2019届高考英语一轮复习第二部分语法专练专题五　时态、语态和主谓一致

课件66张PPT。专题五　时态、语态和主谓一致考向分析
动词的时态、语态和主谓一致是高考的重点考点,有的试题单独考查的是某种时态的用法,如一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时等,而有的试题会把时态和语态、时态和主谓一致融合起来进行考查,也有的试题综合性很强,会把时态、语态和主谓一致三个考点融合在一个小题中进行考查。考点一 时态考点二 语态考点三 主谓一致本专题考点考点清单
考点一　时态
一、动词时态的一般体
单句填空
1.(2017全国卷Ⅰ)Fast food 　 is ??? (be) full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
答案　is　题干描述的是客观事实,故用一般现在时,结合主语可知,is符合题意。故空格处填is。2.—Dr.Jackson is not in his office at the moment.
—All right.I　 will call ??? (call) him later.
答案　will call　句意:——Jackson博士现在不在办公室。——好的。我稍后给他打电话。本题考查动词时态。根据对话中的later一词可知用一般将来时。
3.(2017江西九江一中第一次月考) This city never　 sleeps ??? (sleep).
答案　sleeps　句意:这个城市是个不夜城。本句介绍的是该城市现在的特征,故用一般现在时。主语this city为单数第三人称,故设空处填sleeps。
单句改错
4.(2017江西红色七校二联)We spend a few hours digging holes and plant-ing the young seedlings, and then we wrote our wishes on cards one by one and buried them under the roots of the trees.
?? spend→spent ??
答案　spend→spent　句意:我们花了几个小时挖坑,种幼苗。然后我们一个接一个地将我们的愿望写在卡片上并将它们埋在树根下面。根据“wrote”,“buried”可知spend发生在过去,需用一般过去时,故将spend改为spent。
1.一般现在时
(1)一般现在时的构成
1)一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示,如果主语为第三人称单数,则一般在动词原形后加 -s或 -es。
2)be的变化:am,is,are。
3)have的变化:has,have。
(2)一般现在时的用法
一般现在时除了可以表示现在经常性、习惯性的动作或状态外,还有以下两种用法:
1)表示客观真理、科学事实及自然现象。此用法即使出现在过去语境中,也用一般现在时。
The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
2)用于here,there开头的倒装句中,一般现在时表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态。
There goes the bell.铃响了。
Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。
2.一般过去时
(1)一般过去时的构成
1)一般过去时用动词的过去式表示。
2)was用于第一、三人称单数,were用于其他人称。
3)注意以元音字母加y结尾的动词,一般直接加-ed,如:play→played。
(2)一般过去时的用法
一般过去时除了可以表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作或状态外,还有下列用法:
1)want,hope,think,intend等动词的一般过去时往往表示“过去原……”之意。
I thought he was an honest man.我原以为他是个老实人。
He didn’t intend to hurt you.
他没打算伤害你。
2)wonder的一般过去时有时也可表示现在的行为,但口气要比用一般现在时更加委婉、客气。
I wondered if you could do me a favour.
我不知道你能否帮我一个忙。
3)used to+动词原形,表示过去的习惯性动作但现在已经不再发生了。
We used to spend our vacation in the mountains.
我们以前常常在山里度假。(暗示现在不再在山里度假了)
3.一般将来时
(1)一般将来时的构成
1)shall+动词原形(第一人称)
2)will+动词原形(各种人称)
(2)一般将来时的用法
一般将来时除了可以表示将来的动作或状态外,还有下列用法:
1)will+动词原形
①will可用来表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势。
Fish will die without water.离开水,鱼就会死。
②will表示将来,有时含偶然性、临时性决定的意思。
—Do you know Mr.Smith has come to our town?
—No.I will go and visit him right now.
——你知道史密斯先生来我们镇了吗?
——不知道。我现在就去看他。
2)be going to+动词原形
“be going to+动词原形”多用在口语中,表示“计划、打算要做某事”,此外,be going to还可表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。
He is going to speak on TV this evening.
他今晚要在电视上讲话。
Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain.
看这些乌云,要下雨了。
注意:was going to还可表示“过去本打算做某事,但未做”的意思。
—Tom,you didn??t come to the party last night?
—I was going to,but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.
——汤姆,你昨天晚上没来参加聚会吗?
——我本打算要来的,但是我突然记起来我有作业要做。
3)be about to+动词原形/be on the point of+动名词
“be about to+动词原形”及“be on the point of+动名词”表示“立即的将来(immediate future)”,因此,这两种结构不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用,但可以和并列连词when(=and at that time)引出的分句连用。
The train is about to start.火车就要开了。
The plane is on the point of taking off.
飞机马上就要起飞了。
4)有些动词如come,go,arrive,leave,begin,start等,其现在进行时表示按计划、安排近期将要发生的动作。
I’m leaving for Beijing next month.下个月我要去北京。
5)某些动词的一般现在时可以表示计划、安排将要做的事情,这种用法常常用于介绍火车时刻表、飞机时刻表、作息安排表等内容。
We must hurry up.The first class begins at 8 o’clock.
我们必须快点。第一节课将在8点开始。
6)be to+动词原形
①表示“按计划或安排要做的事”。
When are you to leave for home?你什么时候回家?
She is to get married next month.
她将于下个月结婚。
The Queen is to visit Japan in a week’s time.
女王将于一周后访问日本。
②表示“应该”,相当于should,ought to。
You are to report it to the police.你应该报警。
这种结构也可用于过去时。was/were to do sth.表示曾经计划要做的事,但不表明计划是否被执行,或表示命运(即命中注定要发生的事);was/were to have done sth.表示未曾实现的计划。
I felt nervous because I was soon to leave home for the first time.我感到紧张,因为我很快就要首次离开家了。
They said goodbye,little knowing that they were never to meet again.他们告了别,一点也没想到以后再也不会见面了。
We were to have told you,but you were not in.
我们本来想告诉你的,但是你不在家。
What is to be done?应该怎么办呢?
③表示“想,打算”,相当于intend,want。
If we are to be there before ten,we??ll have to go now.
如果我们要在10点前到那儿,我们现在就得走。
4.过去将来时
(1)过去将来时的构成
should/would+动词原形
(2)过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的事情。
He said he would be here at eight o??clock.
他说他将在八点钟到这里。二、动词时态的进行体
单句填空
1.I 　 was driving ??(drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
答案　was driving　句意:我正在开车前往伦敦的路上,突然发现我走错路了。根据句意可知此处是be doing...when...句型,表示“正在做……这时/那时……”。根据语境可知用过去进行时。
2.Hurry up!Mark and Carol　 are expecting ?(expect)us.
答案　are expecting　句意:快点!Mark和Carol正等着咱们呢。根据题干中的Hurry up可知此处表达expect的动作正在进行中。
3.Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she
?? will be teaching ??? (teach) a class at that time.
答案　will be teaching　句意:今天下午三点Jane不能出席会议,因为那时她将正在上课。根据时间状语“at 3 o’clock this afternoon”和“at that time”可知,设空处表示的是将来某个时刻正在进行的动作,故用将来进行时。
单句改错
4.I live in London and I’m look forward to the next holiday.
