Unit 2 Working the land
Grammar:动名词作主语和宾语
一、概念
动名词由"动词原形+ing"构成。英语动名词是非谓动词的一种形式。从形式上,是在动词原形的末尾加上-ing,否定形式为not doing。它既有动词的特征,又有名词的特征,故称动名词。它也有时态和语态的变化,如表所示。但要注意:不及物动词没有语态的变化。
形式
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
二、动名词的特点
1. 它是从动词变化而来的,所以它保留了动词的某些特征,例如它能带自己的宾语、状语等,这时就叫动名词短语;
2. 顾名思义,动名词最大的特点是它相当于一个名词,因此,动名词可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。因为它作为名词来使用,所以动名词也有像名词一样的所有格形式。
三、动名词的用法
一、作主语
1. 表示经常的、习惯性的动作或状态,谓语动词通常用单数。
?Walking is a good form of exercise for both the young and the old. 无论对年轻人和老年人来讲,走路都是一种很好的锻炼方式。
?Watching news on TV has become a routine for me. 在电视上看新闻已经成了我的一种日常习惯。
?Going to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours. 乘火车去杭州要约16个小时。
?Asking a woman’s age is impolite in our country. 在我们国家,问一个女人的年龄是不礼貌的。
2. 作主语时常后置,此时须用it作形式主语,用形容词或名词(短语)作表语。
常用此种情况的形容词有dangerous, worthwhile, useless等;名词或名词短语有no use, no good, fun, hard work, a hard / difficult job, a waste of time 等。
?It’s dangerous swimming in the sea on windy days. 有风的天气在海里游泳是危险的。
?It is worthwhile discussing the question. 这个问题值得讨论。
?It’s no use making an excuse for this. 为这件事找借口是没有用的。
?It’s a waste of time talking about such a useless thing. 谈论这样无用的事情简直是浪费时间。
注意:
1. 动名词作主语时表示单数概念,谓语动词用单数形式。
?Walking after supper is good for your health. 饭后走走路有益健康。
2. 动名词的复合结构( sb’s doing)作主语
动名词的复合结构是指物主代词、名词所有格是动名词逻辑上的主语;动名词是其逻辑上的谓语。作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
?Your coming made us happy. 你的到来让我们很高兴。
?Your father’s cooking is very good. 你爸爸做的饭很好吃。
3. 动名词与不定式作主语时的比较:动名词表示的动作通常是一个泛指的动作;不定式则通常表示具体的动作。
?As a child, she felt that visiting sick people was a duty and a pleasure. 作为一个孩子,她认为去看望病人是一种责任,也是一件乐事。
?Being a guest in an American home will be a good experience for me. 去美国人家里做客对我来说是一次很好的经历。
?It’s an honor for me to be invited to the party. 我很荣幸受邀参加这个聚会。
?To go on like this is useless. (=It is useless to go on like this.) 继续这样下去是没有用的。
二、作宾语
1. 只能接动名词作宾语的动词,常见的有avoid, consider, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest, dislike, delay, escape, cannot help, imagine, mind, miss, practise, cannot stand, excuse, fancy, give up, put off, risk, insist on, look forward, feel like等。
?Have you considered looking for one friend? 你是否考虑过找一位朋友?
?We must try to avoid repeating the same mistake. 我们必须设法避免犯同样的错误。
?Do you feel like having a walk with me after supper? 晚饭后你想和我一起散步吗?
