数；完成进行时强调持续，不讲次数。
?I have sent thirty e-mails this morning. 我今天上午发了三十封电子邮件。
?I have been sending e-mails this morning. 我今天上午一直在发电子邮件。
1. 用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空
①—We’ve spent too much money recently.
—Well, it isn’t surprising. Our friends and relatives ____________________(come) around all the time.
②Tom _______________________(work) in the library every night over the last three months.
2. —Why do children hang stockings over the fireplace for presents?
—As the story goes, to help a poor family, Father Christmas threw a small bag of gold down the chimney and it fell into a stocking that ___________up to dry over the fireplace.
A. hung B. had hung C. was hanging D. was hanged
3. —Have you graduated from college?
—Yes, ___________.
A. I studied French for two years B. I have been studying French
C. I have studied French for two years D. I had studied French for two years
【答案】
1. ①have been coming
②has been working
2. C 【解析】句意：——为什么孩子把长筒袜挂在壁炉上面放礼物？——正如故事说的，为了帮助穷人，圣诞老人会顺着壁炉扔下一袋金子，它会落在壁炉上面的长筒袜里面。因为是讲述故事里面的事情，从前面的句子：Father Christmas threw a small bag of gold down the chimney and it fell into a stocking可知长筒袜是当时正悬挂在壁炉上方，所以用过去进行时，选C。
3. A 【解析】考查时态。句意：——你已经大学毕业了么？——是的，我学了两年的法语。根据句意可知，我学法语两年，陈述的是过去的事实，故用一般过去时。故A正确。
I. 单词拼写
1. Many a young Chinese scientist has made many wonderful __________（发现）in science.
2. That car went out of __________ (生产)five years ago.
3. Jerry did not regret giving the __________ (评论)but felt that he could have expressed it differently.
4. All the mistakes in the exam have been __________(底线标出) in red ink.
5. I should now turn to the main __________ (焦点) of this essay.
6. In __________ (总结), don’t make comments on others’ words and deeds.
7. Good __________ (营养) is essential if patients are to make a quick recovery.
8. Your explanation does not so much enlighten us as __________ (使困惑) us.
9. They’ve __________ (减少，降低) the prices in the shop, so it’s a good time to do some shopping.
10. I __________ (遗憾) to tell you that the illness can lead to changes in personality.
II. 完成句子
1. She often talks of the person she used to turn ____________ for help.
2. Do you want to make any comments _____________ drunk driving?
3. The old man stood there with his eyes ____________(focus) on the picture.
4. His writing is so ___________ (confuse) that it’s difficult to make out what it is he is trying to express.
5. ____________summary, our spring season was a very successful one in terms of sales.
III. 选词并用其适当形式填空
be confused about, reduce… to, keep sth. in mind, build up, lead to, in addition, turn to, focus on, keep…free from/of, make comments on
1. It’s a disturbing problem that many chemicals can ____________ cancer.
2. Yuan Longping has been ____________searching for a way to increase rice output.
3. People ____________ all the different labels on food these days.
4. I persuaded the shopkeeper to ____________ the price of the dress ____________300 yuan.
5. If you have any questions, you can ____________ me at any time.
6. Famous experts are often invited to CCTV to ____________ the current situation.
7. We would like to ____________ the world ____________ violence for children.
8. It took me ten years to ____________ my business, and it almost killed me.
9. There was an earthquake and, ____________, there were tidal waves.
10. You must ____________ that you shouldn’t look down upon anyone whatever they wear.
IV. 完成句子
1. Over the past half century, __________________________________(在耕种中使用化肥已经非常普遍).
2. These chemicals in the food supply ________________________________(随着时间的推移会在人体中堆积).
3. The farmers focus on ____________________________________(保持土壤肥沃并免受病害).
4. With these discoveries, some farmers and many customers________________________________(开始转向有机耕作).
5. ____________________(另外), fruit, vegetables and other food grown with chemical fertilizer usually _______________________________________(生长得过快而营养不足).
I. 完形填空
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Ciro Ortiz, an 11-year-old kid, has recently set up shop in a New York subway station. He offers five-minute ＂ 1 advice＂ sessions to passers-by for $2.
Every Sunday, Ciro Ortiz spends about two hours at the Bedford 2 station, sitting at a folding table with a cardboard sign that 3 ＂emotional advice $2＂. Believe it or not, people actually do 4 for some pearls of __5__ from the ＂emotional advice kid＂. They ask him about all 6 of things from relationships and career advice to Donald Trump —the 45th US President-elect. He does his 7 to help them find the answer to their problems.