??? look→looking ?
答案　look→looking　句意:我生活在伦敦,正盼望着下一个假日。现在进行时结构为“be+现在分词”。
1.进行体的构成
(1)考纲对进行体所要求掌握的时态包括:现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时,它们的形式分别为:
现在进行时:am/is/are+现在分词
过去进行时:was/were+现在分词
将来进行时:will/shall+be+现在分词
(2)现在分词的构成形式:2.进行体的用法
(1)进行体表示某一时刻或阶段内正在进行的动作或存在的状态,具有暂时性和未完性的特点。
I don’t really work here;I am just helping out until the new secretary ar-rives.
我并不在这里上班,我只是来帮忙,直到新秘书来了(我就走)。(暂时性)
I am reading the book. I will finish it in a week.我正在读那本书。一周后我就会读完了。(未完性)
(2)表示某阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事,虽然说话时动作不一定正在进行,常与these days,this week等时间状语连用。
We are making model planes these days. 这些天我们在制作飞机模型。(此时此刻不一定在做)
(3)表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作,往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪,常与always,continually,constantly,forever,all the time等连用。
He is always thinking of others first.他总是先想到他人。
He is always making the same mistake.他总是犯同样的错误。
(4)有些动词的进行体可以表示将来。(见“一般将来时的用法”部分)
(5)有些动词不用于进行时态,常见的有:
1)感觉类:look,smell,feel,sound,taste,see,hear等。
The soup tastes good.(不可说:The soup is tasting good.)
这汤尝起来不错。
Your hands feel cold.(不可说:Your hands are feeling cold.)你的手摸起来很凉。
2)情感类:like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear,adore等。
I love my dad and mum.(不可说:I am loving my dad and mum.) 我爱爸爸妈妈。
3)心态类:wish,hope,want,need,believe,understand,agree,know,remember,forget等。
I don’t believe my eyes.(不可说:I am not believing my eyes.)
我不相信我的眼睛。
4)存在状态类:appear,lie(位于),remain,belong,have等。
Those books belong to Mr.Li.(不可说:Those books are belonging to Mr.Li.)那些书是李先生的。三、动词时态的完成体
单句填空
1.I 　 have read ???(read)half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend.
答案　have read　句意:这本英文小说我已经读了一半了,我将尽力在周末把它读完。根据句意可知,动作read发生在过去,对现在产生了影响,故用现在完成时。
2.Silk 　 had become ??(become)one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.
答案　had become　句意:到大约公元前100年丝绸已成为沿丝绸之路交易的主要货物之一。根据句中的时间状语by about 100 BC可知“be-come”的动作发生在“过去的过去”,故用过去完成时。
3.It is reported that China　 will have completed ???(complete) its first orbiting space station by around 2022.
答案　will have completed　句意:据报道,到2022年左右中国将建成第一个轨道太空站。根据时间状语by around 2022可知设空处应该用将来完成时。
0单句改错
4.My favourite band is Rolling Stones, which had produced 40 albums since 1966.
?? had→has ??
答案　had→has　根据句中的时间状语since 1966可推知这里应为现在完成时,故将had改为has。
1.完成体的构成
考纲对完成体所要求掌握的时态包括:现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时。其形式分别为:
现在完成时:have/has+过去分词
过去完成时:had+过去分词
将来完成时:will/shall have done
2.完成体的用法
(1)现在完成时
1)表示一个动作开始于过去,持续到现在(也许还将持续下去)。表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的状语有:lately,recently,in the last/past few days/years(在过去的几天/年里),since then,up to now,so far(至今)等。
In the past few years,great changes have taken place in my hometown.在过去的几年里,我的家乡发生了巨大变化。
He has written 8 books so far.
到目前为止,他已经写了8本书了。
2)表示发生在过去的事情对现在产生的影响,注意这时说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在产生的影响上。常用的状语有:already,just(刚刚),yet,before 等。
He has turned off the light.(=The light is off now.)
他已经关掉灯了。
The concert has started.(=The concert is on now.)
音乐会已经开始了。
I have already seen the film.(=I know the film now.)
我已经看过那部电影了。
3)在“最高级+名词”或“It/This is+the first/second...time”之后的定语从句中,谓语动词用现在完成时。
This is the first time(that)I have come here.
这是我第一次来这里。
This is the best tea(that) I have ever drunk.
这是我喝过的最好的茶了。
4)瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词可以用于完成时态,但不可以接表示一段时间的状语;若要接表示一段时间的状语,需要做一些相应的变换。瞬间动词的否定式可以接表示一段时间的状语。
(?)He has come to Beijing since last year.
(√)He has lived in Beijing since last year.
(?)He has joined the army for 3 years.
(√)He has served in the army for 3 years.
(√)He joined the army 3 years ago.
(√)He has been a soldier for 3 years.
(√)It is 3 years since he joined the army.
(√)He has joined the army.
常见的瞬间动词(词组)有:come,go,get to/reach/arrive at/in,leave,buy,sell,open,close,get up,join/take part in,begin/start,return/give,borrow/lend,be-come/turn,bring/take,die,finish/end,receive/hear from,marry,break,lose,jump 等。
部分非延续性动词(短语)和延续性动词(短语)的转换:
买buy—have　　 借borrow—keep
结婚get married—be married
认识get to know—know
离开leave—be away　　回来come back—be back
生病fall ill—be ill　　死亡die—be dead
关闭turn off—be off　　打开turn on—be on
动身leave for—be off to　　变成become—be
返回return—be back　　开始begin—be on
睡觉go to bed—sleep　　穿put on—have on/wear
来/去come/go—be in/away　　参加join—be a member of
感冒take/get/catch a cold—have a cold
入睡go to sleep—be asleep
到达get to/arrive in(at)/reach—be in
(2)过去完成时
1)一件事情发生在过去,而另外一件事情先于它发生(即表“过去的过
去”),那么发生在前的动词要用过去完成时。
She had learned some English before she came to the institute.
她在来这个机构前已学过一些英语了。
He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.
他说他在国外待了3年了。
2)表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作,常用的时间状语有:by/until/before/by the end of+“表过去的某一时间”。
By then he had learned English for 3 years.
到那时,他已学了3年英语了。
Until then he had known nothing about it yet.
到那时为止,他对此仍一无所知。
3)表示愿望、打算的词,如:hope,expect,mean,intend,want,suppose 等,其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。