?People couldn’t help laughing at the foolish man. 人们忍不住嘲笑那个愚蠢的人。
注意:
当need, want, require, worth后面接动词-ing也可以表示被动(主动形式表示被动意义)。
?Your hair wants cutting. 你该剪头发了。
?The floor requires washing. 该洗地板了。
?That novel is not worth reading. 那本小说不值得读。
2. 既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词,常见的有begin, start, stop, continue, like, love, prefer, by, mean, forget,remember, hate等。
(1)在 like, love, hate, prefer等动词之后,用-ing或不定式意义上没有什么不同,只是侧重点有些不同,动名词表示泛指的动作,不定式表示具体的一次性动作。
(2)在 begin/start, continue之后, 用动名词和不定式意义无甚区别,尤其是当主语是人的时候。
(3)在动词forget, remember, regret之后,用动名词与不定式意义不同:动名词表示动作先于谓语发生,不定式表示动作后于谓语动作发生。
?I remember posting the letter. 我记得我已把信寄了。
?I’ll remember to post the letter. 我会记着去寄信的。
?I shall never forget seeing the famous writer. 我永远不会忘记见到过那位著名作家。
?Don’t forget to write to your mother. 不要忘了给你母亲写信。
?I regret missing the report. 我真后悔没赶上那次报告会。
?I regret to say I can’t take your advice. 我遗憾地告诉你我不能接受你的建议。
(4)在try, mean之后,用动名词与不定式意义各不相同,如 try to do (设法做某事),try doing (尝试做某事),mean to do (打算/有意要做某事),mean doing (意思是/意味着做某事)。
?We must try to get everything done in time. 我们必须设法及时把一切做好。
?Let’s try doing the working in some other way. 我们用别的方法做这工作试试。
?I didn’t mean to make you angry. 我并不想惹你生气。
?Your plan would mean spending hours. 你的计划意味着要花费几个小时。
(5)在go on之后,用动名词与不定式意义不同:go on doing 继续做一直在做的事;go on to do 接着做另一件事。
?Please go on doing the same exercise. 请接着做这同一个练习。
?Please go on to do the other exercise. 请做另外一个练习。
(6)在stop之后,用动名词与不定式意义不同:stop doing 停止正在做的事;stop to do停下正在做的事去做另一件事。
?We stopped talking. 我们停止了交谈。
?We stopped to talk. 我们停了下来去谈话。
3. 作介词宾语
?We’ve got to think of ways of changing people’s habits. 我们得想些法子改变人们的习惯。
?I apologize for being so angry with you. 我向你道歉,刚才对你那样生气。
?After being away for several years, it is a strange experience to return to the hometown. 离开几年之后再回到家乡,感觉有点怪。
?I insist on taking enough food for this trip. 我坚持为这次出行带足食物。
?Instead of smiling, each of them made a face. 同学们没有笑,相反都做了鬼脸。
?She was very interested in working for our company. 她对为我们公司工作很感兴趣。
★下列短语中的to都是介词,所以后面跟名词或动名词。如devote…to, object to, pay attention to, get down to, lead to, look forward to, stick to, be used to等。
用所给词的适当形式完成句子
1. Can you imagine yourself _______ in a lonely island? (stay)
2. I can’t understand your _______ at that poor child. (laugh)
3. She didn’t mind _______ overtime. (work)
4. To make a living, he tried _______, _______, and various other things, but he had failed in all. (write; paint)
5. We are looking forward to Mary’s _______. (come)
6. She was praised for _______ the life of the child. (save)
7. She ought to be praised instead of _______. (criticize).
8. Is there any possibility of our _______ the championship? (win)
9. He came to the party without _______. (invite)
【答案】
1. staying 2. laughting
3. working 4. writing; painting
5. coming 6. saving
7. criticizing 8. winning
9. being invited
I. 单句语法填空
1.__________(make) friends is a necessary part in my life.
2.It’s no use __________(argue) with a person like him.
3.I’m considering ________(consult) with my lawyer about the matter.
4.I have no trouble_________(persuade) him to change his mind.
5.The thief ran away quickly to avoid________(catch).
6.Would you mind _________(turn) down your radio?
7.There is no use_________ (keep) silent about such a matter.
8.His ________(not get) to the station on time made everyone worried last week.
9.The teacher told the students to stop_________(write) and _________(listen) to him.
10.He succeeded in __________ (persuade) her to do the job.
11.Seeing the funny scene, I can’t help________.(laugh)
12.I regret _________(tell) you that my sister regrets ________(make) you her date. You are not the kind of person she wants.
13.The book is worth ________(read) a second time.