Ciro’s dad doesn’t make much money. One night Ciro was just inspired to try an idea of 8 he could make his own. His father 9 the idea and the next day they went into Williamsburg and set up the 10 on the street.
Ciro was surprisingly 11 with passers-by, and he’s been doing it ever 12 . On a good day, he’ll __13__ about $50, but it’s not just money that 14 him. Ciro was bullied(欺凌) at school in the past, which inspired him to 15 his entrepreneurial(创业) spirit in the temporary emotional advice desk, 16 the much more popular lemonade stand.
Plus, Ciro is 17 really good at giving people emotional advice. A woman came up to his father and said what Ciro told her was what she’d been 18 in her gut(直觉) that whole time. He was really nervous and __19__of himself in the beginning, but after a few Sundays, he started coming home telling his mother, ＂I’ve met so many wonderful people. I will 20 having so many friends.＂
1. A. physical B. emotional C. mental D. legal
2. A. subway B. service C. railway D. comfort
3. A. writes B. announces C. reads D. shows
4. A. stand by B. stop by C. pass by D. get by
5. A. significance B. interest C. value D. wisdom
6. A. sorts B. costs C. means D. directions
7. A. happiest B. most C. best D. worst
8. A. when B. what C. why D. how
9. A. approved of B. appealed to C. complained of D. stuck to
10. A. base B. stand C. branch D. goal
11. A. familiar B. content C. popular D. careful
12. A. then B. there C. before D. since
13. A. demand B. earn C. collect D. withdraw
14. A. attracts B. serves C. overcomes D. motivates
15. A. involve B. admire C. recover D. suit
16. A. other than B. more than C. less than D. rather than
17. A. apparently B. voluntarily C. personally D. fortunately
18. A. thinking B. seeking C. feeling D. hunting
19. A. unaware B. uncertain C. independent D. innocent
20. A. take up B. turn to C. end up D. admit to
II. 短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。
修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：
1. 每处错误及修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
I asked Jack, a friend of mine, what has happened to him that night. He said that he had just got into bed on about half past eleven when the floor began to shake under him. The bed was also started shaking. He jumped out of his bed rapid and wanted to turn the light on. But the floor was shaking such violently that he could hardly reach the lamp. It seemed to take him long time to get to it and turned it on. Then he went to look out of the window. He saw that the houses on the other side of the street was also shaking. Then he knew that was happening — an earthquake! He quickly put on his clothes and ran out into the street to waiting until it was safe to go back inside.
I. 单词拼写
1. (2017?江苏改编)What did the Ice Man do to ____________(减少) the effect of global warming?
2. (2017?浙江改编)Other experts say part of the problem is ____________(化学物).
3. (2017?新课标全国卷II改编) The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its ____________(根基) in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV.
4. (2017?新课标全国卷III改编)These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which ____________(减少) plant diversity in the park.
5. (2017?江苏改编)As for the USA, it is almost unique among developed ____________(国家) in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010—2030.
6. (2017?新课标全国卷I改编)Having enough fat and salt in your meals will ____________(减少) the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food.
7. (2017?新课标全国卷II改编)These ____________(化学物质) come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.
8. (2014?湖北改编)He was ____________ (后悔的) about his behavior.
9. (2016?新课标全国卷Ⅰ改编)Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of ____________(化学品) on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans.
10. (2014?安徽改编)They knew that they would have a market for the end product because local farmers were struggling with ____________(化学) fertilizers(肥料) which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the soil over the years.
11. (2016?北京改编)This affects their nervous systems and ability to ___________ (繁殖) baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death.
12. (2016?江苏改编)Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施) can __________(降低) the spread of disease.
13. (2015?福建改编)Papa would listen carefully and was ready with some____________(评价), always to the point.
II. 用所给词的适当形式填空
1. (2017?天津改编)Because of the ____________(confuse), Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without operation.
2. (2017?新课标全国卷II改编)We were ____________(respect) of craft（技艺）and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play.
3. (2017?新课标全国卷II改编)The company’s ____________(produce) show the new face of 21st century Chinese theatre.
4. (2017?新课标全国卷II改编) It is good at ____________(produce) comedies.
5. (2017?新课标全国卷II改编)Since 1958, they have been recognised as the ____________(nation) theatre of Israel.