I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.
我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)
I had meant to help you,but I was too busy at that moment.
我本打算帮你的,但当时我太忙了。
I had thought you would come the next day.
我原以为你第二天会来。
4)用于某些固定句型中:
①Hardly/Scarcely/Barely...when...和No sooner...than...句型中,when和than 从句里用一般过去时,主句用过去完成时,且用倒装,表示“刚刚
……就……”。
Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我刚到家,雨就倾盆而下。
Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.
我们才刚刚出发,汽车的一个轮胎就瘪了。
②It was/had been+一段时间+since 从句。since 从句的谓语用过去完成时。
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
我们有10年没那么高兴过了。
③That/It/This was the first/second...time+that 从句。that 从句的谓语要用过去完成时。
It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake.
那是他第三次犯同样的错误了。
That was the first time that I had passed the exam.
那是我第一次考试及格。
(3)将来完成时
将来完成时表示到将来某一时间某一动作将会完成,常用的时间状语为“by+将来的某个时间”。
By this time of next year,all of you will have become college students.到明年的这个时候,你们大家就都成为大学生了。四、动词时态的完成进行体
单句填空
1.—Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for?
—The new Star Wars. We 　 have been waiting ??(wait)here for more than
two hours.
答案　have been waiting 　句意:——打扰了,你们在等哪部电影?——新拍的《星球大战》。我们已经在这儿等了两个多小时了。本题考查动词的时态。设空处表示该动作从两个多小时前一直持续到说话时,而且可能持续下去,因此用现在完成进行时。
2.Dashan, who 　has been learning???(learn)crosstalk, the Chinese comedic
tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.
答案　has been learning????句意:大山学习中国传统喜剧形式——相声已经几十年了,他想把它与西方的单口喜剧传统结合起来。根据句意以及for decades可知,学习这一动作从过去一直延续到了现在,并且现在还在进行,故用现在完成进行时;主语Dashan为第三人称单数,故答案为has been learning。
3.(2015福建卷)—Where is Peter? I can’t find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and 　 has been writing ?? (write) his essay there ever since.
答案　has been writing　根据句中的时间状语ever since可知,write这一动作从过去某一时刻一直持续到现在,故用现在完成进行时。
单句改错
4.Since the time humankind started gardening, we had been trying to make our environment more beautiful.
?? had→have ??
答案　had→have　句意:自从人类开创园艺工作以来,我们一直在努力使我们的环境更加美丽。根据时间状语和语境可知,try这一动作从过去一直持续到现在,并且有可能继续下去,故应用现在完成进行时。
完成进行体
1.考纲对完成进行体所要求掌握的时态为现在完成进行时,其形式为:have/has+been+doing。
2.现在完成进行时是现在完成时和现在进行时的组合,因此,它既具备现在完成时的特征,又具备现在进行时的特征,如:它具备进行体的“未完性、暂时性、感彩”的特点。
He has been learning English for 6 years.
他学英语已经6年了。(从过去某一时间开始学英语,强调到现在还在学)
It has been raining for 3 days.
已经下了三天雨了。(强调说话者“抱怨”的感彩)
考点二　语态
单句填空
1.When fat and salt 　 are removed ?? (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
答案　are removed　主语是动作的承受者,结合语境可知,此处用一般现在时的被动语态。故空格处填are removed。
2.He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he 　 was being followed ??
(follow).
答案　was being followed　句意:他匆忙往家赶,从未回头看看是否有人跟着他。本题考查动词的时态、语态及主谓一致。根据句意可知,设空处是被动语态,且表示当时正在被跟踪,从句中主语为he,故填was be-ing followed。
3.The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts
???? will be rewarded ???(reward)with success in the end.
答案　will be rewarded　句意:学生们一直都很努力学习功课,最终回报他们的努力的将是成功。根据语境可知设空处需用一般将来时;their efforts与reward之间为被动关系,故用被动语态。综上所述,答案应为一般将来时的被动语态。
单句改错
4.(2017河南天一大联考Ⅳ)Seeing this, I touched and appreciated the kindness he brought to the world.
?? touched→was touched ??
答案　touched→was touched　句意:看到这个,我很受感动,并对他给世界带来的善良表示感谢。主语I与touch之间为被动关系,故需用被动语态;根据appreciated可知需在touched前加was。
5.The food was tasted good and we had fun together.
??去掉was ??
答案　去掉was　句意:食物味道鲜美,我们在一起过得很快乐。taste在本句中为系动词,没有被动语态,故将was去掉。
(一)被动语态
1.被动语态的构成
英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。主动语态是无标记的,而被动语态则是有标记的。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数和句子的时态、语气的不同而变化。几种常见时态的被动语态形式见下表:2.被动语态的用法
(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者,或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者。
—The window is dirty.
—I know.It hasn’t been cleaned for weeks.
——窗户脏了。
——我知道。好几周没人擦了。
(2)需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。
All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.
除了经理以外,所有的雇员都被鼓励在家网上办公。
(3)在文章标题、广告、新闻中。
Girls Wanted!招女工!
Five-Year-Old Boy Kidnapped!五岁男童遭到绑架!
(4)当动作的执行者不是人时。
The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people are persuaded to eat more fruit and vegetables.
如果人们被说服了吃更多的水果和蔬菜,那么死于心脏病的人数将大大减少。
3.注意动词短语的被动语态和含有情态动词的被动语态
That old man was often laughed at.
那位老人常被人嘲笑。
The plan will be given up.
这项计划就要被放弃了。
Bad habits have been done away with.坏习惯已经改掉了。
(注意:在被动结构中,切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词)
He must be prevented from going.必须阻止他去。
The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.
这项计划应该尽早执行。
(谓语结构是:情态动词+be+过去分词)
4.“get+过去分词”可以表示被动,此结构比较口语化
The patient got treated once a week.
那位病人一周接受一次治疗。
He fell off the car and got killed.
他从汽车上掉下来,摔死了。
(二)主动形式表被动意义
1.“系动词look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,turn,stay,become,get,grow,keep等+形容词/名词”构成系表结构。
The steel feels cold.
钢摸起来很凉。
It has gone bad.
它已经变质了。
2.表示开始、结束、运动的动词,如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,run,move 等。
Work began at 7 o’clock this morning.
今天早上7点钟开始工作的。
The shop closes at 6 p.m.every day.
这个商店每天下午6点关门。