14.We are looking forward to _________ (hear) from Mr. Li.
15.The windows haven’t been cleaned for a long time. They need _________(clean).
II. 完成句子
1.I can hardly imagine ___________________________________________(你能在这么短的时间内完成这么多工作).
2.In the past, he used to _________________________________________(把他所有的业余时间都用在发明新的机器上).
3.He has always insisted on _______________________________________(被送往国外学习).
4.—I usually go there by air.
—Why not ___________________________(尝试一下坐高铁去那儿).
5.I would appreciate _______________________________________(你父亲今天下午给我回个电话).
6.You must ______________________________________(就迟到一事向你的老师道歉).
7.How about the two of us_______________________________(去爬山) this afternoon.
8.No one enjoys _____________________(被嘲笑) in public places.
9.Do you mind ___________________________(我在这里吸烟)?
10.________________________________(在早上朗读英语) has been part of his daily life.
III. 语法填空
I crossed the street to avoid 1 (meet) him, but he saw me and came 2 (run) towards me. It was no use 3 (pretend) that I had not seen him, so I waved to him. I never enjoy 4 (meet) Nigel Dykes. He never has anything to do. No matter how busy you are, he always insists on 5 (come) with you. I had to think of a way of 6 (prevent) him from 7 (follow) me around all morning.
"Hello, Nigel," I said. "Fancy 8 (meet) you here!"
"Hi, Elizabeth," Nigel answered. "I was just wondering how to spend the morning -- until I saw you. You’re not busy 9 (do) anything, are you?"
"No, not at all,"I answered."I’m going to…"
"Would you mind my 10 (come) with you? " he asked, before I had finished 11 (speak).
"Not at all," I lied, "but I’m going to the dentist."
"Then I’ll come with you," he answered. "There’s always plenty to read in the 12 (wait) room! "
I. 七选五
根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
It’s Nice to be Home
1 I have been fortunate enough to make trips to many countries. They were wonderful adventures filled with new sights and experiences. And my wife and I have another trip in the planning stages.
We’re home now and have settled back into our daily routine of life. 2 I find that when I am at home, particularly for a while when we have just returned from a trip, I feel very comfortable. Perhaps it is because everything around me is familiar and the daily routine is so much the same I can move through it almost without thinking. 3 Perhaps it is because we can have meals at home instead of always being in restaurants, although it’s nice to let someone else do the cooking,and because I can sleep in my own bed. There are times I think it would be nice to simply stop travelling and stay home and I’m sure I would be very comfortable if that were to happen. 4
Yet I guess I am probably a restless soul because I know that after I have been home for a while I will start to think about other places we might go and other things we want to see. We will travel again and we feel fortunate to be able to do so. 5 Still, one of the best things about travelling for me is coming home. I’m very comfortable here at home even if it is difficult to say exactly why.
A. I like to travel very much.
B. I enjoy local food while travelling.
C. I like being home, for whatever reason.
D. Perhaps it is because our friends are here.
E. And I enjoy my daily life at home so much.
F. We want to see as much of the world as we can.
G. It’s lucky that my wife and I both love travelling.
II. 书面表达
假如你是李华,暑假期间,你将参加学生代表团,回访去年来你校交流的瑞典(Sweden)某中学。 请你给去年来访时住在你家的Peter写信。
要点如下:
1. 时间: 8月20日至8月31日;
2. 参加人员:教师1人,学生30 人;
3. 希望Peter带你参观该市的足球俱乐部。
注意:
1. 词数100左右;
2. 可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;
3. 信的开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
Dear Peter,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
I. 语法填空
1. (2017·新课标全国卷I) Fast food is (be) full of fat and salt; by (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
2. (2017·新课标全国卷II) This included digging up the road, ___________(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.
3. (2017·新课标全国卷III)But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term ____________ (rest).
4. (2016·新课标全国卷I) My ambassadorial duties will include ___________(introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
5. (2016·新课标全国卷II) Leaving the less important things until tomorrow (be) often acceptable.