6. (2017?新课标全国卷II改编)Inventors ____________(try) to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert.
7. (2017?新课标全国卷I改编)Since 1962, Pacific Science Center ____________(inspire) a passion(热情) for discovery and lifelong learning in science, math and technology.
8. (2015?新课标全国卷II改编)I actually began to build ___________my arm muscles(肌肉) shaking my set.
9. (2016?天津改编) ＂Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence (能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,＂ said George Vaillant, the psychologist (心理学家) who made the ____________(discover).
10. (2015?重庆改编)When everyone else in the class was focusing ___________ tasks, I could not.
11. (2016?北京改编)Anxious all the time, I was unable to keep ___________(focus) for more than an hour at a time.
12. (2015?江苏改编)If men insisted on being free___________ the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the common good, they would cease to be free.
13. (2016?新课标全国卷Ⅰ改编)Which of the following can replace the ____________(underline) word ＂courier＂ in Paragraph 1?
14. (2016?新课标全国卷II改编)What does the ____________word ＂downside＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
15. (2014?新课标全国卷Ⅰ改编)How often do you have something you want to achieve (e.g. lose weight, start a business, travel more) — only to end up confused ___________all of the options in front of you and never make progress?
16. (2016?四川改编)Hormones are chemicals which are produced ___________ the body to control various body functions.
17. (2015?重庆改编)History has witnessed the endless ___________(product) of Shakespearean plays in every major language of the world.
18. (2016?上海改编)After what seemed like a safe amount of time, I read the poem again and was __________(confuse).
III. 完成句子
1. (2017?新课标全国卷III改编) Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, ____________(导致) them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.
2. (2017?新课标全国卷I改编)Our café offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, ____________(除此之外) seasonal specials.
3. (2017?江苏改编)But recently it has discovered that data can ____________(变成) new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies.
4. (2017?新课标全国卷III改编)It will ____________(被变成) a museum.
5. (2017?新课标全国卷III改编)She has ____________(拒绝) several invitations (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
6. (2017?江苏改编) ____________(此外), the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded with the most food.
7. (2017?江苏改编)It ____________(结果) baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms.
8. (2017?天津改编)But that is not what many people have ____________(在心中) when thinking of driverless cars.
9. (2014?浙江改编)Any huge task seems easier when ___________ (减少到) baby steps.
10. (2016?北京改编)Researchers have discovered that ＂night milk＂ contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and ____________(减少焦虑).
IV. 单项填空
1. (2017·江苏改编)A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.
However, one day, in the music class that was part of his school’s standard curriculum, he was playing idly（随意地）on the piano and found it to pick out tunes.
A. complicated B. safe C. confusing D. easy
2. (2017·新课标全国卷II)Through the years, I’d run into former students who would provide on old classmates.
A. assessments B. comments C. instructions D. updates
3. (2017·浙江改编) One day, the bombing stopped and the soldiers left. But the war was not over yet. Alia knew that if the books were to be safe, they must be moved again while the city was .
A. occupied B. bombed C. quiet D. busy
4. (2017·新课标全国卷II改编) Just last year, I was conducting a workshop when someone knocked at the classroom door. A woman __ __ the interruption and handed me an envelope.
A. regretted B. avoided C. excused D. ignored
5. (2017·北京) Hannah is one of many examples of young people who are making a in the world.
A. choice B. profit C. judgement D. difference
6. (2017·江苏) He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he ____________.
A. was being followed B. was following
C. had been followed D. followed
7. (2016·北京)—Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for?
—The new Star Wars. We _____________ here for more than two hours.
A. waited B. wait
C. would be waiting D. have been waiting
8. (2016·江苏) Dashan, who _____________ crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.
A. will be learning B. is learning
C. had been learning D. has been learning
9. (2015·陕西) Marty really hard on his book and he thinks he’ll have finished it by Friday.
A. worked B. has been working
C. had worked D. has worked
10. (2015·福建)—Where is Peter? I can’t find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and his essay there ever since.
A. wrote B. had written
C. has been writing D. is writing
11. (2014·江西) —Tony, why are your eyes red?
—I up peppers for the last five minutes.
A. cut B. was cutting C. had cut D. have been cutting
12. (2014·湖南)Since the time humankind started gardening, we to make our environment more beautiful.
A. try B. have been trying
C. are trying D. will try
13. (2014·湖南) The girl has a great interest in sport and _____________ badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.