3.表示主语的某种属性特征的动词,如read,write,act,iron,cut,draw,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,cook,lock,dry,eat,drink等。这类动词一般不单独使用,常有一个修饰语。
This coat dries easily.这件外套容易干。
Nylon cleans easily.尼龙容易洗干净。
Your article reads very well.你的文章读起来很不错。
This material has worn thin.这个材料已经磨薄了。
The match won’t catch.这根火柴擦不着。
The plan worked out wonderfully.这项计划进展得很好。
4.少数动词用于进行时,其主动形式表示被动含义,如print,cook,sell等。
The meat is cooking.肉正在炖着。
考点三　主谓一致
一、就近原则中的主谓一致
单句填空
1.Either you or one of your students 　 is ???(be) to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.
答案　is　当either...or...连接并列主语时,谓语动词的单复数采取就近原则,即与空前的one保持一致;结合句尾的时间状语tomorrow可知,is(be to do是一般将来时的一种表达方法)符合题意。2.At present, not only Mary and I but also Jane 　 is ????(be) tired of having one exam after another.
答案　is　not only...but also...连接并列主语时,谓语动词与就近的主语保持一致;根据句首的时间状语和语境可知,空格处应用一般现在时态,结合空前的Jane可知,空格处填is。
单句改错
3.Finally, there were a sudden pull at the pole and a fish was caught;within the next few minutes, my grandfather also caught a fish.
?? were→was ??
答案　were→was　在there be句型中,be动词的单复数形式应与就近的名词保持一致,故were改为was。
　　主谓一致的三原则包括语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则,其中采用就近原则的主要是一些常用句式,如not only...but also...,not...but...,either...or...,neither...nor...等,这些句式在连接并列主语时,谓语动词的单复数需要与最近的主语保持一致。二、谓语动词用单数时的主谓一致
单句填空
1.Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, 　 is regarded ??
(regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
答案　is regarded　句意:现如今,与慢跑和游泳一起,骑自行车运动被视为最好的、全面的运动形式之一。设空处是句子的谓语动词,主语与regard之间是被动关系。句子的主语是cycling, 谓语动词要用单数。根据时间状语nowadays可知时态为一般现在时。
2.It is because we are different and each of us 　 is ??(be)special.
答案　is　句意:那是因为我们与众不同,我们每个人都很特殊。“each of...”作主语,谓语动词需用单数形式,故答案为is。
3.(2016课标全国卷Ⅱ)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow
?? is ??? (be) often acceptable.
答案　is　句意:把不太重要的事情留到明天通常是可以接受的。主语为动名词短语“Leaving the less important things until tomorrow”,故谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式,结合空后的often和语境可知,空格处应用一般现在时。故填is。
单句改错
4. (2017河南豫南九校质量考评Ⅴ) Every one of you are encouraged to visit it.
?? are→is ??
答案　are→is　句意:我们鼓励你们每个人都来参观它。主语是Every one of you,因此谓语动词需用is而非are。
下列情况作主语时,谓语动词用单数:
1.不定式、动名词或主语从句(若what引导的主语从句意义上表示复数或what从句有两个(以上)的动词,是表示复数意义的并列结构时,谓语动词用复数)作主语时;
2.“many a+单数名词”作主语时;
3.“more than one+单数名词”作主语时;
4.each/either/neither/another作主语或修饰主语时;
5.“a kind of/a sort of/a type of/a pair of/a piece of+名词”作主语时;
6.“分数/百分数/most/some/half+of+不可数名词”作主语时;
7.学科名词、以-s结尾的单数名词、以-s结尾的书名或报纸杂志名、地名等作主语时;
8.不定代词something/somebody/everything/everybody/anything/anybody/nothing/nobody等作主语时;
9.and 连接的两个并列主语指同一人、同一物、同一整体或同一概念时;and连接的两个并列主语前有each,every,many a,no等词修饰时;
10.“a lot of/lots of/plenty of/a little/little/much/a great deal of/a good deal of/a large amount of+不可数名词”作主语时;
11.“the number of+复数名词”作主语时;“the amount of+不可数名词”作主语时;“the quantity of+可数名词复数或不可数名词”作主语
时;
12.“单数名词或单数代词+but/besides/except/including/like/with/along with/as well as/rather than/such as/together with+名词或代词”作主语时。
三、谓语动词用复数时的主谓一致
单句填空
1.(2016全国Ⅲ)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and 　 were ??? (be) too violent for use at the table.
答案　were　根据句中的believed可知,此处描述的是过去的情况,应用一般过去时;从句的主语是knives,谓语动词应用复数。故空格处填were。
2.The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them 　 were ??? (be) absent for different reasons.
答案　were　结合空前的动词时态可知,空格处应用一般过去时,而a number of作主语时,谓语动词应用复数形式。故空格处填were。
3.About 60 percent of the students are from the south; the rest of them 　are ?
(be) from the north and foreign countries.
答案　are　根据空前的语境可知,空格处应用一般现在时态;“the rest+of+复数代词”作主语时,谓语动词应用复数形式。故空格处填are。
单句改错
4.Luckily I had all my money in my pocket, but the only clothes I had was those I had on; It felt very strange to travel without any luggage.
?? was→were ??
答案　was→were　the only clothes为主语,“I had”是其定语从句,之前省略了关系代词,故was使用错误,应改为were。
下列情况作主语时,谓语动词用复数:
1.集体名词作主语时如果侧重其中的个体成员,谓语动词用复数;
2.“(large) quantities of+可数名词或不可数名词”作主语时;
3.地理名称,如群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名词作主语时;
4.“分数/百分数/most/some/half+of+可数名词复数”作主语时;
5.以-s结尾的clothes,goods,contents,sales,the Olympic Games等作主语时;
6.“several/few/a few/many/a great many/a good many/a number of+复数名词”作主语时;7.“the+形容词或过去分词”作主语表示一类人时,谓语常用复数,如the blind,the dead,the injured,the old;
8.一些由两个对应部分组成一体的可数名词复数作主语时,如chop-sticks,compasses,glasses,scissors,shoes,socks,trousers,boots等(若此类名词被“a suit of/a pair of”修饰时,谓语动词的单复数形式则由单位词的单复数决定)。四、定语从句中的主谓一致
单句改错
1.(2017山西重点中学协作体一模)As students, we often take exams at school, and sometimes we have many exams that is too difficult for us.
　 is→are ???
答案　is→are　句意:作为学生,我们在学校经常参加考试。有时我们会有很多对我们来说很难的考试。“that is too difficult for us”为定语从句,先行词为exams,引导词在定语从句中作主语,故需将is改为are。单句填空
2.Barbara is easy to recognize, as she’s the only one of the girls who wears ?
(wear) school uniform.
答案　wears　the only one是定语从句的先行词(如果one前没有修饰语the only,则girls为先行词),关系词在从句中作主语,空格处作为定语从句的谓语动词应在单复数方面与先行词保持一致,且空格处表示经常发生的动作,因此应用一般现在时态。故空格处填wears。
3.The university estimates that living expenses for international students are around $8,450 a year, which 　 is ?? (be) a burden for some of them.