6. (2014·辽宁) Keep (hold) your position for a while.
II. 改错
1. (2017·新课标全国卷I) The instructor kept repeating the word, "Speed up!" "Slow down!" "Turning left!"
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. (2016·新课标全国卷II) We can chose between staying at home and take a trip.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. (2016·新课标全国卷III) I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. (2015·陕西) My favorite picture at the party is of my coach and me enjoy the biscuits with happy laughter!
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5. (2015·四川) We’ve been spending a lot of time sing in karaoke bars.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
6. (2014·辽宁) The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
III. 单项填空
1. (2015·安徽) ___________ the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.
A. Ignore B. Ignoring C. Ignored D. Having ignored
2. (2015·北京) The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without ___________.
A. recognizing B. being recognized
C. having recognized D. having been recognized
3. (2014·江西) When it comes to ___________ in public, no one can match him.
A. speak B. speaking C. being spoken D. be spoken
4. (2014·湖南) ___________ your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
A. Understanding B. To be understood
C. Being understood D. Having understood
5. (2013·江苏) Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and ____________ to ruins, the city took on a new look.
A. reducing B. reduced C. being reduced D. having reduced
6. (2013·福建) _____________ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
A. Known B. Having known
C. Knowing D. Being known
7. (2013·浙江) ____________how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.
A. Hearing B. Hear C. Having heard D. To be hearing
IV. 短文改错
(2017·新课标全国卷II) Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school. They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day. In their spare time, they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house. They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together. They have also bought for some gardening tools. Beside, they often get some useful informations from the Internet. When summer came, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!
I. 单句语法填空
1.Making 2.arguing
3.consulting 4.persuading
5.bing caught 6.turning
7.keeping 8.not getting
9.writing; to listen 10.persuading
11.laughing 12.to tell; making
13.resding 14.hearing
15.cleaning/to be cleaned
II. 完成句子
5.your father’s calling back this afternoon
6.apologise to your teacher for your being late
7.going to climb the mountain
8.being laughed at
9.my smoking here
10. Reading English aloud in the morning
III. 语法填空
1.meeting 2.running
3.pretending 4.meeting
5.coming 6.preventing
7.following 8.meeting
9.doing 10.coming
11.speaking 12.waiting
I. 七选五
【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。作者很喜欢旅游,但每次旅游回到家都感到很舒服,或许因为周围的一切很熟悉,或许因为可以在家吃饭,或许因为可以睡在自己的床上。
3. D 【解析】上句提到"Perhaps it is because everything around me is familiar and the daily routine is so much the same I can move through it almost without thinking."下句提到"Perhaps it is because we can have meals at home instead of always being in restaurants."因此过渡句中也应出现关键词perhaps it is because,故D项正确。
4. C 【解析】通过第二段的叙述并结合第三段首句"Yet I guess I am probably a restless soul because I know that after I have been home for a while"中的关键词have been home可知作者很喜欢在家。
5. F 【解析】根据上两句"I will start to think about other places we might go and other things we want to see. We will travel again and we feel fortunate to be able to do so."可知作者想尽可能多地游览世界各地。
II. 书面表达
Dear Peter,
How time flies! It’s almost a year since you returned to Sweden. I really treasure the good memories and the days when you stayed with us. Luckily, we’ll be meeting very soon.
As planned, a group of 30 students, accompanied by one teacher, will pay a return visit to your school this summer. Happily enough, I will be among them. We will start our journey in July. During our 12-day stay in your city, we will take part in some activities in your school and do some city tours.
By the way, as I was told that Sweden’s best football team is in your town, would you show me around the club if it’s convenient for you?