A. took B. is taking C. takes D. has been taking
14. (2014·湖南)Bears ___________ fat stores throughout the summer and fall to have energy enough to last them through their winter sleep.
A. pack up B. build up C. bring up D. take up
15. (2013·浙江) When the group discussion is nearing its end, make sure to __________it with important points.
A. conclude B. lead C. avoid D. hold
16. (2015·江苏) The whole team ___________ Cristiano Ronaldo, and he seldom lets them down.
A. wait on B. focus on
C. count on D. call on
17. (2015·江苏) Butterflies __________ a sweet liquid produced by flowers, which bees and other insects collect.
A. carry on B. feed on C. put on D. focus on
18. (2016·江苏) Parents should actively urge their children to ___________ the opportunity to join sports teams.
A. gain admission to B. keep track of
C. take advantage of D. give rise to
19. (2015·江苏) Some schools will have to make __________ in agreement with the national soccer reform.
A. judgments B. adjustments C. comments D. achievements
20. (2015·新课标全国卷I改编) My 10-year-old noticed him and made a __________ on how bad it must be to have to stand outside in the cold wind.
A. suggestion B. comment C. decision D. call
21. (2015·江苏)—Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.
—I’d like to, but I’m afraid she won’t be happy with my ___________ .
A. requests B. excuses C. apologies D. regrets
22. (2015·福建) It wasn’t until her friend was badly hurt that Kerry became ___________ her habit of finding fault.
A. aware of B. afraid of C. curious about D. confused about
23. (2015·新课标全国卷II改编) She gave me a comforting smile, nodded while listening patiently, and then printed out the ticket immediately. ＂What a wonderful lady!＂ I thought.
Rushing out I called out over my shoulder, ＂By the way, what’s your name?＂
A. hopefully B. disappointedly C. gratefully D. regretfully
24. (2014·辽宁改编) I felt a little uneasy, but to my , I had a good excuse: A business meeting had run over and I’d wasted no time getting to the dinner.
A. relief B. surprise C. regret D. sorrow
25. (2015·重庆) You’re sleepy all day, but when it’s time for bed, you can hardly fall asleep. Obviously you are ___________ jet lag(时差反应).
A. suffering from B. working on
C. looking into D. leading to
26. (2015·浙江) But what about the personal and social costs in pursuing money over meaning?
A. assessed B. involved C. covered D. reduced
V. 阅读理解
(2017·新课标全国卷II) When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours react.
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors. The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.
Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to ＂overhear＂ the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth.
Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on.
32. What does a plant do when it is under attack?
A. It makes noises. B. It gets help from other plants.
C. It stands quietly D. It sends out certain chemicals.
33. What does the author mean by ＂the tables are turned＂ in paragraph 3?
A. The attackers get attacked.
B. The insects gather under the table.
C. The plants get ready to fight back.
D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
34.Scientists find from their studies that plants can _ .
A. predict natural disasters B. protect themselves against insects
C. talk to one another intentionally D. help their neighbors when necessary
35.What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. The world is changing faster than ever.
B. People have stronger senses than before
C. The world is more complex than it seems
D. People in Darwin’s time were imaginative.
I. 单词拼写
1.discoveries 2.production
3.comment 4.underlined
5.focus 6.summary
7.nutrition 8.confuse
9.reduced 10.regret
II. 完成句子
1.to 2.on
3.focused 4.confusing
5. In
III. 选词并用其适当形式填空
7.keep; free of/from 8.build up
9.in addition 10.keep it in mind
IV. 完成句子
1. using chemical fertilizers has become very common in farming
2. build up in people’s bodies over time
3. keeping their soil rich and free of disease
4. are beginning to turn to organic farming.