答案　is　句意:那所大学估计,国际学生的生活费用是每年8450美元左右,这对于其中的一些人来说是一种负担。逗号后which引导的是非限制性定语从句,先行词为整个主句,空格处为定语从句的谓语动词,应用单数形式,而空格处描述的是客观事实,因此应用一般现在时。故填is。
　　有的试题考查的是定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式,此时关系代词who,that,as或which在从句中作主语,那么从句的谓语动词应与先行词保持一致。在答题时,需要分析好句子结构,找准定语从句的先行词,判断好关系词在从句中的具体作用,并结合主谓一致的相关知识才能确定答案。五、强调句型中的主谓一致
单句填空
1.It is what the pupils do in their spare time that really 　 prepares ??? (prepare) them to take their place in society as citizens when they grow up.
答案　prepares　题干整体上是强调句型,对主语从句“what the pupils do in their spare time”进行了强调,而主语从句作主语时,谓语动词应用单数形式;结合空后的时态和语境可知,空格处应用一般现在时态。故空格处填prepares。
2.It is you, rather than he, that 　 are ?? (be) to blame for the accident.
答案　are　该句是强调句型,对主语you进行了强调,故空格处的单复数形式与you保持一致;结合语境可知,空格处填are。
　　强调句型的基本结构为“It is/was+被强调部分+who/that+其他”。在强调句中,如果被强调的部分是句子的主语,则who/that之后的谓语动词应与被强调的主语保持一致。在做相关试题时,需要先判断题干整体上是否属于强调句型,然后再结合主谓一致知识进一步分析判断。技巧点拨
时态、语态和主谓一致是高考中的重要考查项目。如:
例1　The sun was setting when my car　 broke ??(break)down near a remote village.
例2　He’s been given six months to live if he doesn’t quit drinking ??(drink).
例3　People stepped on your feet or　 pushed ???(push)you with their elbows, hurrying ahead to get to a bargain.
例4　All the visitors to this village were treated ??(treat)with kindness a week ago.
例5　This is the first time that I　 have come ?? (come)here.
例6　She must had a lot of problems with the language.(改错)
had→have1.在语篇型填空中,对于谓语动词的考查主要是给出动词原形,要求考生根据上下文用适当的形式填空。做此类题时,首先要弄清该题是考查谓语动词(如例1)还是非谓语动词(如例2)。当设空处作谓语时,考查的是谓语动词。当设空处作主语、宾语、补语、定语、状语、表语时,设空处考查的是非谓语动词。当确定设空处考查谓语动词时,一般会考查时态、语态、主谓一致。当断定该题考查时态、语态时,要根据上下文或时间状语判断该动作发生在什么时候,是现在,是过去(如例3),是将来,还是过去将来?然后进一步分析,是一般体(如例3),是进行体,是完成体,还是完成进行体?然后再考虑设空处动词需要用主动语态还是用被动语
态(如例4)。除此之外,还需考虑主谓一致问题。此外还需要注意该句是否为固定句型(如例5)。常见句型如下:
①...was/were about to do...when...did...
②It is/has been+时间段+since从句(一般过去时)
③It had been+时间段+since从句(过去完成时)
④It will be+时间段+before从句(一般现在时)
⑤It/This/That is the first time that...have/has done...
⑥It/This/That was the first time that...had done...
⑦Hardly had+主语+done...when...did...
⑧No sooner had+主语+done...than...did...
这样的句型还有很多,平时要注意积累。
2.短文改错中,对于谓语动词的考查主要表现在动词形式上的错误(如例6)。
请认真完成作业专题五　时态、语态和主谓一致
基础巩固
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.(2017课标全国Ⅲ)My dad thinks I should take the offer now; but at the moment, school 　　　 (come) first.?21教育名师原创作品
2.(2017课标全国Ⅲ)Sarah 　　　 (tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year. ?
3.(2016课标全国卷Ⅰ)So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research; I 　　　(allow)to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.?
4.(2016课标全国卷Ⅲ)Truly elegant chopsticks might 　　　 (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.?www.21-cn-jy.com
5.(2016四川卷)The giant panda 　　　 (love) by people throughout the world.?
6.(2016四川卷)Then, after two and a half years, the mother 　　　 (drive) the young panda away.?
7.(2015课标全国卷Ⅰ)Yangshuo 　　　 (be) really beautiful; a study of travellers conducted by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world. ?
8.(2015课标全国卷Ⅰ)It was raining lightly when I 　　　 (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.?
9.(2015课标全国卷Ⅱ)This cycle 　　　(go)day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset(抵消)for the outside temperatures.?
10.—Did you have difficulty finding Ann’s house?
—Not really.She　　　 (give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.?
11.(2015广东卷)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what 　　　 (leave).?
12.—　　　 (do)you call that company to see how they think of our product yesterday??
—Yes. They are happy with it.
13.They made up their mind that they 　　　 (buy) a new house once Larry changed jobs. ?
14.Unless some extra money　　　(find),the theatre will close.?
15.Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, 　　　 (keep) some of its store open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays. ?
16.On the top of the buoy 　　　(place)a bell, which would ring whenever any ship got closer.?
17.In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains 　　　 (force) village shops across the country to close. ?21·世纪*教育网
18.Jack 　　　(work)in the lab when the power cut occurred. ?
19.Every possible means 　　　 (use) to prevent the air pollution so far, but the sky is still not clear.　　?
20.In the last few years,China　　　 (make) great achievements in environmental protection.?
21.John as well as the other children who have no parents 　　　 (take) good care of in the village now.?
22.The results of the final examination 　　　(make)known to the students soon.?
23.Some office equipment, including two desks and two computers, 　　　 (sell) a few minutes ago. ?
24.The Smiths 　　　 (have) their breakfast when The Morning Post came. ?21世纪教育网版权所有
25.　　　 (be) either he or I to attend the meeting tomorrow evening??
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.(2017课标全国Ⅰ)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor’s orders, but once I started the car, my mind goes blank.