Yours,
Li Hua
I. 语法填空
1. eating 【解析】考查动名词。句意:通过吃更多的快餐,人们将在饮食中摄入超过需求量的脂肪和盐。根据前文中的by可知此处应该填名词、动名词,所以填eating。
2. laying 【解析】考查动词,这里是由and连接的三个动词-ing形式,故填laying。
3. resting 【解析】考查非谓语动词。固定短语:spend time doing sth. 花费时间做某事。
II. 改错
1. Turning→Turn 【解析】考查非谓语动词。分析语境可知教练的话"加速","减速","左转"都是祈使句,根据前文"Speed up!" "Slow down!"也可以看得出来。祈使句应该用动词原形,故将Turning改为Turn。
2. take→taking 【解析】考查并列结构。本句中动名词短语staying at home与taking a trip构成并列关系,都是介词between的宾语。
3. wear→wearing 【解析】考查固定搭配。by是介词,意为"通过",后跟名词、代词或动名词作宾语,故把wear改为wearing。
4. enjoy→enjoying 【解析】句意:我最喜欢的在聚会上的照片是我和我的教练开心地享受饼干!介词of后面接动名词,my coach and me是逻辑主语,故enjoy改为enjoying。
5. sing→singing 【解析】考查动名词作宾语。本句考查句型spend…(in)doing sth结构,故把sing改成singing。
6. have→has 【解析】句意:每天早上吠叫都会打扰我们,因为我们经常整晚都熬夜照顾孩子。主语是动名词,谓语用单数形式,故have改成has。
III. 单项填空
1. B 【解析】句意:忽视这两项研究结果的差异将会是你所犯的最严重的错误之一。句子缺少主语,ignore的逻辑主语是you,两者是主动关系,且此处不表示完成,因此用动名词的一般式作主语,故选B。
2. B 【解析】句意:那位电影明星戴上墨镜。所以,他去买东西不会被认出来。根据题中的介词without判断,此后应该使用动名词形式,由于他是被人认出的,所以应该用动名词的被动式,所以选B。
3. B 【解析】When it comes to sth. 是一固定句型,表示"当谈到……",to 为介词,后接名词、代词、动名词,而此句子不含被动意思,因此B选项正确。being spoken 被说。句意:当谈到在公众场合演讲,没人能与他相比。
4. A 【解析】不定式(短语)或动名词(短语)均可作主语,区别在于不定式常表示将来,是特指;而动名词表示一般情况,是泛指。而本句指的是普遍现象,属于泛指,故用动名词作主语。句意:理解你自身的需要及交际风格和学会表达你的感情和情绪一样重要。故A正确。
5. C 【解析】分析句子结构可知,空格处应与前面的suffering并列,作介词after的宾语,同时动词reduce与逻辑主语the city之间构成动宾关系,所以用动名词的被动形式,故选C项。
【名师点睛】
考查动名词的用法。动名词可以作介词和动词的宾语,这里介词后面有两个并列的宾语,and后面是动名词,还要注意短语搭配be reduced to ruins。
7. A 【解析】根据句子结构可知,此处create前面的主语应该是_________how others react to the book you have just read,其中you have just read是定语从句,修饰the book,hear与逻辑主语you为主动关系,且此处不表示完成,所以此处空格中应该用动名词的一般形式,故选A项。
【名师点睛】
动名词可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语,除用作动词的宾语外,还可用作介词的宾语。动名词前面可以加逻辑主语,这句话只有主语部分,要还原句子才能看出这是动名词作主语的。
IV. 短文改错
Mr. and Mrs. Zhang work in our school. They live far from the school, and it takes them about hour and a half to go to work every day. In their spare time, they are in planting vegetables in their garden, is on the rooftop of their house. They often get up and water the vegetables together. They have also bought some gardening tools. , they often get some useful from the Internet. When summer , they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!
第一处:all→both 考查both和all的用法。both的主语是两个,而all的主语是三个或者三个以上,故将all改为both。
第二处:a改为an或one 考查冠词。因为hour音标的首字母是元音,所以应用an,故将a改为an或者one。
第三处:interesting→interested 考查形容词。由于此句的主语是人,而interesting的主语是物,故将interesting改为interested。
第七处:Beside→Besides 考查连接词。beside是介词,"在……旁边",而这里需要一个副词,故将Beside改为Besides。
第八处:informations→information 考查名词。information是不可数名词,故将informations改为information.