5. In addition, grow too fast to be full of much nutrition
I. 完形填空
【语篇解读】十一岁的西罗奥尔蒂斯在纽约的威廉斯堡地铁站摆了一个简易桌给过路人提供情感咨询，每5分钟收费2美元。他做得很不错，大受欢迎，还交了很多朋友。
1. B 他给路人提供＂情感＂建议，每5分钟收费2美元。下文＂emotional advice $2＂有提示。
2. A 他每天在威廉斯堡＂地铁＂站待上2个小时。文章首句有提示。
3. C 他的折叠桌上有一个纸板牌，上面＂写着＂：情感建议2美元。
4. B 人们的确在他那里＂停下来＂。
10. B 第二天，他们就到威廉斯堡地铁站支起了那个＂摊位＂。下文有提示。
11. C 西罗出奇地受到路人的＂欢迎＂。
12. D ＂从此＂，他就一直在那里做这个事情。
13. B 天气好的话，他会＂赚到＂大约50美元。
14. D 但是，并不仅仅是钱＂激励＂了他。
15. A 他过去在学校受到同学的欺凌，这激励着他把创业精神＂倾注于＂暂时的情感咨询中。involve sth in(to)…导入、贯注于、把……倾注于……中。
16. D 他把创业精神倾注于暂时的情感咨询中，＂而不是＂(摆一个)更受欢迎的柠檬摊。
17. A 此外，西罗＂显然＂真的善于给人们提供情感建议。
18. C 西罗所告诉她的正是那段时间她的直觉所＂感受＂的东西。
19. B 刚开始，他很紧张，对自己＂没信心＂。
20. C 他告诉他妈妈说，＂我‘最终’会有很多朋友。＂
II. 短文改错
I asked Jack, a friend of mine, what happened to him that night. He said that he had just got into bed about half past eleven when the floor began to shake under him. The bed also started shaking. He jumped out of his bed and wanted to turn the light on. But the floor was shaking violently that he could hardly reach the lamp. It seemed to take him long time to get to it and it on. Then he went to look out of the window. He saw that the houses on the other side of the street also shaking. Then he knew was happening — an earthquake! He quickly put on his clothes and ran out into the street to until it was safe to go back inside.
第一处：has→had 时间是that night，且由asked可知应该用过去完成时，故将has改为had。
第二处：on→at 具体的时间点前面用介词at表示＂在＂。
第七处：turned→turn 不定式后的并列结构的形式和时态应该一致，故用动词原形。
第八处：was→were 主语是houses，谓语动词用复数形式。
第九处：that→what 引导宾语从句，在从句充当主语，表示＂什么事情＂，用what。
第十处：waiting→wait to在此是不定式中的to，表目的，动词应用一般式，故waiting改为wait。
I. 单词拼写
1. reduce 2. chemical
3. root 4. reduced
5. nations 6. reduce
7. chemicals 8. regretful
9. chemicals 10. chemical
11. produce 12. reduce
13. comment
II. 用所给词的适当形式填空
1. confusion 2. respectful
3. productions 4. producing
5. national 6. have been trying
7. has been inspiring 8. up
9. discovery 10. on
11. focused 12. from
13. underlined 14. underlined
15. by 16. by
17. productions 18. confused
III. 完成句子
7. turns out that 8. in mind
9. reduced to 10. reduce anxiety
IV. 单项填空
1. D 【解析】考查形容词。根据下句＂actually... tried to hide... pleasure＂等词或词组可以看出，Gabriel在音乐中找到了乐趣，并试图隐藏这份愉悦，由此可知，此处是说，他发现演奏音乐很容易。故选D。
2. D 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A.assessments评估；B. comments评论；C.instructions 指导；D.updates更新。我遇到过以前的学生，他们常常会提供一些老同学的＂最新情况＂，故选D。
3. C 【解析】考查形容词。A. occupied 占据；B. bombed 轰炸；C. quiet安静的；D. busy 忙的。根据＂the bombing stopped and the soldiers left＂可知，战争结束了，士兵们也离开了，因此城市应该很安静。
4. C 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A.regretted 后悔，遗憾；B.avoided避免；C.excused原谅，宽恕；D.ignored忽视。因为当时正在上课，所以这名女子为自己的打断行为要求得到原谅，故选C。