2.(2017课标全国Ⅱ)Besides, they often get some useful information from the Internet; when summer came, they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables!21cnjy.com

3.(2017课标全国Ⅲ)About one month after this photo was taken, I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.

4.(2016课标全国卷Ⅰ)Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.

5.(2016全国卷Ⅱ)I thought that it is a good idea; it does not cost much yet we can still learn a lot.

6.The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby;besides, Cleo tends to bark an average of six hours a day.【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】

7.(2017河南毕业班适应性考试) The incident had happened on my way to a bookstore on a rainy Sunday afternoon.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】

8.(2017江西九江十校二联) One day my mother persuading me to live at school to learn to be independent, preparing for the future life.

9. (2017山东菏泽一模) In a word, every student should had breakfast regularly.

10.She told me she slips and fell due to a heart attack.

11.Last Sunday my parents were away on business.I left alone,with no one to cook for me.

12.All but Johnson was present at the meeting yesterday afternoon.

13.A poet and artist are coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.

14.We are confident that the environment would be improved by our further efforts to reduce pollution.

15.He have learned English for eight years by the time he graduates from university next year.

16.In the past few years thousands of films have produced all over the world.21·cn·jy·com

17.It is reported that many a new house are being built at present in a disaster area.2·1·c·n·j·y

18.This is the only one of the oldest customs that have been kept up in this district up to now.

19.This is the first time that we had seen a film in the cinema together as a family.