第九处:came→comes 考查时态。本文全篇为一般现在时,故将came改为comes。
第十处:pick前加to 考查动词。本句出现了两个动词,所以要将第二个动词变为非谓语动词,又根据句意:摘新鲜的蔬菜是目的,所以把第二个动词变为to do不定式的形式表目的,故将pick前加上to。
Writing: 海报
如何写海报
【文体介绍】
海报写作属于应用文写作。海报是一种宣传广告,其内容是提供活动信息、宣传广告、介绍产品或说服别人等。因此海报的语言要力求简洁、通俗易懂,并具有很强的说服力和吸引力。
【写作技巧】
1. 基本内容
海报通常包括导言、正文和结论三个部分。导言部分介绍主要信息(产品或服务等);正文部分提供更多产品或服务等相关的信息,并提供选择或推荐的理由;结论部分总结海报内容。
2. 语言
大量使用省略句,文字力求简洁生动。
3. 版面
版面工整、美观。可以使用不同的字体和颜色,还可以插入图片。
【温馨提示】
要想写好这类作文。我们需要注意以下几点:
1. 基本内容。海报中经常要写明活动的具体内容、主办单位、时间、地点、方法以及注意事项等。
2. 语言。海报的语言力求简明扼要,形象生动,富有鼓动性,又不夸大其词。
3. 组成部分。海报通常由三部分组成,即标题、正文和落款。①海报的标题是海报宣传的"窗口"。因此,标题的撰写,应尽量做到简洁明了,新颖醒目,能一下子吸引读者的注意力和兴趣。通常有两种写法。一种是使用POSTER(海报)一词;另一种是根据海报的内容,撰写标题。②海报的正文是海报的核心部分,是对海报标题的具体描述,应抓住五个要点(什么时间、什么地点、有何事情、谁来参加和注意事项)。③海报的落款要写明主办单位及撰写日期。
4. 格式要求。海报的标题写在第一行,顶格或者居中;海报的落款通常写在海报正文的右下方,要注明单位,而登出海报的日期通常放在最后一行。
请写一份海报,劝说别人购买绿色蔬菜。海报应包含以下内容:
题目:来这儿买最好的蔬菜!
理由:价格合理;新鲜;富含维生素;安全;没有化肥;在远离工业区的地方种植。
结论:有机种植方式培育的绿色食品有益于身体健康。
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【参考范文】
Buy the best vegetables here!
Have you had any organic vegetables? They are healthy and green. Please come here and have a taste. Organic vegetables are on sale.
Good reasons to buy: ◆reasonable price ◆fresh ◆rich in vitamins ◆safe ◆free of fertilizer ◆grow away from industrial areas.
Grown by organic farming methods, the vegetables here have all the advantages of "green food", which of course can help you to keep healthy.
Welcome to buy the best vegetables here!
请你根据以下要点提示,以学校学生会的名义,写一篇海报,呼吁人们节约耕地资源。
1. 我国人口不断增长,而耕地面积日益减少,耕地面积只占全国土地总面积的10%左右;
2. 更为糟糕的是,建工厂,修公路和铁路,以及建设房屋等占用了大量耕地。
3. 呼吁大家节约用地,充分利用土地,以及保护现有的耕地资源。
Save Our Limited Farmland
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Wednesday, March 19
【参考范文】
Save Our Limited Farmland
It’s a well-known fact that the population of our country is growing rapidly while farmland is being lost day by day. According to the latest statistics, land suitable for farming only makes up about 10% of the total land in our country. Worse still, building factories, roads, railways and houses uses up a lot of land, especially farmland. We now here call on all people to save and protect our farmland. Remember once our farmland is gone, it will be impossible to get it back.
The Student Union
Wednesday, March 19
【亮点点评】
1. 使用了一些高级的词汇和句型,使文章的表达更生动:如according to, make up, call on等短语,使用的句型有It’s a well-known fact that...等等。
2. 文章中使用了一些过渡短语,使文章更流畅,如worse still"更糟糕的是"。