5. D 【解析】考查名词。A. choice选择B. profit 利润C. judgement 判断D. difference不同。此处为固定短语：make a difference起作用，有影响，选D。
6. A 【解析】考查宾语从句和时态。分析句子成分可知，he和follow是被动关系，即他被别人跟踪，排除B、D；根据句意＂在匆忙赶回家的路上，他从未回头看是否正被跟踪＂，故用过去进行时最合适，故选A。
7. D 【解析】句意：——打扰了，你们在等哪一部电影？——《星球大战》，我们已经在这儿等了两个多小时了。＂for+时间段＂与完成时连用，根据语境可知，说话的时候仍然在等，因此用现在完成进行时，故选D。
8. D 【解析】本句的时间状语是＂for decades＂(几十年来)，该时间状语通常和完成时，本句强调这几十年来大山一直努力把中国相声和西方的脱口秀相结合，所以使用现在完成进行时，强调动作的延续性和反复性。故D正确。
9. B 【解析】句意：Marty一直努力写书，他想他到周五将已经完成了。用现在完成进行时表示从过去到现在一直进行的动作。所以选B。
11. D 【解析】由时间状语for the last five minutes可分析出该动作由过去一直延续到现在（可能到将来），因此要用现在完成进行时来表示。故D选项正确。句意：——Tony，你的眼睛为什么是红的？——那是因为近五分钟以来我一直在切辣椒。
12. B 【解析】Since 作为介词，后接某一确定的时间点，主句谓语动词是延续性动词，常与现在完成时、现在完成进行时或过去完成时连用，故选B。句意：自从人类开始做园艺，我们一直尽力使我们的环境更美丽。故B正确。
13. D 【解析】若时间状语为＂in/for/over the past /last ＋一段时间＂，动词应用现在完成进行时，表示＂一直在……＂。句意：那个女孩对运动很感兴趣，在过去的三年中她每周参加两次羽毛球课程。
14. B 【解析】句意：熊在整个夏季和秋季积累脂肪，以便能使它们在冬天冬眠的时候有足够的能量。build up集聚，积累。pack up打包；bring up抚养；take up从事，占据，都与语境不符。所以选B项。
15. A 【解析】句意：当小组讨论即将结束的时候，要注意确保用要点来总结讨论内容。所以用conclude，表示＂得出结论，做出总结＂，选A项。lead带领，通向；avoid避免；hold容纳。
16. C 【解析】句意：全队都指望Christiano Ronaldo，他从未让他们失望。A项＂服侍，等待＂；B项＂集中（注意力）于＂；C项＂指望＂；D项＂呼吁，拜访＂。故选C项。
17. B 【解析】carry on 继续，坚持；feed on 以……为食；put on穿上，上演；focus on集中(注意力、精力等)于。句意：蝴蝶以花分泌的一种甜的液体为食，蜜蜂和其他的昆虫也采集这种甜的液体。
18. C 【解析】gain admission to 获准进入；keep track of记录；take advantage of利用；give rise to引起；句意：父母亲应该积极鼓励孩子抓住机会加入体育队伍。根据句意可知C项正确。
19. B 【解析】句意：为了与国家的足球改革相适应，一些学校必须做出调整。A项意为＂判断，决断＂；B项意为＂调整＂；C项意为＂评价，评论＂；D项意为＂成就＂。故选B项。
20. B 【解析】A. suggestion建议；B. comment评论；C. decision决定；D. call电话。make a comment on对……发表看法。句意：我10岁的孩子注意到他在寒风里站在外面，并评论说他的情况一定很糟糕。故选B。
21. C 【解析】句意：——Dave，去跟你的妈妈道歉。——我想这样做，但是我担心我道歉会让她不开心。A项＂请求＂；B项＂借口＂；C项＂道歉＂；D项＂遗憾，后悔＂。故选C项。
22. A 【解析】A.aware of注意；B.afraid of担心；C.curious about对……好奇；D.confused about对……迷惑。句意：直到她的朋友受了重伤，Kerry才注意到她挑毛病的习惯。故选A。
25. A 【解析】suffer from 遭受，经历；work on 从事；look into调查；lead to 导致。此处是说你遭受时差反应，故选A项。
26. B 【解析】A. assessed评估；B. involved涉及，involved in 参与；C. covered覆盖；D. reduced减少。句意：那么，在追求金钱高于意义的情况下，参与其中的个人以及社会所付出的代价呢？
V. 阅读理解
【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普说明文。研究发现，当植物受到攻击时，会发出VOCs，以此来保护自己或者与周围的植物通过化学物质进行交流。
32. D 【解析】细节理解题。根据＂reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm＂可知，当植物受到伤害时，会分泌一种特殊的化学物质。
33. A 【解析】词义推测题。根据＂Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch＂，一旦它们到达这里，这些攻击者就会受到植物的攻击，故选A。
34. B 【解析】细节理解题，根据＂Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked＂及＂Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away... ＂可知答案选B。
35. C 【解析】推理判断题。根据＂imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on＂可知，这个世界远比我们看到或听到的更热闹、更亲密，我们认知能力有限，有很多事仍在继续发生，远比我们想象的要复杂。故选C。
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