答案精解精析
Ⅰ.1.comes　根据时间状语at the moment和语境可知,空格处应用一般现在时态,故空格处填comes。
2.was told　句意:有人告诉萨拉,她能够成为英国新的超级名模,明年就能赚100万美元。根据空后could 和语境可知,此处为过去发生的动作,主语Sarah与tell之间为被动关系,故用一般过去时的被动语态形式。
3.was allowed　主语是动作的承受者,且空格处是过去发生的动作,故空格处用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was allowed。2-1-c-n-j-y
4.be made　主语是动作的承受者,因此空格处应用被动语态形式。故空格处填be made。
5.is loved　题干描述的是客观事实,主语是动作的承受者,故空格处应用一般现在时的被动语态。
6.drove　空格处作谓语,表示过去发生的动作,故用一般过去时,空格处填drove。
7.is　根据题干的语境可知,空格处描述的是现在的客观事实,故空格处应使用一般现在时态。
8.arrived　分析题干可知,空格处在从句中作谓语,且表示过去发生的动作,故用一般过去时态。
9.goes　根据空后的时态和语境可知,空格处应用一般现在时。故空格处填goes。
10.had given　句意:——你们找到Ann的家有困难吗?——不难找。她已经给了我们清晰的方位,我们能很容易找到。本题考查动词时态。动词give 的动作发生在“were able to find”之前,符合过去完成时表示“过去的过去”的用法。www-2-1-cnjy-com
11.was left　what与空格处之间是被动关系,结合空前的时态和语境可知,空格处应用一般过去时的被动语态。故空格处填was left。21*cnjy*com
12.Did　句意:——你昨天给那家公司打电话了解他们对我们的产品的看法了吗?——打了,他们很满意。根据时间状语yesterday可知,谓语动词要用一般过去时,所以要用助动词do的过去式did。
13.would buy　句意:他们决定,一旦Larry换了工作,他们就买一个新房子。空格处的动作是过去将要发生的动作,故用过去将来时,空格处填would buy。【出处：21教育名师】
14.is found　句意:除非找到一些额外资金,否则这家剧院就得关门。由主句中的will可知unless引导的从句应用一般现在时态表将来,且money和find之间是被动关系,故答案为is found。
15.keeps　空格处为主句的谓语动词,主语是Walmart,which引导的是非限制性定语从句,空格处的单复数形式与主语Walmart保持一致;结合空前的is和语境可知,空格处描述的是客观事实,应用一般现在时。故空格处填keeps。【版权所有：21教育】
16.was placed　分析题干可知,逗号前使用了倒装语序,在倒装句中,谓语动词的单复数应与主语保持一致;其正常语序为“a bell 　　　 (place)on the top of the buoy”,主语是动作的承受者,而空格处是过去发生的动作,故用一般过去时的被动语态。故空格处填was placed。?
17.has forced　根据句首的标志性状语“In recent years”及句子的语境可知,空格处应使用现在完成时态,而句子的主语the commercial pressure是单数形式,故填has forced。
18.was working　句意:杰克正在实验室工作这时停电了。本题考查“sb. be doing...when...”句型。根据题干中的occurred(一般过去时),可知设空处用过去进行时。
19.has been used　主语是动作的承受者,结合状语so far和语境可知,空格处应用现在完成时的被动语态;根据主语的修饰语every可知,means表示的是单数含义,因此空格处应用单数形式。故空格处填has been used。
20.has made　句意:在过去的几年里,中国在环境保护方面已经取得了巨大的成就。本题考查动词的时态。根据句中时间状语In the last few years可知用现在完成时。
21.is being taken　主语是动作的承受者,结合句尾的时间状语和语境可知,空格处应用现在进行时的被动语态,而空格处作为谓语动词应与主语John一致,而与“as well as the other children”无关。故填is being taken。
22.will be made　句意:期末考试结果不久就会被公布给学生。主语与谓语动词之间为被动关系,故设空处需用被动语态;又根据时间状语soon可判断设空处应该用一般将来时,故答案为will be made。
23.was sold　主语是动作的承受者,结合句尾的时间状语可知,空格处应用一般过去时的被动语态;Some office equipment作主语,谓语动词应用单数形式。故空格处填was sold。21*cnjy*com
24.were having　根据句式“sb. be doing...when...”及空后的时态可知,空格处应用过去进行时;而“the+姓氏复数”表示“一家人”,为复数概念。故空格处填were having。
25.Is　either...or...连接并列主语时,谓语动词采取就近原则,因此空格处的单复数形式与he保持一致,结合时间状语可知,is符合题意(be to do是将来时的一种表达)。
Ⅱ.1.goes→went　题干描述的是过去发生的事情,故goes应改为went。
2.came→comes　在时间状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。根据语境和谓语动词的时态可知,came应改为comes。
3.become→became　根据and之前的时态和语境可知,become应改为过去式。
4.using→used　从句主语“fresh vegetables and high quality oil”是动作的承受者,故谓语动词应用被动语态形式,using应改为used。
5.thought→think　根据语境和题干的时态可知,应使用一般现在时,故thought应改为think。
6.have→has　The early morning barking作主语,谓语动词应用单数形式,故句中的have应改为has。
7.去掉had　句意:事情发生在一个下着雨的周日下午我去一家书店的路上。根据时间状语“on a rainy Sunday afternoon”可知本句谓语动词应该用一般过去时而非过去完成时,故将had删除。
8.persuading→persuaded　句意:一天,我母亲说服我住校以便学会独立,为未来生活做准备。本句中缺少谓语动词,根据时间状语One day可知本句谓语动词应该用一般过去时,故将persuading改为persuaded。
9.had→have　句意:总之,每个学生都应该按时吃早饭。情态动词后需加动词原形,故将had改为have。
10.slips→slipped　句意:她告诉我,由于心脏病她滑倒了。根据told,fell可知需将slips改为slipped。
11.left→was left　句意:上周日我父母因公出差了。我被独自留下来,没人给我做饭。I与leave为被动关系,故需用被动语态;根据上下文可知动作发生在过去,故用一般过去时的被动语态。
12.was→were　根据时间状语可知,应用一般过去时,而主语all指的是人,谓语动词应用复数形式,故was改为were。
13.are→is　主语指的是诗人兼画家,故谓语动词应用单数形式,are应改为is。
14.would→will　根据语境可知,that之后的从句应用一般将来时态,故would改为will。
15.在have之前加will　根据“by the time...”和语境可知,主句的谓语动词是将来某时之前将要完成的动作,故用将来完成时态,have之前加will。21教育网
16.在produced之前加been　主语thousands of films是动作的承受者,故该句应用现在完成时的被动语态,故produced之前加been。
17.are→is　“many a+单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词应用单数形式,故are改为is。
18.have→has　that引导的定语从句的谓语动词应与先行词“the only one”保持一致,故have改为has。
19.is→was或had→have　在句式“It/This is the+序数词+time+that+其他”中,that之后的句子应用现在完成时,is改为was时,that之后用过去完成时态。
专题五　时态、语态和主谓一致
综合演练
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2017安徽六校教育研究会高三第一次联考)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
There are moments in life 　1　 you miss someone so much that you just want to pick him from your dreams and hug(拥抱)him for real. When the door of happiness closes, 　2　opens, but we often look at the closed door so long　3　 we don’t see the one which has been opened for us. Don’t go for looks; they can deceive (欺骗) you. Don’t go for wealth; even that fades away. Go for someone 　4　 makes you smile because it takes only a smile to make a dark day seem bright. Dream what you want to dream; go where you want to go; be 　5　you want to be. The 　6　(happy) of people don’t 　7　(necessary) have the best of everything; they just make the most of everything that 　8　 (come) along their way. The brightest future will always be based on a　9　 (forget) past. When you were born, you were crying and everyone　10　you was smiling. Live your life so that when you die, you’re the one who is smiling and everyone around you is crying.?
1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　?
6.　　　　7.　　　　8.　　　　9.　　　　10.　　　?
Ⅱ.短文改错
　　假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处,每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。21·世纪*教育网
增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除:把多余的词用斜线()划掉。
修改:在错的词下画一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;
2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。
A recent survey shows that the health of the students in our school has been going from bad to bad in the past few years. www-2-1-cnjy-com
The number of short-sighted students have increased from 77% in 2015 to 93.5% in 2017, while that of overweight students from 38% to 57.2%. Nearly 15% more student don’t have enough sleep because of much homework. Beside, over 21% more students become mental unhealthy.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
The reasons on this lie in a heavier burden of study and more homework. To improve students’ health, and we called for less homework. Proper diets and exercise should also be paying attention to. And they won’t easily put on weighty.2-1-c-n-j-y
答案精解精析
Ⅰ.[语篇解读]　本文用诗一般的语言告诉我们生活的一些哲理:做你想做的梦,去你想去的地方,成为你想成为的人。21cnjy.com
1.when　考查定语从句。先行词为moments,关系词在从句中作时间状语,此处应用关系副词when。
2.another　考查不定代词。another意为“另一个,又一个”,由语境可知填another。21世纪教育网版权所有
3.that　考查状语从句。此处是so...that...句型,意为“如此……以致……”,故填that。
4.who　考查定语从句。先行词为someone,关系词在定语从句中作主语且指人,此处应用关系代词who。
5.what　考查表语从句。分析句子成分可知,此空在表语从句中作表语且指物,故用what。
6.happiest　考查形容词的最高级。根据下文的the best of...可知,这里用形容词的最高级,表示“最幸福的”,故填happiest。www.21-cn-jy.com
7.necessarily　考查副词。设空处修饰动词have且作状语,所以要用副词形式,故填necessarily。
8.comes　考查时态。由前面的have,make等谓语动词可知,设空处应用一般现在时;又因该定语从句中的主语that指代先行词everything,而everything是第三人称单数,故填comes。2·1·c·n·j·y
9.forgotten　forgotten表示“被遗忘的”。
10.around　表示“在……周围”,故用介词around。
Ⅱ.第一段:
1.第二个bad→worse　“from bad to worse”为常用短语,意为“每况愈下,越来越糟”。
第二段:
2.第一句:have→has　“the number of”作主语时,谓语用单数形式,故have改为has。
3.第二句:student→students　根据修饰语more可知,名词student应用复数形式。21·cn·jy·com
4.第三句:Beside→Besides　句首的单词在句中作状语,意为“此外”,故用Besides。21教育网
5.第三句:mental→mentally　形容词unhealthy之前应用副词作状语。
第三段:
6.第一句:on→for　reasons往往与介词for搭配使用。
7.第二句:删除and　句子并非并列句,逗号前是不定式短语,之后是简单句,故删除and。
8.第二句:called→call　根据上下文语境可知,该句应用一般现在时态,called改为call。
9.第三句:paying→paid　主语是动作的承受者,故该句应用被动语态形式,paying改为paid。
10.最后一句:weighty→weight　put on weight意为“发福,体重增加”。